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25th Apr 23 | Prelims Daily with Previous Year Questions
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Rural Real Wage Growth In India: The Importance of Accurate Data analysis
Central Idea
- Rural real wage growth is a crucial indicator of the well-being of individuals, particularly the poor, in India. Jean Dreze, a respected economist claims that rural real wage growth in India has been sluggish despite rapid economic growth. However as per Surjit Bhalla another economist, Dreze’s findings are based on weak statistical analysis and incomplete data. Surjit Bhalla’s and presents his own findings, which suggest higher wage growth rates for construction workers, non-agricultural laborers, and agricultural laborers.
Contrast results for instance
- For construction workers, Dreze obtains a rate of growth (CAGR) of just 0.2 per cent (actually 0.15 per cent); However, CAGR stands at eight times larger at 1.2 per cent.
- For non-agricultural labourers (porters and loaders) the same yawning divergence: Dreze obtains 0.3 per cent, whereas it stands 1.2 per cent, and for agricultural labourers, 0.9 per cent vs 1.5 per cent.
What is CAGR?
- CAGR stands for Compound Annual Growth Rate. It is a measure used to calculate the average growth rate of an investment over a certain period of time, assuming that the investment has grown at a steady rate each year.
- It takes into account the effect of compounding, which means that the investment’s growth in one year is added to the base value of the investment, and the total amount is then used to calculate growth for the next year.
- CAGR is often used in finance to compare the performance of different investments or to forecast future growth.
Why are the two results so different?
- Differences in Method of Estimation: Dreze uses semi-log regression on eight observations to estimate the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) for each of three male occupations. His estimate of CAGR is not even significant at the 11 per cent level of confidence for two of these occupations – construction and non-agricultural laborers. Dreze does not uses a population-weighted average of year-on-year growth for each of the 38 sex-occupation categories to estimate CAGR accurately.
- Differences in Time Period of Analysis: Surjit Bhalla also criticizes Dreze’s chosen time period of analysis, 2014-2021. As per Surjit Bhalla, that no study combines pre-Covid and Covid years without even a mention of the difference. Surjit Bhalla presents data for three time periods, including the normal 2014-2018, Covid 2019-2021, and all years 2014-2021.
Why accurate rural wage data is important?
- Poverty alleviation: Rural wage data is used to determine the poverty levels in a country, and accurate data is essential for effective poverty alleviation policies.
- Income inequality: Accurate rural wage data can help policymakers understand the level of income inequality in rural areas and design policies to reduce it.
- Agricultural productivity: Rural wage data is used to assess the productivity of the agricultural sector, which is a key source of income for rural households.
- Labor market trends: Accurate rural wage data helps policymakers understand the trends in the rural labor market, such as changes in demand for different types of labor, and design policies to support employment growth.
- Minimum wage determination: Accurate rural wage data is necessary for determining minimum wages for rural workers, which is important for protecting the rights of workers and reducing labor exploitation.
- Social protection: Rural wage data is used to design social protection programs such as cash transfers, food subsidies, and public works programs to support the poorest households in rural areas.
- Macro-economic policy: Rural wage data is used to inform macro-economic policies such as inflation targeting and monetary policy, as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of such policies on rural households.
Conclusion
- The issue of rural real wage growth in India is complex and requires a nuanced understanding of data selection, treatment, intensity, and estimation. There is need for a more comprehensive set of data and a different method of estimation.
Mains Question
Q. What is Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). Why do you think, accurate rural wage data is so important?
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Same Sex Marriage: Marriage Equality for LGBTQ+ Persons is A Fundamental Right
Central Idea
- The Supreme Court of India recently started hearing petitions from LGBTQ+ petitioners seeking marriage equality. While marriage equality for LGBTQ+ persons is a controversial issue in India, it is essential to understand that denying them the right to marry excludes them from participating fully in family and community life, including gaining recognition and respect.
