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  • How good are Modern Telescopes?

    Why in the News?

    Modern telescopes, both on Earth and in space, expand our understanding of the universe by gathering and focusing light from distant celestial bodies, revealing cosmic secrets.

    Modern Telescopes: Everything you need to know

    Primary Functions and Features
    Purpose  • Telescopes serve as windows into space, revealing distant celestial bodies and helping explore the universe.
    • Their primary function is to gather more light than the human eye can, making faint objects visible.
    Types 1. Reflecting Telescopes:
    • Use mirrors to focus light and create images.
    • Most common in large observatories due to the use of parabolic mirrors, which prevent light scattering and offer clear images.
    2. Refracting Telescopes:
    • Use lenses to bend and focus light (Concave and Convex lenses used)
    • Limited by lens size, with a maximum of about 1 meter (e.g., Yerkes Observatory). Large lenses may sag, distorting the image.
    Primary purpose  • Telescopes are designed to collect more light than the human eye.
    • The light-gathering ability is proportional to the size of the aperture (opening).
    • Example: A small 70mm telescope collects 118 times more light than the human eye.

    Features of Telescopes
    Brightness and Magnitude • Celestial objects’ brightness is measured in apparent magnitude (lower numbers = brighter).
    • Examples: Sun (-26.78), Venus (-4.92), Sirius (-1.46), Andromeda Galaxy (+3.44).
    • Small telescopes can detect objects with magnitudes up to +11.2, which are 100 times fainter than what the human eye can see.
    Resolution and Detail • The resolution of a telescope determines how much detail it can show.
    • A small telescope can resolve details 1.47 arcseconds apart (40 times more detail than the human eye, which resolves details 60 arcseconds apart).

    Why are Telescopes set up on Mountains?
    Mountaintop benefits • High-altitude observatories are set up to reduce atmospheric distortion, which affects image quality (e.g., stars twinkling).
    • Space telescopes, like Hubble, are entirely above the atmosphere and provide clear, undistorted images.
    Adaptive Optics • Ground-based telescopes use adaptive optics to correct atmospheric distortions.
    • Lasers create artificial stars, and the telescope adjusts its mirrors to reduce twinkling.

    About the New Segmented Mirrors
    Overcoming Mirror Limitations • Large mirrors (over 8.5 meters) can sag under their own weight.
    • Segmented mirrors solve this by using smaller sections to create larger, effective mirrors (e.g., Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) with a 39.3-meter aperture).
    Notable Telescopes  • Large Binocular Telescope (LBT): Two 8.4-meter mirrors, combined aperture of 11.9 meters.
    • Extremely Large Telescope (ELT): Under construction in Chile, it will have a 39.3-meter aperture.
    • Subaru Telescope (Hawaii): Captured objects with a magnitude of +27.7, 100 million times fainter than what the human eye can see.

     

    PYQ:

    [2015] In the context of modern scientific research, consider the following statements about ‘IceCube’, a particle detector located at South Pole, which was recently in the news:

    1. It is the world’s largest neutrino detector, encompassing a cubic kilometre of ice.

    2. It is a powerful telescope to search for dark matter

    3. It is buried deep in the ice.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 1 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3 only

  • Government scraps Windfall Tax on Crude Oil

    Why in the News?

    The Government of India has scrapped the windfall tax on crude oil, which was previously set at ₹1,850 per tonne.

    What is Windfall Tax?

    Details
    Definition A higher tax levied on companies that earn unexpected and extraordinary profits due to external factors.
    Purpose To capture a portion of excess profits from industries benefiting from global price surges, such as oil.
    Imposition in India Imposed as a Special Additional Excise Duty (SAED) on crude oil production and exports of diesel, petrol, and aviation turbine fuel (ATF).
    Dynamic Tax Rate Revised every 15 days based on international oil prices in the preceding fortnight.
    First Imposed July 1, 2022, during the Russia-Ukraine conflict and post-COVID recovery.
    Application Applies to domestically produced crude oil and exports of diesel, petrol, and ATF.
    Reasons for Imposing
    • Sharp rise in global oil prices due to external factors like the Russia-Ukraine war.
    • Capture supernormal profits of energy companies for public welfare.
    Benefits
    • Generates revenue for public welfare schemes.
    • Ensures fair distribution of profits from market volatility.
    • Stabilizes fuel prices during inflation or supply chain disruptions.

     

    India’s Crude Oil Trade:

    • India is the 3rd largest oil consumer globally, following the US and China.
    • The country relies on imports for 85% of its oil needs, with this dependence expected to increase due to declining domestic production.
    • Russia has become India’s top oil supplier, with imports surging to 1.53 million barrels per day (bpd) in January 2024.
    • Russia (1st) > Iraq (2nd) > Saudi Arabia (3rd)> UAE (4th) – Crude oil export to India 

     

    PYQ:

    [2020] The term ‘West Texas Intermediate’, sometimes found in news, refers to a grade of:

    (a) Crude oil

    (b) Bullion

    (c) Rare earth elements

    (d) Uranium

    [2017] Petroleum refineries are not necessarily located nearer to crude oil producing areas, particularly in many of the developing countries. Explain its implications. (250 words)

  • Women-led development in the Rajya Sabha

    Why in the News?

    During the historic passage of the Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam (Women’s Reservation Bill), 2023, the Vice  President reconstituted the panel to include only women, marking a significant milestone for gender representation in the Upper House.

    What specific measures have been recently taken to promote women’s participation in Rajya Sabha? 

    • Reconstitution of the Vice-Chairpersons Panel: The Chairman of the Rajya Sabha reconstituted the panel to include only women during the historic passage of the Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam (Women’s Reservation Bill), 2023.
    • Increased Representation in the Vice-Chairpersons Panel: The practice of nominating four women members (50% of the panel) was introduced, including significant figures like S. Phangnon Konyak and P.T. Usha.
    • Training of Women Officers for House Duties: Women officers of the Secretariat were trained to perform House duties, breaking the stereotype that these tasks were a male domain. Women now largely manage the Table of the House.
    • Introduction of ‘Vahan’ Application: A system to facilitate safe commutation for women officers working late hours was introduced, ensuring their safety during odd hours.
    • Appointment of Women in Key Roles: Women officers were appointed to key positions in human resources, legislative sections, and parliamentary committees.

    What are the key outcomes from Nari Shakti Adhiniyam (2023)?   

    • 33% Reservation for Women in Legislatures: The Bill reserves 33% of seats for women in the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies, aiming to increase women’s participation in governance.
    • Long-term Impact on Women’s Representation: The Bill ensures that women are better represented in the political process, potentially reshaping the political landscape by empowering women as decision-makers.
    • Women as Key Participants in Development: By providing more opportunities for women in legislatures, it aligns with the goal of women-led development, where women set the agenda for governance and development policies.

