Scientists have found that Botrytis cinerea, the fungus used in high-end sweet wines, cannot be cloned because none of its nuclei carry a full set of chromosomes, a rare genetic trait among fungi.
About Botrytis Fungus:
Overview: Botrytis cinerea, also called noble rot, is a fungus that infects ripe grapes and causes them to shrivel while concentrating sugar and flavour.
Fungal Classification: It belongs to the ascomycetes group and produces spores in sac-like structures known as asci, each containing eight ascospores.
Role in Winemaking: Under controlled vineyard conditions, Botrytis infection is desirable, as it enhances the sweetness and aroma of wine.
How is Wine Made Using It?
Effect on Grapes: The fungus dehydrates the grapes, which increases the sugar content and concentrates flavours naturally.
Harvesting Method: Grapes affected by Botrytis are hand-harvested, making the process labour-intensive and expensive.
Wine Varieties Produced: It is used to produce premium dessert wines such as Sauternes (France), Tokaji Aszú (Hungary), and Trockenbeerenauslese (Germany), known for their complex flavours and high value.
Significance of Recent Findings:
Cloning Discovery: A recent study in Science found that Botrytis cannot be cloned, as no single nucleus contains a full set of chromosomes.
Unique Genome Structure: The chromosomes are distributed across multiple nuclei, which is unprecedented in any known fungus, animal, or plant.
Scientific Impact: This challenges conventional genetics and may lead to new insights in genome organisation and fungal evolution.
Dual Importance: Botrytis is now seen not only as a key player in winemaking but also as a genetic curiosity in modern science.
[UPSC 2009] In the context of alternative sources of energy, ethanol as a viable bio-fuel can be obtained from:
June 29 is observed annually as National Statistics Day in India to commemorate the birth anniversary of Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis, hailed as the Father of Indian Statistics.
About National Statistics Day:
Purpose: National Statistics Day is observed on June 29 each year to commemorate the birth anniversary of P.C. Mahalanobis and highlight the value of statistics in national development.
First Observance: It was first celebrated in 2007, following a government resolution to raise awareness about the role of statistics in socio-economic planning.
Objectives: It aims to emphasise the use of statistical tools in governance, policy-making, and development planning.
Organizers: Events are led by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) and the Indian Statistical Institute (ISI).
Annual Themes: Each year features a dedicated theme focusing on a statistical challenge or development goal.
Events and Outreach: Celebrations include seminars, exhibitions, competitions, and lectures across institutions.
Commemorative Status: Though not a public holiday, it is a nationally recognized observance.
Who was P.C. Mahalanobis?
Background: He was born on June 29, 1893, in Kolkata, into a Brahmo Samaj family.
Education: He studied at Presidency College and later at King’s College, Cambridge.
Legacy Title: He is hailed as the Father of Modern Statistics in India and was known as “The Professor”.
Institution Builder: He founded the Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) and helped set up India’s Planning Commission.
His Major Contributions:
National Sample Survey (NSS): Launched in 1950, it enabled the systematic collection of household data for policymaking.
Mahalanobis Distance: Introduced in 1936, it remains a widely used statistical tool for identifying outliers in data.
Applied Statistics: He applied statistical methods to flood control in Bengal and Odisha, offering cost-effective solutions.
Planning Vision: Mahalanobis played a key role in drafting the Second Five-Year Plan, focusing on industrialisation and state-led growth.
Academic Promotion: He started the journal Sankhya, modeled on Biometrika, to foster statistical research in India.
Infrastructure Vision: His early proposal led to the Hirakud Dam project, completed in 1957.
Balanced Approach: Though viewed as pro-Soviet during the Cold War, he was admired for his intellectual integrity.
[UPSC 2016] A recent movie titled The Man Who Knew Infinity is based on the biography of:
(a) S. Ramanujan (b) S. Chandhrashekhar (c) S. N. Bose (d) C. V. Raman
This article explores why India needs a caste census, its benefits, concerns, and how it can be done right.UPSC doesn’t ask about caste census directly, but it loves the issues it touches—like population and representation, policy and politics, and social justice. A good example is the 2015 question on why tribal sex ratios are more favourable than those of Scheduled Castes. It expects you to connect data, governance, and ground realities—not just recall facts.But here’s where aspirants often struggle: they either focus too much on the political drama around the issue or just cram the pros and cons. They miss the deeper patterns—like how caste data affects reservation policy (see “Data-Driven Inclusion”), or how vote-bank politics can shape census narratives (see “Vote-Bank Politics”). Many students also ignore the legal and administrative challenges behind the scenes (see “Constitutional and Legal Ambiguities”).This article helps by walking you through all the moving parts, not just one side of the story. It ties caste census to real developments—like Bihar’s 2023 survey results or the Rohini Commission’s recommendations—and explains why these matter for social justice and governance.Whether you’re new to this debate or revising for Mains, this piece helps you break free from rote learning. And that’s what UPSC rewards.