LGBTQIA+ community
- Sexual orientations or gender identities: LGBTQIA+ is an acronym for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer/Questioning, Intersex, Asexual/Ally. The plus sign is often added to include other identities and orientations that are not explicitly mentioned in the acronym. It is a term used to refer to individuals who identify as any of these sexual orientations or gender identities.
- Equal rights and acceptance: The community is made up of individuals who may face discrimination, marginalization, and stigma based on their sexual orientation or gender identity. The community advocates for equal rights and acceptance, and works towards achieving societal and legal recognition and protection
What is mean by Same-sex marriage?
- Same-sex marriage is the legal recognition of a marriage between two individuals of the same sex.
- It grants same-sex couples the same legal and social recognition, rights, and privileges that are traditionally associated with marriage, including property rights, inheritance rights, and the ability to make decisions for each other in medical emergencies.
- The recognition of same-sex marriage varies around the world, with some countries legalizing it while others do not.
- The issue has been the subject of much debate and controversy, with arguments for and against same-sex marriage based on religious, cultural, social, and legal considerations.
Same-sex marriage in India
- Decriminalized homosexuality: Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, which criminalized homosexuality, was struck down by the Supreme Court of India in 2018, which was a landmark decision for LGBTQ+ rights in the country.
- Same sex marriage is not yet legal: However, there is still no law that allows same-sex couples to legally marry or have any legal recognition of their relationships. Same-sex marriage is currently not legally recognized in India.
What are the implications of not recognizing Same sex marriage legally?
- Infringement on individual freedoms: Denying same-sex couples the right to marry can be seen as an infringement on individual freedoms and a violation of human rights. It can limit the ability of individuals to express their identities and form meaningful relationships.
- Exclusion from family and community life: Marriage is a fundamental institution in Indian society, and remaining unmarried is looked down upon by the entire family. However, excluding LGBTQ+ persons from marriage denies them full benefits of participating in family and community life, including acceptance in society.
- Social stigma: The lack of legal recognition for same-sex marriage can contribute to negative attitudes towards LGBTQ+ individuals and relationships. This can perpetuate social stigma and discrimination.
- Discrimination: Despite same-sex attraction being a natural part of human society, some people of the same sex fall in love with each other and want to get married. Marriage benefits a couple in tangible and intangible ways, including essential protections, such as the ability to own and share financial assets, joint ownership of property, and access to health and life insurance. Denying these rights to LGBTQ+ persons is discriminatory.
Arguments against recognizing same sex marriage legally in India
- Marriage is a union between a man and a woman: Many people believe that marriage is meant to be a union between a man and a woman, and that allowing same-sex couples to marry goes against traditional values.
- It is against Indian culture: Many opponents of same-sex marriage argue that it goes against Indian culture and Hindu values, and that such unions are not recognized in traditional Indian society.
- It could lead to social instability: Some people believe that allowing same-sex marriage could lead to social instability and moral decay, and that it would have a negative impact on family and societal values.
- It is against the law: While homosexuality is no longer a criminal offence in India, same-sex marriage is not recognized under Indian law. Opponents argue that allowing same-sex marriage would be against the law and would undermine the institution of marriage.
- It could have negative impact on children: Some people argue that children raised by same-sex couples could face social stigma and could be negatively impacted psychologically. They believe that children should have both a mother and a father.
Other developments and challenges
- Many corporations have applied core HR principles of fairness, equality, and non-discrimination to their LGBTQ+ employees and have re-written their equal opportunity and anti-discrimination policies to protect them from discrimination, bullying, and harassment.
- However, inclusive policies have been challenging to implement with insurance companies as same-sex partners are not legally recognised as spouses. Being allowed to marry will help to gain the acceptance that LGBTQ+ citizens are seeking in society.
Way ahead with a balanced approach
- Increase awareness and education: It is essential to increase awareness and education among the general public regarding the LGBTQ+ community and the importance of equal rights for all individuals.
- Dialogue and debate: There need to be an open and respectful dialogue and debate between people who support same-sex marriage and those who oppose it. This will help to address concerns and misunderstandings and lead to a greater understanding and acceptance of the LGBTQ+ community. A wide-ranging consultation process could be initiated with stakeholders from different communities, including religious leaders, civil society organizations, and members of the LGBTQIA+ community, to build consensus on the issue.
