According to a joint report by the UN and the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), at least 65 million people are food insecure in the Horn of Africa.
Food Insecurity in Horn of Africa Region:
Of the 65 million affected, 36 million reside in IGAD member states: Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, and Uganda.
Main Causes:
Extreme weather and climate change are primary drivers of food insecurity, leading to severe conditions.
Conflict has also destroyed infrastructure and sources of food and income, worsening the situation.
About theHorn of Africa:
Details
Location
A peninsula in northeastern Africa, extending into the Arabian Sea.
Geographical Composition
Comprises the countries of Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia.
Population
Approximately 115 million people.
Area
Covers about 2 million square kilometers.
Geographical Features
Includes mountains, plateaus, deserts, and coastlines. Significant areas include the Ethiopian Plateau, Ogaden Desert, and Eritrean and Somalian coasts.
Historical Name
Known as Bilad al Barbar or Berber Land in ancient times.
Significance
Known for diverse landscapes and unique biodiversity.
Strategic importance due to proximity to oil-producing regions in the Middle East.
Key Bodies of Water
Lies to the south of the Gulf of Aden and along the southern boundary of the Red Sea.
Grand Renaissance Dam: Under construction by Ethiopia on the Nile River, impacting regional water dynamics.
Shipping Routes
Major shipping routes pass through the Red Sea, with Djibouti serving as a critical maritime hub for international trade.
Climate
Characterized by a mix of arid, semi-arid, and temperate climates, influencing agriculture and livelihoods in the region.
Geopolitical and strategic importance for India:
The Horn of Africa is located near the Middle East, a region vital for global oil production.
Around 40% of Middle Eastern oil flows through the Red Sea shipping lanes adjacent to the Horn, making it a critical point for energy security.
Djibouti and the surrounding areas control access to the Bab el Mandeb Strait, which links the Red Sea to the Gulf of Aden and is one of the world’s busiest maritime chokepoints.
Several countries, including the US, France, and China, have established military bases in Djibouti to secure their interests in this strategic region.
China’s presence in Djibouti and other Horn of Africa nations aligns with its “string of pearls” strategy, which aims to secure military and economic footholds around India.
The Horn region serves as a gateway to Africa for Indian investments in infrastructure, energy, and mining sectors.
The region, particularly Somalia, poses threats from Pirates and terrorist groups like Al-Shabaab.
PYQ:
[2016] Consider the following statements:
The India-Africa Summit
held in 2015 was the third such Summit
was actually initiated by Jawaharlal Nehru in 1951
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
The Union Cabinet has approved a new Central Sector Scheme named PM Vidyalaxmi to provide financial assistance to meritorious students pursuing higher education.
About the PM Vidyalaxmi Scheme:
Details
Objective
To provide financial assistance to meritorious students pursuing higher education in quality institutions.
Eligible Students
Students gaining admission to the top 860 Quality Higher Education Institutions (QHEIs), including government and private institutions.
Annual Family Income Criteria
Up to ₹8 lakh for students who do not qualify for other government scholarships or interest subsidies.
Eligibility Based on NIRF Rankings
• Top 100 institutions in overall, category-specific, and domain-specific NIRF lists.
• State government-run institutions ranked 101-200.
• All Central government-governed institutions.
Loan Amounts
• Loans up to ₹7.5 lakh with a 75% credit guarantee.
• For loans up to ₹10 lakh, 3% interest subvention during the moratorium period.
Target Beneficiaries
Approximately 1 lakh students each year, with preference for students in technical or professional courses from government institutions.
Financial Outlay
₹3,600 crore for the period from 2024-25 to 2030-31.
Expected Impact
Benefit for 7 lakh new students through interest subvention during the scheme’s duration.
Application Process
Applications can be submitted via the PM-Vidyalaxmi portal for loans and interest benefits.
Aims to enhance access to higher education for meritorious students, reducing financial barriers.
PYQ:
[2016] Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana is aimed at:
(a) bringing the small entrepreneurs into formal financial system
(b) providing loans to poor farmers for cultivating particular crops
(c) providing pensions to old and destitute persons
(d) funding the voluntary organizations involved in the promotion of skill development and employment generation
In today’s hustle economy, balancing India’s demographic dividend with the rise of automation is becoming super critical. The big question for aspirants? How can India make the most of its youth boom while AI takes over jobs? We’ve broken down 4 key challenges you need to know to ace the specific challenges associated with this. Plus, we’ve dug into how skilling plays a huge role in turning these challenges into opportunities, helping you handle any curveballs UPSC throws at you!
GS 1 Indian Society: Population and Social Empowerment Note4Students: Analyze the demographic dividend and the challenges of an aging population. Explore the role of skilling in promoting social empowerment.
Microthemes: Population and associated issues
GS 2 Governance, Polity, Social Justice: Government Policies and Development Note4Students: Gain insights into labor reforms, skilling initiatives, and public-private partnerships for economic growth.
Microthemes: Human Resources
GS 3 Economic Development, Technology, Environment: Growth, Employment, and Automation Note4Students: Assess challenges in labor-intensive sectors and the impact of AI on jobs. Examine fiscal roles in skilling programs and budgeting.
Microthemes: Innovative Technologies
GS 4
Ethics, Integrity & Aptitude: Economic Growth and Corporate Responsibility
Note4Students: Reflect on the ethical implications of automation and the corporate responsibility in reskilling efforts for equitable labor opportunities.
Microthemes: Applied Ethics
What is the demographic dividend?
The UNFPA defines the demographic dividend as the potential for economic growth that occurs when a larger portion of the population is of working age (15 to 64), compared to the younger (under 15) and older (65 and above) population who are not working.
Challenges in Leveraging India’s Demographic Sweet Spot
India is on the brink of harnessing its demographic dividend, yet several challenges hinder its ability to fully capitalize on this potential. Below are key factors that create obstacles in the current service-led growth model and employment landscape:
CHALLENGE 1 : SYSTEMIC CHALLENGES
1. Inefficient Capital and Labour Ratios
The Economic Survey 2023-24 highlighted 2 key issues: a declining capital-to-output ratio and an increasing capital-to-labour ratio. This imbalance signals inefficiencies in how capital is allocated and utilized, which undermines the potential for sustained economic growth.
2. Misalignment of Labour Abundance
Arvind Panagariya, Chairman of the 16th Finance Commission, noted that India’s surplus labour is not being effectively leveraged. The reliance on capital-led economic growth is ill-suited for a nation with abundant labour resources, indicating a need for a shift in growth strategies.
3. Challenges for MSMEs
Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) face significant hurdles due to outdated labour laws and excessive compliance burdens. These barriers discourage MSMEs from scaling, stifling their growth potential and the overall contribution to the economy.
4. Delayed Labour Code Implementation
Despite Parliament approving new labour codes, their delayed implementation sends negative signals to investors. This uncertainty complicates the growth landscape and impedes progress in creating a more conducive environment for investment.
CHALLENGE 2 : Employment in Labour-Intensive Sectors
To effectively utilize its demographic dividend, India must also address employment challenges in labour-intensive sectors:
1. Low Contribution of Agriculture
With 45% of the workforce engaged in agriculture, which contributes only 18% to GDP, there is a pressing need to diversify employment opportunities and boost manufacturing to enhance economic stability.
2. Focus on the Unorganised Sector
The unorganised and non-agricultural sectors employ 19% of the workforce but require focused attention to improve job quality and stability. Addressing these areas is vital for sustainable economic growth.
3. Unlocking High-Growth Sectors
Sectors like toys, apparel, tourism, and logistics present significant opportunities for labour-intensive employment. By prioritizing these industries, India can enhance job availability and stimulate economic activity.
4. Need for Enhanced Skilling
To support workers in transitioning to better-paying jobs, it is crucial to upgrade skills in these sectors. Skilling initiatives can enable workers to move up the value chain, fostering economic stability.
CHALLENGE 3 : The Importance of Skilling
Skilling is pivotal for enhancing workforce productivity and ensuring India maximizes its demographic dividend:
1. Low Formal Skill Levels
Currently, only 4.4% of the workforce aged 15-29 is formally skilled, underscoring the urgent need for targeted training initiatives to boost productivity.
2. Role of Public-Private Partnerships
Public-private partnerships are essential for developing relevant curricula and providing on-the-job training that aligns with industry needs. Collaboration can help bridge the skills gap in the workforce.
3. Lifelong Learning Approach
Skilling should be a lifelong endeavor, with flexible learning systems that allow workers to adapt to changing job requirements, rather than a one-time intervention.
4. New Education Policy (NEP) 2020
While the NEP 2020 emphasizes foundational and cognitive skills, it must be regularly reviewed to remain relevant in a fast-evolving job market.
CHALLENGE 4 : Impact of AI and Machine Learning
Finally, the emergence of AI and machine learning presents both challenges and opportunities for the Indian workforce:
1. Job Threats and Opportunities
AI and ML pose risks to low-skill, repetitive jobs but also create demand for skilled workers who can manage and utilize these technologies effectively. Addressing this shift is crucial for workforce adaptation.
2. Need for a Regulatory Framework
Establishing an appropriate regulatory framework for AI and ML is essential to ensure economic growth while protecting worker interests and promoting innovation.
3. Market Growth Potential
The AI/ML market is projected to grow nearly nine times by 2030, reaching $826.73 billion globally. This growth offers new employment avenues and innovation opportunities that India must capitalize on.
Way Forward
Sustaining Growth: Reforms are essential to sustain India’s growth trajectory and create new opportunities.
Policy Focus: Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman emphasized the need for improving productivity and making markets more efficient in her 2023 Budget speech.