    Empowering women not just as beneficiaries but as leaders of development:

    •  Leadership Development Programs: Implement targeted initiatives to cultivate leadership skills among women, enabling them to take active roles in decision-making processes within their communities and organizations.
    • Access to Resources and Opportunities: Ensure women have equitable access to education, financial resources, and training programs, empowering them to drive sustainable development and entrepreneurship.
    • Advocacy and Representation: Promote women’s representation in governance and policy-making, ensuring their voices and perspectives shape development agendas and priorities at all levels.

    Challenges India Faces in Implementing Women-led Development Initiatives:

    • Economic Disparities: Women face significant challenges in accessing financial resources, property rights, and entrepreneurial opportunities, limiting their ability to lead development initiatives.  As per the 2015-16 Agriculture Census, only 13.9% of landowners were women.
    • Political Representation: Despite progress like the Women’s Reservation Bill, women’s political representation at the local and national levels remains below the desired level. Currently, only 82 women serve in India’s Parliament, constituting about 15.2% of the Lok Sabha and 13% of the Rajya Sabha.
    • Safety and Mobility: Ensuring women’s safety and mobility, particularly in public spaces, remains a major challenge. For instance, according to the NCRB report, India recorded over 405,861 cases of crimes against women in 2021, including 32,033 cases of rape.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthening Legal Frameworks and Enforcement: Enhancing the implementation of existing laws, along with stricter penalties for gender-based violence, will ensure a safer environment for women.
    • Promoting Economic Empowerment and Education: Expanding access to education, financial resources, and skill-building opportunities for women can bridge economic disparities, empowering them to take leadership roles in governance, business, and community development.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Discuss the desirability of greater representation to women in the higher judiciary to ensure diversity, equity and inclusiveness. (UPSC IAS/2021)

  • Indian military export to Israel — aiding genocide

    Why in the News?

    A Supreme Court Bench, led by the Chief Justice of India, recently dismissed a petition by former civil servants and activists seeking suspension of military export licenses to Israel during the ongoing conflict.

    India’s Ongoing Exports to Israel

    • India exports military equipment and arms to Israel, which includes both public sector and private sector companies supplying defense-related materials.
    • During the ongoing conflict in Gaza, the Indian government has continued to issue licenses for the export of arms and military equipment to Israel, despite international concerns about potential violations of humanitarian law.
    • India has developed a strong defense relationship with Israel, marked by regular arms deals, military cooperation, and technology transfers.

    How does India’s arms exports to Israel violate the law?

    • Complicity in Genocide: By exporting arms to Israel, India risks being complicit in violations of international humanitarian law, including potential war crimes and genocide committed by Israel, as indicated by various international bodies.
      • As a signatory to the Genocide Convention, India is obligated (Article 1) to prevent genocide and avoid providing aid or assistance to any state engaged in such acts.
    • Indian Constitution: Article 21 of the Indian Constitution guarantees the right to life and personal liberty to citizens as well as to foreigners.
    • International Court of Justice (ICJ) Precedents: ICJ rulings have repeatedly warned states against exporting arms to conflict zones where such weapons might be used to violate international law.

    Genocide Convention (1948)

    • Definition and Purpose: The Genocide Convention, adopted by the United Nations in 1948, aims to prevent and punish acts of genocide, which include killings and other acts intended to destroy, in whole or part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group.
    • Obligations of Signatory States:
      • States party to the Convention are obligated to prevent and punish acts of genocide, both within their territories and in international contexts.
      • Article III of the Convention makes states’ complicity in genocide a punishable offense, meaning states must refrain from providing material or logistical support to nations engaged in genocide.
    • India’s Commitment: India ratified the Genocide Convention, thereby binding itself to these obligations. Under this Convention, India is required to ensure that it is not complicit in such crimes through its actions, including military exports.

    International Pressure and ICJ Opinions

    • ICJ Provisional Measures (2023): In January 2023, the ICJ ordered provisional measures against Israel for violations of the Genocide Convention in the Gaza Strip, including an immediate halt to killings and destruction.
    • Global Response: Many countries like Canada, Spain, and the UK have suspended arms exports to Israel, in compliance with their obligations under international law to prevent genocide and war crimes.
    • India’s Non-Compliance: Despite these international legal obligations and warnings, India continues to provide military aid to Israel, raising questions about its commitment to international humanitarian law.

    Conclusion: India’s continued arms exports to Israel, despite international legal concerns, highlight the delicate balance between strategic defence relations and adherence to international humanitarian obligations under the Genocide and Geneva Conventions.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q India’s relations with Israel have, of late, acquired a depth and diversity, which cannot be rolled back.” Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2018)

  • How do Emergency Provisions impact Centre-State relations?

    Why in the News?

    The recent surge in violence in Manipur has reignited discussions on Centre-State relations and the use of emergency provisions by the Centre.

    What is the federal structure of governance in India?

    • Federal System with Centre-State Powers: India follows a federal structure of governance where powers are divided between the Centre and the States. The Seventh Schedule of the Constitution demarcates subjects under the Union List, State List, and Concurrent List, defining respective jurisdictions.
    • State’s Domain on Law and Order: Maintenance of law and order is primarily the responsibility of State governments, aligning with the decentralized governance model of federalism. States are sovereign in areas assigned to them by the Constitution.
    • Cooperative Federalism: India’s federal structure also emphasises cooperative federalism, where both the Centre and States work together on certain subjects, particularly in the Concurrent List.

    How do Articles 355 and 356 affect Federalism?

    • Article 355 (Duty of the Centre): Article 355 places a constitutional duty on the Union to protect States from external aggression and internal disturbance and to ensure governance as per the Constitution.
    • Article 356 (President’s Rule): Article 356 allows the Centre to impose President’s Rule in a State if there is a failure of the constitutional machinery. This provision can undermine federalism if misused, as it enables the Centre to dismiss a State government and take over its administration.
    • Impact on Federalism:
      • Cooperative Federalism: Article 355 allows the central government for intervention in state matters, which can be seen as a deviation from cooperative federalism.
      • Central Overreach: Historically, Article 356 was often misused to dismiss State governments, leading to concerns over central overreach and the undermining of State autonomy.
    • Judicial Safeguards: The S.R. Bommai case (1994) limited its misuse by subjecting it to judicial review, ensuring it is invoked only in cases of a breakdown of constitutional governance, not merely law and order issues.