- Legal reforms: The Indian government should consider legal reforms to ensure that the LGBTQ+ community has equal rights and protections under the law. This includes legal recognition of same-sex marriage and the extension of benefits and protections to same-sex couples, such as inheritance rights and access to healthcare.
- Inclusive workplace policies: Corporations and employers can play a significant role in promoting inclusivity and diversity by implementing policies that explicitly protect LGBTQ+ employees from discrimination, bullying, and harassment.
- Sensitization of government officials: Sensitization programs should be conducted to sensitize government officials to the needs and rights of the LGBTQ+ community. This will help to ensure that government policies are more inclusive and considerate of the needs of all citizens.
- Balancing Interests: The government could take a cautious approach to legalizing same-sex marriage, considering the positive effects such as social inclusion and individual rights, and the potential negative effects, such as religious sensitivities and family values. This could involve striking a balance between individual rights and social cohesion, taking into account the unique cultural and social contexts of India.
- Monitoring and Evaluation: The government could set up an independent body to monitor the implementation of same-sex marriage legislation and evaluate its impact on society. This could help to identify areas of success and potential areas for improvement, and ensure that the legal recognition of same-sex marriages is a positive step forward for Indian society as a whole.
Conclusion
- Inclusive policies have resulted in more loyalty and engagement from employees, and it is now time to extend this sense of belonging to the LGBTQ+ community in India. The LGBTQ+ individuals deserve the right to participate in one of society’s major institutions and to be treated equally under the law. Allowing same-sex marriage would enable LGBTQ+ individuals to feel a sense of belonging and gain the acceptance they are seeking in society.
Mains Question
Q. Issues over the Same sex marriage has been one of the hot topics for some time now. Analyze the issue recognizing same sex marriage legally in India and suggest a balanced way ahead.
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Governor’s Constitutional Limits: A Resolution to President
Central Idea
- The Tamil Nadu Governor’s recent statement implying that he would not give assent to a Bill passed by the legislature if it transgresses constitutional limits has resulted in the Tamil Nadu Assembly passing a resolution requesting the President of India to issue directions to the Governor to function within constitutional limits.
Who is Governor?
- Parallel to President: The Governors of the states of India have similar powers and functions at the state level as those of the President of India at the Central level.
- Nominal head: The governor acts as the nominal head whereas the real power lies with the Chief Ministers of the states and her/his councils of ministers.
- Similar offices: Governors exist in the states while Lieutenant Governors or Administrators exist in union territories including the National Capital Territory of Delhi.
- Non-local appointees: Few or no governors are local to the state that they are appointed to govern.
New Constitutional Development
- Passing a resolution by the Assembly requesting the President of India to ensure that the Governor functions within the Constitution is a new constitutional development.
What are the relevant articles?
- Article 355: Article 355 of the Constitution states that it is the duty of the Union to ensure that every State’s government is carried out according to the Constitution.
- R. Ambedkar on Article 355: While the general meaning and purpose of Article 355 was explained by B.R. Ambedkar in the Constituent Assembly, the Constitution’s concepts and doctrines have been interpreted and reinterpreted to meet society’s changing needs
- Article 200: Although Article 200 provides options to the Governor when a Bill is presented to him after being passed by the legislature, withholding assent is not an option given by the Constitution.
Governor’s Discretionary Powers and the confusion of Withholding assent
- Options to the Governor: Article 200 provides options to the Governor when a Bill is presented to him after being passed by the legislature.
- These options are:
- To give assent;
- To withhold assent;
- To send it back to the Assembly to reconsider it; or
- To send the Bill to the President for his consideration.
- Idea of the Third option: In case the Assembly reconsiders the Bill as per the request of the Governor under the third option, he has to give assent even if the Assembly passes it again without accepting any of the suggestions of the Governor.