State-Level Reforms: While the central government has improved the ease of doing business, state-level reforms are crucial as states are where most economic activities occur. Collaboration: Both the Centre and States must collaborate to broaden and deepen reforms for sustained economic growth.
Skilling in the Age of Automation
In 2019, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) predicted that automation could eliminate 14% of jobs globally and transform 32% within 15-20 years, impacting over a billion people. This underscores the urgent need for reskilling in the age of automation.
Challenges
Way Forward
Changing Skill Demands: Automation and AI are handling both manual and complex tasks. Skills now have an average half-life of less than 5 years, and as low as 2.5 years in tech fields.
Continuous learning and reskilling must be prioritized. Governments and organizations should promote lifelong learning.
Job Displacement: Many workers will see their jobs transformed by AI, potentially shifting them into new roles.
Comprehensive reskilling programs are needed to help workers transition into new roles or industries.
Upskilling Investment: Companies are investing up to 1.5% of their budgets in upskilling, but millions will need full reskilling, according to OECD.
Large-scale reskilling programs are required to prepare workers for entirely new roles.
Limited Impact of Current Efforts: Reskilling programs are often small-scale and not enough to address widespread automation impacts.
Companies must expand and collaborate on reskilling, with support from governments and educational institutions.
New Approaches in Reskilling: Companies are rethinking when, why, and how to reskill to adapt to AI and automation.
Adopt flexible, innovative reskilling strategies like real-time assessments and adaptive learning programs.
Hello,
We have a confession: we’re here to compete with your notes! Burning Issues magazine is your go-to resource as your exam approaches, designed to help you through the anxiety and overwhelm of preparing for the Civil Services Examination.
Many aspirants struggle despite reading current affairs for a year. This often happens because they interpret current affairs as merely news. As a UPSC aspirant, it’s essential to analyze these topics from the perspectives of General Studies 1, 2, 3, and 4, and that’s exactly what Elevate does.
This magazine features two sections: Burning Issues and Prelims Tidbits. Burning Issues covers current affairs that may appear in your Mains papers and teaches you how to think about these topics from different GS perspectives in just two pages.
Prelims Tidbits simplifies your Prelims preparation by distilling key facts, data, and concepts into easy-to-recall points framed around basic questions: What? Who? How? When?
So, dive in! Every page is crafted to enhance your UPSC prep. With consistency and this magazine, you’re not just preparing; you’re mastering the exam. The journey is about understanding and applying your knowledge effectively.
The IAS training period in India is a transformative journey that shapes India’s future administrators with a blend of academic rigor, field experiences, and cultural immersion. Beyond the structured curriculum, it’s a phase filled with moments that build resilience, adaptability, and a spirit of service. Every IAS aspirant must know what goes into the IAS training period at LBSNAA and how it is structured, and what each phase entails for them.
In a nutshell, the duration of IAS training period is 2 years. The training goes beyond textbooks, preparing officers to handle diverse on-ground challenges with confidence. But there’s much more to it.
What is LBSNAA
LBSNAA is the premier institution in Indian to train civil service officers in India. LBSNAA full form is Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration. It was formerly known as the National Academy of Administration, which was established in 1959. Later, the name was changed to commemorate the India’s second Prime Minister, Lal Bahdur Sastry. Every year, new batch of IAS, IPS, IFS, IRS, and IFoS officers are trained at the LBSNAA. It is mainly known as the IAS training centre.
IAS Training Period at LBSNAA: Overview
Training Phase
Duration (Approx.)
Foundation Course
15 Weeks
Phase-I
22 weeks
District Training
52 Weeks
Phase-II
6 Weeks
Assistant Secretary-ship
9 Weeks
Foundation Course
The Foundation Course marks the start of LBSNAA IAS training period for new recruits from the All India Services, including IAS, IPS, and Indian Forest Services, among others. This 15-week course typically runs from September to December and covers a comprehensive understanding of India’s political, social, economic, and administrative landscape.
The course is designed to develop essential skills and instill the perspective needed to handle public service responsibilities effectively. New officers explore Indian polity, economics, history, and current affairs, gaining the knowledge necessary to address the diverse challenges of civil service.
The course also focuses on holistic growth, aiming to cultivate moral, intellectual, physical, and creative capacities in trainees. By nurturing camaraderie and teamwork, it builds a cohesive spirit among officers from various services, laying a solid foundation for their future roles.
LBSNAA Training Period for IAS Phase–I
Following the Foundation Course, IAS Officer Trainees advance to Phase-I of IAS training period. It is a comprehensive program focused on equipping them for diverse roles in their early years of service. The emphasis is on the understanding public systems and effective management practices.
Happening from December-May, Phase-I includes 12 weeks of academic instruction, a 7-week Winter Study Tour, and a 1-week block leave.
At the end of the IAS training period Phase–I, an officer trainy is expect to:
1. Acquire a pan-India perspective of emerging socio-economic and politico-legal trends, an understanding of the emerging role of the IAS and its shared administrative responsibilities with other services.
2. Acquire knowledge and skills needed to discharge administrative responsibilities in the first decade of their career in the following areas:
Law and legal instruments
Administrative rules, procedures and programme guidelines
Modern management tools, and
Economic analysis
3. Demonstrate proficiency in the regional language of the allotted State to better appreciate its administrative and cultural ethos.
4. Acquire an understanding on the cultural and socio-economic background of the State they are allotted.
5. Demonstrate effective written/ oral communication skills both in interpersonal and organizational context.
6. Exhibit right values and attitudes.
7. Maintain physical fitness.
8. Adhere to the spirit of ‘Sheelam Param Bhushanam’.
Winter Study Tour
In Phase I training, IAS Officer Trainees first go on Bharat Darshan, a 6-7 week Winter Study Tour. It is about exploring India’s diversity by visiting the armed forces, government bodies, NGOs, tribal areas, and more.
After traveling about 20,000 kilometers, they start the academic module, covering 400 hours of subjects like Law, Economics, Political Science, Management, and Public Administration, along with ICT and regional language training.
Beyond academics, Phase I of the IAS training period includes co-curricular activities like treks, cultural fests, theater, film events, and major gatherings like the Inter Services Meet, fostering well-rounded personal growth.
District Training
Since 1969, IAS Officer Trainees have participated in a one-year district training within their assigned state cadre, following a hands-on ‘sandwich pattern’ of learning. During this time, they manage independent responsibilities, observing and practicing key aspects of government functions.
They study departmental roles, relevant laws, office procedures, budgeting, and auditing processes. Trainees also learn how programs are implemented and monitored, gaining insight into departmental challenges and areas for improvement.
IAS Traning Period Phase-II
The IAS Professional Course, Phase-II at LBSNAA spans six weeks, from mid-May to June. This phase of IAS training period in India consolidates theoretical knowledge from earlier courses with practical district-level experiences, encouraging trainees to share insights on effective administrative practices, strengths, and weaknesses in governance.
Interactive learning is enhanced with sessions by distinguished experts, and seminars focused on roles like SDO, Zilla Parishad CEO, Municipal Commissioner, and District Magistrate. These discussions involve small groups for in-depth cadre-based learning.
Physical fitness remains essential with mandatory morning routines and adventure sports on weekends. A highlight of Phase-II is the week-long Foreign Study Tour, where Officer Trainees observe international practices and propose adaptable solutions for India.
Upon completion of two-year induction training, IAS Officer Trainees earn a Master’s Degree in Public Management (in collaboration with Jawaharlal Nehru University), completing a 64-credit curriculum over four semesters combining academic and field-based learning.
Assistant Secretary-Ship
The Assistant Secretary program, introduced in 2015 for IAS officers starting from the 2013 batch. The aim of this IAS training period is to provide valuable insights into the workings of the Government of India.
New recruits can engage closely with central operations, improving their understanding of policy implementation and administrative processes. Each probationer receives the designation of Assistant Secretary, working under the mentorship of Joint Secretaries for a few months.
This hands-on experience at the Central Secretariat equips them with a deeper understanding of national-level governance. The IAS probationers also present key findings and innovative ideas to India’s Prime Minister. It is a significant part of their initial exposure to central government functions.
IAS Training Period Salary
The IAS training period salary consists of a fixed stipend plus certain perks. While the actual amount of salary paid is ₹56100/Month, it doesn’t include food and lodging allowances, e.g. mess or hostel charges. So, the actual stipend received would be around ₹35,000-₹40,000 per month, after deducting the expenses.
Except that, the LBSNAA training period salary is just the same as the starting salary of an IAS officer, which is ₹56,100/Month. For IAS officers, in addition to the salary, additional allowances will also be there.
In the End
The IAS training journey at LBSNAA is more than structured modules and on-field learning—it also nurtures enduring connections. Trainees build lifelong friendships and networks with peers and mentors across services, creating a support system that lasts well beyond their training years. These bonds often let officers collaborate in diverse fields, working collectively towards India’s development and addressing the nation’s evolving administrative challenges.
FAQs
How long is the IAS training at LBSNAA?
The IAS training period at LBSNAA is for 2 years.
In which month does IAS training start?
IAS training usually begins in September every year, kicking off the foundational phase for newly selected UPSC candidates. The total duration is 2 years. This IAS training period introduces trainees to their initial sessions.
What is the LBSNAA training period salary for IAS trainee officers?
IAS trainee officers at LBSNAA receive a monthly salary of INR 56,100. After deductions for food and lodging, they take home around INR 35,000 to INR 40,000 each month during training.
Is there any IAS officer who was not able to clear his training at LBSNAA?
Yes, IAS probationers at LBSNAA may be discharged if they fail to pass a re-exam, are found ineligible by the government, or intentionally neglect their studies or probationary responsibilities. But the cases are very rare.