    Way forward: 

    • Sarkaria Commission (1987): Suggested that Article 355 grants the Union both the duty and the authority to act to ensure constitutional governance in the States.
    • National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution (2002): Reinforced the need for careful use of emergency provisions, emphasizing the role of Article 355 in providing support and corrective measures.
    • Punchhi Commission (2010): Advocated for the use of Article 356 only in the most critical circumstances and stressed the importance of using Article 355 to address issues before considering the President’s Rule.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Under what circumstances can the Financial Emergency be proclaimed by the President of India? What consequences follow when such a declaration remains in force? (UPSC IAS/2018)

  • NPS Vatsalya Scheme

    Why in the News?

    The Finance Ministry has launched the “NPS Vatsalya scheme” as per the Union Budget 2024-25 announcement.

    About NPS Vatsalya Scheme:

    Details
    Objective To secure children’s financial future by allowing parents to invest in a pension account early on.
    Nodal Agency Managed by Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA)
    Eligibility
    • Indian citizens, NRIs (Non-Resident Indians), and OCIs (Overseas Citizens of India) can open accounts for minors.
    • Parents or guardians.
    Contributions ₹500 per month or ₹6,000 annually
    Benefits offered
    • Contributions benefit from compounding, ensuring long-term wealth growth for the child.
    • At 18, Vatsalya account is converted into a regular NPS account for seamless retirement planning.
    • Promotes long-term financial security and retirement planning for future generations.

     

    PYQ:

    [2017] Who among the following can join the National Pension System (NPS)?

    (a) Resident Indian citizens only

    (b) Persons of age from 21 to 55 only

    (c) All State Government employees joining the services after the date of notification by the respective State Governments

    (d) All Central Government employees including those of Armed Forces joining the services on or after 1st April, 2004

  • Turkey bids to join BRICS

     

    Why in the News?

    • Turkey has officially applied to join the BRICS group after Russia supported its entry. Russia is set to hold the BRICS Summit in Kazan from October 22 to 24, 2024.
      • Malaysia and Thailand had also expressed their interest in joining the expanded BRICS group of emerging economies.

    Turkey’s Geopolitical Position:

    • Joining BRICS could signify Turkey’s foreign policy shift, possibly distancing the country further from its long-standing ambition to join the European Union (EU).
    • Turkey has faced Western criticism for its purchase of Russian S-400 defence systems, its ties with Russia, and its stance on sanctions.
      • Ankara is positioning itself as a middle power that can balance relationships between the West and the Global South.

    What is BRICS?

    Details
    Members BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa)
    Origin Coined by economist Jim O’Neill in 2001 as BRIC, formalised as BRICS in 2010
    Formation First meeting of BRIC Foreign Ministers in 2006. South Africa was invited to join BRIC in December 2010
    Global share of BRICS
    • Population: 41%
    • GDP: 24%
    • Global trade: 16%
    Chairmanship Rotated annually among members, following sequence B-R-I-C-S
    India’s Hosting Hosted the 2021 BRICS Summit
    Key Initiatives
    • New Development Bank (NDB) established in 2014: Approved 70 infrastructure and sustainable development projects
    • Contingent Reserve Arrangement signed in 2014: Aims to forestall short-term balance of payments pressures and strengthen financial stability
    • Customs agreements signed for trade facilitation
    • BRICS Remote Sensing Satellite Constellation initiated in 2021: Involves six existing satellites developed by members
    Expansion
    • Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates joined as new full members on January 1, 2024.
    • Argentina refused to join the BRICS group in 2024
    • Malaysia, Thailand and Turkey have bid for its membership.

     

    PYQ:

    [2014] With reference to a grouping of countries known as BRICS, consider the following statements:

    1. The First Summit of BRICS was held in Rio de Janeiro in 2009.

    2. South Africa was the last to join the BRICS grouping.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) Both 1 and 2

    (d) Neither 1 nor 2

  • [pib] BHASKAR Platform for India’s Startup Ecosystem

    Why in the News?

    The Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, has launched the BHASKAR platform.

    About BHASKAR Platform

    Details
    Platform Name Bharat Startup Knowledge Access Registry (BHASKAR)
    Launched By Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry
    Objective To strengthen India’s startup ecosystem by centralizing resources and facilitating collaboration
    Target Audience Startups, investors, mentors, service providers, and government bodies
    Key Features
    • Networking and Collaboration: Connects startups, investors, and mentors, enabling interaction across sectors.
    • Centralized Access to Resources: Provides instant access to critical tools, knowledge, and resources for startups, enhancing decision-making and growth.
    • Personalized BHASKAR IDs: Each stakeholder (startup, investor, mentor) receives a unique ID for tailored interactions and services.
    • Enhanced Discoverability: Users can easily search and find relevant resources, collaborators, and opportunities using powerful search features.
    • Access to Funding Opportunities: Facilitates connections between startups and potential investors for funding.
    • Global Outreach: Supports cross-border collaborations and fosters India’s global presence in the innovation ecosystem.
    Impact
    • Promotes innovation, entrepreneurship, and job creation
    • Enhances India’s status as a global leader in startups

    Growth of the Startup Ecosystem

    • As of May 2023, India boasts over 99,000 officially recognized startups, making it the third-largest startup ecosystem globally. This growth reflects an increase from 84,012 startups in 2022 and a notable rise from just 452 in 2016.
    • The ecosystem has also produced 108 unicorns, startups valued at over $1 billion, collectively worth approximately $340.80 billion

    PYQ:

    [2015] “Success of ‘Make in India’ program depends on the success of ‘Skill India’ programme and radical labour reforms.” Discuss with logical arguments.

  • Cheetah Action Plan (CAP)

    Cheetah

    Why in the News?

    The Cheetah Action Plan (CAP) which aimed to introduce African cheetahs into India’s Open Natural Ecosystems (ONEs), is completing its two years.

    About Cheetah:

    • The cheetah is a fast-running big cat, and there are two types of Cheetahs globally:
      • African (savannahs, arid mountains, and hilly deserts)
      • Asiatic (desert and semi-desert areas only in Iran)
    • Cheetahs live in three main groups: females with cubs, male coalitions, and solitary males. They hunt during the day, preferring dawn and dusk.
    • The global cheetah population was 6,500 mature individuals (IUCN, 2021).
    • IUCN Status: Vulnerable (Globally) and Critically Endangered (Asiatic Cheetah)

    Cheetah Reintroduction in India:

    • In India, cheetahs disappeared in the early 1950s due to hunting and the loss of their habitat.
    • Cheetahs (i.e. Southeast African Cheetah) from Namibia were reintroduced in Kuno National Park(MP) under the Project Cheetah.
    • This area was deemed a habitat parallel to Maasai Mara (National Park) in Kenya, suitable for cheetahs.