- One of the options is required to be exercised: It is only logical to think that when the Constitution gives certain options to the Governor, he is required to exercise one of them.
- Sitting on the bill goes against the constitutional direction: Since sitting on a Bill passed by the Assembly is not an option given by the Constitution, the Governor, by doing so, is only acting against constitutional direction. A judicial pronouncement on this matter is needed to eliminate the confusion.
The issue of justiciability
Whether the process of assent by the Governor is subject to judicial review?
- Not justiciable: According to D.D. Basu, quoting judgments of the Supreme Court, it is not justiciable.
- For instance, Purushothaman Namboothiri vs State of Kerala (1962): In this case the court held that a Bill which is pending with the Governor does not lapse on the dissolution of the Assembly, but this judgment did not deal with the justiciability of the process of assent.
- Hoechst Pharmaceuticals Ltd. And vs State Of Bihar And Others (1983): In this case the court dealt with the power of the Governor to reserve a Bill for the consideration of the President, and held that the court cannot go into the question of whether it was necessary for the Governor to reserve the Bill for the consideration of the President.
- Government can challenge the inaction of the Governor in a court of law: The issue that is agitating State governments is the non-decision/indecision on the part of the Governor on a Bill passed by the Assembly. Therefore, the government can challenge the inaction of the Governor in a court of law, and the answer seems to be in the affirmative.
Way ahead
- Ensuring constitutional principles are upheld: The state governments and the Governor’s office should work together to establish a mutual understanding of the constitutional provisions and procedures for assent to a bill, with a focus on expediting the process while ensuring constitutional principles are upheld.
- Avoiding confrontation and legal battles: In case of disagreements between the state government and the Governor, the matter should be resolved through dialogue and mutual agreement, rather than resorting to confrontation and legal battles.
- Clarity on the issues of justifiability: The Supreme Court could provide clarity on the issue of justiciability of the Governor’s role in assent to a bill, while keeping in mind the constitutional provisions and the principles of federalism.
- Judicious use of discretionary powers: The Governor should exercise his discretionary powers judiciously and in line with constitutional provisions, without delaying or withholding assent to a bill without any valid reason.
- Transparent and consultative mechanism: The state government should ensure that bills are passed in a transparent and consultative manner, and the Governor should give due consideration to the views and opinions of all stakeholders before exercising his discretion.
- Promoting cooperative federalism: There should be a greater emphasis on promoting cooperative federalism, where the Centre, states, and governors work together in a spirit of collaboration and cooperation, while ensuring the protection of the Constitution and the rights of all citizens.
Conclusion
- The framers of the Constitution would never have imagined that Governors would sit on Bills indefinitely without exercising any of the options given in Article 200. This is a new development which needs new solutions within the framework of the Constitution. So, it falls to the Supreme Court to fix a reasonable time frame for Governors to take a decision on a Bill passed by the Assembly in the larger interest of federalism in the country.
Mains question
- Passing a resolution by the Assembly requesting the President of India to ensure that the Governor functions within the Constitution is a new constitutional development. In the light of the statement discuss the constitutionality of role of Governor in withholding assent to a bill passed by a state legislature. Suggest a way for this legal battle.
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[Burning Issue] First Global Buddhist Summit 2023
Context
- The two-day Global Buddhist Summit 2023 concluded successfully in New Delhi with the adoption of the New Delhi Declaration. It saw the participation of delegates from nearly 30 countries, including Taiwan, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, and Mongolia.
- In this context, this edition of the Burning Issue will talk about this summit and its significance for India.
About International Buddhist Confederation (IBC)
- IBC is the biggest religious Buddhist confederation in the world.
- The body was formed in New Delhi in 2011 and is headquartered also here.
- The goal of IBC is to create a role for Buddhism on the global stage so as to help to preserve heritage, share knowledge, and promote values.
- It also aims to represent a united front for Buddhism to participate in the current global happenings.
About Global Buddhist Summit
- It was the first-ever Global Buddhist Summit organized by the Ministry of Culture in collaboration with the International Buddhist Confederation (IBC).