This article examines the caste census debate by linking it to key UPSC themes like representation, social justice, and data-driven governance. While the exam may not ask directly about caste census, it often tests the underlying issues, as seen in the 2015 question on tribal and Scheduled Caste sex ratios.
Aspirants often get stuck on political arguments or memorise pros and cons without exploring deeper linkages. This article fills that gap. It connects caste data to reservation policy, legal challenges, and vote-bank politics, using examples like Bihar’s 2023 survey and the Rohini Commission. With structured insights and real developments, it helps you move beyond surface-level analysis — the kind of thinking UPSC consistently rewards.
PYQ ANCHORING
GS 1: How do you explain the statistics that show that the sex ratio in Tribes in India is more favourable to women than the sex ratio among Scheduled Castes? [2015]
MICROTHEME: Population and associated issues
What if we’ve been making big decisions without even knowing who really needs help? That’s exactly what many experts believe is happening in India—because we don’t have clear, updated data about people’s castes.
Recently, the Cabinet Committee on Political Affairs, led by the Prime Minister, made an important decision: to include caste counting in the next national Census. This is a big shift. The last time India counted every caste in its population was way back in 1931—before we got independence. Since then, we’ve only collected caste data for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs). Other caste groups, especially OBCs, have mostly been left out.
Now, as the country prepares for this big exercise, several key questions come up: Why are we doing this now, after so many decades? Will it bring people together or create more divisions?And will it reflect real ground realities—or just be used for politics?
Caste Census and the Shifting Landscape of Indian Politics // smash mains
The growing demand for a caste census marks a significant shift in the political discourse of India. Once avoided due to its sensitive nature, caste data is now seen by many as essential for shaping inclusive policies, improving social justice, and redefining political representation. However, this shift also raises concerns about the deepening of identity-based politics, the potential misuse of data, and its impact on national cohesion and development priorities.
Arguments Supporting Caste Census as a Political Transformation Tool
Aspect
Argument
Example
Political Realignment
Parties are reorienting electoral strategies to appeal to OBCs and other marginalized castes.
BJP’s U-turn to support caste census after Bihar survey showed OBCs and EBCs formed over 63% of the population.
Data-Driven Inclusion
Accurate caste data enables better targeting of welfare schemes and political representation.
Bihar and Karnataka using caste survey data to expand quotas and realign development schemes.
Social Justice Agenda
Pushes mainstream parties to focus on historical inequities rather than abstract nationalism.
Congress and RJD’s renewed emphasis on “Jitni abaadi, utna haq” (rights in proportion to population).
Decentralization of Power
Enables sub-categorization within OBCs to ensure smaller groups aren’t excluded by dominant castes.
Rohini Commission recommending OBC sub-categorization to prevent elite capture of benefits.
Democratic Accountability
Promotes demand for transparency, evidence-based governance, and equity.
Public interest litigation and civil society groups demanding SECC 2011 caste data be released.
Concerns That Caste Census May Undermine Broader Democratic Goals
Aspect
Concern
Example
Vote-Bank Politics
Risk of further deepening caste-based mobilization for short-term electoral gains.
In Bihar, several caste-based parties used survey results to consolidate their base.
Social Fragmentation
Might inflame caste identities and tensions, weakening national unity and integration.
Post-Mandal politics in the 1990s led to street protests and political instability.
Policy Myopia
Over-focus on caste may sideline other structural issues like health, education, and jobs.
Affirmative action without reforming public education may not uplift the truly marginalized.
Elite Capture Risk
Dominant sub-castes may still corner benefits despite data, unless governance reforms follow.
Yadavs and Kurmis dominating OBC politics in states like UP and Bihar.
Risk to Population Policies
Groups may inflate numbers or oppose population control fearing loss of representation.
Fears that new data may trigger calls to abandon the 50% reservation cap or incentivize larger families.
Need of caste census
Reason for Caste Census
Explanation
Example
Current Gap in Data
No updated or reliable national-level data on OBCs and other castes beyond SCs/STs.
Census collects data on SCs/STs, but OBC estimates like 52% (Mandal Commission, 1980) are outdated and unofficial.
Flaws in Previous Surveys
2011 SECC allowed open-ended caste entry, leading to over 46 lakh caste names—many redundant or inaccurate.
NCBC noted names like “Engineer,” “Indian,” and incorrect spellings, making data unusable.
Need for Data-Driven Affirmative Action
Accurate caste numbers are crucial to reassess and rationalize reservation quotas and welfare programs.
