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  • Nepal PMā€™s Remarks on India-Nepal Border Dispute

    Why in the news?

    Nepal Prime Minister Balendra Shah stated in Parliament that Nepal has also ā€œencroached upon Indian territory in many places,ā€ triggering political controversy in Nepal.

    Key Highlights

    • The statement was made while discussing the disputed:
      • Kalapani
      • Lipulekh
      • Limpiyadhura regions.
    • Opposition lawmakers in Nepal demanded clarification and removal of the remarks from parliamentary records.

    India-Nepal Border Dispute

    Main disputed areas:

    • Kalapani: A strategic Himalayan region near the India-Nepal-China trijunction.
    • Lipulekh Pass: Important trade and Kailash Mansarovar pilgrimage route.
    • Limpiyadhura: Claimed by Nepal as part of its territory.

    Background of the Dispute

    • The dispute intensified after:
      • India released a new political map in 2019.
      • Nepal amended its Constitution in 2020 to include the disputed regions in its official map.
    • Nepal bases its claims mainly on interpretations of the: Treaty of Sugauli (1816).

    What is Dasgaja?

    • ā€œDasgajaā€ refers to the no manā€™s land along the India-Nepal border.
    • Nepalā€™s Foreign Ministry later clarified that the PMā€™s remarks referred mainly to:
      • Cross border occupation
      • Technical boundary irregularities in riverine areas.

    Treaty of Sugauli (1816)

    • Signed between the East India Company and the Kingdom of Nepal.
    • Signed after the Anglo-Nepal War.
    • Importance: Forms the basis of the present India-Nepal boundary disputes.

    Indiaā€™s Position

    • India maintains that:
      • Lipulekh lies within Indian territory.
      • It is a historic trade and pilgrimage route.
    • India supports resolving disputes through diplomatic dialogue.

    [2020] Consider the following statements: Ā 

    1. The value of Indo-Sri Lanka trade has consistently increased in the last decade 

    2. ā€œTextile and textile articlesā€ constitute an important item of trade between India and Bangladesh. 

    3. In the last five years, Nepal has been the largest trading partner of India in South Asia.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

    (a) 1 and 2 only 

    (b) 2 only 

    (c) 3 only 

    (d) 1, 2 and 3 

  • General N.S. Raja Subramani Assumes Charge as Chief of Defence Staff

    Why in the news?

    General N.S. Raja Subramani assumed charge as Indiaā€™s third Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) and Secretary, Department of Military Affairs.

    Key Highlights

    • He paid tribute at the National War Memorial after assuming office.
    • A ceremonial Tri Services Guard of Honour was accorded at South Block.
    • He emphasised the ā€œWhole of Nationā€ approach for strengthening Indiaā€™s national security.

    What is ā€œJAIā€?

    General Subramani highlighted Prime Minister Narendra Modiā€™s vision of:

    • Jointness
    • Aatma Nirbharta
    • Innovation

    About the Chief of Defence Staff (CDS)

    • CDS is the highest-ranking military officer in India.
    • Acts as the Principal military adviser to the Defence Minister on tri-service matters.
    • Heads: Department of Military Affairs (DMA).
    • Permanent Chairman of Chiefs of Staff Committee

    Department of Military Affairs (DMA)

    • Created in 2019.
    • Functions under Ministry of Defence.
    • Responsible for:
      • Promoting jointness among armed forces
      • Military staffing and training matters
      • Integration of services

    [2024] What are the duties of the Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) as Head of the Department of Military Affairs?
    1. Permanent Chairman of Chiefs of Staff Committee
    2. Exercise military command over the three Service Chiefs
    3. Principal Military Advisor to Defence Minister on all tri-Service matters
    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    [A] 1, 2 and 3

    [B] 1 and 2 only

    [C] 2 and 3 only

    [D] 1 and 3 only

  • Webb Telescope Captures Weather on Exoplanet WASP-94A b

    Why in the news?

    Scientists using the James Webb Space Telescope observed weather patterns on the exoplanet WASP-94A b located nearly 700 light years away from Earth.

