The Odisha government has translocated a female tiger from Maharashtra’s Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve to Similipal Tiger Reserve, the State’s largest, to enhance the genetic diversity of its tiger population.
Why discuss this?
The All Odisha Tiger Estimation (AOTE-2023-24) says a total of 30 tigers were found in Odisha. Similipal has 27 of them.
A total of 13 adult tigers (seven females and six males) were found to be pseudo-melanistic in Similipal, and no other wild habitat in the world has pseudo-melanistic tigers.
Research indicates that a single mutation in the Transmembrane Aminopeptidase Q (Taqpep) gene causes Similipal’s black tigers to develop distinctive striped patterns.
About Simlipal Tiger Reserve (STR):
Details
Location
Located in the Mayurbhanj District, Northernmost part of Odisha, surrounded by high plateaus and hills.
Highest Peak
Twin peaks of Khairiburu and Meghashini, at 1515 meters above mean sea level.
Designation
Declared a Tiger Reserve in 1956; included in the Project Tiger national conservation program in 1973.
UNESCO Recognition
Included as part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves by UNESCO in 2009.
Terrain
Mostly undulating and hilly, interspersed with open grasslands and wooded areas.
Vegetation
A mix of different forest types, predominantly Northern tropical moist deciduous and semi-evergreen patches.
Tribal Communities
Inhabited by various tribes including Kolha, Santhala, Bhumija, Bhatudi, Gondas, Khadia, Mankadia, and Sahara.
Flora
Home to 1078 species of plants, including 94 species of orchids, with Sal being the dominant tree species.
Fauna
Diverse wildlife including Leopard, Gaur, Elephant, Langur, Barking and Spotted Deer, Sloth Bear, Mongoose, Flying Squirrel, Porcupine, Turtle, Monitor Lizard, Python, Sambar, Pangolin, etc.
PYQ:
[2020] Among the following Tiger Reserves, which one has the largest area under “Critical Tiger Habitat”?
Why Raigad Fort is Nominated for UNESCO World Heritage?
Historical and Strategic Importance: Raigad Fort served as the capital of the Maratha Empire under Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, symbolizing Maratha resilience and independence.
Architectural Excellence: The fort showcases Maratha military architecture, with well-developed structures adapted to the hilly terrain.
Role in Maratha Legacy: As a hill fort, Raigad is emblematic of the Marathas’ unique fortification style, designed to withstand invasions and safeguard autonomy.
Icon of Maratha Heritage: Known as Durgaraj (King of Forts), Raigad stands as a tribute to Shivaji Maharaj’s leadership and legacy and has become a pilgrimage site for Shivbhakts.
Natural Defense and Innovation: The fort’s natural fortifications, steep escarpments, and strategic location atop an isolated hill embody military ingenuity and make it a model of Maratha defense architecture.
History of Raigad Fort:
Details
Location
• Situated in the Sahyadri mountain range in Maharashtra, India.
• Elevation of approximately 2,700 feet above sea level.
• Surrounded by natural cliffs and 1,500-foot escarpments.
Background
• Originally known as Rairi.
• Captured by Shivaji Maharaj in 1653 CE.
• Crowned Chhatrapati on June 6, 1674 CE.
• Served as the capital of the Maratha Empire until 1680 CE.
Significance
• Part of the “Maratha Military Landscapes of India” nomination for UNESCO World Heritage status.
• Referred to as the “Gibraltar of the East” by Grant Duff.
Architectural Highlights
• Includes the Royal Complex with key structures like Ranivasa and Rajsadar.
• Jagadishwar Mandir dedicated to Lord Shiva.
• Samadhi (final resting place) of Shivaji Maharaj located nearby.
Features
• Accessible mainly through Naqqarkhana and Palkhi Darwaja.
• Features well-designed drainage systems and secret chambers.
Ecology
• Surrounded by valleys shaped by the Kal and Gandhari rivers.
• Supported limited agriculture and had a self-sustained ecosystem.
Cultural Significance
• Known as the Durgaraj (King of Forts), symbolizing Shivaji Maharaj’s legacy.
• Hosts annual celebrations for Shivrajyabhishek and Punyatithi.
PYQ:
[2010] What was the immediate reason for Ahmad Shah Abdali to invade India and fight the Third Battle of Panipat?
(a) He wanted to avenge the expulsion by Marathas of his viceroy Timur Shah from Lahore
(b) The frustrated governor of Jullundhar Adina Beg Khan invited him to invade Punjab
(c) He wanted to punish Mughal administration for non-payment of the revenues of the Chahar Mahal (Gujarat, Aurangabad, Sialkot & Pasrur)
(d) He wanted to annex all the fertile plains of Punjab up to the borders of Delhi to his kingdom
India has been ranked 176th in the Global Nature Conservation Index (NCI) 2024 with a score of 45.5 out of 100, placing it among the five worst performers alongside Kiribati (180), Turkey (179), Iraq (178), and Micronesia (177).
Reasons for India’s Low Ranking:
High Rate of Land Conversion: 53% of India’s land is converted for urban, industrial, and agricultural purposes, contributing to deforestation and habitat fragmentation that severely impact biodiversity.
Soil Pollution: India’s sustainable nitrogen index is 0.77, indicating high levels of soil pollution primarily due to extensive pesticide use, threatening soil health and agricultural sustainability.
Minimal Marine Conservation: Only 0.2% of India’s national waterways are protected, with no protected areas in its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), highlighting limited efforts in marine biodiversity conservation.
Illegal Wildlife Trade: India ranks as the fourth-largest illegal wildlife trader globally, with an estimated annual trade value of £15 billion, putting added pressure on vulnerable wildlife species.
About the Nature Conservation Index (NCI):
Details
Developed By
Goldman Sonnenfeldt School of Sustainability and Climate Change at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev.
Purpose
To assess each country’s progress in balancing conservation and development through data-driven analysis.
Aim
To help governments, researchers, and organizations identify concerns and enhance conservation policies for long-term biodiversity protection.
Launch Date
Launched on October 24, 2024.
Scope
Ranks 180 countries based on their conservation efforts.
Pillars of the Index
• Managing Protected Areas
• Addressing Threats Against Biodiversity
• Nature and Conservation Governance
• Future Trends in Natural Resource Management
Significance
Provides insights into conservation policies and practices, aiding in the global effort to protect biodiversity and promote sustainable development.
Key highlights of the reports:
Finland, Norway, Switzerland, Costa Rica, and New Zealand ranked highest, showing strong conservation practices and governance.
Nations with advanced climate adaptation policies (e.g., Sweden and Denmark) are better positioned to mitigate biodiversity risks from climate change.
Despite Protected Areas, 46.9% of terrestrial and 67.5% of marine species are in decline worldwide.
High-density nations such as Bangladesh and the Netherlands face intense biodiversity pressures, driving them to implement urban greening and sustainable practices.
PYQ:
[2018] “Momentum for Change: Climate Neutral Now” is an initiative launched by:
UPSC (Union Public Service Commission) Civils exam is conducted in two stages: Prelims and Mains. While Prelims is qualifying, UPSC Mains is the main scoring exam. There are both compulsory and optional subjects in the exam for aspirants. Compulsory subjects for the UPSC exam are mandatory for every candidate to attend, while optional subjects allow choice of selection. These optional subjects are confined to the UPSC Mains exam, distributed in the last two Papers.
Knowledge of the compulsory subjects for the UPSC exam is essential because they carry scoring weightage. Some of them may overlap with optional subjects, proving advantageous for candidates. Without proper knowledge, candidates could seriously compromise their ability to score maximum in the UPSC.