    Current Issues:

    • Despite the initial excitement, all of these cheetahs remain in captivity at Kuno.
    • Unfortunately, no cheetahs are currently roaming freely in the wild, raising concerns about the success of the reintroduction efforts.

    What is Project Cheetah?

    • Aim: To conserve threatened species and restore ecosystem functions. It is spearheaded by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA).
    • The plan involves partnering with other countries to conserve cheetahs, enhancing conservation and eco-tourism in India’s dry forests.
    • The population should reach Kuno National Park’s capacity in 15 years, needing sustained support.
    • Sunset Clause: The concept of a sunset clause in the context of Project Cheetah refers to the long-term criteria (at least 30-40 years) for establishing a viable cheetah population in India.

    PYQ:

    [2012]  Consider the following: (2012)

    1. Black-necked crane
    2. Cheetah
    3. Flying squirrel
    4. Snow leopard

    Which of the above are naturally found in India?

    (a) 1, 2 and 3 only
    (b) 1, 3 and 4 only
    (c) 2 and 4 only
    (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
  • [17th September 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Rights of future generations must guide climate debate

    [17th September 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Rights of future generations must guide climate debate

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q ‘Climate change’ is a global problem. How India will be affected by climate change? How Himalayan and coastal states of India will be affected by climate change? (UPSC CSE 2015)

    Q Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India in this conference? (UPSC CSE 2021)

    Q ‘Clean energy is the order of the day.’ Describe briefly India’s changing policy towards climate change in various international fora in the context of geopolitics. (UPSC CSE 2022)

    Prelims:

    With reference to the ‘Global Climate Change Alliance’, which of the following statements is/are correct?  (UPSC CSE 2017)
    1. It is an initiative of the European Union.
    2. It provides technical and financial support to targeted developing countries to integrate climate change into their development policies and budgets.
    3. It is coordinated by the World Resources Institute (WRI) and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD).
    Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
    (a) 1 and 2 only
    (b) 3 only
    (c) 2 and 3 only
    (d) 1, 2 and 3

    Mentor’s Comment: The alarming trend of breaching planetary boundaries, highlighted by the shift of Earth’s “overshoot day” from 1970 to 2024, underscores the urgent need for immediate action.

    So, what is Earth’s Overshoot Day?

    Earth’s Overshoot Day (30 December 1970), is the day when humanity’s demand for resources exceeds the Earth’s ability to regenerate them within a year. The Global Footprint Network, an international research organization, calculates Earth Overshoot Day by dividing the Earth’s biocapacity by humanity’s ecological footprint and multiplying by 365. The remainder is the number of days when humanity exceeds the Earth’s capacity.

    Now, as we have exhausted our planet’s capacity to renew its natural resources, we risk upcoming future generations with a depleted and uninhabitable world. We must change our course to not only safeguard the well-being of those currently affected by environmental degradation but also to fulfill our moral obligation to protect the rights and livelihoods of future generations. 

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The Summit of the Future at the UN in September 2024 will bring together stakeholders to explore multilateral solutions to pressing global challenges, to create a more secure and equitable future for all.

    About Summit of the Future 2024:

    • United Nations is convening this Summit on 20 and 21 September 2024 at UN Headquarters in New York.
    • Theme: Multilateral Solutions for a Better Tomorrow.
    • Aim: To bring world leaders together to forge a new international consensus on how we deliver a better present and safeguard the future.
    • Major Pillars of the Summit: Sustainable development and Financing for development, International peace and security, Science and Technology, Youth and Future generations, Global Governance.

    How do different countries view the legal obligations towards future generations?

    • An argument against Legal Duties: Some, like legal scholar Stephen Humphreys, believe the focus on future generations is just rhetoric belief that distracts from the real needs of people alive today.
      • It allows governments to prioritize short-term economic gains over environmental protection, by claiming they are securing a better future.
    • Argument for Future Generations’ Rights: In contrast, a group of legal experts, including Margaretha Wewerinke-Singh, argue that existing human rights law already protects future generations.
      • They point to the Maastricht Principles, which state that human rights extend across time and that states have legal duties to future generations.
    How do Maastricht Principles connect future generations to Climate justice?

    • Intergenerational Equity: The Principles assert that human rights are not limited to present generations; they extend to future generations as well.
    • Right to a Healthy Environment: A core aspect of the Principles is the right to a clean, healthy, and sustainable environment which is essential for ensuring that future generations can enjoy their fundamental human rights, including health, adequate living standards, and access to natural resources.
    • State Obligations: The Principles clarify that states have binding obligations which include taking proactive measures to combat climate change, promote sustainable development, and prevent environmental degradation that could harm future populations.
    • Guidance for Legal Frameworks: They help ensure that national and international laws reflect commitments to intergenerational justice, particularly in the context of environmental policies and climate action.

    Growing Legal Recognition:

    1. Global Scenario:
    • Germany’s top court ruled parts of its climate law were unconstitutional for not sufficiently protecting young people’s rights.
    • Pakistan’s Supreme Court upheld a ban on polluting industries to prevent “decolonizing our future generations”.
    • Kenya’s High Court stated the present generation has a legal obligation to maintain natural resources for the future.
    • Norway’s Constitution gives everyone a right to a well-maintained environment for future generations.
    1. Indian Scenario:
    • Recently, the National Green Tribunal (NGT) of India has also upheld the principle of intergenerational equity in the right to environment.

    Need to pay heed to ‘overshoot day’: By prioritizing sustainable practices and responsible stewardship of our planet, we should prevent the irresponsible legacy of environmental bankruptcy and ensure a thriving Earth for generations to come. The time to act is now; our collective future depends on it.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/rights-of-future-generations-must-guide-climate-debate/article68648973.ece

  • Realizing the Rural-Urban continuum

    Why in the News?

    India is currently experiencing an urban transformation due to significant demographic shifts and increasing infrastructure needs. To effectively address these challenges, it must adopt a holistic urban-rural continuum approach.

    Issue of Over-Centralisation of Finances:

    • Over Financial Centralisation: Recent times have seen an over-centralization of finances, which has negatively impacted financial decentralization and autonomy for local bodies.
      • The 13th Finance Commission highlighted that local bodies are being “asphyxiated” due to this centralization.
    • Tied vs. Untied Grants: Local bodies face financial constraints because grants are often tied to centrally sponsored schemes. 
      • The rise in property tax needs to match the rise in State Goods and Services Tax to avoid losing tied grants, which have increased relative to untied grants over the years.
    • Programmatic Limitations: Flagship programmes like the Swachh Bharat Mission and Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) fail to address the urban-rural continuum effectively.
    • Urban-Rural Continuum Challenge: Infrastructure funding for areas like sewage treatment plants often excludes contiguous urban villages and census towns, which are integral parts of the broader urban ecosystem.

