The Union Ministry of Culture is planning to revive and relaunch the National Mission for Manuscripts (NMM) and is considering the formation of an autonomous body to help preserve India’s ancient texts.
Why Center is again re-evolving this scheme?
Currently, the NMM operates as part of the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts.
The new entity, expected to be named the National Manuscripts Authority, will likely function as an autonomous body under the Ministry of Tourism and Culture.
About the National Mission for Manuscripts (NMM):
Formed in 2003 by the Ministry of Tourism and Culture.
It is managed by the National Archives of India.
Objective:
To document, conserve, digitize, and disseminate India’s manuscript heritage.
The mission has set up over 100 Manuscripts Resource Centres and Manuscripts Conservation Centres across India.
India has an estimated 10 million manuscripts, covering a range of themes, languages, scripts, and illustrations.
What is a Manuscript?
A manuscript is a handwritten document on materials like paper, bark, cloth, metal, or palm leaf.
These documents are at least 75 years old and hold scientific, historical, or aesthetic value.
Manuscripts primarily contain knowledge content, unlike historical records that provide direct historical information.
Achievements and Challenges:
The NMM has documented metadata for 5.2 million manuscripts and digitized 300,000 titles, though only a third have been uploaded.
Concerns were raised over mismatches between digitized data and original manuscripts, requiring correction.
Of the 130,000 manuscripts uploaded, only 70,000 are accessible for viewing due to the absence of an access policy, which limits public availability, especially since 80% of manuscripts are privately owned.
NMM has conducted preventive and curative conservation of 9 crore folios over the past 21 years.
PYQ:
[2008]Recently, the manuscripts of which one of the following have been included in the UNESCO’s Memory of World Register?
The Centre has launched the 21st National Livestock Census (LC), the five-yearly exercise of counting the country’s livestock.
Innovations in the 21st Livestock Census:
For the first time, data collection is being done via a mobile app, enhancing accuracy and timeliness.
The census will cover 15 species of animals (excluding poultry) such as cattle, buffalo, mithun, yak, sheep, goat, pig, camel, horse, donkey, and elephant.
Information on 219 Indigenous breeds and livestock holdings by pastoralists will also be recorded, along with data on the gender of individuals involved in livestock rearing.
About Livestock Census (LC)
The Livestock Census (LC) is a nationwide survey conducted every 5 years to count all domesticated animals across households, enterprises, and institutions in rural and urban areas.
The National Livestock Census provides detailed data on the population, breeds, and distribution of livestock like cattle, buffalo, goats, sheep, pigs, and others.
Conducted by the Ministry of Animal Husbandry and Dairying in collaboration with State/UT governments since 1919.
The 21st Livestock Census (2024) is the latest in the series and includes data collected using a dedicated mobile app for improved accuracy and real-time monitoring.
Significance of the Livestock Census:
Policy Formulation: Helps the government develop policies for livestock sector growth, covering aspects like breed improvement, disease control, and feed management.
Rural Economy Support: Provides insights into the role of livestock in enhancing rural incomes, nutrition, and employment.
Livestock Development Programs: Data supports initiatives like the National Livestock Mission (NLM), which focuses on breed development, feed and fodder improvement, and innovation in livestock practices.
Indigenous Breed Conservation: Tracks indigenous livestock breeds to support breed-specific conservation and sustainable practices.
Previous Census Observations in India:
[1] 20th Livestock Census (2019):
Total Livestock Population: Recorded at 535.78 million, marking a 4.6% increase from the previous census in 2012.
Bovine Population: Counted at 302.79 million (includes cattle, buffalo, mithun, and yak).
Indigenous vs. Exotic Breeds:
Indigenous cattle population declined by 6%, indicating a shift toward crossbred and exotic breeds.
Exotic and crossbred cattle increased by 29.3%, driven by rising demand for high milk-yielding breeds.
Buffalo Population: Increased by 1% to 109.85 million, contributing significantly to India’s milk production.
Sheep and Goat Populations:
Sheep population rose by 14.1%, reaching 74.26 million.
Goat population grew by 10.1%, totaling 148.88 million.
Poultry Population: Experienced a substantial growth of 16.8%, with a total of 851.81 million birds, reflecting the expansion of commercial poultry farming.
Female Livestock Population: Increase in female cattle (18%) and female buffaloes (8%), underscoring the focus on dairy production.
[2] 19th Livestock Census (2012):
Highlighted an increase in buffalo populations and decline in indigenous cattle.
Marked significant growth in poultry numbers, reflecting changing agricultural and economic patterns.
PYQ:
[2015] Livestock rearing has a big potential for providing non-farm employment and income in rural areas. Discuss suggesting suitable measures to promote this sector in India.
[2012] Which of the following is the chief characteristic of ‘mixed farming’?
(a) Cultivation of both cash crops and food crops
(b) Cultivation of two or more crops in the same field
(c) Rearing of animals and cultivation of crops together
(d) None of the above
[2018] India’s relations with Israel have, of late, acquired a depth and diversity, which cannot be rolled back.” Discuss. [2022] How will I2U2 (India, Israel, UAE and USA) grouping transform India’s position in global politics?Prelims: [2013] The term “two-state solution” is sometimes mentioned in the news in the context of the affairs of: (a) China (b) Israel (c) Iraq (d) Yemen
Mentor’s Comment:Israel’s war in Gaza, launched in response to the October 7 Hamas attacks, once again took center stage at the International Court of Justice (ICJ) this week. The UN General Assembly brought up the issue of illegal Israeli settlements at the court, with public hearings set to conclude on February 26.
The hearings highlighted a deeper divide, as Western countries largely defended Israel’s airstrikes on Gaza as an act of “self-defense,” while many Global South nations backed South Africa’s push for the ICJ to charge Israel with “war crimes” for its actions. The hearings took place against the backdrop of a major dispute between Brazil and Israel.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
Most of the speakers at the hearings were from the Global South, with Brazil and South Africa taking the lead in the International Court of Justice (ICJ).
All permanent members of the UN Security Council submitted comments, though Israel did not take part. India did not speak at the hearings, but its neighbors, Pakistan and Bangladesh, strongly criticized Israel’s actions.
Global South View on Israel- Palestine Conflict:
Fragmented Global South Response: The Global South has not presented a unified stance toward the Israel-Palestine conflict. While some countries have sought legal actions against Israel, others have taken more cautious approaches, focused on diplomacy and ceasefire calls.
South Africa’s Legal Action: Driven by its own history of apartheid, South Africa took Israel to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in December 2023, seeking a warrant against Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.
Divergence Within BRICS: China and India, the two biggest powers within the Global South construct, have taken divergent positions based on their national interests rather than building consensus within newer multilateral formats like BRICS.
The Role of BRICS Expansion: The BRICS group recently expanded, a move supported by China but not particularly favored by India, illustrating differing priorities even within major Global South frameworks.
China’s View on Israel- Palestine Conflict:
China’s Support for Palestinian Sovereignty: China aligns its position with Arab interests, supporting Palestinian sovereignty from a decolonization perspective. In July 2024, it hosted a conference aimed at unifying various Palestinian factions.
China’s Strategic Calculations: China refrained from condemning Hamas after the October 2023 attacks, aiming to keep its mediation options open, especially after the high-profile Iran-Saudi Arabia mediation. However, recent developments, including the killings of Ismail Haniyeh and Yahya Sinwar, have disrupted these efforts.
China’s Use of Multilateral Forums: China seeks to leverage forums like BRICS to promote the Global South narrative in its favor. The expansion of BRICS and Palestine’s interest in joining reflect China’s strategy to broaden its influence.