Bihar’s 2023 caste survey showed OBC + EBC population over 63%, sparking demand for national-level updates to justify policy changes.
Sub-Categorization of OBCs
Detailed caste data can help split OBCs into sub-groups to ensure fairer distribution of reservation benefits.
Rohini Commission (2017) recommended OBC sub-categorization to address dominance of a few castes in reaping benefits.
Improving Political Representation
Better caste data enables parties and governments to ensure fair representation of marginalized groups in legislative bodies.
Parties may restructure tickets or constituencies based on accurate caste demographics, ensuring inclusion of underrepresented castes.
Addressing Intersectional Inequality
A caste census highlights how caste overlaps with poverty, region, and gender—helping create more targeted and inclusive policies.
Dalit women in rural India face compounded discrimination—better data helps design specific schemes for such multiply marginalized groups.
Key Concerns Regarding a Caste Census in India
While a caste census promises better data for inclusive policymaking, it is also fraught with risks. Critics argue it could reinforce caste divisions, invite political misuse, and create legal and social complexities. Below is a table that outlines major concerns, explanations, and examples.
Concern
Explanation (Shortened)
Example/Specific
Reinforces Caste Identities
May entrench caste divisions instead of reducing them.
May hinder efforts to build a caste-less society.
Equity vs. Equality
Dominant sub-castes may capture benefits; smaller ones may lose out.
Yadavs dominate OBC benefits in several states.
Quota Hyper-fragmentation
Too many sub-categories can dilute impact of reservations.
Andhra Pradesh’s sub-quota demands from multiple caste groups.
Political Misuse
Data may be used for vote-bank politics and targeted appeasement.
Caste-based promises in elections (e.g., sub-quota for Jats, Patels).
Competitive Backwardness
Groups may seek “more backward” labels to gain benefits.
Patidar, Maratha, and Kapu agitations for OBC status.
Legal Ambiguity
No clear constitutional mandate for caste census in general enumeration.
Census Act doesn’t cover caste enumeration.
Challenge to Old Data
New numbers may push for quotas beyond 50% cap.
Mandal (1980) estimated OBCs at 52%; new data may show more.
Undermines Population Control
Linking benefits to population may incentivize larger families.
Bigger groups may avoid family planning for quota leverage.
Challenges in Conducting an Accurate Caste Census
The task of conducting a caste census in India presents several challenges, ranging from classification issues to the fluid nature of caste identities. Below is a breakdown of the key hurdles faced in ensuring an accurate and reliable caste census.
Challenges
Explanation
Example
Lack of a Standardized Caste List
No unified or standardized caste list exists, leading to confusion between the Central OBC list and state-specific OBC lists.
SECC 2011’s open-ended self-reporting resulted in 46.7 lakh caste entries, and over 8 crore errors, showing the difficulty of classifying India’s diverse caste groups.
Caste Self-reporting and Mobility Claims
Individuals may misreport caste affiliation for benefits, either by claiming a higher caste due to prestige or a lower caste to access reservations.
During the colonial censuses, many communities would switch caste identities to gain prestige or social standing. For example, several communities were recorded as Rajputs, Kshatriyas, or Brahmins in different periods for better status or tax benefits.
Misclassification of Castes
Similar surnames and varying state classifications can lead to misclassification, further compounded by the fluid nature of caste identities.
The Meena community is classified as ST in Rajasthan but OBC in Madhya Pradesh, illustrating regional differences in caste categorization.
Institutional and Administrative Capacity Constraints
Lack of dedicated verification and coding systems may result in unreliable caste data, much like SECC 2011 data.
Without a dedicated unit for caste verification, errors similar to those in SECC 2011 may persist, compromising the accuracy of the data collected.
Constitutional and Legal Ambiguities
There is no constitutional mandate to enumerate caste in the general Census, making the process legally ambiguous and open to interpretation.
Article 340 allows identification of backward classes, but there’s no specific constitutional provision for caste enumeration, leading to debates on its legitimacy.
Issues with Proportional Representation
New caste data may challenge existing policies based on 1931 census data, triggering demands for more reservations and complicating population control programs.
The Indra Sawhney judgment (1992) set a 50% cap on reservations, but fresh data may challenge this, leading to calls for proportionate reservations and greater caste benefits.
Way Forward: Ensuring the Credibility and Accuracy of a Caste Census in India
Listing Castes and Communities: Finalize the list of castes through consultations with academics, caste groups, and the public, considering state-specific classifications. This will prevent inconsistencies from previous censuses.
Data Verification and Grievance Redressal: Use Aadhaar for identity verification to avoid duplication. Establish a multi-tier verification system and a transparent grievance redressal process with community oversight to improve data accuracy and build trust.