    Initiatives taken by the Government:

    • AMRUT: It aims to improve urban infrastructure for liquid waste management, but its scope initially covered only statutory towns, now extended to all statutory towns.
    • Swachh Bharat Mission 1.0: It focuses on making urban India garbage-free and managing solid and liquid waste.
    • Swachh Bharat Mission 2.0: The mission aims to extend beyond open defecation-free status to sustainable waste management in urban areas and solid and liquid waste management in rural areas.

    Governance models needs to be revisited:

    • 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments: District Planning Committees, including Zila Panchayats and urban local bodies, need to be empowered to address the urban-rural continuum effectively.
    • Strengthening District Planning Committees: Currently, District Planning Committees are often subordinate to the district bureaucracy. Strengthening these committees can better integrate urban and rural planning and improve governance.
    • Integrated Planning: The current approach to separate urban and rural local bodies needs updating. Given India’s rapid urbanisation, there is a need for integrated and joint planning to address the blurring lines between urban and rural areas effectively.
    • Collaborative Infrastructure Planning: Solid waste management and other infrastructure projects could benefit from collaborative planning at the district or regional levels, rather than being implemented in a compartmentalised manner.

    Way forward: 

    • Enhance Financial Decentralisation and Flexibility: Reform financial mechanisms to reduce centralisation, provide greater autonomy to local bodies, and ensure grants are more flexible, allowing for better alignment of local needs with urban-rural continuum challenges.
    • Strengthen Integrated Planning Frameworks: Revise governance models to empower District Planning Committees for more cohesive urban-rural planning, and promote collaborative infrastructure development across district and regional levels to address the interconnectedness of urban and rural areas.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q What are ‘Smart Cities’? examine their relevance for urban development in India. Will it increase rural-urban differences? Give arguments for ‘Smart Villages’ in the light of PURA and RURBAN Mission. (UPSC IAS/2016)

  • A human touch to India’s mineral ecosystem

    Why in the News?

    The Indian government’s Mines and Minerals Act of 2015, which mandated auctions and established the District Mineral Foundation (DMF), continues to ensure local communities benefit from natural resource-led development.

    • DMF after entering its 10th year has amassed almost ₹1 lakh crore, transforming mineral wealth into a development lifeline for these regions.

    How did the District Mineral Foundation (DMF) work in India?

    • The DMF mandates mining licensees and leaseholders to contribute a portion of their royalty payments to the DMF. The ‘National DMF Portal’ has been introduced to enhance transparency and efficiency.
    • It aims to promote sustainable development and welfare for mining-affected communities.
    • A District Collector leads the DMF, ensuring that funds are allocated to areas with the greatest need.
      • Funds are used for decentralized, community-centric development projects in mining districts.
    • As of 2024, around 3 lakh projects have been sanctioned across 645 districts in 23 states. These initiatives focus on improving socio-economic and human development indicators.

    About Pradhan Mantri Khanij Kshetra Kalyan Yojana (PMKKKY):

    • Objective: Launched under the DMF, PMKKKY focuses on implementing developmental and welfare projects in mining-affected regions.
      • It aims to minimise the negative impacts of mining on local communities and ensure sustainable livelihoods.
    • Complementary Approach: PMKKKY works alongside existing state and central government schemes, reinforcing district development goals.
    • PMKKKY projects cover healthcare, education, skill development, sanitation, water supply, and sustainable livelihoods.
      • It has also empowered women through self-help groups and supported youth skill development initiatives like drone technology training.

    Significance and Scope of DMF in India:

    • Community Welfare: DMFs provide direct financial resources for the welfare of communities affected by mining activities, transforming mineral wealth into tangible social benefits.
    • Inclusive Development: DMFs empower local communities, with focus on social inclusivity by involving elected representatives and non-elected gram sabha members in governance structures.
    • Cooperative Federalism: DMFs are a model of cooperative federalism, converging national, state, and local governance to address mining impacts and foster regional development.
    • Innovation and Planning: Various DMFs innovate to maximise project impact, adopting three-year plans for goal-oriented development, establishing dedicated engineering departments, and employing Public Works Department personnel for efficient project execution.
    • Sustainability: DMFs aim to align with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), focusing on forest dwellers’ livelihoods, sports infrastructure, and health. They contribute to long-term environmental and socio-economic sustainability.

    Way Forward:

    • Standardisation and Best Practices: Establish uniform guidelines to standardise successful practices across DMFs while retaining local knowledge, ensuring efficient implementation of long-term, goal-oriented projects.
    • Enhanced Integration with National Schemes: Strengthen the integration of DMF activities with ongoing central and state schemes, particularly in aspirational districts, to amplify the socio-economic and environmental benefits in mining-affected regions.

  • Post-glacial ecosystems could help slow down climate change – Study

    Why in the News?

    The retreat of glaciers is one of the most visible indicators of climate change, but it also creates new ecosystems that could play a role in mitigating its effects, according to a global study titled ‘The Development of Terrestrial Ecosystems Emerging After Glacier Retreat’ published in “Nature”.

    How are Glaciers Formed?

    • Glaciers form when snowfall accumulates over time in a particular area where temperatures are consistently cold enough for snow to remain year-round.
    • Over the years, the weight of accumulating snow compresses the lower layers, turning them into firn (a dense snowpack). Further compression transforms firn into ice.
    • Once thick enough, glaciers begin to move under the force of gravity, flowing slowly like rivers of ice. The glacier’s movement is driven by the internal deformation of the ice and sliding at its base, leading to the formation of crevasses and other glacial features.

    What is Glacier Retreat?

    • Glacier retreat refers to the process where glaciers lose mass due to melting and insufficient snowfall to replenish their ice. This phenomenon is accelerated by climate change, leading to rising sea levels and altered water supplies. 
    • As global temperatures rise, glaciers shrink more rapidly, which impacts ecosystems and human communities that rely on glacial meltwater for drinking, agriculture, and hydropower.