Will there be holidays during IAS training at LBSNAA?
Yes, IAS trainees at LBSNAA do have holidays and weekends, which are often dedicated to various extracurricular activities. These include community service, adventure sports like rock climbing and river rafting, short treks, cultural programs, horse riding, and cross-country runs, allowing trainees a balanced experience beyond academics.
The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the Uttar Pradesh Board of Madarsa Education Act, 2004 (Madarsa Act), except for the provisions related to higher education.
What were the grounds for the SCt’s decision to uphold the UP Madarsa Act?
Applicability of Basic Structure Doctrine: The Supreme Court clarified that the basic structure doctrine, which is typically applied to constitutional amendments, does not apply to ordinary legislation like the Madarsa Act.
The court emphasized that a law can only be struck down for violating fundamental rights or legislative competence, not for infringing on the basic structure of the Constitution.
State Regulation of Education: The court affirmed that states have the authority to regulate educational institutions, including madrasas, as long as such regulations are reasonable and do not infringe on minority rights.
Right to Education: The Supreme Court referenced its previous rulings regarding minority institutions’ rights to provide religious education while managing their administration.
It concluded that the Madrasa Act does not violate the right to free and compulsory education under Article 21A, as it allows madrasas to offer religious instruction alongside secular education.
About Uttar Pradesh Board of Madarsa Education Act, 2004 (Madarsa Act):
The Uttar Pradesh Board of Madrasas Education Act, 2004 (Madarsa Act) provides a legal framework for the operation and regulation of madrasas in the state.
It aims to standardize education in these institutions by integrating both religious and secular curricula, primarily following the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) guidelines.
The Act established the Uttar Pradesh Board of Madarsa Education, which is responsible for preparing course materials, conducting examinations, and overseeing educational standards from the ‘Maulvi’ level (equivalent to Class 10) to ‘Fazil’ (equivalent to a Master’s degree).
How does this ruling affect the regulation of madrasa education and its alignment with secular principles?
Regulation of Madarsa Education: The ruling empowers the state to regulate madarsa education, ensuring that it meets certain standards without compromising its religious identity.
It ensures that madrasas can continue to provide Islamic education alongside secular subjects, but within a structured and monitored environment that does not undermine the state’s authority over educational standards.
Alignment with Secularism: The SC’s judgment does not force madrasas to secularize completely. Instead, it recognizes the coexistence of religious and secular education within the institution’s framework, reflecting India’s constitutional commitment to religious freedom and secularism.
By upholding the law, the SC suggested that the government can promote secular education while respecting the rights of minority institutions to impart religious education.
Implications of Striking Down Higher Education Provisions:
Conflict with the University Grants Commission (UGC) Act: The SC struck down provisions that allowed the Madarsa Board to grant higher education degrees (such as Kamil and Fazil), ruling that such powers conflicted with the UGC Act, which reserves the authority to grant degrees to universities recognized under central or state law.
This decision limits Madarsas’ ability to independently issue degrees for advanced religious education.
Impact on Madarsa Students: Students seeking degrees like Kamil (bachelor’s equivalent) or Fazil (master’s equivalent) from Madarsas will no longer receive these credentials through the Madarsa Board.
This may affect the formal recognition of madrasa graduates, limiting their ability to pursue higher education or professional opportunities that require university-recognized degrees.
Alignment with National Educational Standards: The SC’s decision brings madrasas in line with the UGC Act, ensuring that degree-awarding powers are centralized within recognized institutions. This promotes uniformity and compatibility with the broader national education system.
Way forward:
Collaborate with Recognized Universities: Madarsas can partner with recognized universities to offer degrees for advanced religious studies, ensuring compliance with the UGC Act while retaining the essence of religious education.
Integrate Secular and Religious Education Standards: To enhance educational outcomes, the government could provide support for curriculum development in madrasas, balancing religious teachings with secular subjects in alignment with national educational standards.
Mains PYQ:
Q The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 remains inadequate in promoting an incentive-based system for children’s education without generating awareness about the importance of schooling. Analyse. (UPSC IAS/2022)
New Delhi’s enthusiastic reception of Trump 2.0 will be moderated by apprehensions about his social media posts and harsh stance on trade and tariffs.
Trump 2.0 Impact on India-U.S. Trade Relations:
Trade Negotiations and Free Trade Agreement (FTA): Trump is likely to pick up negotiations for an India-U.S. Free Trade Agreement (FTA), a process that began during his first term but was shelved after his loss in 2020. This could provide opportunities for greater market access and trade partnerships.
Focus on Tariffs: Trump’s administration has been vocal about reducing trade tariffs. This could lead to pressure on India to lower its tariffs, as it did during Trump 1.0 when counter-tariffs were imposed, and India lost its Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) status.
U.S. Military and Technology Access: India is likely to benefit from increased access to U.S. military hardware and technology. Trump’s administration has historically supported closer defense ties with India, which could be further solidified in his second term, benefiting India’s defense capabilities.
Energy Deals and Trade: Trump could encourage India to increase purchases of U.S. oil and liquefied natural gas (LNG), as seen with previous deals like the Driftwood LNG plant. This could bolster trade, while also positioning the U.S. as a key energy partner for India.
Note: The Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) is a U.S. trade program that grants duty-free access to certain goods from developing countries to promote economic growth.
Implications for India’s Foreign Policy (Russia and Iran):
Relations with Russia: Trump’s pro-Russia stance suggests that India will face less pressure to distance itself from Moscow.
While previous U.S. administrations have criticized India’s defense ties with Russia, Trump may adopt a more pragmatic approach, focusing on other strategic aspects like defense cooperation without pressing India on Russian relations.
Iran Policy: Trump’s previous sanctions against Iran caused India to reduce its oil imports from Iran. Under Trump 2.0, India is likely to face fewer sanctions-related pressures, as Trump has historically shown a less critical stance on countries like Iran compared to other U.S. leaders.
India could therefore maintain or revive its ties with Iran without facing significant U.S. backlash.
Challenges from Trump’s Domestic Policies (Immigration and Technology Transfer):
Immigration and H-1B Visa Policy: Trump’s tough stance on immigration and H-1B visas could pose challenges for India, especially in terms of its highly skilled workforce.
India’s tech sector relies heavily on H-1B visas, and stricter immigration policies under Trump 2.0 could limit opportunities for Indian professionals to work in the U.S., affecting India’s IT and services sector.
Technology Transfer: Trump has shown a preference for protectionist policies, which may slow down the transfer of advanced technologies to India.
This could impact India’s aspirations to become a global hub for high-tech industries, particularly in sectors like artificial intelligence, cybersecurity, and defence technology.
Increased Focus on U.S. Jobs: Trump’s focus on bringing jobs back to the U.S. may result in policies that prioritize domestic industries over foreign collaborations, limiting the scope for Indian companies in certain sectors and creating trade tensions.
Way forward:
Strengthen Bilateral Trade Negotiations: India should actively engage in FTA negotiations with the U.S., seeking mutually beneficial terms that address tariff concerns, market access, and defense collaboration, while also ensuring safeguards for sensitive sectors like technology and agriculture.
Diversify Technology and Energy Partnerships: India can focus on diversifying its sources of technology transfer and energy imports, strengthening ties with other global players in these sectors to mitigate potential risks from Trump’s protectionist policies and ensuring sustainable growth in high-tech industries and energy security.
Mains PYQ:
Q What is the significance of Indo-US defence deals over Indo-Russian defence deals? Discuss with reference to stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (UPSC IAS/2020)
After months of inactivity, the Nagaland government announced last week that it is now prepared to submit its feedback on the Centre’s draft Memorandum of Settlement, which proposes greater Autonomy for the state’s six eastern districts.
What are the historical and socio-economic factors driving the demand for greater autonomy in Eastern Nagaland?
Historical Background: The six eastern districts—Kiphire, Longleng, Mon, Noklak, Shamator, and Tuensang—were part of an area historically set apart for special governance.
After Nagaland’s creation from Assam in 1963, these districts were administered differently due to their relative lack of infrastructure and resources.
16-Point Agreement & Article 371(A): Nagaland was formed with special provisions, including Article 371(A), to protect Naga customs and address unique challenges in the “Tuensang region” (now the six eastern districts).
Initially, a regional council governed these districts, reflecting an early recognition of their distinct needs.
Development Deficit: Despite Article 371(A), these districts continue to face significant development challenges, including inadequate infrastructure, healthcare, and educational facilities.
This lack of development fuels the demand for separate governance, as the existing state-level administration is perceived to overlook their needs.
Note:Article 371(A) grants special provisions to Nagaland, protecting its cultural practices, land, resources, and customary laws from parliamentary laws.
How does the proposed ‘Frontier Nagaland Territory’ differ from existing governance structures, and what specific powers would it entail?
The “Frontier Nagaland Territory” is a unique model of autonomy within the state of Nagaland. Key points of the proposed arrangement include:
Separate Legislature, Executive, and Financial Powers: This proposed setup would give the region greater control over local legislative decisions, executive functions, and financial resources.
Regional Council: The regional council for Eastern Nagaland would manage local issues and is in line with the provisions of Article 371(A) but would expand these powers further.
Headquarters in East Nagaland: Unlike current governance structures that are centered in the state capital Kohima, this arrangement suggests an independent headquarters within East Nagaland, giving local leaders more direct control over the region’s administration.
What role do local organizations like the ENPO (Eastern Nagaland People’s Organization) play in advocating for this autonomy?