- Eminent scholars, Sangha leaders Dharma practitioners and Buddhist monks from all over the world attended the conference.
- The focus of the Global Buddhist Summit was on modes of disseminating and internalizing universal values and finding ways to work together, to address the burning challenges both within and globally and offer a sustainable model for the future of the world.
- THE MAIN THEME of the summit was Responses to Contemporary Challenges: Philosophy to Praxis.
- Sub Themes of the summit were:
- Buddha Dhamma Pilgrimage, Living Heritage and Buddha Relics: a resilient foundation to India’s centuries-old cultural links to countries in South, Southeast and East Asia.
- Buddha Dhamma and Peace
- Buddha Dhamma: Environmental Crisis, Health and Sustainability
- Preservation of Nalanda Buddhist Tradition
Objectives of the summit
There has been general agreement that the basic fundamental which can provide inspiration and guidance in the light of Buddha’s message of Peace, Well-being, Harmony and Compassion for Universal Peace need to be highlighted and worked upon as follows:
- Aim: The texts, doctrines and philosophy of Buddha Dhamma are the best guide for inter-faith dialogue, harmony and universal peace.
- Peace: happiness and well-being, and conflicts and violence are significant threat to peace. We call upon all nations, organizations and individuals to work towards creating a world free from conflict, violence and war.
- Environment Sustainability: We urge governments and individuals to take action to reduce carbon emissions, protect biodiversity, and preserve natural resources for future generations.
- Wellbeing: We acknowledge that true happiness arises from inner peace and contentment. We encourage individuals to cultivate mindfulness, compassion, and wisdom, which are essential for promoting happiness and well-being.
- Buddhist Pilgrimage as Living Heritage: We call upon governments to preserve and protect the sacred sites of Buddhism and promote their accessibility to people of all backgrounds.
- Recommendations: Drawing upon the Teachings of the Buddha for the welfare of all sentient beings, Members of the Sangha, Buddhist leaders, Scholars, followers and institutions can play a significant and effective role in addressing this multi-faceted crisis. The continuation of the annual Global Buddhist Summit is one such important step in this direction.
- Nalanda: one of the greatest seats of Dhamma education for nearly 700 years between the 5th and 12th centuries AD, precedes the modern system of university education. It was famous for value education and character building. These values need to be inculcated among youths to rejuvenate the society towards “Vasudeva Kuṭumbakam”.
Significance of Buddhism for India
- Importance of India in Buddhism: in Buddhism: Because Buddhism was founded in India, this global summit will highlight the significance and importance of India in Buddhism.
- Strengthening cultural and diplomatic ties: Additionally, this summit will serve as a vehicle for strengthening cultural and diplomatic ties with other nations, particularly those that adhere to the Buddhist ethos.
- Cultural Significance: Buddhism is an integral part of India’s cultural heritage. It played a significant role in shaping India’s art, architecture, literature, and philosophy. Today, India’s rich heritage in Buddhism attracts millions of tourists from all over the world.
- Social Significance: Buddhism’s emphasis on social justice, equality, and non-discrimination has relevance in India’s diverse and complex social context. Its teachings on the importance of community, interdependence, and mutual respect can help bridge social divides and promote social harmony.
- Environmental Significance: Buddhism’s emphasis on compassion toward all living beings can inspire individuals to take responsible actions toward environmental protection.
How Buddhism can play a role in enhancing India’s Soft Power projection?
Through Cultural Diplomacy
- Promoting Indian culture, which includes Buddhism, through festivals, art, music, literature, and other media.
- For instance, the Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR) has put on a number of cultural events in Buddhist nations like Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, and Bhutan to show off India’s cultural heritage and make cultural ties stronger.
Education and Capacity-Building:
- To promote Buddhist studies and research, India has established a number of Buddhist institutions and centers of excellence, including Nalanda University and the Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies.
- In 2022, the foundation stone for the Dhamma Dipa International Buddhist University (DDIBU) in Tripura was laid,
- India also offers scholarships and training programs to Buddhist students and monks from other countries, such as Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Nepal, to enhance their knowledge and skills.