    Key Highlights of the Recent Study

    The recent study titled “The Development of Terrestrial Ecosystems Emerging After Glacier Retreat,” published in Nature, presents several significant findings:

    • Ecosystem Development: The study indicates that while glacier retreat is a clear sign of climate change, it also leads to the emergence of new ecosystems that can mitigate climate change effects because of it can enhance carbon capture and storage through biogeochemical processes.
    • Microbial Colonization: Following glacier retreat, microorganisms such as bacteria and algae are the first to colonize the barren landscapes, which helps in soil formation.
      • Within a decade, hardy plants like lichens and grasses establish themselves, further enriching the soil and enabling more complex life forms to thrive.
    • Management Importance:  The study emphasizes that with appropriate strategies to manage it because, these areas can quickly develop, providing habitats for species threatened by climate change and contributing to biodiversity conservation.
    • Water Regulation: In regions like the Himalayas, post-glacial ecosystems are vital for regulating water availability, impacting rivers that support millions of people.
    • Potential for Discoveries: The biodiversity in these areas may lead to new agricultural and medicinal discoveries, highlighting the ecological benefits of protecting and studying these ecosystems

    Way forward: 

    • Ecosystem Management: Implement strategies for managing emerging post-glacial ecosystems to enhance their carbon capture potential and biodiversity conservation, supporting climate change mitigation efforts.
    • Research and Conservation: Prioritize research on these ecosystems, particularly in regions like the Himalayas, to safeguard water resources and explore potential agricultural and medicinal discoveries, benefiting both the environment and local economies.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Bring out the relationship between the shrinking Himalayan glaciers and the symptoms of climate change in the Indian sub-continent. (UPSC IAS/2014)

  • Typhoon Yagi

    Why in the News?

    India has launched Operation Sadbhav to provide humanitarian assistance to Southeast Asian countries affected by Typhoon Yagi, including Vietnam, Laos and Myanmar.

    Typhoon Yagi: Origin and Impact 

    • Typhoon Yagi began as a tropical storm in the western Philippine Sea on September 1, 2024.
      • Yagi, which means goat or the constellation of Capricornus in Japanese.
    • It made landfall in the Philippines but intensified again due to warm waters in the South China Sea, reaching Category 3 winds by September 4.
    • Yagi further strengthened to a Category 5 typhoon with peak winds of 260 kmph, making it one of only four Category 5 storms recorded in the South China Sea.
    • Although downgraded to a tropical depression, it continued to bring heavy rains and floods to Myanmar and other areas.

    What are Typhoons?

    • A Typhoon is a type of tropical cyclone that forms in the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean, particularly affecting East Asia, Southeast Asia, and parts of Oceania.
    • They are characterized by strong winds, heavy rain, and can cause severe flooding, storm surges, and damage to infrastructure.

    Key Features of Typhoons:

    • Formation Region: Typhoons form in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean, primarily between 100°E and 180°E.
    • Wind Speed: To be classified as a typhoon, sustained winds must exceed 119 km/h.
    • Structure: Like hurricanes, typhoons have a central eye (calm area) surrounded by a violent eyewall where the strongest winds and heaviest rains occur.
    • Season: Typhoons typically occur from May to October, with a peak from August to September.

    Global Terminology:

    • Typhoon: Northwest Pacific Ocean.
    • Hurricane: North Atlantic, Central and Eastern North Pacific Oceans.
    • Cyclone: South Pacific and Indian Ocean.

     

    PYQ:

    [2020] Consider the following statements:

    1. Jet streams occur in the Northern Hemisphere only.

    2. Only some cyclones develop an eye.

    3. The temperature inside the eye of a cyclone is nearly 10ºC lesser than that of the surroundings.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 2 only

    (d) 1 and 3 only

  • Jute Production in India

    Why in the News?

    • Jute production is expected to decline by 20% this financial year, as per the National Jute Board.
      • Jute cultivation in West Bengal and Assam was severely affected by natural calamities, including floods, damaging crops in some areas.

    About National Jute Board (NJB)

    • The NJB was established in 2008 under the National Jute Board Act, 2008 (w.e.f. 2010), and operates under the Ministry of Textiles.
    • Its primary objective is to promote the development of the jute sector by supporting modernization, productivity enhancement, and domestic as well as international marketing of jute products.
    • It implements various initiatives, such as Jute-ICARE, aimed at improving jute cultivation practices, and promotes Jute Geotextiles for infrastructure projects.
    • HQ: Kolkata (West Bengal)
    • NJB implements the Jute Technology Mission (JTM) aimed at improving the productivity, quality, and diversification of jute products.
      • JTM 2.0 presently focuses on further enhancing the productivity, quality, and diversification of jute.

    About the Jute Industry in India

    • Jute, often referred to as the ‘golden fibre’, is considered safe for packaging due to its natural, renewable, biodegradable, and eco-friendly properties.
    • The Jute Industry in India is over 150 years old, with approximately 93 jute mills currently in operation, as per the Indian Jute Mills Association (IJMA).
    • India’s first jute mill was established in 1854 at Rishira, near Kolkata.
      • However, after independence, India faced challenges as the jute-growing areas remained in Bangladesh while the jute factories were located in India.
    • The jute industry is a vital sector in East India, particularly in West Bengal.
      • It supports about 40 lakh agricultural families, employing 1.4 lakh people in the tertiary sector and 2.6 lakh in manufacturing.
    • India is the largest producer of jute, followed by Bangladesh and China. However, Bangladesh leads in global jute trade, accounting for 75% of exports, while India accounts for 7%.

    Jute Cultivation in India

    • Jute cultivation is mainly concentrated in 3 Indian states: West Bengal, Assam, and Bihar which together produce 99% of the country’s jute.
    • Conditions Required:
      • Temperature: 25-35°C
      • Rainfall: 150-250 cm
      • Soil Type: Well-drained alluvial soil
    • This is due to the rich alluvial soil in the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta.
    • Jute is versatile and used to produce gunny bags, mats, ropes, yarn, carpets, and various artefacts.
    • Jute seeds are planted between April and May and harvested between July and August.
    • The leaves can be sold in vegetable markets for nearly two months of the four-month jute crop cycle.
    • The tall, hardy grass shoots up to 2.5 metres and each part of it has several uses.
    • The outer layer of the stem produces the fibre that goes into making jute products.
    • The government fixes the Minimum Support Price (MSP) for raw jute procurement from farmers.

     

    PYQ:

    [2020] “The crop is subtropical. A hard frost is injurious to it. It requires at least 210 frost-free days and 50 to 100 centimetres of rainfall for its growth. A light well-drained soil capable of retaining moisture is ideally suited for the cultivation of the crop.” Which one of the following is that crop?

    (a) Cotton

    (b) Jute

    (c) Sugarcane

    (d) Tea

  • NGT seeks report from Central Pollution Control Board

    Why in the News?

    The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has instructed the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to submit a fresh report on the generation and treatment of electronic waste by states and Union territories (UTs).