India’s View on Israel- Palestine Conflict:
India’s Balanced Approach: India maintains a consistent and balanced position, supporting both Israel’s counter-terrorism efforts and the Palestinian cause. Its stance includes a two-state solution and recognition of Palestine since 1988.
Counter-Terrorism Focus: India’s stance on the conflict focuses on counter-terrorism, reflecting its own experiences with cross-border terrorism, similar to Israel’s challenges. The 2011 release of Sinwar by Israel is comparable to India’s release of Masood Azhar in 1999.
The disunity in the Global South affects India’s interests in several ways:
Limits Diplomatic Leverage: The lack of a unified stance weakens India’s ability to push for collective action on issues like terrorism or multilateral reforms.
Challenges in BRICS Consensus: Diverging views within BRICS complicate India’s efforts to shape the group’s agenda in line with its own interests, such as counter-terrorism and economic cooperation.
Reduces Influence in West Asia: Fragmented approaches hinder India’s ability to play a significant mediating role in the Israel-Palestine conflict or other regional matters.
Complicates Strategic Alignments: Disunity forces India to navigate complex diplomatic relationships individually, rather than benefiting from coordinated Global South support.
Dilutes Global South’s Voice: The lack of coherence limits India’s capacity to effectively champion developing countries’ concerns on global platforms like the UN.
Way forward:
Strengthen Diplomatic Alliances: India should work on building stronger bilateral and regional partnerships to create support for its positions within the Global South, focusing on areas of mutual interest such as counter-terrorism and economic development.
Leverage Multilateral Platforms Strategically: India can actively shape the agenda in forums like BRICS by promoting consensus on common issues, such as peace initiatives and reforming global governance, to enhance its influence and the collective voice of the Global South.
The Supreme Court’s move to block the NCPCR’s recommendations to stop funding madrasas that don’t follow the RTE Act, 2009, and conduct inspections, along with related actions by the Centre and states, has brought some relief to minorities and secular-minded people.
What reforms are necessary to modernize madrasa education and address public perceptions?
Curriculum Integration: Need to introduce a balanced curriculum that combines religious studies with modern subjects like science, mathematics, and social studies to make madrasa education more holistic and aligned with mainstream education standards.
Teacher Training and Certification: Ensure that madrasa teachers receive proper training in contemporary pedagogy and modern subjects.
Infrastructure Development: Improve madrasa facilities to provide a conducive learning environment. This includes better classrooms, libraries, laboratories, and access to technology for digital learning.
Monitoring and Evaluation: Establish a framework to regularly assess and monitor the quality of education in madrasas.
Vocational and Skill-Based Training: Incorporate vocational courses and skill development programs to equip students with practical skills that can improve their employability.
Awareness Programs: Need to run awareness campaigns to inform the community about the value of modernizing madrasa education.
How do political narratives and policies affect the perception of madrasas among the Muslim community?
Communal Narratives and Stereotyping: Political narratives often portray madrasas as breeding grounds for extremism, which affects the public’s perception, especially among non-Muslims.
Legislative and Policy Decisions: Policies such as withdrawing government funding or enforcing stringent regulations can create a perception of bias against Muslim educational institutions.
Historical Reason and Islamophobia: Historical events like the U.S.-Taliban conflict have influenced perceptions of madrasas, linking them to extremism. Political rhetoric often builds on these associations to foster Islamophobic sentiments.
Social Justice versus Appeasement: There is a debate on whether supporting madrasas financially is an act of social justice (ensuring access to education) or appeasement.
What role can madrasas play in promoting social cohesion and countering extremism?
Interfaith Learning and Dialogue: Madrasas can include teachings that promote understanding and respect for other religions.
Combating Radicalization: By modernizing curricula to include secular education and critical thinking, madrasas can counter extremist narratives. An informed and educated student body is more resilient to radical ideologies.
Community Engagement Programs: Madrasas can play a role in community service and outreach, helping bridge the gap between Muslim communities and others. This engagement can dispel misconceptions and build mutual trust.
Promoting National Values and Secular Ideals: Incorporating national education standards in madrasas can help in promoting the values enshrined in the Indian Constitution, such as secularism, social justice, and equality.
Way forward:
Comprehensive Policy Reforms: Develop a national framework that integrates modern subjects into madrasa education, provides teacher training, and ensures quality monitoring.
Community and Interfaith Initiatives: Launch awareness programs to highlight the benefits of modernizing madrasa education while encouraging interfaith dialogue and community engagement.
Mains PYQ:
Q The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 remains inadequate in promoting an incentive-based system for children’s education without generating awareness about the importance of schooling. Analyse. (UPSC IAS/2016)
Colorado’s highest court recently reviewed whether older African female elephants can legally contest their captivity, as the NonHuman Rights Project claims they are unlawfully confined.
What is nonhuman?
Nonhuman animals are living beings other than humans, including mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, and insects, recognized for their capacity to feel, behave, and interact.
What is Legal personhood?
Legal personhood is the status granted to an entity, allowing it to hold legal rights and obligations, traditionally applied to humans and some organizations.
Example: All human individuals are recognized as legal persons. This allows them to enter into contracts, sue, and be sued in court.
What Constitutes Legal Personhood for Nonhuman Animals?
Legal Personhood Definition: Legal personhood refers to the capacity of an entity to have legal rights and duties. In law, a “person” is not strictly limited to human beings; corporations, for example, are considered legal persons.
Application to Nonhuman Animals: Extending legal personhood to nonhuman animals involves granting them certain legal rights, such as the right to not be unlawfully confined or exploited. This would require redefining animals’ status from property to beings with inherent rights.
Arguments in Favor: Proponents argue that certain highly intelligent and socially complex animals, such as elephants, dolphins, and great apes, should be granted legal rights because they can experience suffering and possess a degree of autonomy akin to that of humans.
Arguments Against: Opponents of legal personhood for animals argue that the legal system is designed for human society and extending personhood to animals could lead to complex legal issues.
They contend that animal welfare can be ensured through legislative protections rather than redefining personhood.
How can societies balance animal welfare with cultural practices that might clash with today’s views on animal rights?
Engagement and Dialogue: Encourage conversations between cultural leaders, communities, and animal rights advocates to understand different perspectives and find common ground on how to improve animal welfare while respecting traditions.
Education and Awareness: Promote education about animal welfare and the capacity of animals to feel pain and suffering, helping communities to reconsider practices and adopt alternatives that align with both cultural values and humane treatment.
Legal Frameworks: Implement laws that protect animal welfare while allowing for cultural practices to continue in a regulated manner, ensuring that such practices do not involve cruelty or inhumane treatment of animals.
What are the Rights of Animals in the Indian Context?
Traditional and Cultural Practices: In India, animals play a significant role in various cultural and religious practices. For instance, cows are considered sacred in Hinduism, while elephants are used in festivals and ceremonies.
Legal Framework for Animal Rights: India has several laws aimed at protecting animal rights, such as the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960, and the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. These laws establish standards for animal welfare and criminalize cruelty.
However, they stop short of granting legal personhood to animals.
Judicial Intervention: The Indian judiciary has taken progressive stances on animal rights in some cases.
For example, the Uttarakhand High Court in 2018 declared all animals in the state to be legal entities, with citizens acting as guardians. This ruling emphasized the need to protect animals’ dignity and well-being, though it did not grant full legal personhood.