Driving the Demand: ENPO has been the primary advocate for autonomy since its 2010 memorandum to the Prime Minister’s Office. The group argues for a separate state or enhanced autonomy based on longstanding neglect and developmental disparities.
Political Leverage: ENPO’s influence is evident in their strategic actions, such as boycotting the Assembly and Lok Sabha elections to pressure both the state and central governments. This boycotting tactic has effectively highlighted the intensity of the demand and brought national attention to the issue.
Insistence on Direct Negotiations: ENPO maintains a strong stance on discussing autonomy only with the central government, not with the state, which underscores its dissatisfaction with the state administration’s handling of Eastern Nagaland’s interests.
How might their demands influence state and central government responses?
Central Government’s Response: The Centre has shown some willingness to explore a “mutually agreed solution,” as seen in the draft Memorandum of Settlement and repeated assurances to the ENPO.
This indicates that the central government may consider some form of autonomy, though it balances this with state interests.
State Government’s Position: The state government, which initially delayed providing input on the proposal, has now agreed to submit its comments, likely to avoid further regional dissent.
However, it is navigating a complex situation where conceding autonomy could impact its overall governance framework.
Further Deliberation and Possible Compromises: Both the Centre and the state are expected to engage in detailed negotiations with the ENPO and other stakeholders.
The discussions will likely center on balancing the autonomy demands with the broader interests of Nagaland, seeking to avoid full separation while addressing developmental grievances.
Way forward:
Strengthen Local Governance and Infrastructure: Need to establish a robust framework for local governance with dedicated funds and authority to address the developmental deficits in Eastern Nagaland, ensuring that the “Frontier Nagaland Territory” arrangement grants meaningful legislative, executive, and financial autonomy to meet the unique needs of the region.
Inclusive Dialogue and Regular Consultations: Facilitate ongoing, inclusive dialogues among the Centre, state government, ENPO, and local representatives to address concerns transparently and collaboratively.
Mains PYQ:
Q Growing feeling of regionalism is an important factor in the generation of demand for a separate state. Discuss. 10 marks-200 words (UPSC CSE 2013)
Q The political and administrative reorganization of states and territories has heen a continuous ongoing process since the mid-nineteenth century. Discuss with examples. (UPSC CSE 2022)
Q “While the national political parties in India favour centralisation, the regional parties are in favour of State autonomy.” Comment. (UPSC CSE 2022)
Recent research conducted by scientists at McGill University has shed light on the critical role of vitamin D in maintaining thymus health and its implications for immune function.
AboutAutoimmune Conditions:
Autoimmune conditions refer to disorders where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own healthy tissues, viewing them as foreign.
Vitamin D plays a role in regulating immune responses and promoting immune tolerance—the body’s ability to avoid attacking its own cells.
It influences T-cells (a type of immune cell) to recognize and tolerate the body’s own tissues rather than attacking them.
The thymus gland trains T-cells to avoid attacking healthy cells. A deficiency in Vitamin D may cause the thymus to age prematurely, reducing its ability to regulate T-cells properly.
Vitamin D affects certain genetic pathways related to immune function.
Variations in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene may also predispose some individuals to autoimmune diseases, and these individuals might be more sensitive to Vitamin D levels.
What is Vitamin D?
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin crucial for the body’s ability to absorb calcium, magnesium, and phosphate, which are essential for bone health.
It supports muscle movement, nerve function, and immune system responses. Due to its synthesis in the skin upon exposure to sunlight, it is often called the ‘sunshine vitamin’.
The body naturally produces Vitamin D when skin is exposed to ultraviolet B (UVB) rays from sunlight.
Sources of Vitamin D:
Fish: Salmon, mackerel, tuna, and sardines are rich in Vitamin D.
Cod liver oil: A concentrated source, providing 400–1,000 IU per teaspoon.
Mushrooms: Varieties like portobello contain Vitamin D if exposed to UV light.
Fortified Foods: Milk, yogurt, orange juice, and cereals often have added Vitamin D.
Egg yolks: Contain a small amount of Vitamin D.
Common forms include Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), especially useful in autumn and winter when sunlight exposure is limited.
Significance of Vitamin D
Bone Health: Essential for calcium absorption, which strengthens bones and prevents osteoporosis.
Muscle and Nerve Function: Supports muscle contractions and nerve signaling between the brain and body.
Immune System: Enhances immune defenses, helping to fight off infections by viruses and bacteria.
Brain Health: May play a role in maintaining cognitive health, especially with aging.
Inflammation and Pain: Helps regulate the body’s response to inflammation and pain.
Blood Pressure: Linked to regulating blood pressure; deficiency is associated with hypertension.
Impacts of Vitamin D Deficiency
Increases the risk of rickets in children (softening of bones) and osteoporosis in adults.
Low levels of Vitamin D are linked to autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and multiple sclerosis.
Recent studies indicate that Vitamin D deficiency can accelerate thymus aging, leading to immune dysfunction and a higher risk of autoimmune diseases.
Deficiency has been associated with cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, depression, and chronic pain.
Can include fatigue, muscle weakness, bone pain, and depression.
In severe cases, deficiency may cause impaired bone growth and fracture susceptibility.
PYQ:
[2011] Regular intake of fresh fruits and vegetables is recommended in the diet since they are a good source of antioxidants. How do antioxidants help a person maintain health and promote longevity?
(a) They activate the enzymes necessary for vitamin synthesis in the body and help prevent vitamin deficiency.
(b) They prevent excessive oxidation of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the body and help avoid unnecessary wastage of energy.
(c) They neutralize the free radicals produced in the body during metabolism.
(d) They activate certain genes in the cells of the body and help delay the ageing process.
The A&N Islands offer significant opportunities for fisheries development with approximately 6.0 lakh square km of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).
This region has rich sea resources, particularly Tuna and Tuna-like species, with an estimated potential of 60,000 metric tons.
The islands’ location near Southeast Asia enables efficient sea and air trade, and the pristine waters support sustainable fishing.
About Tuna Species and its Significance
Tuna are large, fast-swimming fish belonging to the Thunnini tribe within the Scombridae family.
Known for their streamlined bodies and remarkable agility, tuna are found in tropical and temperate oceans worldwide.
There are over 15 species of tuna, with some of the most well-known being Bluefin, Yellowfin, Albacore, Bigeye, and Skipjack.
Tuna can grow quickly and live for several decades, with species like Bluefin reachingover 450 kg in weight.
It is one of the most popular and valuable fish in the global seafood market, highly sought after for its flavor, texture, and nutritional value.
Species like Bluefin tuna are particularly valuable, often fetching high prices in markets, especially in Japan for dishes like sushi and sashimi.
It is rich in protein, low in saturated fat, and packed with omega-3 fatty acids, which support heart health, brain function, and inflammation reduction.
It also provides essential vitamins and minerals like Vitamin D, B12, iron, and selenium.
PYQ:
[2013] The most important fishing grounds of the world are found in the regions where
(a) Warm and cold atmospheric currents meet
(b) Rivers drain out large amounts of freshwater into the sea
PYQ Relevance: Q) The question of India’s Energy Security constitutes the most important part of India’s economic progress. Analyze India’s energy policy cooperation with West Asian Countries. (UPSC CSE 2017) Q) In what ways would the ongoing US-Iran Nuclear Pact Controversy affect the national interest of India? How should India respond to its situation? (UPSC CSE 2018) Q) “What introduces friction into the ties between India and the United States is that Washington is still unable to find for India a position in its global strategy, which would satisfy India’s National self-esteem (UPSC CSE 2019)
Mentor’s Comment:The United States is a dominant global power with the largest economy and military. Its foreign policy decisions significantly shape international relations, impacting everything from trade agreements to military alliances and conflict resolutions.
The U.S. has been instrumental in establishing and maintaining key international organizations like the United Nations, NATO, and the World Bank, which play crucial roles in global governance and stability.
Donald Trump’s second term as President of the United States following his recent electoral victory refers to the anticipated policies and implications on global geopolitics especially in present West Asian crises.
Today’s editorial discusses the implications of Donald Trump’s return to the U.S. presidency for the Middle East, particularly in light of recent conflicts and his previous foreign policy actions.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
Donald Trump’s return to the presidency is making headlines for several reasons, reflecting both the implications of his policies and the broader impact on U.S. society and global geopolitics.
Trump’s Past Foreign Policy Record in West Asia:
Pro-Israel Stance: Trump’s first term was characterized by strong support for Israel, including: Moving the U.S. embassy to Jerusalem; Recognizing Israel’s annexation of the Golan Heights; Withdrawing from the Iran nuclear deal.
Abraham Accords: Initiated normalization between Israel and several Arab nations, aimed at countering Iran.
What changes can be expected in U.S. foreign policy towards Israel and Palestine under Trump?
Strong Support for Israel: Trump is likely to continue robust Military and Diplomatic support for Israel. For example, he may endorse Israeli military actions in Gaza, similar to his previous encouragement for Israel to “finish the job” against Hamas during conflicts.
Trump may recognize sovereignty by reaffirming policies like recognizing Jerusalem as Israel’s capital and supporting Israeli claims over territories such as the Golan Heights.
Limited Engagement with Palestinians: The USA is expected for a continuation of the previous administration’s approach, which involved cutting funding to the Palestinian Authority and sidelining Palestinian voices in peace negotiations.
For example, a New Peace initiative (one-sided) is likely to favor Israeli interests, similar to the “Peace to Prosperity” plan released in 2020, which was criticized for not adequately addressing Palestinian rights.
Regional Relations and Normalization: Trump may push for more Arab nations to normalize relations with Israel, building on agreements with countries like the UAE and Bahrain by expanding Abraham Records. This could further isolate the Palestinian cause.