    About Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB):

    Details
    Constitution Established in September 1974 under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.
    Additional Powers
    • Empowered under the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.
    • Also works under the provisions of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
    Nodal Ministry Functions under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.
    Main Objective
    • To promote the prevention, control, and abatement of water and air pollution across India.
    • Collects and disseminates technical and statistical data on water and air pollution.
    Key Programs
    • National Air Monitoring Programme (NAMP)
    • National Water Quality Monitoring Program (NWQMP)
    • Oversees the National Air Quality Index (NAQI) to provide real-time data on air quality.
    Initiatives
    • Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP)
    • Clean Air Campaign

     

    PYQ:

    [2018] How is the National Green Tribunal (NGT) different from the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)?

    1. The NGT has been established by an Act whereas the CPCB has been created by an executive order of the Government.

    2. The NGT provides environmental justice and helps reduce the burden of litigation in the higher courts whereas the CPCB promotes cleanliness of streams and wells and aims to improve the quality of air in the country.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct-?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) Both 1 and 2

    (d) Neither 1 nor 2

  • India raises Import Tax on Edible Oils

    Why in the News?

    • India has increased the basic import tax on crude and refined edible oils by 20% to protect domestic farmers suffering from low oilseed prices.
      • The move could push up edible oil prices, reduce demand, and potentially lower imports of palm oil, soyoil, and sunflower oil.

    Edible Oil Scenario in India                                              

    • India imports more than 70% of its vegetable oil demand, mainly sourcing:
      • Palm oil from Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand, and
      • Soyoil and sunflower oil from Argentina, Brazil, Russia, and Ukraine.
    • Palm oil constitutes over 50% of India’s edible oil imports.

    NITI Aayog Report on Edible Oil Self-sufficiency: Key Highlights

    NITI Aayog, along with the Ministry of Agriculture and other stakeholders, released a report titled “Pathways and Strategies for Accelerating Growth in Edible Oils Towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta.”

    Details
    Consumption Details India consumes 19.7 kg/year per capita edible oil, with 16.5 million tonnes of imports in 2022-23; only 40-45% of demand met through domestic production.
    Projections
    • Domestic production could reach 16 MT by 2030
    • 26.7 MT by 2047 under Business-As-Usual (BAU) scenario
    Strategic Interventions
    • Crop Retention and Diversification
    • Horizontal Expansion (increase cultivation area)
    • Vertical Expansion (improve yield through technology)
    Self-sufficiency Targets
    • Edible oil production of 36.2 MT by 2030
    • 70.2 MT by 2047
    Key Recommendations Focus on seed quality, modern processing infrastructure, and public-private partnerships for growth

     

    PYQ:

    [2018] Consider the following statements

    1. The quantity of imported edible oils is more than the domestic production of edible oils in the last five years.

    2. The Government does not impose any customs duty on all imported edible oils a special case.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) Both 1 and 2

    (d) Neither 1 nor 2
  • [16th September 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Democratic engagement with a digital plug-in

    [16th September 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Democratic engagement with a digital plug-in

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q Impact of digital technology as a reliable source of input for rational decision making is a debatable issue. Critically evaluate with suitable example. (UPSC CSE 2021)

    Q “The Indian party system is passing through a phase of transition which looks to be full of contradictions and paradoxes.” Discuss. (UPSC CSE 2016)

    Mentor’s Comment: Today’s Editorial highlights how digital tools can both empower and distort democratic engagement. A significant concern raised is the disparity in resources among political parties, which can lead to an uneven playing field in digital campaigning. As the technology evolves, so must our understanding and regulations surrounding democracy. The editorial calls for regulatory measures to ensure fair spending limits and content oversight, emphasizing that wealthier parties should not dominate the digital landscape.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    On the eve of International Day of Democracy (September 15), it is crucial to push for reforms that expand the definition of rule of law to encompass the digital realm.

    • Studies conducted by Lokniti-Centre for the Study of Developing Societies (CSDS), reveal the growing significance of digital political advertisements and their implications for public engagement in elections.
    • During the ‘Leave.EU’ campaign of the Brexit experience highlights how technology has reshaped democratic processes, transforming digital platforms from tools of empowerment to potential distorters of public discourse.
    • Similar things are observed in India, where both national and regional parties increasingly rely on digital campaigns.

    The Economics of Digital Campaigning

    • Digital Spending Overview: Political parties spent significant portions of their total “party propaganda” budgets on digital ads in the 2023 Karnataka Assembly election.
      • For example., a single party became the first in India to spend over ₹116 crore on Google ads within five months from January 2024.
    • Shift towards Digital Platform: Conventional publicity tools like flags, billboards, and public meetings made up only a small fraction of parties’ total propaganda spending in the 2023 Karnataka election.
      • This indicates a strategic shift toward digital platforms in electoral strategies.
    • Micro-targeting Capabilities: Political parties are utilizing micro-targeting to reach specific audiences down to the panchayat level based on location.
      • One party was found to micro-target over 1,700 pin codes in a single advertisement, demonstrating digital platforms’ capacity to shape electoral narratives with precision.

    Rise of Third-Party Campaigners

    • While major political parties have significant financial power, a less visible force, known as third-party campaigners, operates behind the scenes.
    • Although spending on Google Ads is publicly available, these third-party campaigners work quietly and often go unnoticed, influencing elections without much oversight.
    • A study by Lokniti-CSDS found that 31 third-party campaigners on Meta spent over ₹2,260 lakh in just 90 days leading up to June 29, 2024.

    What is the present Issue?

    • On Google, political ads generally avoid offensive content, but the spending by third-party groups is limited.
    • On Meta, many third-party campaigners are top spenders and often share inflammatory content.
    • This inconsistency highlights the need for unified rules across all platforms to manage harmful content and hold tech companies accountable.

    Need for Reforms:

    • Need for Spending Regulation: There is a pressing need for rules to limit how much parties can spend and to ensure fair distribution of funds across different campaign types.
    • Need a Content Oversight: There should be strict rules for reporting how much third-party campaigners spend, similar to regulations in countries like the UK and Canada.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/democratic-engagement-with-a-digital-plug-in/article68645926.ece

  • [UPSC Openhouse] On How to Cover Current Affairs Without Newspapers for UPSC 2025? | Get a Strategy to Cover Current Affairs in 10 Hours a Week || Join on 18th Sept 2024, 6 PM

    [UPSC Openhouse] On How to Cover Current Affairs Without Newspapers for UPSC 2025? | Get a Strategy to Cover Current Affairs in 10 Hours a Week || Join on 18th Sept 2024, 6 PM

    Register for the free masterclass on ‘Current Affairs For UPSC 2025’ on 18th Sept 2024 at 6 PM

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    We’re excited to invite you to a masterclass that not only covers the ‘what‘ but also the ‘how‘ of mastering current affairs for 2025.