Compulsory Subjects for UPSC Exam
UPSC Prelims
UPSC Mains
General Studies I
General Studies II (CSAT)
Current affairs of national and international importance
English Language Comprehension
Indian Language Paper
Environment, Ecology, and Biodiversity
Interpersonal skills including communication skills
English Language Paper (Qualifying Nature)
Ancient, Medieval and Modern History of India
Logical Reasoning and Analytical Ability
Essay Paper
Indian polity and governance
Basic Numerical Problems
GS Paper I: Indian Heritage and Culture, History and Geography of the World and Society
General science and technology
Decision-making and problem-solving
GS Paper II: Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice, and International Relations
Indian and world geography
Data Interpretation
GS Paper III: Technology, Economic Development, Biodiversity, Environment, Security, and Disaster Management
Economic and social development
General Mental Ability
GS Paper IV: Ethics, Integrity, and Aptitude
Art and Culture
Optional Paper 1
Social Issues
Optional Paper 2
UPSC Exam: Overview
UPSC Exam Stage
Compulsory Papers
UPSC Prelims
General Studies IGeneral Studies II (CSAT)
UPSC Mains
Indian Language Paper (Qualifying Nature)English Language Paper (Qualifying Nature)Essay PaperGeneral Studies IGeneral Studies IIGeneral Studies IIIGeneral Studies IVOptional Paper IOptional Paper II
UPSC Exam is conducted mainly in two stages: Prelims and Mains. The prelims exam is an objective type examination with multiple choice questions. It is a qualifying exam for UPSC Mains containing two compulsory papers: General Studies I & II. Only those candidates who obtain cut-off in the Prelims will reach UPSC Mains. Thus, marks obtained in UPSC prelims are not counted in preparing the final merit list.
Compulsory Subjects for USPC Exam: Prelims
Paper (Type)
Subjects Covered
Exam Duration
Total Marks
General Studies I (Objective)
History, Geography, Polity, Economy, Environment
2 Hours
200
General Studies II (CSAT) (Objective)
Logical Reasoning, Quantitative Aptitude, English Comprehension
2 Hours
200
General Studies Paper I
As indicated, General Studies I involves subjects like History, Geography, Polity, Economy, Environment and General Science. The compulsory subjects for UPSC exam prelims are:
Current events of national and international importance.
History of India and Indian National Movement.
Indian and World Geography: Physical, Social, Economic Geography of India and the World.
Indian Polity and Governance: Constitution, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Public Policy, Rights Issues, etc.
Economic and Social Development: Sustainable Development, Poverty, Inclusion, Demographics, Social Sector Initiatives, etc.
General issues on Environmental ecology, Bio-diversity and Climate Change (Do not require subject specialisation)
General Science.
General Studies Paper II (CSAT)
This paper is also known as CSAT (Civil Services Aptitude Test). The compulsory subjects for the UPSC exam CSAT are largely about English language comprehension and logical and numerical aptitude.
Comprehension
Interpersonal skills including communication skills
Logical reasoning and analytical ability
Decision-making and problem-solving
General mental ability
Basic numeracy: Numbers and their relations, orders of magnitude, etc. (Class X level)
Data Interpretation: Charts, graphs, tables, data sufficiency etc. (Class X level)
UPSC Prelims is an objective type exam, containing multiple choice questions. There is no descriptive part. The minimum qualifying mark in the UPSC Prelims is 33%. Only those candidates who obtain the qualifying marks will be allowed for UPSC Mains.
Moreover, since both GS I & II contain compulsory subjects for the UPSC exam, candidates not appearing in any of the exams will be disqualified in the UPSC exam.
Compulsory Subjects for USPC exam: Mains
UPSC Mains is a descriptive exam that tests a candidate’s overall intellectual ability and depth of understanding. There will be 9 compulsory subjects for the UPSC exam, of which the last are optional* papers. While 7 papers contain questions that require no specialised study, optional papers require minimum degree level qualification in a chosen subject.
The compulsory subjects for UPSC exam mains are as follows:
CompulsoryEnglish Language UPSC: Passage Comprehension, Precis Writing, Usage and Vocabulary, Essay Writing.
Compulsory Indian Language UPSC: Passage Comprehension, Precis Writing, Usage and Vocabulary, Essay Writing, Translation from Indian language to English and vice versa.
Paper I (Essay): Essay
General Studies I(Indian Heritage and Culture, History and Geography of the World and Society): Indian culture, modern Indian history, the freedom struggle, post-independence reorganisation, and key global events from the 18th century. It also examines Indian society, diversity, globalisation, social issues, physical geography, natural resource distribution, and major geophysical phenomena like earthquakes, tsunamis, and cyclones, and much more.
General Studies II (Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice and International Relations): Indian Constitution, its evolution, features, amendments, and federal structure. It covers the separation of powers, Parliament, state legislatures, executive, judiciary, and constitutional bodies. Topics include government policies, welfare schemes, social sector issues (health, education), governance, e-governance, transparency, and the role of civil services. International relations with India’s neighbours, global groupings, and the impact of foreign policies on India are also addressed.
General Studies III (Technology, Economic Development, Bio diversity, Environment, Security and Disaster Management): Covers economic issues like resource mobilization, inclusive growth, budgeting, agriculture, and food security. It also includes industrial policy, infrastructure, and investment models. Science, technology, environmental conservation, disaster management, and internal security challenges such as extremism, cyber security, and border security are also key topics.
General Studies- IV (Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude): It tests candidates on their ethical mindset and problem-solving skills using case studies. Key topics include ethics in public and private life, attitude, emotional intelligence, contributions of moral thinkers, values for civil service, and probity in governance. It also covers ethical issues in administration, public service, transparency, and corruption challenges.
Optional Paper I: Descriptive Examination on Chosen Subject.
Optional Paper II: Descriptive Examination on Chosen Subject.
*Optional papers allow a candidate to the subject of their choice in the exam, from 48 subjects. However, optional papers are MANDATORY to clear UPSC.
Compulsory Subjects for IAS: Preparation Tips
The syllabus of compulsory subjects for the UPSC exam is generally not taken from books. UPSC says that most of the exams can be attended well by highly educated people, except for optional papers. Optional papers require a minimum bachelor’s degree in the chosen subject. That is why, UPSC Civils is thought of as a difficult exam by most. To perform well, the following tips should help you.
Understand Syllabus: The first step is to understand the syllabus well. If you can understand the syllabus well, obtaining relevant books, and focusing on relevant subject areas would be easy.
ChooseStandard Books: There is no prescribed book to prepare for UPSC. That is why selecting the right book to study compulsory subjects for the UPSC exam is very important. Go for expert-recommended and comprehensive books.
Practice Answer Writing: UPSC Mains is a descriptive exam. Getting hold of the compulsory subjects for the UPSC exam is not sufficient. You have to practice writing answers to questions from the previous year’s papers. You should learn to express your ideas clearly in writing.
Time Management: Managing time effectively in the UPSC Mains is essential due to the limited time per paper. Focus on practising previous Mains question papers within the given timeframe and regularly attempt mock tests to boost your speed and efficiency in answering questions within the allotted time.
Prepare Notes: Continuous revision is the backbone of effective UPSC preparation. However, going through reference books every time is a poor strategy. Prepare sufficient notes of the compulsory subjects for the UPSC exam to make your preparation efficient and effective. Alternatively, you can also get notes from toppers or outside resources.
Current Affairs: Most questions in the UPSC mains might combine subject knowledge and related current affairs. Staying updated on current affairs is thus imperative if you want to gain maximum marks when attempting compulsory subjects for the UPSC exam.
Conclusion
One often overlooked aspect of UPSC preparation is maintaining a balanced mindset throughout the journey. Mental well-being is as crucial as academic preparation. UPSC aspirants should schedule breaks, engage in physical activity, and practice mindfulness to manage stress effectively. This approach fosters resilience, enabling candidates to stay focused, overcome setbacks, and enhance productivity during the rigorous exam preparation phase.
FAQs
Is Maths compulsory for UPSC?
No, Maths is not a compulsory subject in UPSC. It is one of the 48 subjects that candidates can choose for their optional Papars in UPSC Mains. You can skip Mathematics if you wish and choose any other subject.
What are the compulsory subjects for UPSC?
UPSC exam happens in two stages with compulsory and optional subjects. Prospects have no choice in selecting the compulsory subjects for the UPSC exam. However, they can choose from 48 optional subjects in UPSC Mains’s last two papers (Paper VI & VII). The last two papers are thus known as optional papers.
What is the maximum mark in UPSC?
UPSC Civils is conducted for a total of 1750 marks.
Can I directly write UPSC Mains?
No. You can not directly enter UPSC mains without getting qualifying marks in the UPSC Prelims. Currently, it is set at 33% marks in the UPSC Prelims.