Secondly, we can expect an aggressive policy towards Iran, including sanctions and military support for Israel against Iranian influence, like Trump’s previous withdrawal from the Iran nuclear deal.
Domestic Politics and UN Considerations: While maintaining strong ties with Israel, we must remember that Trump may prioritize domestic concerns over international engagement, reflecting a growing isolationist sentiment within the USA’s Republican Party (particularly among Arab and Muslim communities).
How will Trump’s policies affect U.S.-Iran relations and Regional stability?
Resuming Aggressive Policies: Trump is likely to reintroduce stringent economic sanctions on Iran, which previously led to a significant drop in Iranian oil exports.
Expect increased military readiness and potential strikes against Iranian nuclear facilities, similar to the targeted killing of General Qasem Soleimani in 2020.
Nuclear Program Implications: U.S. support for Israeli military actions against Iran could provoke retaliatory measures from Tehran.
For example, Iran may respond to renewed sanctions by further advancing its nuclear program, moving closer to weapons capability.
Shifts in Regional Alliances: Increased backing for Israel may lead to more aggressive actions and proxy conflicts against Iranian interests, heightening conflicts in Gaza and Lebanon.
Economic Consequences for Iran: Renewed sanctions could lead to further currency depreciation in Iran and increased public discontent due to economic instability. Iran may boost military spending, straining its economy further.
Did you Know? Trump’s plans under “Project 2025” include significant rollbacks on climate change initiatives, stricter immigration enforcement, and potential restrictions on abortion and LGBTQ+ rights.
What implications does Trump’s “America First” policy have for India-U.S. engagement?
Economic and Trade Policies: Trump’s protectionist “America First” agenda may lead to higher tariffs on Indian goods, particularly in textiles, pharmaceuticals, and automobiles. This could strain trade relations, as India relies heavily on exports to the U.S.
Stricter Immigration policy changes to H-1B visa regulations could significantly impact India’s IT sector, raising costs for Indian firms that depend on access to the American labor market.
Strengthened Defense Ties: Trump is expected to maintain strong defense cooperation with India through frameworks like the Quad (with Japan and Australia), and with India’s security needs against China. India may benefit from increased U.S. support in countering Chinese actions in the Indo-Pacific region.
Hence, Trump’s policies may create opportunities, but they also pose challenges due to potential economic friction from protectionist measures and immigration restrictions.
Relations with Russia: Trump’s pro-Russia stance suggests that India will face less pressure to distance itself from Moscow.
While previous U.S. administrations have criticized India’s defense ties with Russia, Trump may adopt a more pragmatic approach, focusing on other strategic aspects like defense cooperation without pressing India on Russian relations.
Way Forward: India might need to navigate a complex landscape as it balances its longstanding ties with Russia against growing relations with the U.S., especially if Trump adopts a less confrontational stance towards Russia compared to previous administrations.
Read about AIR-48, IAS Aaditya Pandey‘s UPSCPreparationJourney
Ethics, Essay, and optional subjects are key to succeeding in the UPSC exam. Excelling in the Ethics paper can significantly boost your chances of making the final list, as a strong grasp of ethics typically indicates good answer-writing skills. If you can complete the Ethics paper on time, it’s likely you’ll manage to finish other General Studies papers as well. Moreover, a solid understanding of ethics is beneficial for the Essay paper.
To write an effective Ethics answer, it’s important to focus on content enrichment, use a theme-specific framework (such as ready-made points for topics like Corporate Governance, Emotional Intelligence, Aptitude vs. Attitude), and pay attention to presentation aspects, including the use of diagrams, interlinking with specific examples, and structuring of case studies. Covering different dimensions and linking points to theories are also crucial for crafting a strong Ethics paper.
IASAaditya Pandey sir (AIR 48), in this masterclass, he’ll share his strategy and what contributed to his success. He will be sharing GS Paper -4 and Essay preparation plan and strategy.
Join us for the session on 08th Nov, at 8 PM. This session is a must-attend for you If you are attempting UPSC for the first time or have attempted earlier and now preparing for next year, then it is going to be a valuable session for you too.
It will be a 45 minute webinar, post which we will open up the floor for all kinds of queries which a beginner must have. No questions are taboo and Aaditya Sir is known to be patiently solving all your doubts.
Join us for a Zoom session on 08th Nov 2024 at 8:00 p.m. This session is a must-attend for you If you are attempting UPSC for the first time or have attempted earlier and now preparing for next year, then it is going to be a valuable session for you too.
We will deal with all the aspects for a comprehensive UPSC Preparation.We’ll talk about starting with the basics, and move to advanced level.
(Don’t wait—the next webinar won’t be until Dec 24)
These masterclasses are packed with value. They are conducted in private with a closed community. We rarely open these webinars for everyone for free. This time we are keeping it for 300 seats only.
With the fear of jobless growth, the talk about Universal Basic Income (UBI) has hit the public discourse hard. But let’s be real—it’s not that simple to handle this topic. Learning the challenges in implementing UBI and the opportunities it presents are the basics which everybody should know. But whats important is to analyse UBI across economic, political, social, and administrative angles. This article dives deep into each of these aspects and further breaks down whether UBI can truly work as a safety net, giving you the full picture to tackle any question thrown your way!
GS 1 Indian Society: Poverty and Social Change
Note4Students: Analyze the role of UBI in mitigating poverty, unemployment, and income inequality in the context of automation and globalization.
Microtheme: Poverty and Developmental issues.
GS 2 Governance, Polity, Social Justice: Welfare Schemes and Vulnerable Sections
Note4Students: Examine UBI as a complement or alternative to welfare schemes, and its role in addressing poverty, education, and social equity.
Microtheme: Welfare and Development Schemes
GS 3 Economic Development, Technology, Environment: Inclusive Growth and Employment
Note4Students: Critically assess UBI’s potential to reduce income inequality, address automation-driven unemployment, and its fiscal implications.
Microtheme: Inclusive Growth X Public Expenditure
GS 4 Ethics, Integrity & Aptitude: Social Justice and Governance
Note4Students: Reflect on the ethical aspects of UBI, emphasizing fairness, transparency, and its role in ensuring social justice for marginalized communities.
Microtheme: Quality of Service Delivery
Is UBI a safety net for the Future ?
The International Labour Organization (ILO) reports that 83% of the unemployed population in India are youth, largely due to the impact of automation and artificial intelligence (AI) on traditional jobs. This transformation of the economy has worsened income inequality, with a 1.6% global drop in labor income share between 2004 and 2024. For a developing nation like India, where a large portion of the workforce is unskilled or semi-skilled, such trends are deeply troubling.
Additionally, inflationary pressures and geopolitical tensions have prompted aggressive monetary policies, which have only strained the labor market further. Rising unemployment rates in 2024, as projected by the ILO, highlight these structural issues within global and national labor markets.Given this context, Universal Basic Income (UBI) emerges as a potential solution to address the growing inequality and economic instability. In a nation like India, where income disparity is high, and the formal employment sector remains limited, UBI can play a transformative role by promoting economic stability, ensuring social equity, and empowering the marginalized. But like every other measure it has two sides to it. This article analyses the Pros and Cons of it.
What is UBI ?
Universal Basic Income (UBI) is a social welfare proposal in which all beneficiaries regularly receive a guaranteed income in the form of an unconditional transfer payment.
A brief dissection of various aspects:
Category
Pros
Cons
Economic
1. Stimulus: UBI boosts local economies by increasing consumer spending and supporting small businesses. Ex: Economic Survey 2016-17 predicted UBI could shrink poverty from 22% to 0.5%. 2. Entrepreneurial Growth: With financial security, individuals are more likely to take entrepreneurial risks. Ex: SEWA’s UBI pilot (2011-12) showed increased health, productivity, and financial stability. 3. Increased Demand: UBI encourages spending, boosting demand for goods and services and spurring economic growth.
1. High Cost: UBI is expensive and may require significant tax hikes or spending cuts. Ex: UBI could cost 4.9% of GDP vs. 3.7% for current welfare programs (Economic Survey 2016-17). 2. Inflation Risk: Increased disposable income may lead to inflation if not managed properly. 3. Financial Feasibility: UBI could lead to cuts in essential welfare programs, impacting vulnerable groups. Ex: Replacing welfare programs like MGNREGS may destabilize rural safety nets.
Political
1. Popularity: UBI can gain political traction by appealing to voters as a tangible solution to poverty. Ex: Alaska’s Permanent Fund Dividend boosted political engagement. 2. Electoral Advantage: Political parties advocating UBI could attract a larger voter base, especially from marginalized communities. Ex: 2017 Economic Survey showed growing support for UBI as a policy. 3. Political Stability: UBI can promote social cohesion by reducing economic disparities, easing tensions in divided societies.
1. Inequity: UBI’s universal nature may disproportionately benefit the wealthy if not carefully designed. Ex: IMF report suggested UBI could worsen income inequality if welfare is replaced. 2. Universality vs. Targeting: There is ongoing debate about whether UBI should be truly universal or targeted to those most in need. 3. Rollback of Welfare: Politically challenging to phase out existing welfare schemes to fund UBI. Ex: Transitioning from PDS and MGNREGS to UBI raises concerns about food security.
Social
1. Poverty Reduction: UBI directly reduces poverty by providing a guaranteed income floor for all citizens. Ex: SEWA’s UBI pilot improved health and economic outcomes for low-income households. 2. Empowering Women: UBI can promote gender equality by providing women with financial independence. Ex: 2018 data showed 75% of adult Indian women weren’t in formal employment; UBI could alleviate dependency. 3. Health Benefits: UBI can reduce stress and improve mental health by reducing financial insecurity. Ex: Telangana’s “Rythu Bandhu” scheme linked to improved well-being of farmers.