    Current Affairs has always been a challenging aspect for UPSC aspirants. With too many sources and an abundance of material available both online and offline, along with mainstream newspapers like The Indian Express and The Hindu, aspirants often face the fear of missing out. Additionally, they struggle to balance Current Affairs preparation with GS, optional subjects, and daily answer writing.

    Should you really read newspapers daily, and should you go a step further by making notes from them? We don’t recommend this, nor do some of our rankers. So, how can you effectively cover Current Affairs without reading the newspaper every day? This session will focus on that—how to cover it in around 10 hours a week and how to understand Current Affairs in a way that suits both Prelims and Mains.

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  • Ashoka’s Edicts and Inscriptions

    15th Sept 2024

    UPSC 2025 countdown has begun! Get your personal guidance plan now! (Click here)

    • The first tangible evidence of Buddhism is represented by the rock and pillar edicts of Asoka detailing wide expansion of Buddhism through the sponsorship of one of the most powerful kings of Indian history.
    • These edicts mention that Buddhism reached as far as the Mediterranean, and many Buddhist monuments were created in a wide area. Buddhism and the Buddha are mentioned, the edicts focus on social and moral precepts rather than religious practices or the philosophical dimension of Buddhism.
    • In these inscriptions, Ashoka refers to himself as “Beloved of the Gods” and “King Priya-darshi.”
    • The inscriptions found in the eastern part of India were written in the Magadhi language, using the Brahmi script. In the western part of India, the language used is closer to Sanskrit, using the Kharoshthi script,one extract of Edict 13 in the Greek language, and one bilingual edict written in Greek and Aramaic.
    • These edicts were decoded by British archeologist and historian James Prinsep.
    • Major themes are Ashoka’s conversion to Buddhism, the description of his efforts to spread Buddhism, his moral and religious precepts, and his social and animal welfare program.

    Pillers:

    • Ashoka pillars, (usually made of chunar sandstone), as a symbol of the state, assumed a great significance in the entire Mauryan Empire.
    • Objective: The main objective was to disseminate the Buddhist ideology and court orders in the entire Mauryan empire.
    • Language: While most Ashoka pillar edicts were in Pali and Prakrit language, few were written in Greek or Aramaic language also.
    • Architecture: Mauryan pillars mainly comprise of four parts:
    • Shaft: A long shaft formed the base and was made up of a single piece of stone or monolith.
    • Capital: On top of shaft lay the capital, which was either lotus-shaped or bell-shaped.
    • Abacus: Above the capital, there was a circular or rectangular base known as the abacus.
    • Capital Figure: All the capital figures (usually animals like a bull, lion, elephant, etc) are vigorous and carved standing on a square or circular abacus.

    Major Rock Edicts

    • Major Rock Edict I

    Prohibits animal slaughter. Bans festive gatherings and killings of animals. Only two peacocks and one deer were killed in Asoka’s kitchen. He wished to discontinue this practice of killing two peacocks and one deer as well.

    • Major Rock Edict II

    Provides for care for man and animals, describes about Chola, Pandyas , Satyapura and Keralputra Kingdoms of South India

    • Major Rock Edict III

    Generosity to Brahmans. Issued after 12 years of Asoka’s coronation. It says that the Yuktas (subordinate officers and Pradesikas (district Heads) along with Rajukas (Rural officers ) shall go to the all areas of kingdom every five years and spread the Dhamma Policy of Asoka.

    • Major Rock Edict IV

    Dhammaghosa is ideal to the mankind and not the Bherighosa. Impact of Dhamma on society.

    • Major Rock Edict V

    Concerns about the policy towards slaves. He mentions in this rock edict ” Every Human is my child…”Appointment of Dhammamahamatras is mentioned in this edict.

    • Major Rock Edict VI

    Describes King’s desire to get informed about the conditions of the people constantly. Talks about welfare measures.

    • Major Rock Edict VII

    Requests tolerance for all religions

    • Major Rock Edict VIII

    Describes Asoka’s first Dhamma Yatra to Bodhgaya & Bodhi Tree.

    • Major Rock Edict IX

    Condemns popular ceremonies. Stress in ceremonies of Dhamma.

    • Major Rock Edict X

    Condemns the desire for fame and glory. Stresses on popularity of Dhamma.

    • Major Rock Edict XI

    Elaborates Dhamma

    • Major Rock Edict XII

    Directed and determined request for tolerance among different religious sects.

    • Major Rock Edict XIII

    Asoka’s victory over Kalinga . Victory of Asoka’s Dhamma over Greek Kings, Antiochus, Ptolemy, Antigonus, Magas, Alexander and Cholas, Pandyas etc. This is the Largest Edict. It mentions Kamboj, nabhaks, Bhoja, Andhra etc.

    • Major Rock Edict XIV

    Describes engraving of inscriptions in different parts of country.

    Ashoka’s 7 pillar edicts: 

    These were found at Topra (Delhi), Meerut, Kausambhi, Rampurva, Champaran, Mehrauli:

    • Pillar Edict I: Asoka’s principle of protection to people.
      • Pillar Edict II: Defines Dhamma as the minimum of sins, many virtues, compassion, liberality, truthfulness, and purity.
      • Pillar Edict III: Abolishes sins of harshness, cruelty, anger, pride, etc.
      • Pillar Edict IV: Deals with duties of Rajukas.
      • Pillar Edict V: List of animals and birds which should not be killed on some days and another list of animals which have not to be killed at all.
      • Pillar Edict VI: Dhamma policy
      • Pillar Edict VII: Works done by Asoka for Dhamma policy.
    • Minor Pillar Inscriptions
      • Rummindei Pillar Inscription: Asokha’s visit to Lumbini & exemption of Lumbini from tax.
      • Nigalisagar Pillar Inscription, Nepal: It mentions that Asoka increased the height of stupa of Buddha Konakamana to its double size.
    • Major Pillar Inscriptions
      • Sarnath Lion Capital: Near Varanasi was built by Ashoka in commemoration of Dhammachakrapravartana or the first sermon of Buddha.
      • Vaishali Pillar, Bihar, single lion, with no inscription.
      • Sankissa Pillar, Uttar Pradesh
      • Lauriya-Nandangarth, Champaran, Bihar.
      • Lauriya-Araraj, Champaran, Bihar
      • Allahabad pillar, Uttar Pradesh.

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