Can I skip one of the papers in UPSC Prelims?
No. UPSC Prelims consists of General Studies Paper I & II. Both papers are mandatory for all candidates. Skipping any of these leads to disqualification from the exam.
Roshan’s story is one of grit, determination, and relentless struggle. He doesn’t come from a privileged background—his father is a mechanic, and his mother works as a laborer. Despite these challenges, he cleared IIT and now UPSC.
Civilsdaily receives around 100 job applications daily, many from candidates who have cleared various stages. Those who narrowly missed prelims often feel they’re on par academically. When Roshan joined us, we admired his personal struggles and his commitment to helping students with the support he never had. That truly set him apart.
Roshan Sir is Civilsdaily’s UAP Mentor. Over time, he has guided many students, helping them feel confident in their ability to crack this exam. In Roshan Sir’s words:
“UAP Mentoring gave me access to a lot of value-added content. I used X Factor Notes, Microthemes, and Samachar Manthan extensively to write mains this year.”
Beyond this, Roshan Sir developed his unique mentoring style, and students appreciated the guidance and valuable insights he provided.
Over time, Roshan Sir has gained a deep understanding of the UPSC exam’s demands. Through experience, he has identified what truly works and what UPSC expects. Eager to share his insights with 2025 and 2026 aspirants, he will outline his mentoring style and a practical strategy for upcoming attempts in this session.
Join him on Wednesday, 30th October, at 7 PM!
Join UPSC Ranker and Senior Mentor Roshan Siron 30th October, at 7 PM. Wewill be conducting a FREE webinar exclusively for UPSC 2025 and 2026 aspirants giving you a sneak peak of what it takes to perform at the alpha level in your very first attempt.
It will be a 45 minute webinar, post which we will open up the floor for all kinds of queries which a beginner must have. No questions are taboo and Roshan sir is known to be patiently solving all your doubts.
Join us for a Zoom session on 30th Oct 2024, 7 PM. This session is a must-attend for you If you are attempting UPSC for the first time or have attempted earlier and now preparing for next year, then it is going to be a valuable session for you too.
We will deal with all the aspects for a comprehensive UPSC Preparation.We’ll talk about starting with the basics, and move to advanced level.
At Civilsdaily, we treat Mentorship as a specialization. Not every Mains or interview candidate can be a mentor. Most such mentors will suggest cosmetic changes and will only help you evolve slowly. It is easy to find comfort in sentences like ‘every topper is different’ and’ they have their own path’. Finding what’s different about you and then figuring out your own path is why Mentorship is essential.
We walk the talk by helping you craft your own way of preparation. A method that enhances your probability of qualifying UPSC-CSE in a single attempt. We give you that near-perfect certainty. Delivering this consistently to hundreds of aspirants (now rankers) in the past was challenging. We still stick to it and keep getting better at it with each passing year.
At CD, we understand the science and the art of everything UPSC. If you have a problem, we will sit with you and find a solution. If that doesn’t work, then we try solution 2. Eventually, we will make sure you end up making progress. What’s the point of any content, program, or mentorship without progress? This is precisely why aspirants trust they have the best shot at clearing the exam with Civilsdaily.
We invest a significant amount of time, effort, and energy into creating lectures, notes, and tests, understanding your needs as an aspirant. We take this responsibility seriously because, ultimately, your future depends on it.
The heart of the Civilsdaily platform is the Yearlong Mentorship Program. For years, aspirants have enrolled here because they couldn’t find such depth and passion towards quality content and Mentorship anywhere. Their search inevitably ends at Civilsdaily. Enrollment in these programs and Mentorship also makes us accountable to aspirants for the value they get.
In the past few years, we’ve worked quietly in the background with hundreds of aspirants; many now serve as IAS, IPS, IFS and more. We are very proud of what we’ve achieved.Overwhelmed by quick fixes, content overload and messy timetables which never work? Join us as we take you through a realistic and relatable roadmap for UPSC 2026 preparation.
(Don’t wait—the next webinar won’t be until Nov 24)
These masterclasses are packed with value. They are conducted in private with a closed community. We rarely open these webinars for everyone for free. This time we are keeping it for 300 seats only.
Q) Why is Public Private Partnership (PPP) required in infrastructural projects? Examine the role of PPP model in the redevelopment of Railway Stations in India. (UPSC CSE 2022)
Q) Examine the development of Airports in India through joint ventures under Public – Private Partnership (PPP) model. What are the challenges faced by the authorities in this regard. (UPSC CSE 2017)
Q) Adoption of PPP model for infrastructure development of the country has not been free of criticism. Critically discuss the pros and cons of the model. (UPSC CSE 2013)
Mentor’s Comment: The Indian government, through NITI Aayog, is developing an incentive scheme tailored for private bus operators, who currently account for about 90% of the bus fleet in India. This move is crucial for achieving the target of 40% e-bus penetration by 2030 and reaching carbon neutrality by 2070.
Despite existing support under the FAME-II scheme, which primarily benefits state transport undertakings (STUs), the high costs associated with e-buses deter private operators from making the switch. The forthcoming incentive scheme is seen as a potential game-changer that could facilitate the broader adoption of electric buses in public transportation.
Today’s editorial discusses the role of the private sector in India’s electric bus (e-bus) initiative. Today’s discussions will focus more on creating a supportive environment for e-bus deployment beyond state-run services.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
Despite the government’s push through schemes like FAME II and PM e-Bus Sewa, which have incentivized electric vehicles for public transport, private bus operators have seen little benefit.
Presently, the government is planning to introduce a new incentive scheme specifically aimed at encouraging private operators to invest in e-buses.
Challenges Faced by Private Operators:
• Lack of Financial Incentives: Current government schemes do not extend to private operators, making it difficult for them to invest in e-buses. • High Initial Costs: The substantial upfront investment required for electric buses is prohibitive for many small operators. • Charging Infrastructure: Limited access to charging stations and facilities further complicates the adoption of e-buses. Most charging infrastructure is designed for state-run units, leaving private operators without adequate support. • Operational Inefficiencies: Restrictions on parking and charging at government depots create logistical challenges for private bus operations.
How can the private sector be incentivized to participate in the e-bus market?
1) Financial Incentives: The incentivized schemes and subsidies could significantly lower the upfront costs associated with e-bus acquisition, which can be up to five times that of diesel buses.
Offering viability gap funding for charging infrastructure and land leases could attract private investment.
Implementing a payment security mechanism can protect private operators against payment delays from state transport undertakings (STUs).
2) Infrastructure Development: Establishing a robust network of charging stations is crucial. Under the Gross Cost Contract (GCC) Model, STUs pay a fixed cost per kilometer, ensuring steady income for operators while minimizing their risk exposure without bearing the full financial burden upfront.
This Flexible Leasing model enables operators to access capital without high initial investments, as maintenance and operational responsibilities can be shared.
What role does financing play in the adoption of electric buses?
High Initial Costs: The upfront costs of e-buses are significantly higher than those of traditional diesel buses, often up to five times more expensive, operators may find it challenging to justify the investment in e-buses despite their long-term operational savings.
Need for Dedicated Financing Facilities: Establishing a dedicated e-bus financing facility could provide concessional loans and grants, helping shield manufacturers and operators from the payment security risks posed by financially struggling state road transport undertakings (SRTUs).
Interest Rate Subventions: To encourage private operators to invest in e-buses, interest rate subventions of 4-6% on loans can be implemented. Lower interest rates can significantly ease the financial burden during the repayment period, making financing more accessible.
Leasing Models: Financing institutions can offer leasing options that include maintenance and battery replacement, thus sharing operational risks with bus operators. This approach not only lowers upfront costs but also allows operators to manage cash flow more effectively.
What infrastructure improvements are necessary for successful e-bus deployment?
Installation of Charging Stations: Establishing charging points within bus depots is crucial. A widespread infrastructure network will alleviate concerns about range and downtime, making e-buses a more viable option for operators.
Depot Charging Facilities: Private operators currently face restrictions in accessing government bus depots for parking and charging. Granting them access would streamline operations and improve efficiency by reducing the distance drivers must travel to pick up their buses.