1. Dependency Risk: UBI may reduce the incentive to work, creating a reliance on government support. Ex: Critics argue that UBI could disincentivize job-seeking or skill development. 2. Productivity Decline: Critics fear that UBI may foster laziness or entitlement. 3. Administrative Issues: Complexities in reaching every citizen, especially in remote or rural areas. Ex: Implementing UBI in a country with varied socio-economic conditions like India faces challenges with eligibility.
Administrative
1. Simplified Welfare: UBI streamlines welfare by replacing multiple schemes, reducing administrative costs. Ex: Economic Survey 2016-17 highlighted UBI’s potential to reduce bureaucratic overhead. 2. Income Security: Provides a reliable safety net without the need for eligibility assessments. Ex: PAHAL (LPG subsidy) is a successful income support model. 3. Efficient Resource Allocation: UBI can free up government resources for other critical sectors like healthcare and education.
1. Beneficiary Identification: Implementing UBI in India is challenging due to difficulties in accurately identifying beneficiaries. Ex: World Bank report noted India’s socio-economic diversity complicates UBI implementation. 2. Legal and Political Challenges: Overhauling existing welfare programs and integrating UBI may face resistance from vested interests. 3. Budget Constraints: UBI’s cost (estimated at 4.9% of GDP) could crowd out spending on crucial services like education and infrastructure. Ex: Economic Survey 2016-17 raised concerns about the affordability of UBI for India.
CONCEPT : SOCIAL PROTECTION SYSTEMS IN INDIA
Social protection systems refer to comprehensive programs and policies designed to protect individuals and households from economic and social risks, vulnerabilities, and shocks. These systems aim to promote economic stability, reduce poverty, and ensure access to essential services. Any social protection system, thus, essentially addresses one or more of the 6 Vulnerabilities.
ADDRESSING THE 6 Vs = 6 VULNERABILITIES
Economic Vulnerability: Addressing poverty and income inequality through programs like MGNREGA, PM-KISAN, and DBT.
Health Vulnerability: Managing health risks and catastrophic expenses with schemes like Ayushman Bharat.
Food Insecurity: Ensuring access to basic nutrition through programs like the Public Distribution System (PDS) and Mid-Day Meal Scheme.
Vulnerability of Marginalized Groups: Supporting the elderly, disabled, and marginalized communities through pensions and social assistance (NSAP).
Employment Vulnerability: Tackling job insecurity with schemes like MGNREGA and NRLM.
Financial Vulnerability: Promoting financial inclusion and security via banking access (PMJDY) and Direct Benefit Transfers (DBT).
Social protection systems in India are crucial for addressing the multifaceted challenges faced by vulnerable populations. By providing financial stability, healthcare access, food security, and employment support, these systems play a vital role in promoting social equity, reducing poverty, and building resilience against economic and health shocks.
Hello,
We have a confession: we’re here to compete with your notes! Burning Issues magazine is your go-to resource as your exam approaches, designed to help you through the anxiety and overwhelm of preparing for the Civil Services Examination.
Many aspirants struggle despite reading current affairs for a year. This often happens because they interpret current affairs as merely news. As a UPSC aspirant, it’s essential to analyze these topics from the perspectives of General Studies 1, 2, 3, and 4, and that’s exactly what Elevate does.
This magazine features two sections: Burning Issues and Prelims Tidbits. Burning Issues covers current affairs that may appear in your Mains papers and teaches you how to think about these topics from different GS perspectives in just two pages.
Prelims Tidbits simplifies your Prelims preparation by distilling key facts, data, and concepts into easy-to-recall points framed around basic questions: What? Who? How? When?
So, dive in! Every page is crafted to enhance your UPSC prep. With consistency and this magazine, you’re not just preparing; you’re mastering the exam. The journey is about understanding and applying your knowledge effectively.
Q) National Education Policy, 2020 conforms with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient education system in India. Critically examine the statement. (UPSC CSE 2020)
Q) Besides the welfare schemes, India needs deft management of inflation and unemployment to serve the poor and the underprivileged sections of society. Discuss. (UPSC CSE 2022)
Q) The quality of higher education in India requires major improvement to make it internationally competitive. Do you think that the entry of foreign educational institutions would help improve the quality of technical and higher education in the country? Discuss. (UPSC CSE 2015)
Mentor’s Comment:The SDG India Index, developed by NITI Aayog, reports an overall score of 71 out of 100, up from 66 in the previous edition, indicating progress in areas such as quality education (SDG 4), where the score improved from 66 to 75. Despite progress, challenges remain, including disparities in educational quality across regions and inadequate infrastructure.
SDG 4.4 aims to substantially increase the number of youth and adults who have relevant skills, including technical and vocational skills, for employment, decent jobs, and entrepreneurship by 2030.
Additionally, SDG 8 also plays a significant role in this context, as it promotes sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all.
In light of the increasing global demand for skilled professionals in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM), today’s editorial focuses on the urgent need for revitalizing educational frameworks to better prepare students for future challenges.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
The NITI Aayog reports highlight the need for increased investment in teacher training, digital resources, and facilities to enhance learning environments.
What is the significance of STEM Education?
•Economic Growth and Competitiveness: STEM education equips students with essential skills such as critical thinking, problem-solving, and creativity, which are crucial for success in technology-driven industries. A strong foundation in STEM fields enables India to compete globally and contribute to the global talent pool in science and technology.This is vital for India’s economic expansion, as a skilled workforce can drive innovation and attract investments. •Equity and Access: STEM education fosters a multidisciplinary approach, where students learn to apply scientific principles to develop innovative solutions for these challenges. Efforts to promote STEM education also focus on empowering women and marginalized groups, reducing gender disparities in these fields. •Curriculum Innovation: Integrating STEM into the curriculum encourages a shift from traditional rote learning to hands-on, project-based learning. Well-trained STEM educators are needed to implement these educational strategies effectively.
What are the key barriers to effective STEM education in current curricula?
School-Related Barriers: Many schools lack sufficient laboratory equipment and materials necessary for hands-on STEM learning, which limits practical experiences for students.
Secondly, high student-to-teacher ratios hinder personalized instruction and effective classroom management, making it difficult to engage all students in STEM subjects.
Teacher-Related Barriers: A shortage of qualified STEM teachers and inadequate professional development opportunities result in a lack of effective teaching methods in STEM education.
Student-Related Barriers: Students often show low levels of motivation towards STEM subjects, which can stem from a lack of relatable content or perceived difficulty. Some educators need to be made aware that focusing on STEM will detract from traditional academic subjects, leading to resistance.
Curriculum and Instructional Barriers: Current curricula are rigid and do not integrate interdisciplinary approaches, limiting students’ ability to make connections between different fields.
Technology-Related Barriers: In many areas, particularly rural regions, students do not have adequate access to technology that supports STEM learning, such as computers and internet connectivity
How can Educational Institutions adapt their teaching methodologies in STEM fields?
Project-Based Learning (PBL): PBL encourages students to work on projects that promote creativity, teamwork, and practical application of knowledge in real-world problems, as students take ownership of their learning from start to finish.
Problem-Based and Analytical Thinking (PBAT): In this approach, students are presented with complex problems that do not have straightforward solutions. They must analyze the situation, evaluate different perspectives, and devise solutions, thereby enhancing their critical thinking skills.
Encouraging Curiosity: This method allows students to ask questions and explore topics of interest through investigation and experimentation. It fosters a deeper understanding of STEM concepts and develops research skills, as students learn to seek out information independently.
Integration of Technology: Utilizing technology in the classroom—such as simulations, coding platforms, and digital collaboration tools—can enhance student engagement and provide access to a wider range of learning resources.
What role does industry collaboration play in enhancing STEM education?
Real-World Application of Knowledge: Industry partnerships help students see how STEM concepts apply to real-world challenges, making learning more relevant and engaging. This connection motivates students to pursue STEM subjects by illustrating their practical importance in various fields.
Access to Resources and Expertise: Partnerships with industry can supply schools with access to the latest technologies, enhanced research, and expert knowledge. This access ensures that students are learning with up-to-date tools and methodologies relevant to current market demands.
Authentic Assessment: Industry partners can provide valuable and experienced feedback on student projects and educational practices, helping educators refine their curricula to better meet industry standards and expectations.
They provide students with insights into various STEM careers through guest speakers, mentorship programs, skill development, and industrial visits.
Strengthening Industrial Community: They collaborate with local businesses foster community involvement in education, creating a supportive environment for students. These partnerships can also contribute to local economic development by preparing a skilled workforce
A collaborative Project by UNESCO and Huawei on “Revitalizing STEM education to equip next generations with STEM competency”
• Launched in March 2024, this initiative aims to enhance STEM education across Europe by focusing on several key areas: ○ To support innovative educational projects through a competitive selection process. For empowering girls and women in STEM fields, addressing gender disparities in these areas. ○ Initiates to integrate gender perspectives in Romania, support refugees in Germany, enhance earthquake engineering education in North Macedonia, and improve mathematics teaching in Malta. • It aims to improve teaching practices, promote STEM research, and create a Regional STEM Clearinghouse for knowledge sharing, all while aligning with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Way Forward: By implementing these adaptive methodologies, educational institutions and Industries can create a dynamic learning environment that not only enhances students’ understanding of STEM subjects but also cultivates the critical thinking and innovative skills necessary for future success in these fields.
A 9-judge Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court, in a majority judgment (8:1), held that not every private resource can be considered a ‘material resource of the community’ to be used by the government to serve the ‘common good’ under Article 39(b).