Conclusion: India can look toward a framework that balances animal welfare with cultural practices by adopting context-specific policies. This could include creating more robust welfare standards, engaging with communities to find humane alternatives, and fostering a cultural shift toward greater empathy for animals.
October 24 is recognized as World Polio Day, a commemoration established by Rotary International to honor the birth of Jonas Salk, who spearheaded the development of the first vaccine against polio in the 1950s.
What key strategies contributed to the successful eradication of polio in India?
Comprehensive Vaccination Campaigns: India implemented large-scale vaccination drives starting in 1972, which expanded under the Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP) in 1985.
Community Engagement and Awareness: Targeted awareness campaigns were crucial, utilizing local health workers to administer oral polio drops, which made vaccination accessible.
Effective Messaging: The slogan “do boond zindagi ki” (two drops of life) resonated well with the public. Utilizing celebrities like Amitabh Bachchan and integrating health messages into popular media further amplified awareness.
Robust Surveillance System: A multilayered surveillance mechanism was developed to monitor acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases, enabling prompt immunisation of affected populations. This system involved local informers, including community health workers and doctors.
Targeted Interventions for High-Risk Areas: By 2009, efforts were concentrated in specific regions, particularly in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, where most cases were reported. This targeted approach was critical in reducing transmission rates.
Collaboration with International Agencies: The eradication campaign was supported by various international bodies such as WHO, UNICEF, and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, ensuring financial and logistical backing.
How did India address the challenges of vaccine hesitancy among specific communities?
Engagement with Community Leaders: To address religious concerns and misinformation, influential figures such as imams and local leaders were involved. Their endorsements played a significant role in countering myths about the vaccine.
Targeted Communication Strategies: Awareness efforts were tailored to specific communities, focusing on dispelling myths surrounding the vaccine, such as fears about impotence and cultural taboos against its ingredients.
Culturally Sensitive Messaging: Messaging was crafted in local languages and through community-specific narratives, ensuring that it resonated with the cultural context of various groups.
What lessons can be learned from India’s polio eradication efforts for future public health campaigns?
Importance of Community Involvement: Engaging local leaders and community members is vital for building trust and addressing vaccine hesitancy effectively.
Flexibility in Implementation: Tailoring vaccination drives to accommodate local cultural practices, work schedules, and geographic challenges can enhance participation rates.
Sustained Awareness Efforts: Continuous education and awareness campaigns are essential, especially in the face of evolving misinformation and cultural resistance.
Data-Driven Decision Making: The use of robust surveillance systems and data analytics to identify and target high-risk areas can help streamline public health interventions.
Collaboration with Multiple Stakeholders: Building partnerships between government agencies, international organizations, and local communities can strengthen public health responses and resource mobilization.
Conclusion: Need to establish sustainable platforms for continuous dialogue between healthcare providers and community leaders to address health concerns, build trust, and ensure community-specific health initiatives are effectively communicated and implemented.
West Bengal and Odisha experienced heavy rainfall as Tropical Cyclone Dana is anticipated to make landfall later tonight.
What are Cyclones?
Cyclones are wind systems rotating inwardly towards an area of low atmospheric pressure. They are categorised into Tropical (Temperature-induced) and Temperate (extra-tropical) cyclones (airmass-induced).
Formation Conditions: Tropical cyclones originate in warm regions, requiring conditions such as
Warm sea surface (> 27°C),
Coriolis Force,
Pre-existing low-pressure systems,
Small vertical wind speed differences, and
Upper air divergence.
Characteristics of Tropical Cyclones:
Theyform over warm water bodies due to energy derived from the condensation of warm water within cumulonimbus clouds.
Wind rotation is influenced by the Coriolis force, resulting in anti-clockwise rotation in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere.
By 30° latitude, the diminished warmth halts cyclone activity.
What is the “Landfall” of a Cyclone?
Landfall occurs when a tropical cyclone moves from the sea onto the land.
As per the IMD, a cyclone makes landfall when the centre of the storm, or its eye, crosses the coast.
Landfall should not be confused with a “direct hit”, where the eyewall (area of high winds) hits land but the eye of the cyclone remains offshore.
According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), a cyclone’s strongest winds may still impact land even if the centre of the storm does not reach the coast.
How long does a Cyclone Landfall last?
The duration of landfall typically lasts a few hours, depending on the wind speed and size of the storm.
For cyclone Dana, the landfall process is expected to last five to six hours with wind speeds around 125 km/h, impacting a wide region.
Cyclones usually weaken after landfall as they lose their moisture supply and experience increased surface friction.
While landfall is often the most destructive phase of a cyclone, it also signals the beginning of the cyclone’s dissipation.
PYQ:
[2015] In the South Atlantic and South Eastern Pacific regions in tropical latitudes, cyclone does not originate. What is the main reason behind this?
The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment has implemented the PM Young Achievers Scholarship Award Scheme for Vibrant India (PM-YASASVI).
About PM-YASASVI Scheme
Details
Launch Year
2021-22
Purpose
To provide financial assistance and educational support to students from Other Backward Classes (OBC), Economically Backward Classes (EBC), and De-notified Tribes (DNT).
Eligibility Criteria
• Students from OBC, EBC, and DNT(Denotified Tribes) categories
• Annual family income up to ₹2.50 lakh
• Additional criteria may apply based on specific schemes.
Benefits
• Scholarships for pre-matriculation (Class 9-10) and post-matriculation (higher studies)
• Covers tuition, hostel expenses, and academic costs
• Hostel facilities for OBC students
• Promotes educational advancement for marginalized communities.
Scholarship Amounts
• Class 9 and Class 10: ₹75,000 annually
• Class 11 and Class 12: ₹1,25,000 annually
Selection Criteria
• Based on performance in the YASASVI Entrance Test (YET) conducted by the National Testing Agency (NTA)
Application Process
• Applications submitted online through the National Scholarship Portal (scholarships.gov.in)
Significance
Promotes inclusivity and social progress by supporting students from OBC, EBC, and DNT backgrounds in their educational pursuits.
To encourage ships to adopt technologies and practices that minimize emissions, contributing to air quality improvement and climate change mitigation.
How effective is ESI to reduce emissions, and what metrics are used to evaluate this effectiveness?
The ESI provides a framework for incentivizing ships based on their environmental performance, specifically targeting reductions in air emissions such as CO2, SOx, and NOx.
The effectiveness of the ESI is evaluated using specific metrics, including a ship’s ESI score, which is derived from factors such as engine efficiency, fuel quality, and the implementation of emission reduction technologies.
The ESI enables ports to analyze the overall impact of green shipping initiatives through aggregated data on participating vessels.
What are the future developments planned for the ESI?
Future plans include expanding metrics to cover additional pollutants and carbon intensity for a more comprehensive environmental assessment.
Enhancements in digital reporting for easier tracking of emissions data and performance analytics.
Planned updates will aim to support the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) 2050 decarbonization targets, including zero-emission technology.
How will they align with global maritime regulations aimed at decarbonization?
ESI updates will align with IMO’s MARPOL Annex VI regulations on pollutant emissions and greenhouse gases (GHG).
ESI’s future adaptations will address carbon intensity targets and promote alternative fuels like ammonia and hydrogen, in line with IMO’s goal of net-zero GHG emissions by 2050.
The ESI is part of the broader World Ports Sustainability Program (WPSP), promoting sustainability in port operations and low-carbon maritime trade.
ESI aims to further incentivize the adoption of energy-efficient engines, battery systems, and hybrid propulsion to support long-term emission reduction.