Bilateral Exchanges and Initiatives:
- Through a variety of initiatives, India has sought to strengthen its ties with Buddhist nations like Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, and Bhutan in terms of bilateral relations.
- In order to strengthen economic cooperation, India and Sri Lanka have signed a number of agreements, including the Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement (BIPA).
- In addition, India has helped Buddhist nations restore and protect their cultural heritage sites, such as the Stupa in Nepal and the Bagan temples in Myanmar.
- India and Mongolia also renewed the Cultural Exchange Program until 2023 under which 10 dedicated ICCR scholarships for studying ‘Tibetan Buddhism’ have been allocated for Mongolians to study in specialized institutes of CIBS, Leh and CUTS, Varanasi.
How Buddhism Is Significant For Indian Diplomacy?
- Ties with East and Southeast Asia: India’s historical and cultural ties with East and Southeast Asia, where Buddhism is widely practiced, have helped to strengthen diplomatic relations with these countries. India has established several cultural and economic initiatives with these countries, such as the Look East Policy, which aims to enhance economic and strategic relations with Southeast Asia, and the Act East Policy, which seeks to expand India’s ties with East Asian countries.
- Relationship with China: Buddhism has been a significant factor in India’s relationship with China. Buddhism originated in India but spread to China and became a major influence on Chinese culture and philosophy. India and China have established several cultural and religious exchanges, including the annual India-China Buddhist Dialogue and the China-India Yoga College, which promotes Indian culture and yoga in China.
- Cultural Diplomacy: Buddhism has been an important tool of India’s cultural diplomacy. India has established several Buddhist study centers and universities in different parts of the world to promote Indian culture and Buddhism. India also hosts several international conferences and seminars on Buddhism and its philosophy to facilitate cultural exchanges and strengthen diplomatic ties with other countries.
- International Cooperation: Buddhism’s emphasis on nonviolence, peace, and harmony has contributed to India’s active participation in international forums and organizations that promote these values. India has been a strong supporter of the United Nations International Day of Vesak, which celebrates the birth, enlightenment, and passing of the Buddha, and has hosted the event several times.
Why India And China Are Competing For Buddhist Legacies?
- Soft Power: Buddhism is an important element of soft power, which refers to the ability of a country to influence other countries through its culture, ideology, and values. Both India and China are interested in promoting their cultural and religious heritage to enhance their soft power in the region and the world.
- Tourism: Buddhism is a major tourist attraction, and both India and China are competing to attract Buddhist pilgrims and tourists to their respective countries. India’s Buddhist tourism industry is estimated to be worth billions of dollars, and China has also invested heavily in developing its Buddhist tourism industry.
- India also held a first-of-its-kind conference of SCO on “Shared Buddhist Heritage”.
Conclusion
- The summit could be seen as an attempt by India to flex its soft power in the region. While it’s definitely not the first time a country has used Buddhism to this end, events like the Global Buddhist Summit do offer India “political mileage”.
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Nikaalo Prelims Spotlight || Current Affairs developments in security and disaster in last one year
Dear Aspirants,This Spotlight is a part of our Mission Nikaalo Prelims-2023.
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24th Apr 2023
Current Affairs developments in security and disaster in last one year
Refer to current affairs compilation.
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Overuse of Urea in India and its Implications
Central idea
- Rising urea consumption: The use of urea has continued to increase, leading to a decline in crop yield response to fertiliser use, and an imbalance in the nutrient application.
- Unbalanced fertilization: The nutrient-based subsidy regime is a failure in promoting balanced fertilization.
- Several measures failed: The measures introduced by the Indian government to reduce urea consumption, such as neem-coating, smaller bags, and Nano Urea, have not been successful.
Do You Know?
The ideal NPK use ratio for the country is 4:2:1, whereas it was 6.5:2.8:1 in 2020-21 and 7.7:3.1:1 in 2021-22. In the recent 2022 kharif season, the ratio got further distorted to 12.8:5.1:1.