This overturns the earlier interpretation formed in 1977that has been followed by the Supreme Court till 1997.
What are Constitutional Provisions?
Part IV of the Constitution contains the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) where government should strive to achieve social and economic justice in our society.
Article 39(b) in Part IV provides that ‘ownership and control of material resources of the community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good.’
Articles 19(1)(f) and 31 originally guaranteed right to property and compensation for acquisition as a Fundamental Right respectively.
Article 31C that was added through the 25th amendment in 1971, provided an exception that laws made to fulfil the principles under Articles 39(b) and (c) shall not be void on the ground that it violated Fundamental Rights including right to property.
In the Kesavananda Bharati case (1973), a 13-judge Bench of the Supreme Court upheld the validity of Article 31C but made it subject to judicial review.
In 1978, the right to property was omitted from Fundamental Rights and made a constitutional right under Article 300A.
Any law to acquire private property by the government should only be for a public purpose with adequate compensation meted out.
What were earlier judgments?
In the State of Karnataka vs. Ranganatha Reddy (1977) case, the Supreme Court upheld a law nationalizing private bus services, with Justice V.R. Krishna Iyer interpreting “material resource of the community” in Article 39(b) to include all national wealth.
This minority opinion influenced the Sanjeev Coke Manufacturing Company vs. Bharat Coking Coal Limited (1982) case, which also supported nationalization, and was referenced in Mafatlal Industries Limited vs. Union of India (1996).
What is the current ruling?
The SC recently ruled in the Property Owners Association vs. State of Maharashtra case that not all privately owned properties qualify as “material resources of the community” under Article 39(b).
A 9 judge bench, stated that only certain properties, based on their nature and impact on public welfare, can be considered for state acquisition to serve the common good.
This decision marks a shift from earlier interpretations that emphasized that individual property rights are protected and not every private asset can be appropriated by the state.
The ruling also noted that the term “distribution” in Article 39(b) includes both state acquisition and redistribution to private entities when it benefits the community.
What criteria should determine if a privately owned resource qualifies as a ‘material resource of the community’?
Purpose and Public Utility: Privately owned resources may be classified as “material resources of the community” if they are essential for societal welfare, addressing collective needs, or fulfilling significant public purposes, such as energy, water, or land critical for infrastructure.
Proportionality and Fairness: The court emphasized that any state action must be proportional, balancing public benefit with the impact on private owners.
Economic Impact and Control: Resources that substantially impact the national economy or are crucial for maintaining societal equity (such as natural resources) may be considered community resources, but this does not apply to general private property.
How does this ruling impact the balance between individual property rights and the state’s ability to intervene for public welfare?
This ruling reinforces individual property rights, clarifying that private property cannot be arbitrarily acquired under the guise of benefiting society. The state must justify the acquisition based on substantial, verifiable public welfare needs.
Limitations on State Power: By rejecting an expansive interpretation of Article 39(b), the court limits state power, ensuring that only properties directly tied to public interest and welfare fall under this category.
What are the potential economic implications of this ruling in India?
Investment Climate: This ruling strengthens protections for private property, likely improving investor confidence by assuring that property rights are safeguarded from excessive state intervention.
Economic Development and Social Equity: By narrowing the scope of Article 39(b), the ruling limits redistributive policies to sectors where public welfare is a clear priority, allowing economic resources to be distributed in a manner that considers social equity while respecting individual rights.
Real Estate and Industrial Sectors: The ruling could positively affect sectors with high-value assets, such as real estate and industry, as businesses will have greater certainty regarding property ownership and security.
How might this decision influence future legal interpretations and legislative actions?
Refined Scope for Article 39(b) Applications: Future legislation under Article 39(b) must specifically justify how resources qualify as “material resources of the community,” likely limiting nationalization or acquisition to specific, strategically important sectors.
Increased Judicial Scrutiny on Property Rights: Courts are likely to more critically evaluate state actions that aim to redistribute private property, requiring robust evidence of public interest and alignment with constitutional principles.
Potential for Policy Revisions: Laws that invoke Article 39(b) and related provisions may need to be reviewed to ensure they comply with this interpretation, leading to a more nuanced application of public welfare policies.
Way forward:
Establish Clear Guidelines for Public Interest Acquisition: The government should define transparent criteria for categorizing “material resources of the community,” ensuring acquisitions serve substantial public welfare needs and align with societal priorities, especially in areas like infrastructure and essential services.
Strengthen Judicial and Legislative Safeguards: Introduce legal safeguards to protect individual property rights, allowing courts to rigorously assess state actions on property acquisition, ensuring proportionality, fairness, and adherence to constitutional principles.
Mains PYQ:
Q How did land reforms in some parts of the country help to improve the socio-economic conditions of marginal and small farmers? (UPSC IAS/2021)
On July 30, Uttar Pradesh toughened its 2021 anti-conversion law, increasing the maximum sentence to life imprisonment, tightening bail conditions, and expanding “illegal conversion” to include promises of marriage and trafficking.
How do current laws facilitate vigilante actions under the guise of protecting societal values?
Expansion of Complainant Scope: The amended law allows any individual, regardless of personal involvement or direct impact, to lodge complaints about alleged unlawful conversions.
Broad Interpretation of “Public Interest”: By permitting police officers and unrelated third parties to file FIRs, the law can be exploited to initiate cases that target religious minorities or interfaith couples, framing these as societal threats.
Legal Ambiguity and Arbitrary Application: The inconsistent interpretations of “aggrieved person” under Section 4 by different courts have led to uncertainty.
This ambiguity has allowed authorities and vigilantes to target groups and individuals selectively, often with little or no evidence of wrongdoing, undermining personal freedoms and due process.
Reduced Threshold for Evidence: By widening the scope of what constitutes “illegal conversion” to include vague terms like “promise of marriage,” the law can easily be manipulated.
This opens the door for complaints based on assumptions or suspicions, rather than clear, proven instances of forced conversion.
What measures can be implemented to ensure effective enforcement of laws against mob violence and vigilantism?
Strict Definitions and Limits on Complainants: Restricting who can file complaints to genuinely aggrieved parties—directly affected individuals or close relatives—could help prevent misuse by third-party vigilante actors.
Accountability Mechanisms for Law Enforcement: Police officers who file unfounded FIRs based on ideologically motivated complaints should face accountability measures.
Disciplinary action or judicial oversight in cases of misuse would help discourage officers from acting on non-substantial complaints.
Enhanced Legal Protections for Victims of Vigilantism: Establishing a separate body to investigate and prosecute cases of mob violence and vigilante actions can protect targeted groups.
Promotion of Public Awareness and Legal Literacy: Initiatives to raise awareness about individual rights and legal processes can empower citizens to resist unlawful actions by vigilantes.
What role do societal perception and political influence play in the rise of vigilantism?
Ideological Justifications for Vigilantism: Laws like the anti-conversion amendment are often framed as measures to protect cultural or religious values, creating a narrative that justifies vigilante actions as morally and socially acceptable.
Political Endorsement and Implicit Encouragement: When political entities endorse such laws or publicly support vigilante actions, they create a permissive environment for vigilantism.
Media Influence and Public Perception: Coverage of interfaith relationships or religious conversions as “threats” to societal harmony often fuels public support for vigilante actions.
Sensationalist media narratives contribute to a heightened perception of certain groups as “others,” justifying vigilantism as a form of social correction.
Inadequate Legal Deterrence: Weak penalties for mob violence or leniency in prosecuting vigilantes reinforce the perception that vigilantism will be tolerated, especially if aligned with popular or politically endorsed views.
Way forward:
Enact Clearer Legal Boundaries and Protections: Define strict limits on who can file complaints under anti-conversion laws, ensuring only directly affected individuals or close family members can do so.
Strengthen Public Awareness and Judicial Oversight: Promote legal literacy campaigns to educate citizens on their rights and the dangers of vigilante actions, and establish judicial oversight for cases involving mob violence and vigilantism to ensure accountability and protection for targeted groups.
Mains PYQ:
Q Mob violence is emerging as a serious law and order problem in India. By giving suitable examples, analyze the causes and consequences of such violence. (UPSC IAS/2017)
The Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) enforces strict regulations on data disclosure to safeguard individuals’ privacy and prevent misuse of personal information. Under normal circumstances, the police cannot access the demographic or biometric details stored in the Aadhaar database.
What are the legal limitations of using Aadhaar biometric data for forensic purposes?
Stringent Privacy Protections: The Aadhaar Act mandates strict protection of personal data, especially biometrics.
Sections 29(1) and 33(1) prevent sharing of core biometric data (fingerprints and iris scans) with third parties, even law enforcement, barring limited situations.
Court Order Requirement: Section 33(1) allows disclosure of certain demographic data upon the order of a High Court or above, but core biometrics are strictly protected and cannot be shared, creating limitations for police investigations involving unidentified bodies.
Forensic Investigative Gaps: Police databases are often limited to individuals with criminal records, restricting the ability to identify deceased persons through fingerprints.
Without access to a comprehensive Aadhaar database, identification processes for unknown deceased individuals become more challenging and time-consuming.
How can the balance between privacy rights and forensic needs be achieved?
Right to Privacy vs. Right to Dignity: Balancing the fundamental right to privacy with the right to a dignified life and death is essential, especially in cases where access to biometric data can help identify unknown bodies.
Controlled Access Mechanisms: Limited, case-specific access, such as requiring a judicial magistrate’s order (rather than a High Court order), can allow law enforcement to use Aadhaar biometrics in cases involving unidentified bodies, reducing the burden on higher courts while preserving privacy safeguards.