PYQ:
[2015] With reference to ‘Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC)’, consider the following statements:
It was established very recently in response to incidents of piracy and accidents of oil spills.
It is an alliance meant for maritime security only.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Recent research has revealed a surprising finding about Betelgeuse (which was believed to explode): the star’s unusual brightening and dimming patterns may be influenced by an unseen companion star.
About Betelgeuse
Betelgeuse is a red supergiant star in the Orion constellation, marking Orion’s left shoulder.
It is among the brightest and largest stars visible in the night sky, located about 650 light-years from Earth.
The star is nearing the end of its life, and when it dies, its explosion is expected to be visible during the day for several weeks.
Betelgeuse is vast, measuring more than 700 million miles (1.2 billion kilometers) in diameter.
Known for its periodic dimming and brightening, Betelgeuse has two distinct pulsation cycles:
A short-term cycle of about one year.
A longer six-year cycle called a long secondary period.
Researchers believe this longer cycle may be caused by Betelbuddy (an unseen companion star) moving through the dust surrounding Betelgeuse.
Indicators and Scientific Evidence
Betelgeuse’s cyclic dimming and brightening patterns indicate it is nearing the end of its life.
Its massive size and expansion as a red supergiant suggest it is in a late stellar stage.
Cooling surface temperature and mass loss through stellar winds signal increasing instability.
Spectral analysis shows heavy elements in Betelgeuse’s layers, typical of late-stage fusion.
An unseen companion star, or “Betelbuddy,” may be influencing its brightness and internal structure.
Potential Effects of Betelgeuse’s Supernova on Earth and Our Solar System
Betelgeuse’s supernova will likely be visible in daylight for weeks and brighter than the Moon at night.
At 650 light-years away, dangerous radiation would dissipate before reaching Earth, posing no harm.
Space missions and satellites may experience minor interference from increased cosmic rays.
The explosion will enrich the interstellar medium with heavy elements, contributing to new star formation.
The supernova will provide valuable scientific insights into stellar life cycles and cosmic element formation.
PYQ:
[2017] The terms ‘Event Horizon’, ‘Singularity’, ‘String Theory’ and ‘Standard Model’ are sometimes seen in the news in the context of:
(a) Observation and understanding of the Universe
(b) Study of the solar and the lunar eclipses
(c) Placing satellites in the orbit of the Earth
(d) Origin and evolution of living organisms on the Earth
A commemorative postage stamp was released at the historic Kittur Rani Channamma Stage within the Kittur Fort premises to mark the 200th anniversary of Kittur Vijayotsava.
About Kittur Rani Chennamma
Rani Chennamma was born in 1778 in Kakati, Belgaum (now Karnataka).
She was trained in horse riding, sword fighting, and archery from an early age.
She married Mallasarja Desai, the ruler of Kittur, a small principality in Karnataka.
The Kittur Uprising (1824):
The British East India Company refused to recognize her adopted son, Shivalingappa, as the rightful successor under the Doctrine of Lapse.
She declared war on the British in response to their annexation attempt.
In October 1824, she led the Kittur army against 20,000 British soldiers stationed near the Kittur Fort.
During the battle, British official John Thackery was killed, and the Company forces faced significant losses.
After initial resistance, British forces returned in December 1824 with a larger army.
Despite her courageous efforts, Rani Chennamma was captured along with her forces and imprisoned.
She was held captive in Bailhongal Fort, where she spent her remaining years. She died in captivity in 1829.
Legacy and Significance
Rani Chennamma is celebrated as one of the first women in Indian history to lead an anti-colonial uprising.
She is revered as a symbol of courage, patriotism, and resistance against colonial oppression.
She is honored in Kannada folklore, particularly through lavani (folk songs) that celebrate her bravery and sacrifice.
Statues have been erected across Karnataka, including a prominent one in Bengaluru’s Parliament House.
Doctrine of Lapse
Introduced by Lord Dalhousie in 1848, the Doctrine aimed at expanding British territories in India.
The policy was based on the principle that a princely state without a suitable heir should become part of the British Empire.
Applied to princely states where the ruler died without a natural or legally adopted male heir, enabling the British to annex those states.
The policy was seen as illegitimate by many Indian rulers and played a role in the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
Several states annexed due to this Doctrine, include Satara (1848), Jaitpur (1849), Sambalpur (1849), Udaipur (1850), Jhansi (1853), and Nagpur (1854).
Prior to the Doctrine of Lapse, princely states had a traditional practice of selecting an heir from a group of candidates known as bhajans.
The policy was abandoned in 1859, two years after the end of the Company Rule in India.
PYQ:
[2013] Defying the barriers of age, gender and religion, the Indian women became the torch bearer during the struggle for freedom in India. Discuss.
[2014] What was/were the object/objects of Queen Victoria’s Proclamation (1858)?
To disclaim any intention to annex Indian States
To place the Indian administration under the British Crown
To regulate East India Company’s trade with India
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
UPSC (Union Public Service Commission) exam is conducted to select candidates for various administrative posts in India like IAS, IPS, IFS, IRS, and more. It is considered the most prestigious exam as successful candidates are inducted into the top bureaucrat positions across the Indian administration. However, there is a general perception that UPSC is one of the world’s toughest exams.
Is the UPSC exam tough? Given the fierce competition, many stages of the examination, the vast syllabus, and low success rates, it is a difficult exam. On average, 12-15 lakh people apply every year, out of which, only 1000 people make it. Since 2007, UPSC prelims also have had negative scores. So, Is the UPSC exam tough? Perhaps. Let’s explore what makes it the world’s toughest exam.
UPSC Exam Pattern 2025
Stages
Name
No. of Papers
Type of Exam
Total Marks
Stage 1
UPSC Prelims
2 Papers
Objective
400
Stage 2
UPSC Mains
9 Papers
Descriptive
1750
Stage 3
UPSC Interview
In-Person with Interview Panel
Personality Test
275
The final merit list is prepared based on the total marks obtained in three stages, which is 2025.
Is the UPSC Exam Tough?
Before answering the question, we must explore the nature of the UPSC exam.
UPSC Exam Structure
The UPSC exam pattern is one aspect that leads to the question, “Is the UPSC exam tough?” The UPSC exam has three stages: UPSC Prelims, UPSC Mains, and UPSC Interview.
Candidates can get eliminated at any stage. UPSC Prelims is a qualifying exam, where attaining minimum marks is necessary to advance to UPSC Mains. Of course, the difficulty level increases at every stage. While the UPSC Prelims are purely objective, UPSC mains are purely descriptive. Even though many candidates clear the first two stages, most get rejected at the interview stage, which is an in-person test.
Moreover, the UPSC exam pattern has evolved and continues to evolve, maintaining unpredictability for aspirants. So, is the UPSC exam tough given its exam pattern? There is indeed a general perception among seekers due to this rigorous exam pattern.
Competitive Levels
Every year, lakhs of candidates compete for around 1000 UPSC posts. Only a quarter make it to the UPSC Mains. Of these, only around 15% clear the UPSC Mains and advance to the interview stage. The UPSC interview stage has a 50% rejection rate. Finally, around 1% make it to the final merit list.
For example, in 2023, an estimated 13,00,000 candidates applied for 1,255 vacancies available. The pass percentage is also very low. In 2019, only 829 cleared the UPSC (three stages) against the applied 1,135,261.
The fierce competition for the UPSC is due to the limited number of attempts. A general category aspirant has a maximum of 6 attempts in his lifetime, after which they can’t apply for the exam. That is why the competition levels soar every year.
Is the UPSC exam tough? Turns out. But with the right strategy and dedication, you can always be in that 1% of candidates.