Power Supply Management: The increased demand for electricity from charging e-buses can strain local power grids. Therefore, collaboration between bus operators and electricity distribution companies (DISCOMs) is vital for planning and managing this demand effectively.
Pilot Projects: Implementing pilot projects in tier-2 and tier-3 cities can help assess infrastructure requirements and operational challenges before scaling up to larger urban areas.
For example, electrifying a specific route, such as Delhi-Mumbai, could provide valuable insights into the necessary specifications for e-bus deployment.
Conclusion: The future of India’s e-bus initiative depends on a united effort between government bodies and private stakeholders to create an inclusive framework that fosters growth and innovation in the electric mobility sector.
India’s Anusandhan National Research Foundation and the BioE3 policy promote academia-industry collaboration, driving the bioeconomy for economic growth, sustainability, and climate action commitment.
What is BioE3 policy?
The BioE3 policy aims to transform chemical industries into sustainable bio-based models, promoting biotechnology to drive economic growth, protect the environment, and create jobs, supporting India’s sustainable development and climate goals.
Primary Environmental impacts associated with FMCG production and consumption:
Resource Depletion: The production of FMCGs often requires significant natural resources, such as water, energy, and raw materials. For example, palm oil, widely used in food and personal care products, leads to deforestation when forests are cleared for plantations.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The manufacturing and distribution of FMCGs contribute to greenhouse gas emissions at multiple stages, from sourcing raw materials to production processes and transportation.
Waste Generation: FMCGs, especially those with single-use packaging (e.g., plastics), generate a considerable amount of waste, which ends up in landfills or the ocean, causing environmental pollution.
Water Pollution: The production and use of FMCGs, such as soaps, detergents, and other chemicals, can lead to water pollution through the discharge of untreated wastewater containing harmful substances.
Loss of Biodiversity: The agricultural practices used to source raw materials like palm oil can lead to habitat destruction, thereby threatening biodiversity. Monoculture farming and deforestation disrupt ecosystems and endanger wildlife.
How can FMCG companies implement sustainable practices across their supply chains?
Companies should adopt responsible sourcing policies, such as using certified sustainable palm oil and other raw materials that adhere to ‘No Deforestation, No Peat’ policies.
Implementing energy-efficient processes, switching to renewable energy sources, and optimizing logistics to reduce emissions can minimize the carbon footprint across the supply chain.
Emphasizing recycling, reusing materials, and developing biodegradable or compostable packaging can help reduce waste and resource depletion.
The integration of bio-based or synthetic alternatives to traditional materials can also be beneficial.
Companies should implement measures to reduce water usage in manufacturing and treat wastewater to prevent water pollution.
Working with smallholder farmers to implement regenerative agricultural practices can help restore soil health, improve biodiversity, and support sustainable livelihoods.
What metrics should be used to measure the effectiveness of sustainability initiatives in FMCGs?
Carbon Footprint Reduction: Tracking greenhouse gas emissions across the supply chain and setting targets for reducing Scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions.
Sustainable Sourcing Percentage: Measuring the proportion of raw materials sourced sustainably, such as certified palm oil or recycled materials.
Waste Reduction and Recycling Rates: Monitoring the volume of waste generated, the amount sent to landfills, and the recycling rate of packaging materials.
Water Usage and Pollution Levels: Tracking water consumption in production and measuring the quality of wastewater discharged to ensure compliance with environmental standards.
Biodiversity Impact: Assessing the effect of sourcing practices on ecosystems and tracking initiatives to protect or restore biodiversity.
Product Sustainability Index: Developing a sustainability index for products that takes into account their entire life cycle, from raw material extraction to end-of-life disposal.
Way forward:
Strengthen Collaboration and Innovation: Foster partnerships between academia, industry, and government to drive research and development of sustainable alternatives to traditional materials, such as palm oil, and implement innovative practices throughout the FMCG supply chain.
Implement Comprehensive Sustainability Frameworks: Establish regulatory frameworks that incentivize sustainable practices, including mandatory reporting on sustainability metrics, eco-labelling for products, and support for circular economy initiatives to minimize waste and resource depletion.
The Supreme Court ruled that Aadhaar cards cannot be accepted as proof of age, as other official documents like the School Leaving Certificate are more appropriate for this purpose.
What are the legal implications of the SC’s ruling on Aadhaar as proof of date of birth?
The ruling reinforces the legal stance that Aadhaar is primarily intended for identity verification rather than as a document for verifying age or date of birth. This aligns with the previous Supreme Court judgment in 2018, which defined Aadhaar as “proof of identity” rather than proof of age or residence.
By citing the Juvenile Justice Act and previous HC judgments, the SC emphasized that statutory provisions and established legal precedents should guide the determination of age.
This consistency ensures that legal processes are not diluted by using documents like Aadhaar, which lack stringent verification for date of birth.
The ruling adheres to UIDAI’s own circular, which states that Aadhaar is not intended to serve as proof of date of birth. This reduces potential misuse or misinterpretation of the Aadhaar card’s scope and usage.
How will this decision impact individuals and agencies that utilize Aadhaar for identity verification?
Impact on Identity Verification Practices: While Aadhaar remains a valid document for identity verification, organizations and institutions will need to reassess the supporting documents they accept for age-related verification.
For instance, banks, insurance companies, and government agencies may need to request additional documents when the date of birth is a critical factor.
Review of Policies in Government Schemes: Agencies implementing government schemes may need to revise their processes to comply with this ruling, ensuring that alternative documents are requested for verifying age-related eligibility.
Impact on Legal and Compensation Cases: In cases where age is a factor in calculating benefits, legal entities must rely on more reliable documents, such as birth certificates or school records, instead of Aadhaar.
What alternative documents can be used for verifying the DoB following this ruling?
School Leaving Certificate/Matriculation Certificate: This is often considered the most reliable document for verifying the age of an individual, as it is issued based on records from the time of schooling.
Birth Certificate: The birth certificate remains the primary document for establishing a person’s date of birth as it is issued by a government authority at the time of birth.
Passport: As an official government document that undergoes strict verification, the passport can serve as valid proof of age.
Government-issued Certificates (e.g., PAN Card): While not always requested for age verification, documents like the PAN card can also be used in some cases where other primary documents are unavailable.
Driver’s License or Voter ID (if Date of Birth is Mentioned): These documents, where the date of birth is explicitly recorded, could be used as supporting evidence for age verification.
Way forward:
Strengthen Guidelines for Acceptable Age Verification Documents: Government agencies, financial institutions, and service providers should clearly outline which documents are accepted for age verification, prioritizing reliable records like birth certificates and school certificates to ensure consistency and compliance.
Enhance Public Awareness on Aadhaar’s Usage Limitations: The government should initiate campaigns to educate citizens about Aadhaar’s limitations as age proof and encourage the use of appropriate documents for age-related matters, reducing confusion and potential legal disputes.
Mains PYQ:
Q Two parallel run schemes of the Government, viz the Adhar card and NPM, one of voluntary and the other as compulsory, have led to debates at national levels and also litigations. On merits , discuss whether or not both schemes need run concurrently. Analyse the potential of the schemes to achieve development benefits and equitable growth (UPSC IAS/2014)
The recent news highlights how Donald Trump has been leveraging Kamala Harris’s multifaceted identity—being Black, Indian-American, and a woman—to create divisions within the Democratic Party’s diverse coalition.
How does Kamala Harris’s multifaceted identity impact her political positioning?
Diverse Representation: Kamala Harris’s identity as a Black woman of Indian descent allows her to connect with multiple voter demographics, potentially uniting diverse groups under a common political agenda.
Target for Opposition: Her identity also makes her a target for opponents, like Donald Trump, who may attempt to exploit racial and cultural tensions to drive wedges within the Democratic base.
Advocacy for Intersectionality: Harris’s multifaceted identity supports her advocacy for policies that address various forms of discrimination, appealing to progressive voters who value diversity and inclusion.
Supreme Court Ruling on Minority on June 2023:
Violation of Equal Protection: The Supreme Court’s 6-3 ruling declared Harvard and UNC’s (University of North Carolina) race-based admissions unconstitutional, citing violations of the Equal Protection Clause and racial stereotyping.
Minority Representation: The decision is likely to decrease African-American enrollment at top universities while benefiting Asian-American admissions, raising concerns about equity.