Sub-categorization for Equity: Implement the Justice Rohini Commission’s recommendations to sub-categorize OBCs, and follow the Supreme Court’s 2024 ruling to sub-classify SCs and STs based on backwardness, ensuring fair distribution of benefits.
Socio-Economic Integration: Supplement caste data with socio-economic indicators like the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) to address poverty-related disparities. Allow states flexibility to design welfare schemes suited to regional needs.
Ensuring Fair Usage and Avoiding Political Misuse: Treat the caste census as a tool for development, not politics. Monitor and evaluate policies based on census data to ensure they benefit the most disadvantaged groups.
These measures will ensure an accurate and reliable caste census, forming a solid foundation for inclusive policy-making.
#BACK2BASICS: Caste Census and Caste Survey
Census: Census is the total process of collecting, compiling, analyzing and disseminating demographic, economic and social data of all persons in a country at a specific period of time. Census in India is conducted at regular intervals of 10 years. Under Article 246 of the Constitution, the Census is a Union subject.
Caste Census: A caste census involves the systematic recording of individuals’ caste identities during a national census. It aims to gather data on the distribution, socio-economic status, education levels, and other demographic details of various caste groups within the population.
Every Census in independent India from 1951 to 2011 has published data on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, but not on other castes. Before that, every Census until 1931 had data on caste. Thus, the most recent caste data available is from 1931 Census.
Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC): SECC was conducted in based on the recommendations of Group of Ministers headed by then Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee in 2010. It was done outside of the purview of Census exercise. However the findings were never made public due to concerns about data accuracy & consistency.
Caste Survey: Since only the Union govt has the power to conduct census, several state governments like Bihar, Karnataka, Telangana have already conducted caste surveys to ascertain the social and economic status of different castes for better policymaking.
Difference between Census, Caste Census(Socio Economic Caste Census) and Caste Survey //dominate prelims
Parameters
Census
Caste Census (SECC)
Caste Survey
Legal Backing
Census is backed by the Census Act 1948
Caste Census is not backed by any particular specific statute. Central govt by notification may provide for collection of caste data
No statutory backing. Caste surveys are used by the State governments since they do not have powers to conduct census.
Caste Data
Socio economic data of only SCs and STs were collected and released.
Socio economic data of OBCs were collected for the first time in 2011 census after independence. However the data was not released.
State Governments conducts caste surveys to ascertain the socio economic data of castes.
Confidentiality
All census data are kept confidential
All the personal information given in the SECC is open for use by Government departments to grant and/or restrict benefits to households.
State governments use the Caste survey data for informed policy making of state policies.
SMASH MAINS Drop
The move to include caste enumeration in the Census marks a significant shift in India’s policy landscape.” Critically examine the implications of a caste census on social justice, governance, and political dynamics in India. (250 words)
[UPSC 2017] ‘China is using its economic relations and positive trade surplus as tools to develop potential military power status in Asia’, In the light of this statement, discuss its impact on India as her neighbor.
Linkage: It focuses on how China uses its economic power to gain strategic and military advantages, and how this affects India, its neighbor. The article show that Pakistan heavily depends on China for money, support, and infrastructure. With China’s backing, Pakistan could pose new terrorism and security threats to India.
Mentor’s Comment: China recently held a three-country meeting with Pakistan and Bangladesh in Kunming, soon after a similar one with Pakistan and Afghanistan. These talks show that China is trying to increase its influence in South Asia by bringing India’s neighbours closer, especially as India’s ties with Bangladesh are tense and India is becoming more active in Afghanistan. This reminds us of Cold War-style strategies, where countries tried to surround rivals. As India takes strong action against terrorism and defends its regional interests, China’s new meetings seem to show not just strategy, but also nervousness about India’s growing power.
Today’s editorial talks about the recent meeting between China, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. This topic is important for GS Paper II (International Relations) in the UPSC mains exam.
_
Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
Last week, China, Pakistan, and Bangladesh met together for the first time in a three-country meeting held in Kunming, China.
What are China’s goals behind trilateral talks with Pakistan and others?
Expand Regional Influence: China aims to increase its geopolitical footprint in South Asia by leading trilateral forums.
Contain India’s Rise: Trilateral talks help China keep India distracted by regional tensions, limiting its strategic outreach and diplomatic bandwidth. Eg: China’s coordination with Pakistan and Afghanistan shortly after India’s Operation Sindoor aimed to show Pakistan as a regional stakeholder and challenge India’s dominance.
Promote BRI and Economic Interests: By drawing countries like Afghanistan and Bangladesh closer, China seeks to push its Belt and Road Initiative and related infrastructure investments. Eg: Discussions with Afghanistan have included extending the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) through Afghan territory.
Why is China increasing regional engagement amid India’s rise?