The Nature of the UPSC Syllabus
The vastness of the UPSC Syllabus is another factor that leads to the question “Is the UPSC exam tough?”. Unlike many other competitive exams, where knowledge in one or two specific subjects is sufficient, UPSC aspirants need to cover a large amount of syllabus. Moreover, though the syllabus is outlined by the official examination board, there is no pin-pointed study material to cover the syllabus. Which makes the UPSC syllabus less tangible, adding to the difficulty level of the exam.
Subjective Evaluation
While UPSC Prelims has an objective type exam with clearly defined marks and evaluation criteria, UPSC Mains is a descriptive exam with no defined evaluation criteria. It is strictly a subjective evaluation based on the effectiveness of answer-writing. That makes many candidates raise the question “Is the UPSC exam tough?”. There is no standard for evaluating the responses of a candidate in the UPSC mains. It depends on the examiner’s judgement, making it very difficult.
UPSC Preparation Time
Is the UPSC exam tough? Yes, its lengthy preparation time contributes to this perception. Candidates typically spend around a year studying, though some may take ten months or up to a year and a half. Despite its challenges, with the right strategy and focused preparation, success is possible.
Length of the Exam
The unique aspect of the UPSC exam is its duration. The total exam through three stages lasts over a year. During this time, candidates have to remain focused without any distractions, while handling the constant mental pressure that might arise. Is the UPSC tough? It is so if you are not prepared for the long duration of the exam. If you can maintain enthusiasm throughout and enjoy the process of the exam, you can succeed.
Is the UPSC Prelims Tougher than Mains?
Many candidates find the UPSC Prelims tougher than the Mains. It is due to the challenging objective questions and the negative marking, which heightens the pressure. Is the UPSC exam tough? The Prelims require quick thinking and time management, while the Mains focus on in-depth knowledge and analytical writing, making both stages uniquely demanding.
How Difficult is the UPSC?
Despite the challenges of the exam, many toppers have admitted that cracking the UPSC will not be difficult with the right preparation strategy, focus, and healthy life. First of all, UPSC aspirants must start preparation in the early stages itself. Ideally, they can start during their final years of the degree.
They must understand the syllabus well, for example, by dividing it into static and dynamic parts. While static parts like Indian and World History, Geography, etc., remain the same, current affairs form the dynamic part. They have to focus on the up-to-date events more closely. With such strategies, it is possible to handle the journey more easily.
Conclusion
So, Is the UPSC exam tough? It is undeniably challenging due to its extensive syllabus, fierce competition, and subjective evaluation. But it is not impossible to crack. Candidates who approach their preparation with a strategic mindset and a positive attitude can navigate the complexities of the exam. Recognising both the difficulties and the growth opportunities, aspirants can transform the challenge of the UPSC into a rewarding journey towards their goals in public service.
FAQs
Why UPSC is tough?
UPSC is tough due to its vast syllabus, intense competition, and multi-stage exam process. It requires deep conceptual understanding, analytical thinking, and consistent preparation to clear its prelims, mains, and interview stages. However, with adequate preparation and strategy approaching the UPSC becomes easier.
Is the UPSC exam tougher than the NEET?
Yes, the UPSC exam is considered tougher than NEETbecause of its broader syllabus and the complexity of questions. Unlike NEET, which focuses on medical subjects for undergraduate admission, UPSC covers diverse topics. UPSC syllabus requires a deeper understanding and analytical thinking across multiple stages of the exam.
Moreover, even after clearing the UPSC exam, candidates may get rejected at the interview stage. But clearing NEET is enough to get admission to a top-tier medical university.
Is the UPSC exam tougher than the JEE?
Yes, the UPSC exam is considered tougher than the JEE due to its higher competition, unpredictable paper patterns, and vast syllabus. Additionally, the UPSC exam spans nearly a year, while the JEE exam is only for a few hours of duration. The success rates also show a large variation in UPSC compared to the JEE.
Is UPSC the toughest exam in the world?
Yes, the UPSC exam is considered one of the toughest in the world. This is due to the vast syllabus, unpredictable questions, and low success rate. The selection process is challenging, where subjective evaluation is involved, unlike any other exam. Aspirants must master diverse subjects, including current affairs, making it difficult to crack.
Which UPSC exam is easy?
The UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Exam is often considered easier than the Mains and Interview stages, as it focuses on objective-type questions. However, it still requires extensive preparation and strategic thinking.
Is UPSC tougher than CA?
Comparing UPSC and CA reveals distinct challenges. CA focuses heavily on accounting, finance, and taxation, requiring specialised expertise. In contrast, UPSC tests a wide range of topics, including history, geography, and current affairs. The level of difficulty largely depends on a candidate’s strengths and interests.
Q) Human right activists constantly highlight the fact that the Armed forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958 (AFSPA) is a draconian act leading to cases of human right abuses by security forces. What sections of AFSPA are opposed by the activists. Critically evaluate the requirement with reference to the view held by Apex Court. (UPSC CSE 2015)
Q) Analyze internal security threats and transborder crimes along Myanmar, Bangladesh and Pakistan borders including Line of Control (LoC). Also discuss the role played by various security forces in this regard. (UPSC CSE 2020)
Q) Assess the main administrative issues and socio-cultural problems in the integration process of Indian Princely States. (UPSC CSE 2021)
Mentor’s Comment: Since 2012, there has been a constant demand led by the Scheduled Tribes Demand Committee of Manipur (STDCM) for granting the Scheduled Tribe (ST) status to the Meitei community. On 20 April 2023, a judge of the Manipur High Court directed the state government to consider the request of the Meitei community to be included in the Scheduled Tribes (ST) list. The Kuki community feared that the ST status would allow the Meiteis to purchase land in the prohibited hilly areas and hence the total shutdown began.
The ongoing crisis in Manipur, a northeastern state of India, highlights the complexities of managing ethnic diversity in a region marked by historical grievances and socio-political dynamics. Today’s editorial examines the roots of the conflict, the government’s response, and potential pathways to peace.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
Since May 2023, over 250 people have died, and tens of thousands have been displaced due to ongoing ethnic clashes primarily between the Meitei and Kuki communities. The violence has intensified again, with at least 11 casualties reported in September 2024.
What are the historical and socio-political factors contributing to the Manipur crisis?
1) Historical Factors:
Colonial Legacy: Manipur was an independent kingdom before British colonization. In the year 1891 Manipur became a Princely State under British Rule after the Anglo-Manipur War.
Later, the Britishers employed a “divide and rule” strategy, which resulted in tensions between the valley-dwelling Meitei and the hill tribes, including the Kukis and Nagas.
Forced Merger into India: In 1947, Maharaja Budhachandra signed a Treaty of Accession merging Manipur into India. This merger occurred without adequate consultation with local leaders, leading to widespread discontent among various ethnic groups.
Insurgency and Ethnic Clashes: The rise of insurgent groups in the 1960s and 1970s, fueled by demands for autonomy or independence, has led to ongoing violence.
The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) was introduced in 1980 to manage insurgency but has resulted in increased militarization and human rights abuses, further inflaming local grievances.
2) Socio-Political Factors
Ethnic Identity and Land Rights: Conflicts over land ownership and ethnic identity are central to the crisis. The Meitei community’s recent demand for Scheduled Tribe status has intensified fears among Kukis and Nagas regarding their rights and land security.
Government Policies: Central government policies perceived as favoring certain ethnic groups have led to resentment among others. For instance, the withdrawal from Suspension of Operations agreements with Kuki militant groups has raised tensions.