The ruling could extend beyond higher education, affecting K-12 schooling and race-related employment practices under Title VII.
K-12 education refers to the comprehensive educational system that spans from kindergarten (K) through 12th grade. This structure is designed to provide a standardized framework for formal education, primarily in the United States, Canada, and several other countries.
What are the implications of the SC’s ruling on affirmative action for Minority Groups?
Shift in Demographics: The Supreme Court’s ruling, which prohibits race-based considerations in college admissions, has resulted in a significant decrease in African-American representation at prestigious universities while benefiting Asian-American admissions.
Heightened Tensions: The ruling exacerbates existing tensions between different minority groups, particularly between African Americans and Asian-Americans, as the latter may perceive an advantage in admissions due to the ruling, creating conflict over perceived equity in opportunities.
Reevaluation of Policies: Minority groups may need to reassess their strategies for achieving representation and equity in educational and professional fields in light of changing admission policies and their implications on access.
How do intersectional conflicts among minority groups manifest in contemporary politics?
Competing Interests: Conflicts arise when minority groups, such as African-Americans and Asian-Americans, have differing views on policies like affirmative action, leading to a fragmented approach to addressing discrimination and inequality.
Political Polarization: Issues like immigration and welfare policies create further divisions, as different groups may align with political parties based on how they perceive their interests are being served or threatened.
Influence on Electoral Dynamics: The intersections of race, ethnicity, and social issues complicate the electoral landscape, as political candidates and parties navigate these dynamics to appeal to various voting blocs, often leading to strategic alignments or divisions within the broader minority coalition.
Conclusion: Kamala Harris’s identity influences U.S. politics, highlighting racial dynamics and intersectional conflicts. The Supreme Court’s affirmative action ruling fuels tensions among minority groups, while the election’s outcome could reshape U.S.-India relations and diaspora engagement policies.
The UPSC Medical Test is a critical step for IAS aspirants. It ensures that candidates are not only mentally prepared for the rigours of public service but also physically capable of handling the demands of the role. While most focus on passing the exam and interview stages, the medical test often gets overlooked, despite its importance in the selection process.
Beyond basic fitness, the UPSC Medical test helps identify conditions that could affect long-term performance. Moreover, the test underscores the significance of mental wellness, an essential yet less discussed aspect of leadership. Hence, knowing the key details of this stage of UPSC is important.
Why UPSC Medical Test for IAS
Ensures physical and mental fitness for service, detecting any issues that could affect performance.
Protects public safety by identifying health problems that could impact decision-making.
Ensures long-term capability to meet career demands over time.
Assesses candidates’ ability to handle the job’s physical and mental demands.
Identifies pre-existing health conditions to prevent complications.
Evaluates mental fitness to handle stress and lead effectively.
Maintains professional standards and public trust through fitness checks.
Types of IAS Medical Tests
Blood and Urine Tests: Samples will be taken for specific medical evaluations.
Blood Pressure: Candidates should stay calm to avoid elevated readings. In some cases, the doctor may ask the candidate to perform physical activity like jumping to check the response.
Diabetes Mellitus: Tests for fasting blood sugar and HbA1C will be conducted after 8-10 hours of fasting to check for diabetes.
Hearing Ability: The candidate’s hearing will be examined, along with any ear conditions. If hearing can be corrected with an aid or surgery, the candidate is not automatically disqualified as long as there’s no serious ear disease.
X-ray: Chest X-rays and additional tests will be performed to check for conditions like hernia, and bone density will also be measured.
Lungs and Heart: The doctor will use a stethoscope to check if the heart and lungs are functioning normally, sometimes asking the candidate to vary their breathing pattern for accuracy.
Hernia: A test is conducted to assess the risk of hernia development.
Weight: The candidate’s weight is recorded in kilograms. Any fraction over half a kilogram is rounded up, while fractions below half are rounded down.
Ophthalmic Test:
Normal Vision: Involves identifying letters of different sizes from a distance.
Colour Vision: Requires recognizing characters or following a maze based on colour differentiation.
Where is UPSC Medical Test Conducted
The Medical Test would be conducted in the below-listed hospitals in Delhi.
Safdarjung Hospital
Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital
Lok Nayak Jai Prakash Narayan Hospital
Succheta Kriplani Hospital
Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital
Deen Dayal Upadhyay Hospital
BR Ambedkar Hospital
The candidates belonging to the Physically Handicapped (PH) Category will be examined in the below hospitals.
Safdarjung Hospital
Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital
LHMC
Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital
Lok Nayak Jai Prakash Narayan Hospital
UPSC Medical Test for Female
For female candidates, the UPSC Medical Test includes a dedicated lady doctor as part of the Medical Board to ensure comfort and appropriate examination. This addition provides a gender-sensitive approach during the medical evaluation. It addresses specific health concerns while maintaining the same thorough standards required for all candidates.
UPSC Medical Test Requirements
There are no specific height, weight, or chest girth requirements for IAS candidates, unlike technical services. However, if a candidate’s body proportions are deemed abnormal, further investigation, including chest X-rays, may be required. Technical services, however, have strict minimum requirements.
Vision: The candidate must have distant vision of 6/6 or 6/9 in the better eye. Corrections like glasses, contact lenses, and surgeries like LASIK or ICL are allowed. Those with myopia causing macular degeneration are unfit. A squint is allowed, and night blindness is not grounds for disqualification.
Blood Pressure: If blood pressure exceeds 140/90, further tests are necessary to ensure it is not due to an underlying health issue. Only candidates without complications from hypertension will be considered fit.
Diabetes: Candidates with diabetes must not have any related complications to be declared fit.
Hearing: Good hearing is required in both ears. If a defect is present, further testing will determine if it can be corrected by surgery or hearing aids.
Pregnancy: Pregnant women are generally fit unless the role requires physical training. In such cases, they will be declared fit after childbirth.
Teeth, Heart, and Lungs: Teeth should be in good order, and the heart and lungs must function properly. Abdominal diseases must be absent.
Limbs and Joints: Feet, hands, and limbs must be well-formed with full joint mobility, and there should be no congenital deformities or signs of chronic illness.
Vaccination and Disease: Candidates must show marks of vaccination and be free from any communicable diseases.
Medical Conditions: Those with hernias, varicose veins, or haemorrhoids are temporarily unfit but can be declared fit after surgery. Grade I haemorrhoids are acceptable. Candidates with malignancies or transplanted organs are unfit, except for corneal transplants.
Process of Medical Test
Medical examinations (except for the PwBD category) are conducted in specific hospitals across New Delhi.
UPSC informs candidates of the examination dates and venues after the Interview/Personality Test.
The examination involves a physical assessment and a radiographic (X-ray) test.
Candidates are expected to participate actively and cooperate during the process.
PwBD candidates undergo their General Medical Examination at Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi.
Benchmark Disability confirmation tests for PwBD candidates are conducted by the Benchmark Disability Expert Panel (BDEP) at AIIMS, New Delhi.
Post UPSC Medical Test
Candidates will interact with the Medical Board to complete any necessary procedures related to the UPSC medical test.
Medical Examination findings will be available on a secure website accessible to the candidates.
Those declared ‘Temporarily Unfit’ should not wait for final results but undergo re-examination promptly.
A Fitness Certificate from a Registered Medical Practitioner can be submitted for re-assessment.
Appeals against the Medical Board’s findings may result in delayed allocation and training if not resolved quickly.
Candidates can file an appeal online through DoPT’s website if dissatisfied with the Medical Board’s findings.
PwBD candidates can appeal a Benchmark Disability percentage under 40% via the DoPT website.
If the ADMB (Appellate Disability Medical Board) suggests a different percentage from BDEP (Benchmark Disability Expert Panel) at AIIMS, the higher percentage will apply.
Candidates should regularly check the DoPT website for updates on Medical Examination results and allocation status.
It is important to follow all instructions from the Department regarding the Medical Examination process.
How to Prepare for IAS Medical Test
Candidates should fast for at least 10 hours before the medical examination.
Do not take any medicine before the medical examination.
If using spectacles or a hearing aid, bring them along with their prescription.
If using contact lenses, stop using them at least 48 hours before the medical examination.