What is Urea?
- Urea is a commonly used nitrogen-containing fertiliser that provides crops with the necessary nutrients for growth and development.
- It is a white, crystalline solid that is soluble in water and has a high nitrogen content, with around 46% nitrogen by weight.
- Urea is made from ammonia and carbon dioxide and is used extensively in agriculture due to its high nitrogen content and affordability.
- It is a major source of nitrogen for crops, and when applied in the right amounts, it can improve crop yields and increase overall agricultural productivity.
Urea usage in India
Policy moves related to Urea
The introduction of these measures was aimed at reducing urea consumption in the country.
- Neem-coated urea: In May 2015, the Indian government mandated the neem-coating of all urea manufactured in the country as well as imported urea to illegal diversion for non-agricultural use.
- Reduced size: Later, in March 2018, the government replaced 50-kg urea bags with 45-kg bags.
- Liquid Nano Urea: Recently, in June 2021, the Indian Farmers’ Fertiliser Cooperative (IFFCO) launched a liquid fertiliser called ‘Nano Urea’.
Ineffectiveness of the above measures
- Despite the introduction of these measures, urea consumption in the country has not decreased.
- In fact, sales of urea crossed a record 35.7 million tonnes (mt) in the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023.
- Although consumption dipped in the initial two years after neem-coating was fully enforced, it reversed from 2018-19.
Failure of the nutrient-based subsidy (NBS) regime
- The government introduced the nutrient-based subsidy (NBS) regime in April 2010.
- The regime fixed a per-kg subsidy for each fertiliser nutrient – nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potash (K), and sulphur (S).
- The aim was to promote balanced fertilisation and discourage farmers from applying too much urea, di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) and muriate of potash (MOP).
- However, the data shows that nutrient imbalance has worsened, with urea consumption rising by over a third since 2009-10.
- Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) has declined from 48.2% in 1962-63 to 34.7% in 2018.
Cost of overdose fertilization
- Fertilisers are essential for plant growth and grain yield, but the overuse of urea and other fertilisers has led to an imbalance in nutrient application.
- Crop yield response to fertiliser use has decreased, with the disproportionate application of nitrogen by farmers being a key reason.
- Recent research has shown that nitrogen use efficiency has declined in India, making it necessary to promote the use of other fertilisers containing different nutrients.
Way forward
To address the issue of rising urea consumption, two approaches can be adopted.
- Disincentivise: The first is to raise prices, but this is not politically feasible.
- Improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE): One way to achieve this is to make the incorporation of urease and nitrification inhibitors compulsory in urea.
Some other potential solutions include:
- Promoting the use of organic fertilisers: Such as compost and manure, can improve soil health and reduce the need for synthetic fertilisers. This can also reduce the risk of environmental pollution and improve the sustainability of agriculture.
- Encouraging precision agriculture: Such as soil testing, can help farmers apply fertilisers in the right amounts and at the right time, reducing wastage and increasing nutrient use efficiency.
- Promoting crop rotation and intercropping: Planting different crops in rotation or together can help maintain soil fertility and reduce the need for synthetic fertilisers.
- Increasing public awareness and education: Educating farmers and the public on the importance of sustainable fertiliser use and the potential risks of overusing synthetic fertilisers can help promote more sustainable agricultural practices.
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Operation Kaveri to evacuate stranded citizens from Sudan
India has launched “Operation Kaveri” to evacuate its citizens from war-torn Sudan.
What is Operation Kaveri?
- It is the recent series of evacuations held by India over the last few years to rescue its nationals in crisis-hit countries. India rescued its nationals last year from war-hit Ukraine and Afghanistan.
- The operation was launched in response to the conflict and breakdown of essential services in Sudan that had brought the country to a standstill.
- India has positioned two transport aircraft of the IAF in the Saudi Arabian city of Jeddah and a naval ship at a key port in Sudan as part of its contingency plans to evacuate its stranded nationals.
Behind the name ‘Kaveri’
- The choice of naming this operation as ‘Operation Kaveri’ has a lot of significance.