Economic Disparities: Developmental disparities between the valley and hill regions have fueled resentment, as marginalized communities feel neglected by state initiatives.
Drug Trade and Economic Exploitation: The proximity to theGolden Triangle and porous international borders make Manipur vulnerable to drug trafficking and other cross-border criminal activities.
2023 Violence: A court order regarding Scheduled Tribe status for the Meiteis sparked violent protests, leading to significant casualties and displacement. This incident underscores the fragile nature of inter-community relations in Manipur.
How has the Indian government’s response impacted the situation in Manipur?
Military Deployment: The government deployed approximately 17,000 troops and this heavy military presence led to allegations of human rights abuses and a deepening trust deficit between the state and local communities.
Curfews were imposed across multiple districts which disrupted daily life and hindered communication among communities.
Central Government’s 100-Day Plan: The resolution of the Manipur conflict is part of the new National Democratic Alliance (NDA) government’s 100-day plan. It has also faced criticism for being slow and lacking transparency regarding concrete actions.
Humanitarian Response: The government has initiated compensation packages for affected farmers but faces challenges in addressing the broader humanitarian needs of displaced populations.
Long-Term Stability Concerns: The situation is compounded by geopolitical factors involving neighboring countries like Myanmar and Bangladesh, necessitating innovative solutions from the government to ensure long-term peace in the region.
Constitutional Provisions:
• The Indian Constitution uniquely addresses diversity through special provisions for various states, including Jammu and Kashmir, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Nagaland, Assam, Manipur, Andhra Pradesh, Sikkim, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, and Karnataka. • The specialprovisions aim to ensure equitable development and safeguard cultural identities that seek to reconcile competing interests in northeastern states by institutionalizing power-sharing and representation, promoting autonomy in governance. •Article 371F (introduced after Sikkim’s accession in 1975), empowers Parliament to protect the rights of various population sections and grants the Governor special responsibilities for socio-economic advancement. • The Supreme Court upheld Article 371F in the R.C. Poudyal case (1993), justifying increased representation for the Bhutia-Lepcha community based on historical context and the need for political stability. • Given the increasing violence and displacement in regions like Manipur, revisiting these constitutional provisions is crucial for national interest and social harmony.
CASE STUDY:
•Tripura is a model of peace achieved via constitutional measures during its insurgency, particularly through the 6th Schedule, which grants autonomy to tribal areas. Itempowered district councils to legislate on education, land use, and social customs. •Tripura Accord (1988) reserved one-third of State Assembly seats for Scheduled Tribes, exceeding their population proportion. Unlike Tripura, Manipur is governed by Article 371C, which lacks similar provisions for tribal autonomy and requires Hill Area Committee approval for governance matters.
What Manipur needs to do?
In light of the unique challenges faced by Manipur, it is essential to recognize that, unlike other northeastern states, its District Council lacks veto power, leading to heightened anxieties over over-representation and resource allocation.
Thus, true peace and solutions for diversity must be cultivated through Constitutional evolution and Democratic processes, rather than superficial measures.
The Supreme Court reserved its decision on appeals challenging the Allahabad HC’s verdict, which declared the Uttar Pradesh Board of Madarsa Education Act, 2004 as ‘Unconstitutional’.
What is the UP Madarsa Education Act of 2004?
The UP Board of Madarsa Education Act, 2004, was enacted to establish a regulatory framework for madrasas in the state.
Aim: To ensure the delivery of quality education in these institutions while aligning them with constitutional principles.
Key Provisions: The Act set up the Uttar Pradesh Board of Madarsa Education, responsible for prescribing curricula, conducting examinations, and certifying students in registered madrasas.
State Involvement: It allowed the government to provide grants, regulate the functioning of madrasas, and inspect their adherence to standards, ensuring uniformity and compliance with educational norms.
On what grounds did the Allahabad HC declare the Madarsa Act as ‘Unconstitutional’?
Violation of Secularism: The Allahabad High Court ruled that the Act violated the principle of secularism, which is a fundamental aspect of the Indian Constitution.
The court held that the state’s direct involvement in the administration and funding of religious institutions like madrasas contradicted the secular character enshrined in the Constitution.
Equality Before Law: The Act was also found to contravene Article 14, which ensures equality before the law.
The court noted that providing special educational arrangements for madrasas amounted to favoring a particular religious community, which was deemed discriminatory against others.
What are the key arguments on the Constitutionality of the Madarsa Education Act before the SC?
For the Act’s Constitutionality:
Promoting Educational Rights: Petitioners argued that the Act was intended to improve the quality of education in madrasas by incorporating modern subjects, thereby fulfilling the state’s obligation under Article 21A (Right to Education).
Minority Rights Protection: They contended that the Act safeguarded the rights of religious and linguistic minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice under Article 30.
Against the Act’s Constitutionality:
State Involvement in Religious Education: Critics argued that the state’s involvement in regulating and funding madrasas blurred the line between state and religion, thus it leads to violating the secular framework.
Discriminatory Approach: It was contended that the Act granted privileges to one community’s educational institutions, potentially discriminating against others.
Alternative Educational Models: The state’s direct regulation of madrasas was seen as unnecessary when secular education could be provided through other existing educational frameworks.
What are the wider Implications of the SC’s decision on the Madarsa Education Act?
Impact on Minority Educational Rights: If the Supreme Court upholds the Act, it may strengthen the right of minorities to receive state support for their educational institutions.
Conversely, striking down the Act could set a precedent for limiting state involvement in religious institutions.
Revisiting the Secularism Principle: The ruling could lead to a reassessment of how secularism is interpreted, particularly concerning state interactions with minority educational institutions.
Implications for Other Religious Schools: The judgment could have broader ramifications for other religious institutions that receive government aid or regulation, potentially prompting similar legal challenges.
Integration of Madrasas into Mainstream Education: If the Act is declared unconstitutional, the state may need to find alternative ways to integrate madrasa students into the formal educational system without compromising on their cultural and religious needs.
What reforms are necessary to modernize madrasa education and address public perceptions?
Curriculum Integration: Need to introduce a balanced curriculum that combines religious studies with modern subjects like science, mathematics, and social studies to make madrasa education more holistic and aligned with mainstream education standards.
Teacher Training and Certification: Ensure that madrasa teachers receive proper training in contemporary pedagogy and modern subjects.
Infrastructure Development: Improve madrasa facilities to provide a conducive learning environment. This includes better classrooms, libraries, laboratories, and access to technology for digital learning.
Monitoring and Evaluation: Establish a framework to regularly assess and monitor the quality of education in madrasas.
Vocational and Skill-Based Training: Incorporate vocational courses and skill development programs to equip students with practical skills that can improve their employability.
Awareness Programs: Need to run awareness campaigns to inform the community about the value of modernizing madrasa education.
Way forward:
Reform the Act to Align with Secular Principles: Amend the Act to focus on educational standards without direct state involvement in religious affairs, ensuring compliance with constitutional values of secularism and equality.
Promote Inclusive Educational Models: Integrate madrasa education into the mainstream system by introducing modern subjects while respecting cultural and religious contexts, allowing students to benefit from both secular and religious education.
Back2Basics: Minority Educational Institutions in India:
Details
Constitutional Provision
Article 30(1) of the Constitution of India grants linguistic and religious minorities the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.
Legislative Framework
National Commission for Minority Educational Institutions Act, 2004 safeguards the educational rights of minorities as per Article 30(1).