Candidates in the Physically Handicapped (PH) category must bring their ‘Disability Certificate’ from a Disability Medical Board, if applicable.
Pregnant candidates are fit for all services except those requiring physical training.
What Happens in case of UPSC Medical Test Failure
Failing the UPSC medical test can result in disqualification from the designated service. Candidates who do not meet the required health standards may be deemed unfit for their role. So, even if a candidate has cleared the three stages of UPSC examination, their induction into Civil services is not guaranteed. It highlights the importance of maintaining good physical and mental health to clear the examination and pursue a career in government services. In a way, it also underscores the decision of UPSC to safeguard the health of individuals from daily work pressures of the Civil Service roles.
IPS Physical Requirements
Category
Male
Female
Height
165 cm (General)160 cm (ST except SC/OBC)
150 cm (General)145 cm (ST except SC/OBC)
Chest
Minimum 84 cmExpansion: 5 cm
Minimum 79 cmExpansion: 5 cm
Eyesight (Distant Vision)
6/6 or 6/9 for good eye
6/12 or 6/9 for worst eye
Eyesight (Near Vision)
Not specified
J1 for good eyeJ2 for worst eye
Conclusion
While the UPSC medical test assesses physical and mental fitness, candidates should also be mindful of the psychological impact of the examination process. Anxiety or stress during the test could affect results, such as elevated blood pressure readings. To avoid this, practising mindfulness techniques or breathing exercises before the medical exam can help candidates stay calm and composed, ensuring more accurate results and a smoother evaluation experience.
FAQs
Is there any medical test for IAS?
Yes, there is a mandatory medical test for IAS. Candidates who successfully clear UPSC Prelims, UPSC Mains, and the final personality test will be called to take upa medical test at the designated hospitals. It is possible ot get disqualified at this stage, if health requirements aare not fitting the elgibility criteria.
What are IAS eyesight requirements?
The minimum required distant vision is 6/6 (20/20) for the better eye and 6/9 (20/30) for the worse eye. Candidates must not have conditions like color blindness or night blindness.
What is UPSC medical test eligibility?
The eligibility for UPSC medical test is passing UPSC Prelims and UPSC Mains along with the presnoality test. Only those candidates who cliear these three stages are eligible to under UPSC medical test.
Is there UPSC medical test for HIV?
There is no explicit mention of HIV test in the UPSC medical test. However, if candidates are found to be HIV positive, there is no law at present which can prevent them from becoming an IAS or IPS, or any Civil servant.
The ‘Rashtriya Ekta Diwas’ (National Unity Day) the birth anniversary of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, will be held on 31st October.
About National Unity Day
National Unity Day is celebrated every year in India on 31 October since 2014.
It marks the birth anniversary of Vallabhbhai Patel who had a major role in the political integration of India.
31 October is also celebrated as Rashtriya Sankalp Diwas or National Pledge Day as it marks the day of assassination of Indira Gandhi.
Contributions made by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel:
Details
Who Was He?
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (31 October 1875 – 15 December 1950) was an Indian independence activist, lawyer, and a prominent leader of the Indian National Congress.
He served as India’s first Deputy PM and Home Minister.
Role in the Freedom Struggle
• Kheda Satyagraha (1918): Led a non-violent campaign against unjust land revenue tax during a famine.
• Bardoli Satyagraha (1928): Organized protests against increased land revenue, earning the title “Sardar.”
Integration of Princely States
Played a crucial role in integrating over 565 princely states into the Indian Union post-independence using diplomatic skills and firm leadership.
Establishment of All India Services
Advocated for a unified administrative framework, establishing the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), known as India’s “steel frame.”
Leadership in the Indian National Congress
Served as President during the Karachi session in 1931, where significant resolutions on Fundamental Rights were passed.
Constitutional Contributions
Headed committees of the Constituent Assembly on Fundamental Rights and minority rights, contributing to the framing of the Indian Constitution.
Promotion of National Unity
Advocated “Ek Bharat, Shresth Bharat” (One India, Great India), emphasizing unity in diversity to build a cohesive nation.
Social Reforms
Worked against caste discrimination, untouchability, and alcohol consumption, promoting social justice and women’s rights.
PYQ:
[2011] What was the reason for Mahatma Gandhi to organize a satyagraha on behalf of the peasants of Kheda?
1. The Administration did not suspend the land revenue collection in spite of a drought.
2. The Administration proposed to introduce Permanent Settlement in Gujarat.
Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?
The Prime Minister in his recent broadcast of “Mann Ki Baat” warned about the ‘Digital Arrest’ scams in India.
What is Digital Arrest?
Details
What are they?
A fraudulent scheme where scammers impersonate law enforcement officials to extort money from victims under the false pretence of an arrest.
Modus Operandi
• Scammers use audio or video calls to intimidate victims.
• Claim involvement in illegal activities (e.g., drugs, contraband).
• Victims are kept under constant visual surveillance until demands are met.
Common Tactics
• Use of deepfake videos and fake arrest warrants.
• Threats regarding family members being involved in crimes.
• Fake claims about parcels containing illegal goods.
Victim Impact
Victims may face significant financial losses, emotional distress, and a sense of vulnerability due to the intimidation tactics employed by scammers.
Recent Trends
• Increase in reported cases; over 11 lakh complaints of financial cyber fraud in 2023.
• Rising incidents attributed to the expansion of internet users.
Prevention Measures
• Awareness of scams and verification of callers’ identities.
• Immediate disconnection of suspicious calls.
• Reporting incidents to local police and cybercrime helplines.
Legal Framework
• Governed by the Information Technology Act, 2000.
• Reports can be filed through the National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal (www.cybercrime.gov.in).
PYQ:
[2017] In India, it is legally mandatory for which of the following to report on cyber security incidents?
1. Service providers
2. Data centres
3. Body corporate
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
In Chhattisgarh’s Hasdeo Arand forest, tribals ambushed the police after tree-felling resumed for coal mining in the area.
What is the Hasdeo Arand Forest?
Hasdeo Arand Forest is known as the “lungs of Chhattisgarh” due to its rich biodiversity.
It is the largest unfragmented forest in Central India with pristine Sal and teak forests.
It spans 1,879.6 sq km across the Sarguja, Korba, and Surajpur districts in Chhattisgarh.
The Hasdeo River runs through the forest.
It is home to nine protected species under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, including:
Elephants, leopards, sloth bears, Indian grey wolves, and Indian pangolins.
It supports 92 bird species, 25 mammals, 16 types of snakes, and serves as a corridor for elephants and tigers.
It hosts 640 plant species, including 128 medicinal plants and 40 timber-yielding species.
Why are the People Protesting for its ‘Protection’?
Environmental Impact: Mining threatens to destroy the forest cover, impacting biodiversity and wildlife corridors.
Livelihood Concerns: Local communities depend on the forest for farming and forest produce.
Displacement Issues: Villagers report inadequate compensation and resettlement offers, which do not match the size of their current homes.
Alleged Forgery: Villagers allege that fake gram sabha resolutions were used to secure clearances for mining projects.
Demand for Cancellations: Activists want the Parsa coal block cancelled and assurances that the 1,995 sq km Lemru Reserve Forest will be protected from future mining.
PYQ:
[2012] A particular State in India has the following characteristics:
1. It is located on the same latitude which passes through northern Rajasthan.
2. It has over 70% of its area under forest cover.
3. Over 12% of forest cover constitutes Protected Area Network in this State.
Which one among the following States has all the above characteristics?
A team of researchers has discovered the genetic mechanisms that allow a newly identified tardigrades species—Hypsibius henanensis—to withstand high levels of radiation.
About Tardigrades
Tardigrades, often called “water bears” or “moss piglets,” are tiny, water-dwelling microorganisms known for their remarkable ability to survive extreme conditions.
They can withstand environments that would be lethal for most life forms, including:
Extremely high and low temperatures (from near absolute zero to over 150°C),
High levels of radiation and vacuum conditions found in space,
Extreme dehydration (losing nearly all water in their bodies),
High pressures (up to six times that of the ocean’s deepest trenches).
This adaptability makes them a subject of interest for scientists, especially in understanding survival mechanisms in extreme conditions.
How Tardigrades resist High Radiations?