To Counter India’s Strategic Clout: As India grows economically and diplomatically, China seeks to undermine its influence in neighbouring countries. Eg: China’s trilateral with Pakistan and Bangladesh followed India’s strengthening ties with Afghanistan and regional powers.
To Exploit Shifting Political Landscapes: China is leveraging regime changes in countries like Afghanistan and Bangladesh to draw them closer into its orbit. Eg: After the regime change in Bangladesh (2024), China intensified efforts to engage Dhaka through trilaterals.
To Protect and Expand Economic Interests: Rising Indian assertiveness challenges China’s economic initiatives, especially BRI projects. Regional engagement helps safeguard these investments. Eg: China wants to extend the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) into Afghanistan to secure trade routes and regional access.
How does the China-Pakistan nexus affect India’s security strategy?
Increased Two-Front Security Threat: The China-Pakistan partnership forces India to prepare for simultaneous threats on both western and northern borders, complicating military planning. Eg: During Operation Sindoor (2025), Pakistan used Chinese-made drones, radars, and fighter jets, requiring India to recalibrate its defence posture.
Diplomatic Isolation Attempts: China often backs Pakistan at global platforms, shielding it from international scrutiny, especially on terror-related matters. Eg: China blocked UN resolutions targeting Pakistan-sponsored terrorists, limiting India’s global counterterrorism diplomacy.
Regional Instability via Trilateral Engagements: China promotes trilateral meetings involving Pakistan and India’s neighbours to sideline New Delhi and create regional pressure points. Eg: The China-Pakistan-Bangladesh trilateral aims to undermine India’s influence in South Asia and divert attention from long-term strategic goals.
What are the developments that show India countering China’s regional influence?
Assertive Military and Diplomatic Response: India has adopted a proactive approach to respond to security threats and Chinese intrusions. Eg: In response to the Pahalgam terror attack, India launched Operation Sindoor (2025) and suspended the Indus Waters Treaty, restricted port access, and took military action, signalling firm redlines.
Strengthening Ties with Neighbours: India is engaging constructively with its neighbours to limit Chinese outreach and reinforce strategic trust. Eg: Despite past tensions, India supported Nepal’s energy cooperation with Bangladesh and re-engaged with Maldives and Sri Lanka, reinforcing regional goodwill.
Coalition Building with Like-Minded Nations: India is enhancing cooperation with democratic allies to counterbalance China’s strategic footprint in South Asia. Eg: India has deepened ties through platforms like QUAD, and built defence and intelligence partnerships with countries like the U.S., Japan, and Australia, strengthening its regional deterrence.
Who among the neighbours are shifting towards China?
Pakistan: Deeply aligned with China for military, economic, and diplomatic support. Eg: Over $29 billion in loans, and 80% of arms imports from China.
Bangladesh: After the 2024 regime change, it has shown increasing economic and political engagement with China. Eg: Joined trilateral talks with China and Pakistan, indicating a shift despite India’s past close ties.
Afghanistan: Shifted closer to China-Pakistan axis after the Taliban takeover (2021) and again after 2024 regime changes.
Way forward:
Enhance Strategic Partnerships in South Asia: India should build stronger bilateral ties with its neighbors through infrastructure support, trade cooperation, and regional connectivity projects. Strengthening initiatives like BIMSTEC and Act East Policy can counterbalance China’s influence.
Assert Regional Leadership Through Security and Diplomacy: India must continue to lead anti-terror cooperation, defend regional sovereignty, and set clear redlines for any hostile alignments. At the same time, it should promote inclusive regional forums that prioritize peace and mutual development.
India has entered the top 100 in the Sustainable Development Report (2025), ranking 99th out of 167 countries, according to the UN-backed Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN). This shows a clear improvement from its 110th position in 2016, marking a notable step forward.
What does India’s SDG ranking improvement show?
India moved into the top 100 of the Sustainable Development Report for the first time since 2016, reaching rank 99 out of 167 countries.
The improvement reflects progress in poverty reduction (SDG 1), infrastructure (SDG 9), electricity access (SDG 7), and digital inclusion.
Why is Zero Hunger still a challenge for India?
Persistent Child Malnutrition: A significant portion of Indian children still suffer from undernutrition. Eg: As per NFHS-5 (2019–21), 35.5% of children under five were stunted, only slightly better than 38.4% in NFHS-4 (2015–16).
Widening Dietary Disparities: Access to a nutritious diet remains unequal across income and geographic lines. Eg:Rural and low-income households often rely on calorie-dense than nutrient-poor food, while wealthier urban populations have better diet diversity.
Rising Dual Burden of Malnutrition: India is witnessing a simultaneous increase in obesity and undernutrition. Eg: Between 2006 and 2021, obesity among adults aged 15–49 almost doubled, especially in urban areas, showing nutritional imbalance.