Definition
A “Minority Educational Institution” is defined as a college or institution established or maintained by a person or group from amongst the minorities (Section 2(g) of the Act).
Judicial Precedent
In T.M.A. Pai Foundation vs. State of Karnataka (2002), the Supreme Court ruled that minority status is determined by state demographics, not national population.
Rights of Minority Institutions
Article 29 protects the interests of minorities by allowing them to conserve their distinct language, script, or culture.
Minority institutions do not have an absolute right to appoint staff;
This was upheld in the context of the West Bengal Madrasah Service Commission Act, 2008.
Recognized Minority Communities
Muslims, Sikhs, Christians, Buddhists, Jains, and Zoroastrians (Parsis) are recognized as minority communities under the National Commission for Minorities Act of 1992.
Significance
Minority educational institutions play a crucial role in preserving the cultural and linguistic heritage of minority communities while providing access to education.
Mains PYQ:
Q National Education Policy 2020 conforms with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient the education system in India. Critically examine the statement. (UPSC IAS/2020)
For the upcoming Annual Climate Change meeting set to take place in Baku (Azerbaijan), on November 11, countries are currently gathered in Cali, Colombia, for the biennial UN Biodiversity Conference.
What is the significance of COP16 in the context of Global biodiversity?
Post-Kunming-Montreal Framework Implementation: COP16 is the first meeting after the adoption of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) in 2022, which set ambitious targets for biodiversity conservation, including the 30 x 30 initiative (conserving 30% of lands and oceans by 2030).
Elevated Focus on Biodiversity: The conference seeks to bring biodiversity discussions to the forefront, similar to climate change negotiations, acknowledging the interconnectedness of biodiversity and climate crises.
Strengthening Global Commitments: COP16 aims to accelerate actions to halt biodiversity loss and set the stage for tracking the implementation of the GBF’s goals and targets, emphasizing the urgency of reversing ecosystem degradation.
Key Agendas for COP16:
30 x 30 Targets: A key focus will be expediting progress on the 30 x 30 goals, ensuring protected areas cover at least 30% of lands and oceans, and initiating restoration in at least 30% of degraded ecosystems.
National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs): Countries will discuss and submit their NBSAPs, outlining time-bound actions to achieve GBF targets. Only 32 out of 196 countries have submitted NBSAPs so far.
Access and Benefit Sharing (Nagoya Protocol): Negotiations will continue on sharing the benefits from genetic resources, particularly the use of digital genetic information, ensuring fair distribution of profits, especially to indigenous communities.
High Seas Treaty Alignment: Discussions will focus on the agreement for the conservation of marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdictions, including establishing protected marine areas and equitable sharing of resources.
Financing Biodiversity Conservation: Mobilizing $200 billion per year by 2030, including $20-30 billion annually from developed to developing countries, will be a key topic.
How will countries align their NBSAPs with the Global Biodiversity Framework?
Time-Bound Action Plans: NBSAPs will mirror the approach of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement, setting national goals aligned with the GBF’s targets to halt and reverse biodiversity loss by 2030.
Monitoring and Reporting: Countries will have to ensure that their NBSAPs reflect the GBF’s goals and include mechanisms for tracking progress, adapting strategies, and reporting regularly to the CBD Secretariat.
Integrating Regional Priorities: The NBSAPs will need to account for country-specific biodiversity challenges and regional ecological characteristics while aligning with the global targets set under the Kunming-Montreal Framework.
What role do various stakeholders play in achieving the objectives set out at COP16?
National Governments: Responsible for formulating and implementing NBSAPs, mobilizing financial resources, and creating policies that align with the GBF’s goals.
Indigenous and Local Communities: Vital for implementing conservation initiatives, especially in biodiversity-rich areas, and ensuring the fair sharing of benefits derived from traditional knowledge and resources.
Private Sector and Corporations: Expected to contribute to financing biodiversity conservation, adopt sustainable practices, and support the development of biodiversity credits and conservation-related projects.
International Organizations and NGOs: Will play a role in monitoring progress, providing technical assistance, advocating for biodiversity-friendly policies, and raising awareness about the importance of biodiversity conservation.
Scientific and Academic Institutions: Crucial for research, data collection, and providing evidence-based recommendations to guide biodiversity conservation strategies and the sustainable use of natural resources.
Way forward: India needs to enhance it’s regulatory frameworks and establish robust monitoring mechanisms to ensure the effective implementation of biodiversity conservation goals, including the 30 x 30 targets, and prevent the exploitation of ecosystems.
Previous Years Question:
Q). Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India in this conference? (UPSC CSE 2021)
Q). Explain the purpose of the Green Grid Initiative launched at World Leaders Summit of the COP26 UN Climate Change Conference in Glasgow in November, 2021. When was this idea first floated in the International Solar Alliance (ISA)? (UPSC CSE 2021)
A nine-judge Constitution Bench, with an 8:1 majority, affirmed the authority of State legislatures to regulate industrial alcohol.
What is the definition of “intoxicating liquor” with industrial alcohol?
The SC’s ruling established that the term “intoxicating liquor” in Entry 8 of the State List should be interpreted broadly to include not only potable alcohol but also industrial alcohol, such as rectified spirit, extra neutral alcohol (ENA), and denatured spirit.
This definition extends beyond the popular meaning of “intoxicating liquor” as alcoholic beverages meant for consumption.
Public Health Consideration: The ruling emphasized that alcohol, in any form, is a noxious substance prone to misuse. Hence, industrial alcohol, which can potentially be diverted for the production of illicit or harmful alcoholic beverages, falls under the regulatory domain of the States to protect public health and safety.
Legal Precedent: The Court cited previous decisions where the interpretation of “intoxicating liquor” was not confined to just alcoholic beverages but also included forms of alcohol that could be detrimental to health if used improperly.
How does this ruling impact the balance of power between state and central governments?
Strengthening State Autonomy: The ruling affirms that States have the legislative competence to regulate industrial alcohol according to Entry 8 of the State List.
By upholding the States’ right to regulate industrial alcohol, the judgment reinforces federalism and the autonomy of State legislatures in matters that fall within the ambit of their constitutional authority.
This challenges the Centre’s claim to exclusive control over industrial alcohol under Entry 52 of the Union List, which pertains to industries regulated by the Union for public interest.
Restriction on Centre’s Authority: The judgment limits the Union government’s power and clarifies that Parliament’s control over industries under Entry 52 is limited and does not extend to regulating industrial alcohol in its entirety.
How does it impact the state revenues and public health?
State Revenues: The ruling potentially enhances States’ power to levy taxes and fees related to the production, manufacture, and sale of industrial alcohol. This could result in increased revenue generation from excise duties on alcohol-based products and licensing fees.
Public Health Regulation: Having greater regulatory control over the production and distribution of industrial alcohol will help the states curb the misuse of substances like rectified spirit and ENA in the production of illicit liquor. This can improve public health outcomes by reducing instances of alcohol poisoning and illicit liquor-related deaths.
Policy Formulation: The judgment may prompt States to strengthen policies and enforcement mechanisms regarding alcohol regulation, ensuring that industrial alcohol is not diverted for unauthorized uses.
Way forward:
Strengthen Regulatory Framework: States should enhance monitoring and enforcement mechanisms to prevent the diversion of industrial alcohol for illicit uses, ensuring strict compliance with safety standards and public health protections.
Collaborative Policy Development: The Centre and States should work together to harmonize regulations, balancing State autonomy with national interests, while focusing on safeguarding public health and optimizing revenue generation from alcohol-related activities.