    Key Highlights

    • The study was published in the journal Science on May 21, 2026.
    • Scientists detected:
      • Cloud formation
      • Atmospheric circulation
      • Dynamic weather cycles on the exoplanet.
    • The exoplanet studied is:
      • WASP-94A b.

    About WASP-94A b

    • It is a Gas giant exoplanet.
    • Nearly Twice the size of Jupiter.
    • It has about half Jupiterā€™s mass.
    • Completes one revolution around its star in Four days.

    What are Hot Jupiters?

    • ā€œHot Jupitersā€ are Massive gas giant exoplanets orbiting very close to their host stars.
    • Characteristics:
      • Extremely high temperatures
      • Tidally locked rotation
      • One side permanently facing the star.

    Tidally Locked Planets

    A tidally locked planet has:

    • Rotation period equal to revolution period.
    • As a result:
      • One side remains permanently day side.
      • The other side remains permanently night side.

    Weather on WASP-94A b

    Scientists observed:

    • Morning side: Clouds of magnesium silicate, iron and magnesium sulphide.
    • Evening side: Relatively clear skies.

    Clouds form on the cooler night side and move towards the hotter day side through powerful winds before dissipating.

    How Were the Atmospheres Studied?

    Scientists used:

    • Spectroscopy
    • Transit method

    Spectroscopy

    • Light from the host star is split into wavelengths.
    • Atmospheric gases absorb specific wavelengths.
    • This helps identify chemical compounds present in the atmosphere.

    Transit Method

    • The exoplanet passes in front of its host star.
    • The atmosphere absorbs part of the starlight.
    • Scientists analyse these changes to study atmospheric composition.

    About the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)

    • Launched: December 2021.
    • Joint project of:
      • NASA
      • ESA
      • CSA.
    • Purpose:
      • Study the early universe
      • Exoplanets
      • Infrared astronomy.

    About Extremely Large Telescope (ELT)

    • Being built by the European Southern Observatory.
    • Location: Northern Chile.
    • Importance: May help discover more Earth like exoplanets and planetary systems.

    [2017] What is the purpose of ā€˜evolved Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (eLISA)ā€™ project?

    [A] To detect neutrinos

    [B] To detect gravitational waves

    [C] To detect the effectiveness of missile defence system

    [D] To study the effect of solar flares on our communication systems

  • In the sequence 462, 420, 380, X, 306. X stands for

    In the sequence 462, 420, 380, X, 306. X stands for

  • Ten per cent of twenty plus twenty per cent of ten equals

    Ten per cent of twenty plus twenty per cent of ten equals

  • The square root of the cube of this number is the cube of its square root. It is not 1 and it is less than 6. What is it

    The square root of the cube of this number is the cube of its square root. It is not 1 and it is less than 6. What is it ?

  • Ram and Shyam work on a job together for four days and complete 60% of it. Ram takes leave then and Shyam works for eight more days to complete the job. How long would Ram take to complete the entire job alone

    Ram and Shyam work on a job together for four days and complete 60% of it. Ram takes leave then and Shyam works for eight more days to complete the job. How long would Ram take to complete the entire job alone?

  • Consider the following chart : Interest Rates (in percentage) The chart above shows the movement of nominal interest rates and real interest rates (defined as nominal interest rate minus inflation). Which one of the following is the correct interpretation

    Consider the following chart : Interest Rates (in percentage) The chart above shows the movement of nominal interest rates and real interest rates (defined as nominal interest rate minus inflation). Which one of the following is the correct interpretation ?

  • Consider the following figures marked A and B : The manufacturing cost and projected sales for a product are shown in figures A and B respectively. What is the minimum number of pieces that should be manufactured to avoid a loss

    Consider the following figures marked A and B : The manufacturing cost and projected sales for a product are shown in figures A and B respectively. What is the minimum number of pieces that should be manufactured to avoid a loss ?

  • The table below compares apparel exports of various countries between the years 1980 and 1990. Which one of the following statements in not true ? (Restricting consideration to countries listed in the table only)

    The table below compares apparel exports of various countries between the years 1980 and 1990. Which one of the following statements in not true ? (Restricting consideration to countries listed in the table only)

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