Which SDG areas show strong and weak performance?
Strong Performance:
SDG 1 – No Poverty: Significant progress in reducing poverty levels. Eg: Poverty rate declined from 22% in 2012 (NSSO) to about 12% in 2023 (World Bank).
SDG 7 – Affordable and Clean Energy: Near-universal household electrification and renewable energy expansion. Eg: India is the 4th largest in renewable energy capacity (solar and wind).
SDG 9 – Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure: Rapid growth in digital connectivity and financial inclusion. Eg: UPI-driven digital payment infrastructure and mobile network penetration.
Weak Performance:
SDG 2 – Zero Hunger: High levels of malnutrition and dietary inequality persist. Eg: 35.5% of children under five are stunted (NFHS-5, 2019–21).
SDG 4 – Quality Education: Uneven access to education and digital learning across regions. Eg: COVID-19 widened learning gaps between rural and urban students.
SDG 16 – Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions: Challenges in governance, rule of law, and press freedom. Eg: India ranks low in global indices measuring institutional strength.
What are the steps taken by the Indian Government?
POSHAN Abhiyaan: Launched to reduce malnutrition, stunting, and anemia among children and womenthrough better nutrition and health services. It supports SDG 2: Zero Hunger and SDG 3: Good Health and Well-being.
Digital India and UPI Initiatives: Aimed at increasing digital access, financial inclusion, and service delivery, especially in rural and remote areas. It supports SDG 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure and SDG 10: Reduced Inequalities.
PM-KUSUM and Solar Missions: Promote renewable energy and sustainable farming by enabling farmers to adopt solar-powered pumps and panels. It supports SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy and SDG 13: Climate Action.
How can India improve in governance-related SDGs? (Way forward)
Strengthen Institutional Transparency and Accountability: Ensure timely delivery of justice, reduce corruption, and make public institutions more responsive. Eg: Implementing police and judicial reforms, and enhancing public grievance redressal mechanisms.
Promote Press Freedom and Civic Participation: Safeguard freedom of expression, support independent media, and encourage public engagement in policymaking. Eg: Enforcing laws that protect journalists and fostering platforms for inclusive civic dialogue.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2021] What are the salient features of the National Food Security Act, 2013? How has the Food Security Bill helped in eliminating hunger and malnutrition in India?
Linkage: This focuses on the main goal of ending hunger and malnutrition, which is the heart of Sustainable Development Goal 2 (Zero Hunger). The article says that SDG 2 is still a major concern in India, even though there has been progress in other areas. So, it’s important to examine how well policies like the National Food Security Act are working.
On May 13, 2025, the Supreme Court gave a key judgment revisiting earlier cases on senior lawyer designation. Though overlooked as an internal court issue, it raised concerns about inequality in the legal profession, elitism, and the fairness of classifying lawyers under Section 16 of the Advocates Act, 1961.
What are the legal issues with the senior advocate designation?
Arbitrary Classification under Section 16 of the Advocates Act, 1961: Section 16 allows courts to classify lawyers into “senior advocates” and others based on vague terms like “ability” or “standing at the Bar”, which lack objective benchmarks. It has been challenged as violative of Article 14 (Right to Equality) of the Constitution because it creates unequal treatment among equals without a clear rationale.
Lack of Objective Selection Process in Court Rules: The Supreme Court Rules, 2013 prescribe procedures for designation but allow subjective discretion, enabling possible favouritism or bias. Eg: Rule 2 of Order IV of the Supreme Court Rules allows for pre-audience to senior advocates, reinforcing hierarchical privilege without transparency in how they are chosen.
Undermines Egalitarian Access to Justice: Designation often leads to a concentration of influence among a few, marginalising others and affecting diversity in courtroom representation. Eg: In Indira Jaising v. Supreme Court of India (2017), the Court upheld the validity of Section 16 but did not address how it leads to systemic exclusion, especially of women and underprivileged lawyers, conflicting with constitutional ideals of equality and non-discrimination.
Why is the 2025 Jitender judgment seen as inadequate?
Did Not Address Constitutional Validity of Section 16: The 2025 judgment failed to examine the constitutional validity of Section 16 of the Advocates Act, 1961, which creates a classification between senior advocates and other advocates. The Court did not refer the matter to a larger Bench for a deeper constitutional review. The classification was upheld without addressing whether it was arbitrary or led to inequality in the legal profession.
Acknowledged Subjectivity but Retained Flawed Process: The Court admitted that the point-based assessment system used to designate senior advocates is “highly subjective”, yet it retained the application-based process. This allows judges’ discretion to continue dominating the selection process, opening space for favoritism and elite networks. Eg: Many competent lawyers are left out simply because they lack access to the corridors of power.