Previous Year Question:
Q) It is a State where prohibition is in force. You are recently appointed as the Superintendent of Police of a district notorious for illicit distillation of liquor. The illicit liquor leads to many deaths, reported and unreported, and causes a major problem for the district authorities. The approach till now had been to view it as a law and order problem and tackle it accordingly. Raids, arrests, police cases, and criminal trials – all these had only limited impact. The problem remains as serious as ever. Your inspections show that the parts of the district where the distillation flourishes are economically, industrially, and educationally backward. Agriculture is badly affected by poor irrigation facilities. Frequent clashes among communities gave a boost to illicit distillation. No major initiatives had taken place in the past either from the government’s side or from social organizations to improve the lot of the people. Which new approach will you adopt to bring the problem under control? (UPSC CSE 2018)
The Supreme Court has overturned the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal’s (NCLAT) order that approved a deal between an edtech firm and the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) to settle an overdue payment.
Three-Judge Bench Observations in Byju’s Case
The Supreme Court’s bench, led by CJI, noted that there were procedural lapses in the settlement process between Byju’s and the BCCI.
The settlement occurred without the approval of the Insolvency Resolution Professional (IRP), who was responsible for overseeing Byju’s affairs following his appointment by the NCLT.
The bench ruled that the NCLAT’s approval of the settlement, issued in August 2024, was invalid due to the lack of necessary approvals from the IRP.
About National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT):
Details
Establishment
Established on 1 June 2016 under the Companies Act, 2013.
Purpose
Serves as an appellate authority to hear appeals against orders of the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT).
Jurisdiction
Hears appeals related to:
– Decisions made by NCLT
– Orders of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI)
– Orders from the Competition Commission of India (CCI).
Appeals to Supreme Court
Decisions of NCLAT can be appealed to the Supreme Court of India.
Composition
Comprises a Chairperson and other members appointed by the central government, with the Chairperson typically being a retired judge of the Supreme Court or High Court.
Functions
Reviews and adjudicates matters related to company law and insolvency, ensuring justice against NCLT orders.
Location
Headquartered in New Delhi.
Significance
Plays a critical role in corporate governance, maintaining transparency and accountability in the corporate sector.
Relationship with NCLT
NCLT acts as the adjudicating authority, while NCLAT provides a platform for appeals, ensuring a checks-and-balances system.
Integration with IBC
Supports the objectives of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016, streamlining insolvency resolution processes.
PYQ:
[2018] How far do you agree with the view that tribunals curtail the jurisdiction of ordinary courts? In view of the above, discuss the constitutional validity and competency of the tribunals in India.
Lahore was declared the world’s most polluted city by air quality monitor IQAir, with an Air Quality Index (AQI) of 394, considered hazardous by global standards.
Delhiranks 2nd, recording an AQI of 204, also classified as “very unhealthy.”
Lahore’s AQI value exceeds the World Health Organisation (WHO) guideline by over 55.6 times.
Primary Causes of Lahore’s Severe Air Pollution:
Stubble Burning: Farmers in Punjab (India and Pakistan) burn crop residue, especially after rice harvesting, during winter to prepare fields for wheat cultivation.
Vehicular Emissions: The rise in the number of vehicles in Lahore, along with the use of low-quality fuel, results in high levels of PM2.5 emissions, a major contributor to air pollution.
Industrial Pollution: Factories and brick kilns in and around Lahore emit harmful pollutants, including particulate matter, adding to the city’s poor air quality.
Geography and Weather Conditions: Lahore’s location in a low-lying region and its geography, surrounded by hills, leads to temperature inversion during the winter, trapping pollutants near the surface and preventing their natural dispersal.
Coal-Fired Power Plants: Large power plants, such as the 1320MW Sahiwal coal-fired power plant in Punjab, part of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), emit sulphur and other pollutants, significantly contributing to smog and air pollution.
Who Ranks the Most Polluted Cities of the World and How?
IQAir, a Swiss air quality monitoring company, ranks the most polluted cities based on real-time air quality data.
The rankings focus on the concentration of PM2.5 particles, which are small enough to penetrate the lungs and pose serious health risks.
Cities are ranked using the AQI scale (0-500), with AQI above 300 indicating hazardous pollution levels.
IQAir uses data from government agencies, monitoring stations, and low-cost sensors across various regions.
Real-time monitoring allows IQAir to provide up-to-date information about air pollution levels in cities around the world.
The data is compared with WHO standards, which recommend PM2.5 levels below 5 micrograms per cubic meter for healthy air quality.
PYQ:
[2021] Describe the key points of the revised Global Air Quality Guidelines (AQGs) recently released by the World Health Organisation (WHO). How are these different from its last update in 2005? What changes in India’s National Clean Air Programme are required to achieve revised standards?
[2015] Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata are the three Mega cities of the country but the air pollution is much more serious probelm in Delhi as compared to the other two. Why is this so?
Certain variants of the Boeing 737, equipped with a rollout guidance actuator, are being investigated due to concerns about a potential jammed or restricted rudder control system.
The rudder is like the steering tool for an airplane.
It’s part of the tail and helps the plane move left or right, similar to how a boat’s rudder steers on water.
It’s important for making turns, landing in windy conditions, and keeping the plane going straight, especially if one of the engines fails.
What does a Rudder Rollout Guidance Actuator do?
It is a special device that helps the plane control its direction during landings when the plane is flying automatically with the autopilot.
It’s especially useful during landings in bad weather with poor visibility, making sure the plane stays on the correct path on its own.
Why are certain Boeing 737 Planes being checked?
Some Boeing 737 planes are being inspected because of a possible problem with their rudder system, which helps steer the plane during landing.
An issue came up after a United Airlines flight in February 2024 had a situation where the rudder got stuck during landing, and the pilots had to work harder to control the plane.
Investigators found that a part called the rudder rollout guidance actuator might have moisture and corrosion problems, which can cause the rudder to jam.
This problem might affect a small number of Boeing 737 planes that use this system for automatic landings in bad weather.
Bihar has inaugurated the state’s first dry port in Bihta, a town near Patna to boost the export of goods produced in Bihar.
The first export consignment from the Bihta ICD was leather shoes sent to Russia.
What is it?
A dry port, also known as an inland container depot (ICD), is a logistics facility located away from a seaport or airport.
It provides facilities for cargo handling, storage, and transportation of goods, making it easier to manage exports and imports.
The first dry port in India was opened in Varanasi in 2018.
The dry port also acts as a bridge between the inland regions and international shipping routes through major gateway ports.
About Bihta ICD
The Bihta Inland Container Depot (ICD), also known as Bihta dry port, is located in Bihta, a town near Patna, the capital of Bihar.
It operates under a Public-Private Partnership (PPP).
It is fully commissioned and approved by the Department of Revenue, under the Union Ministry of Finance.
It is managed by Pristine Magadh Infrastructure Private Limited in collaboration with the Bihar state industry department.
The Bihta ICD is well connected by railways to gateway ports across India, including:
Kolkata and Haldia in West Bengal.
Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh.
Nhava Sheva in Maharashtra.
Mundra in Gujarat.
It supports transportation of goods to and from eastern India, benefitting not just Bihar but also neighboring states like Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, and Odisha.
PYQ:
[2023] Consider the following pairs:
Port
Well known as
1. Kamarajar Port:
First major port in India registered as a company
2. Mundra Port:
Largest privately owned port in India
3. Visakhapatnam Port:
Largest container port in India
How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?
(a) Only one pair
(b) Only two pairs
(c) All three pairs
(d) None of the pairs