The researchers identified 2,801 genes involved in DNA repair. Three key factors contributing to radiation tolerance include:
DNA Repair Protein (TRID1): Enabled the species to repair double-strand DNA breaks due to radiation.
Gene Activation for Mitochondrial Proteins: Radiation exposure activated a gene that produced two proteins vital for mitochondrial synthesis and DNA repair.
Antioxidant Pigments (Betalains): These pigments neutralize harmful chemicals generated by radiation within cells.
Q) The role of individual MPs (Members of Parliament) has diminished over the years and as a result healthy constructive debates on policy issues are not usually witnessed. How far can this be attributed to the anti-defection law, which was legislated but with a different intention? (UPSC CSE 2013)
Q) The Individual Parliamentarian’s role as the national lawmaker is on a decline, which in turn, has adversely impacted the quality of debates and their outcome. Discuss. (UPSC CSE 2019)
Q) To what extent, in your view, the Parliament can ensure accountability of the executive in India? (UPSC CSE 2021)
Prelims: Which one of the following Schedules of the Constitution of India contains provisions regarding anti-defection? (UPSC CSE 2014) a) Second Schedule b) Fifth Schedule c) Eighth Schedule d) Tenth Schedule
Mentor’s Comment: The Anti-defection law (10th Schedule) was introduced to maintain political stability and uphold the electoral mandate by discouraging party-hopping among elected representatives. However, its effectiveness has been compromised due to several loopholes and implementation challenges.
Today’s editorial emphasizes the need for reforms to the anti-defection law in India. It argues that these reforms are essential to enhance the integrity of the democratic process and align with the government’s initiative of “One Nation, One Election” (ONOE).
_
Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
The Anti-Defection Law is in the news due to a SC’s directive for the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Speaker to resolve disqualification petitions by December 31, 2023.
Additionally, there are growing discussions about the law’s effectiveness and calls for reforms, as critics argue it restricts legislators’ freedom of expression and accountability to constituents.
The debate highlights the need for a balance between party discipline and democratic representation.
What is theSignificance of the Anti-Defection Law?
• Government Stability: It prevents political defections that can lead to governmental instability, ensuring a consistent ruling party. • Upholding Electoral Mandates: The law helps maintain the will of the electorate by discouraging elected representatives from abandoning their parties post-election. • Party Discipline: It fosters unity within political parties by requiring members to adhere to party directives, especially during critical votes. • Reduced Corruption: The law helps reduce corruption and promotes accountability among politicians by curbing defections motivated by personal gain. • Legal Framework for Disqualification: The law provides clear grounds for disqualifying members who defect, ensuring a systematic approach to addressing defections.
How does the current Anti-Defection Law undermine Democratic Representation?
Restriction on Freedom of Expression: Elected representatives are often forced to vote along party lines, limiting their ability to express dissent or represent their constituents’ views.
Ambiguity in Disqualification: The lack of a clear timeline for resolving defection cases can lead to bias and manipulation, complicating accountability and representation.
Exploitable Loopholes: Provisions allowing groups of legislators to defect without penalty can encourage opportunistic behaviour, undermining political integrity.
Stifling Legislative Debate: Strict adherence to party lines diminishes robust debate, preventing diverse perspectives on critical issues from being voiced.
What are the proposed Amendments?
Two key amendments to the Tenth Schedule of the Indian Constitution:
Time Frame for Decisions: Need to establish a four-week deadline for Speakers or Chairpersons to resolve defection cases. If no decision is made within this period, defecting members should be automatically disqualified.
Public Notice of Party Whips: Need to Implement a transparent framework for issuing party whips, such as publishing them in newspapers or using electronic communication. This would ensure that all members are adequately informed about party positions.
Conclusion: India’s anti-defection legislation underscores the necessity of adapting legal frameworks to contemporary political realities to preserve democracy’s integrity and functionality. By addressing existing gaps in the law, India can foster a more robust democratic environment conducive to effective governance and public trust.
Min. of Health and Family Welfare issued draft Guidelines for the withdrawal of life support in terminally ill Patients, aimed at implementing the Supreme Court’s 2018 and 2023 rulings that uphold the right to die with dignity for all Indians.
What is Passive euthanasia?
Passive euthanasia involves allowing a terminally ill patient to die naturally by withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining treatments, like ventilators when they no longer provide benefits.
What are the draft guidelines released by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare?
The guidelines aim to operationalize the Supreme Court’s 2018 and 2023 orders, which recognize the right to die with dignity as part of Article 21 of the Indian Constitution.
Key Mechanisms Proposed:
Primary and Secondary Medical Boards: Hospitals are required to set up these boards to determine when further medical treatment for a terminally ill patient would no longer be beneficial.
Nomination of Doctors: District Chief Medical Officers will nominate doctors to serve on Secondary Medical Boards to confirm or reject the Primary Medical Board’s recommendations.
While India does not have dedicated legislation on withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining treatment, these guidelines and the Supreme Court’s judgments provide a defined legal framework to make these actions lawful.
What is meant by withholding/withdrawing life-sustaining treatment?
It refers to discontinuing medical interventions, such as ventilators or feeding tubes, when they no longer contribute to the patient’s recovery or only prolong suffering.
The intention is to allow the underlying illness to take its natural course while providing comfort care, focusing on symptomatic relief and palliative care.
The right to refuse medical treatment is recognized under common law and is considered part of India’s fundamental right to life and personal liberty (Article 21).
Is Withholding/Withdrawing treatment akin to giving up on the patient?
Withholding or withdrawing treatment does not mean the doctor is giving up on the patient. It is an acknowledgment that continued medical intervention may no longer be beneficial and could cause unnecessary suffering.
The process involves shifting the focus from life-sustaining measures to palliative care to manage pain and ensure the patient’s comfort.
Often, doctors practice “discharge against medical advice” because of misconceptions about the legality of withholding/withdrawing treatment. This practice leads to patients suffering without appropriate care.
What medical procedure is laid down by the SC and reaffirmed by the guidelines?
Primary Medical Board assessment: A hospital-level board, including the treating doctor and two experienced experts, evaluates the patient’s condition to recommend withholding/withdrawing treatment.
Secondary Medical Board review: A different board, nominated by the district Chief Medical Officer, reviews the Primary Board’s decision for an additional level of checks.
Consent and Judicial notification: Consent from the patient’s surrogate decision-makers or advance directive nominees is required, and the decision must be notified to the local judicial magistrate.
Way forward:
Public Awareness and Training: Educate the public and healthcare professionals about the legal framework for end-of-life care, emphasizing the distinction between withholding treatment and euthanasia, to reduce misconceptions.
Strengthen Palliative Care Services: Expand access to palliative care across hospitals and healthcare facilities, ensuring that terminally ill patients receive compassionate and effective pain management and comfort care.
According to a recent study conducted by the Natural History Museum (NHM) in London, biodiversity is decreasing more rapidly within key protected areas than outside of them.
What did the Biodiversity Intactness Index (BII) say?
The Biodiversity Intactness Index (BII) is a quantitative measure designed to assess the state of terrestrial biodiversity with its natural baseline, before significant human impact.
It decreased by 1.88% points globally between 2000 and 2020, indicating a loss in the average natural biodiversity of regions worldwide.
Within the 22% of ‘Critical Biodiversity Areas’ that are protected, biodiversity has declined by 2.1 percentage points, while non-protected areas saw a decline of 1.9 percentage points during the same period.
Why is the decline happening?
Inadequate Ecosystem Protection: Many protected areas focus only on specific species rather than the entire ecosystem, failing to prioritize overall biodiversity intactness.
Pre-existing Degradation: Some protected areas may have been already degraded before being designated as protected, limiting their effectiveness in conserving biodiversity.
External Threats: Activities such as oil, gas, and mining concessions encroach on protected areas, leading to habitat destruction and further biodiversity loss.
Climate Crisis Impact: Increased frequency of extreme weather events, such as droughts and wildfires, has severely affected protected areas, undermining their conservation efforts.
Steps taken by the Indian Government to conserve biodiversity:
Legislative Framework
Biological Diversity Act, 2002: Established to conserve biological resources and regulate access to these resources, ensuring equitable sharing of benefits derived from their use.
Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972: Facilitates the creation of Protected Areas for wildlife conservation and imposes penalties for illegal hunting.
Conservation Policies:
Project Tiger: Launched in 1973, this initiative aims to protect tiger populations across designated reserves.
Project Elephant: Initiated in 1992, it focuses on the management and protection of wild elephant populations and their habitats.
National Biodiversity Mission: A mission mode initiative aimed at documenting and conserving India’s biodiversity.
Protected Areas
Establishment of a Protected Area Network: This includes National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Conservation Reserves, and Community Reserves to provide better protection for wildlife and their habitats.
Designation of Biosphere Reserves: These reserves are aimed at conserving representative ecosystems.
What should be done? (Way forward)
Ecosystem-Centric Management: Shift focus from individual species to the overall health of ecosystems to ensuring comprehensive protection of habitats and their interdependent species.
Strengthened Protection and Regulation: Implement stricter regulations to limit industrial activities (e.g., oil and gas exploration) within and around protected areas, alongside enforcing more robust land-use policies.
Community Engagement and Education: Involve local communities in conservation efforts and enhance public awareness about biodiversity’s importance, fostering a collective responsibility for sustainable practices.
In preparation for the 29th edition of the COP in Baku, Azerbaijan, next month, there is renewed momentum within government circles to expedite the transition of Indian industry to carbon markets.
What is meant by the Carbon Trade Policy?
It is a market-based approach to control pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants.
It sets a quantitative limit on emissions, by allowing member countries with lower emissions to sell rights to emit carbon to higher-emitting entities, promoting cost-effective carbon reduction.
Why India must develop a transparent Carbon Trade Policy?
A clear and transparent policy will boost investor confidence, attracting both domestic and foreign investments in green technologies and carbon-reduction projects.
Establishing robust verification and reporting mechanisms will enhance the integrity of carbon credits, preventing issues like double counting and greenwashing, and fostering trust among stakeholders.
A transparent policy will help align India’s efforts with global climate commitments, enabling effective tracking of emissions reductions and promoting sustainable economic growth.
How effective is ‘Fair Trade’ in achieving its Goals?
Promotion of Sustainable Practices: Just as Fair Trade supports environmentally sustainable agriculture practices, carbon markets incentivize companies to adopt greener technologies and reduce emissions. Both aim to create a more sustainable future.
Empowerment of Stakeholders: Fair Trade empowers marginalized producers by providing fair prices and market access, similar to how carbon markets can benefit developing countries like India by enabling them to sell carbon credits generated from emissions reductions.
Economic Benefits: Fair Trade aims to create economic stability for producers, while carbon markets can generate revenue for countries that invest in carbon-reduction projects, creating a financial incentive for participating in emissions trading.
Global Impact Awareness: Both Fair Trade and carbon markets raise awareness about global issues—Fair Trade regarding trade equity and carbon markets regarding climate change, fostering a sense of responsibility among consumers and companies.
What are the limitations and challenges facing Fair Trade certification?
Certification Costs: The financial burden of obtaining Fair Trade certification can be a significant barrier for small producers. Similarly, transitioning to carbon markets may involve high initial costs for companies to implement the necessary technologies and processes.
Market Accessibility: Fair Trade products may not have guaranteed market access, mirroring potential challenges in carbon markets where the demand for carbon credits may fluctuate based on regulations and market conditions.
Complex Standards: Just as Fair Trade certification has varying standards, the guidelines under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement can also lead to confusion about which carbon-reduction activities are eligible for trading.
How can consumers effectively support Fair Trade initiatives?
Support Certified Products: Consumers can choose Fair Trade products, which, like carbon credits, require a conscious decision to support ethical and sustainable practices.
Educate and Advocate: Just as consumers can promote Fair Trade awareness, they can also advocate for transparent carbon markets and support policies that foster sustainable practices.
Engagement with Companies: Consumers can encourage businesses to participate in Fair Trade and carbon markets by demanding accountability and sustainability in their supply chains.
Community Participation: Involvement in local Fair Trade events can parallel participation in climate action initiatives, such as local carbon offset programs or sustainability projects, thereby supporting both movements.
Utilizing Social Media: Consumers can leverage social media to share information about Fair Trade and carbon markets, helping to amplify their importance and drive consumer engagement.
Way forward:
Strengthen Certification Accessibility: Lower the cost and simplify the certification process to make Fair Trade more accessible for small-scale producers, boosting their participation and benefits.
Enhance Consumer Education: Increase awareness campaigns about the impact of Fair Trade, encouraging more people to support certified products and promoting ethical consumption habits.
Prime Minister recently launched the ‘Karmayogi Saptah’ – National Learning Week to strengthen individual and organizational capacity among civil servants.
AboutMission Karmayogi
Details
What is it?
National Programme for Civil Services Capacity Building (NPCSCB)
Objective
• To prepare civil servants for the future by making them more creative, constructive, and innovative through transparency and technology.
Launch Date
• Launched on 2nd September 2020.
Key Features
• On-Site Learning: Complementing off-site learning with more focus on practical experience.
• Integrated Government Online Training (iGOT) platform.
• All civil servants (including contractual employees) across various ministries, departments, organizations, and agencies of the Union Government.
iGOT-Karmayogi Features
• My iGOT: Personalized training courses based on individual capacity-building needs.
• Blended Programs: Combines offline classroom learning with online components for equitable access to training.
• Curated Programs: Tailored learning paths designed for different ministries and training institutions.
Vision for 2047
• Aims to transform India into a global manufacturing hub and a supplier of skilled human resources by improving governance and civil service efficiency.
Steering Bodies
• Prime Minister’s Public Human Resources Council
• Capacity Building Commission
• Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) for digital assets
• Coordination Unit led by the Cabinet Secretary.
Courses Offered
• The iGOT platform offers over 1400 courses for personalized learning and skill development.
Significance
• Promotes a whole-of-government approach to foster collaboration, break bureaucratic silos, and prepare civil servants for modern governance challenges through continuous capacity building.
How Karmayogi Saptah Aligns with Mission Karmayogi’s Goals?
Karmayogi Saptah promotes a culture of lifelong learning and continuous improvement, key pillars of Mission Karmayogi.
It emphasizes innovation and a citizen-first mindset, encouraging civil servants to engage with new ideas and feedback mechanisms.
By focusing on adapting to new technologies like AI, it aligns with Mission Karmayogi’s goal of a digitally proficient workforce.
It fosters collaboration across departments, supporting the mission’s aim to break silos and promote a “One Government” ethos.
Through individual and organizational development activities, the week contributes to creating a skilled, motivated workforce for a Viksit Bharat by 2047.
PYQ:
[2015] Consider the following statements:
1. The Executive Power of the union of India is vested in the Prime Minister.
2. The Prime Minister is the ex officio Chairman of the Civil Services Board.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
The 31st edition of the Singapore India Maritime Bilateral Exercise (SIMBEX) is being held at the Eastern Naval Command in Visakhapatnam.
AboutExercise SIMBEX:
Details
History
Initially known as Exercise Lion King.
The exercise has been held annually since 1994.
Evolution
Progressed from anti-submarine warfare to include maritime security, anti-air, and anti-surface warfare.
Objectives
• Strengthen strategic partnership between India and Singapore
• Enhance interoperability and maritime domain awareness
• Foster cooperation to tackle shared maritime challenges.
Phases
Harbour Phase:
• Subject Matter Expert Exchanges (SMEEs) for knowledge sharing
• Cross-deck visits and sports fixtures
• Pre-sail briefings between both navies Sea Phase:
• Advanced naval drills including live weapon firings
• Anti-submarine warfare (ASW) training
• Anti-surface and anti-air operations
• Seamanship evolutions and tactical manoeuvres.
Significance
SIMBEX-2019 was conducted in theSouth China Sea and involved various maritime combat exercises.
Recognized as the longest uninterrupted naval exercise that India conducts with any other country (Indian High Commission statement, 2019).
PYQ:
[2024] Which of the following statements about the Exercise Mitra Shakti-2023 is/ are correct?
This was a joint military exercise between India and Bangladesh.
It commenced in Aundh (Pune).
Joint response during counter-terrorism operations was a goal of this operation.
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