Missed Opportunity to Promote Inclusiveness and Reform: Instead of proposing systemic change, the Court left it to High Courts to frame rules, without tackling the core issue of representation. The process continues to exclude women, Dalits, and those from less privileged backgrounds, reinforcing elitism in the judiciary. Eg: The designation process continues to favour a “creamy layer” of elite lawyers, limiting judicial diversity.
What are the factors fueling inequality in the legal profession?
Unequal Access to Quality Legal Education: Aspiring lawyers from rural or low-income backgrounds often lack access to top law schools due to language barriers, lack of coaching, or high costs. Eg: Students from remote areas rarely make it to National Law Universities, which limits their exposure and opportunities.
Urban Concentration of Legal Opportunities: Legal practice in metropolitan cities attracts more recognition, clients, and judicial exposure compared to small-town lawyers. Eg: Talented advocates in lower courts of Bihar or Odisha are often overlooked for high-profile cases or designations.
Subjectivity in Senior Advocate Designation: The selection process often favours those with elite networks or familiarity with judges, sidelining equally competent but lesser-known lawyers. Eg: Women and Dalit lawyers remain significantly underrepresented among senior advocates.
Way forward:
Transparent and Inclusive Designation Process: Develop a merit-based, transparent system for designating senior advocates with clear evaluation criteria. Include diverse representation (e.g., women, marginalized groups) in selection committees to promote judicial inclusiveness.
Strengthening Legal Education and Access: Expand access to quality legal education through scholarships, regional law schools, and skill-based training in vernacular languages, especially for students from rural and underprivileged backgrounds to reduce structural entry barriers.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2014] Starting from inventing the ‘basic structure’ doctrine, the judiciary has played a highly proactive role in ensuring that India develops into a thriving democracy. In light of the statement, evaluate the role played by judicial activism in achieving the ideals of democracy.
Linkage: This question prompts an evaluation of the judiciary’s role in achieving “ideals of democracy”. The article talks about the direct counter-narrative to this positive assertion by arguing that the classification of senior advocates, as upheld by Supreme Court judgments in Indira Jaising and Jitender, creates a “legal oligarchy” and perpetuates inequality that can damage the justice delivery system enormously.
India is preparing to reassess and renegotiate the Ganges Water Sharing Treaty with Bangladesh, which is set to expire in 2026, completing its 30-year term.
About the Ganga Water Agreement (1996):
Signing: It was signed on December 12, 1996, by PM H. D. Deve Gowda (India) and PM Sheikh Hasina (Bangladesh) to share the Ganga’s dry season flow.
Purpose: It aimed to ensure water availability for irrigation, ecology, and navigation in both countries, especially at the Farakka Barrage, which diverts water to sustain the Kolkata Port.
Duration: It replaced earlier short-term deals and set a 30-year framework (1996–2026), with a renewal clause by mutual consent.
Key Terms of the Agreement:
Lean Season Period: The treaty applies from January 1 to May 31, with water sharing calculated in 10-day intervals.
Sharing Formula at Farakka:
≤ 70,000 cusecs: 50% each
70,000–75,000 cusecs: India gets the remainder after Bangladesh gets 35,000
≥ 75,000 cusecs: India gets 40,000; Bangladesh gets the balance
Alternate Sharing: From March 11 to May 10, both countries receive 35,000 cusecs alternately every three 10-day blocks.
No Minimum Guarantee: If flow falls below 50,000 cusecs, Article II allows for consultations and emergency adjustments.
Monitoring Mechanism: The Joint Rivers Commission (JRC) ensures implementation and dispute resolution.
Project Provisions: Both countries may construct water projects for irrigation and navigation.
Why must India reconsider it?
Treaty Expiry: The treaty ends in 2026, and India wants a revised pact to reflect current demands.
Rising Needs: India seeks an additional 30,000–35,000 cusecs due to:
Increased irrigation in West Bengal and other states
Siltation issues at Kolkata Port
Urban and industrial growth
Flexibility Concerns: Officials argue the treaty lacks provisions for climate variability and seasonal shortages.
State Support: West Bengal supports changes, citing inadequate current allocations.
Proposed Change: India may pursue a shorter, more flexible treaty, like its move on the Indus Waters Treaty with Pakistan.
Implications for Bangladesh:
Downstream Vulnerability: Bangladesh faces greater risk from reduced water flow.
Historical Shortfalls: Between 1997 and 2016, Bangladesh received less than its share 65% of the time.
Potential Consequences:
Increased salinity in rivers and farmland
Reduced water for fisheries, irrigation, and drinking
Navigation issues in the delta
Political Sensitivity: Many in Bangladesh already view the treaty as unfair, and further reduction may trigger domestic backlash.