Transparent Oversight: Any mechanism permitting Aadhaar data usage for forensics should include robust oversight, including logging access and stringent penalties for misuse, ensuring that access is restricted to genuinely necessary cases.
What technological and procedural changes are necessary to facilitate the use of Aadhaar data in forensics?
Advanced Identification Algorithms: Introducing algorithms similar to the U.S. Deceased Persons Identification (DPI) system would enable more accurate and efficient matching of deceased persons’ fingerprints with larger databases.
Digitization of Police Records: Digitizing state-level fingerprint databases would allow faster cross-referencing and aid forensic investigations, creating a more accessible identification system even without Aadhaar.
Secure Data Access Channels: Secure and encrypted channels specifically for forensic use, with limited access, could protect the data while allowing controlled use.
Specific Legislative Frameworks: There should be new amendments that could clarify circumstances under which biometric data can be accessed for deceased individuals, distinguishing these cases from broader data privacy concerns.
Way forward:
Amend Legal Framework for Controlled Access: Need to introduce specific legislative amendments allowing limited, case-specific access to Aadhaar biometrics for forensic purposes in cases involving unidentified deceased individuals, with strict judicial oversight to maintain privacy protections.
Establish Secure Access Protocols and Oversight: Need to implement secure, encrypted access channels and enforce strict oversight mechanisms, including access logging and penalties for misuse, ensuring biometric data is accessed only when absolutely necessary for forensic identification.
Mains PYQ:
Q Two parallel run schemes of the Government, viz the Adhar card and NPM, one of voluntary and the other as compulsory, have led to debates at national levels and also litigations. On merits , discuss whether or not both schemes need to run concurrently. Analyse the potential of the schemes to achieve development benefits and equitable growth (UPSC IAS/2014)
Odisha’s law minister recently clarified that there was no secret chamber inside the treasury of the Jagannath Temple in Puri.
About Jagannath Puri Temple
The Jagannath Temple is an important Vaishnavite temple dedicated to Jagannath, a form of Sri Krishna in Puri in Odisha.
The present temple was rebuilt from the 10th century onwards, on the site of an earlier temple, and begun by Anantavarman Chodaganga Deva, the first king of the Eastern Ganga dynasty.
The Puri temple is famous for its annual Ratha Yatra, or chariot festival, in which the three principal deities are pulled on huge and elaborately decorated temple cars.
It’s Architecture:
With its sculptural richness and fluidity of the Oriya style of temple architecture, it is one of the most magnificent monuments of India.
The huge temple complex covers an area of over 400,000 square feet and is surrounded by a high fortified wall.
This 20 feet high wall is known as Meghanada Pacheri.
Another wall known as kurma bedha surrounds the main temple.
The temple has four distinct sectional structures, namely:
Deula, Vimana or Garba griha (Sanctum sanctorum) where the triad deities are lodged on the ratnavedi (Throne of Pearls). In Rekha Deula style;
Mukhashala (Frontal porch);
Nata mandir/Natamandapa, which is also known as the Jagamohan (Audience Hall/Dancing Hall), and
Bhoga Mandapa (Offerings Hall)
PYQ:
[2012] The Nagara, the Dravida and the Vesara are the:
(a) Three main racial groups of the Indian subcontinent
(b) Three main linguistic divisions into which the languages of India can be classified
(c) Three main styles of Indian temple architecture
(d) Three main musical Gharanas prevalent in India
The Government of India, in collaboration with the International Buddhist Confederation (IBC), held the first Asian Buddhist Summit (ABS) in New Delhi.
About the Asian Buddhist Summit (ABS)
ABS is a high-level conference organized to bring together Buddhist leaders, scholars, and practitioners from across Asia.
The theme of the first summit was ‘Role of Buddha Dhamma in Strengthening Asia’.
It aligns with India’s Act East Policy, aiming to deepen cultural and spiritual ties across Asian nations.
Key topics discussed at the summit include:
The role of Buddhist art, architecture, and heritage.
The dissemination of Buddha Dhamma and its cultural influence across Asia.
The significance of holy Buddhist relics and their societal impact.
The relevance of Buddhist philosophy and literature in the 21st century.
Exploring the relationship between Buddhism and scientific research for health and well-being.
About Buddhism:
Details
Origin of Buddhism
• Originated in India over 2,600 years ago.
• Founded by Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha) around 563 BCE.
• Born into the royal family of the Sakya clan in Lumbini, near the Indo-Nepal border.
• At age 29, Gautama renounced a life of luxury and embraced asceticism.
• Attained Bodhi (enlightenment) after 49 days of meditation under a pipal tree in Bodhgaya, Bihar.
• Delivered his first sermon in Sarnath, known as Dharma-Chakra-Pravartana.
• Died at 80 in Kushinagara (Mahaparinirvana) in 483 BCE.
Tenets of Buddhism
• Advocated the Madhyam Marg (Middle Path) between indulgence and asceticism.
• Emphasized individual responsibility for happiness.
• Four Noble Truths (ariya-sachchani):
1. Dukkha: Suffering is inherent.
2. Samudya: Every suffering has a cause.
3. Nirodha: Suffering could be extinguished.
4. Atthanga Magga: Achieved through the Eightfold Path.
• Eightfold Path (astangika marg): Right view, intention, speech, action, livelihood, mindfulness, effort, concentration.
• Ultimate goal: Attaining Nirvana (Nibbana).
• Five Precepts (Panchasil): Prohibitions against violence, stealing, sexual misconduct, lying, and intoxicants.
Major Buddhist Texts
• Initially oral teachings, memorized by the Sangha.
• Written down around 25 BCE in Pali.
• Three Pitakas:
1. Vinaya Pitaka: Monastic rules.
2. Sutta Pitaka: Main teachings, divided into five Nikayas (Digha, Majjhima, Samyutta, Anguttara, Khuddaka).
3. Abhidamma Pitaka: Philosophical analysis of teachings.
• Other important texts: Divyavadana, Dipavamsa, Mahavamsa, Milind Panha.
Role of the Buddhist Councils
• Important turning points in early Buddhism, leading to sectarian clashes and the Great Schism.
• Four Major Councils:
1. First Council (483 BCE): Presided by Mahakasyapa, aimed to preserve teachings.
2. Second Council (383 BCE): Addressed monastic discipline.
3. Third Council (250 BCE): Under Ashoka, focusing on spreading Buddhism.
4. Fourth Council (72 CE): Led to division into Mahayana and Hinayana.
Different Schools of Buddhism
• Mahayana: “Great Vehicle,” emphasizes Bodhisattva ideal and idol worship; spread to Central and East Asia.
• Hinayana: “Lesser Vehicle,” focuses on individual salvation and original teachings; Theravada is a major branch.
• Theravada: Closest to original teachings; dominant in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.
• Vajrayana: “Vehicle of the Thunderbolt,” complex rituals; developed around 900 CE.
• Zen: Focuses on meditation, developed in China and Japan.
Spread of Buddhism in Ancient India
• Monastic organization through Sangha for spreading teachings.
• Rapid growth during Buddha’s lifetime.
• Ashoka’s influence post-Kalinga conquest; adopted Dhamma conquest, sending missions to various regions, including Gandhara, Kashmir, Greece, Sri Lanka, Burma (Myanmar), Egypt, and Thailand.
PYQ:
[2020] With reference to the religious history of India, consider the following statements:
1. Sthaviravadins belong to Mahayana Buddhism.
2. Lokottaravadin sect was an offshoot of Mahasanghika sect of Buddhism.
3. The deification of Buddha by Mahasanghikas fostered the Mahayana Buddhism.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Indian astronomers at the Kodaikanal Solar Observatory (KSO) have achieved a groundbreaking feat by mapping, for the first time, the variation in the Sun’s rotation speed from its equator to its poles.
Sun’s Rotation: Key Facts
Unlike a solid body, the Sun exhibits differential rotation, meaning different parts of the Sun rotate at different speeds.
The rotation speed varies depending on latitude, with faster rotation near the equator and slower rotation toward the poles.
This variation is primarily due to the Sun’s composition of gaseous plasma rather than solid material.
Rotation Period Variation by Latitude:
Equatorial Regions: The rotation period at the equator is the fastest, around 24.47 days (sidereal rotation).
Sunspot Zones (about 16 degrees latitude): Rotation slows slightly, with a period of about 27.3 days.
Higher Latitudes (up to 75 degrees): Rotation slows significantly; for example, at 75 degrees latitude, the rotation period is about 33.4 days.
Poles: The slowest rotation occurs at the poles, with a period around 31.1 days.
Sidereal vs. Synodic Rotation Periods:
Sidereal Rotation Period: The time taken for the Sun to complete one full rotation relative to distant stars. It varies by latitude, from 24.47 days at the equator to around 33.4 days at higher latitudes.
Synodic Rotation Period: This is the time for a fixed feature on the Sun to appear in the same position when observed from Earth. It is longer than the sidereal period due to Earth’s own movement around the Sun, averaging around 26.24 days.
Why Differential Rotation Occur?
Gaseous Plasma Composition: The Sun is composed of plasma—a hot, ionized state of matter—which allows its different regions to rotate at different speeds.
Convective Zone Dynamics: The outer convective layer of the Sun contributes to differential rotation. Plasma circulates, rising and sinking, which influences the rotational speed at different latitudes.
Scientific Implications
Solar Dynamo Theory: The differential rotation of the Sun is central to theories about the solar dynamo—the process that generates the Sun’s magnetic field.
Mystery of Differential Rotation: Despite extensive research, the exact mechanism behind the Sun’s differential rotation remains an active area of investigation in solar physics.
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