- Kaveri is one of the major Indian rivers flowing through the southern states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
- The river is sacred to the people of the region and is worshipped as the Goddess Kaveriamma (mother Kaveri).
- Rivers reach their destination irrespective of barriers. It’s like a mother who will ensure she will bring her children back to safety.
About Sudan
- Sudan is a country located in North Africa, bordered by Egypt to the north, Libya to the northwest, Chad to the west, the Central African Republic to the southwest, South Sudan to the south, Ethiopia to the southeast, and Eritrea to the east.
- It is the third-largest country in Africa and has a diverse population of around 43 million people.
- According to the World Bank, around 46% of the population lives below the poverty line, and many Sudanese people struggle to access basic services such as healthcare, education, and clean water.
What is the crisis all about?
- Sudan is facing a crisis due to fighting between two rival military factions.
- The conflict involves the Sudanese army and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF).
- The fighting began in April 2022 after tensions rose following the coup that saw the two factions topple a civilian government in October 2021.
- The conflict began when an internationally-backed plan to launch a new transition with civilian parties was floated.
- Under the plan, both the army and the RSF had to cede power, but two issues were contentious: the formal placing of the army under civilian oversight and the timetable for the RSF to be integrated into the regular armed forces.
Global Implications of the Conflict
- The volatile region, which borders the Red Sea, the Sahel, and the Horn of Africa, could be destabilized if the fighting continues.
- The conflict in Sudan has the potential to cause a refugee crisis, with people fleeing the country to escape the violence and instability.
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Vibrant Villages Program to be integrated with PM Gati Shakti
The Centre’s Vibrant Villages Programme (VVP) which aims to develop infrastructure and open up villages to tourists along the China border will be integrated with the Gati Shakti Mega Project.
What is Vibrant Villages Programme (VVP)?
- Under the VVP, the selected villages will be provided with basic facilities like all-weather roads, potable piped water, 24×7 electricity, good mobile and internet connectivity, healthcare, and enhanced livelihood options.
- The VVP aims to prevent migration of border population, catalyze reverse migration, and keep all villages along the LAC well-populated from the strategic and security point of view.
Villages selected
- Kibithoo, one of the remotest circle headquarters of Arunachal Pradesh, is the first village to be developed under the VVP.
- The villages will also serve as the Indian Army’s eyes and ears in these remote areas.
- 2,967 villages in 19 border districts of Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh and Ladakh will be developed under the VVP, with 662 villages being developed in the first phase of the project.
Components
- The VVP programme involves a number of livelihood programmes, including bee-keeping, improving agricultural yields, encouraging handicrafts and local products, and providing market linkages to them.
- The programme also focuses on promoting high-end tourism and training local people to cater to tourists.
- Provision of 24×7 power through micro-hydel power plants, solar power panels, and windmills is also a vital component of the programme.
Impact
- The development of border villages under the VVP will help provide a better livelihood for the locals, improve the quality of life and prevent migration from these remote areas.
- It will also help in gathering intelligence from the people of border villages and provide the Indian Army with better access to these areas.
Comparison with China’s Model
- India’s Vibrant Village Programme (VVP) is people-centric and aims to enhance the quality of life of the locals.
- China’s Xiaokang villages lack proper planning for providing livelihood opportunities, healthcare and education facilities, and proper transportation.
- Beijing’s aim of keeping civilian residents of these villages as watchful eyes over activities across the LAC and on Indian Army patrols has been negated.
- Most of the villages now serve as residential quarters and logistical facilities for the PLA.
- India’s VVP scores over China’s building of new Xiaokang villages as it has a holistic approach to development.
Why merged with Gati Shakti?
- Gati Shakti brings 16 ministries, including Railways and Roadways, together for integrated planning and coordinated implementation of infrastructure connectivity projects.
- It allows government departments to break operational silos.
- By integrating VVP with Gati Shakti, there can be better coordination between various ministries and departments to ensure the smooth implementation of the programme and to avoid any duplication of efforts.