Diplomatic Impact: A poorly negotiated outcome could strain India-Bangladesh ties, especially in water diplomacy and cross-border trust.
[UPSC 2009] Consider the following statements:
1. The Baglihar Power Project had been constructed within the parameters of the Indus Water Treaty.
2. The project was completely built by the Union Government with loans from Japan and the World Bank. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Options: (a) 1 only * (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
A far-right leader has called for a public debate on the terms “socialist” and “secular” in the Preamble of the Indian Constitution, arguing they were added undemocratically during the Emergency via the 42nd Amendment and now require re-evaluation.
About the Preamble:
Overview: It is the introductory statement to the Constitution of India. It sets out the philosophy, vision, and objectives of the Constitution.
Origin: It is based on the Objectives Resolution introduced by Jawaharlal Nehru on December 13, 1946, and adopted by the Constituent Assembly on January 22, 1947.
Declaration made: It declares India to be a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic Republic and seeks to secure to all citizens: Justice (social, economic, political), Liberty (of thought, expression, belief, faith, worship), Equality (of status and opportunity), and Fraternity (assuring dignity and national unity).
Significance: It serves as a guiding light for interpreting the Constitution. N.A. Palkhivala called it the “Identity Card of the Constitution”, while K.M. Munshi described it as the “Political Horoscope” of India.
Key symbolism associated:
Source of Authority – We, the People of India emphasizes that power originates from the people.
Nature of Indian State – India is described as Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic.
Amendments to the Preamble:
Can the Preamble be amended: Yes, the Supreme Court in the Kesavananda Bharati case (1973) held that the Preamble is part of the Constitution and can be amended, provided the Basic Structure Doctrine is not violated.
The Preamble has been amended only once in the history of the Constitution.
42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976:
Passed during the Emergency (1975-77) under Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.
Based on the recommendations of the Sardar Swaran Singh Committee.
Three words were added:
“Socialist” and “Secular” – inserted between “Sovereign” and “Democratic”.
“Integrity” – added to the phrase “Unity of the Nation” → changed to “Unity and Integrity of the Nation”.
Why was it controversial?
It was passed during the Emergency, a time of suppressed democratic processes and curbed civil liberties.
Critics argue that the words were politically motivated and not part of the original constitutional vision.
Proponents argue that these values were already implicitly present in the Constitution, and the amendment merely made them explicit.
Preamble as an integral part of the Constitution: Key Judgments
Berubari Union Case (1960):
The Supreme Court initially held that the Preamble is not a part of the Constitution.
It could be used to interpret ambiguous provisions but had no independent legal standing.
Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973): The Court overruled the earlier view and held that:
The Preamble is a part of the Constitution.
It reflects the basic structure and essential philosophy of the Constitution.
However, it cannot be used to override specific provisions of the Constitution.
LIC of India Case (1995):
The Court reaffirmed that the Preamble is an integral part of the Constitution.
But it is not enforceable in a court of law—i.e., one cannot file a case solely based on a violation of the Preamble.
[UPSC 2020] The Preamble to the Constitution of India is:
Options: (a) a part of the Constitution but has no legal effect (b) not a part of the Constitution and has no legal effect either (c) part of the Constitution and has the same legal effect as any other part (d) a part of the Constitution but has no legal effect independently of other parts
[UPSC 2016] Discuss each adjective attached to the word ‘Republic’ in the preamble. Are they defendable in the present circumstances stances?
June 26 is observed globally as the International Day Against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking, also known as World Drug Day.
About the International Day Against Drug Abuse:
It is observed annually on June 26, following a declaration by the UN General Assembly on December 7, 1987.
The theme for 2025, “Break the Cycle. #StopOrganizedCrime,” highlights the need for tackling organized crime networks linked to drug trafficking and calls for long-term investment in justice, education, health care, and alternative livelihoods.
Events are held worldwide to raise awareness about the social, health, and legal impacts of drug abuse, with active participation from governments, NGOs, and citizens.
In India, efforts like the Nasha Mukt Bharat Abhiyaan reflect the government’s zero-tolerance policy and people-centric approach to preventing drug addiction and trafficking.
Key Highlights of the UNODC World Drug Report (2024-2025):
The latest World Drug Report by UNODC reveals that 292 million people globally were using drugs by 2022, marking a 20% increase in the last decade.
The report notes a worrying expansion of synthetic drug markets, especially methamphetamine and fentanyl-type opioids, and links them to organised crime groups.
It calls attention to youth vulnerability, mental health correlations, and gaps in treatment access, especially in low-income countries.
Back2Basics: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
Overview: It was established in 1997 through the merger of the United Nations Drug Control Programme and the Centre for International Crime Prevention.
UN agency: It helps in tackling illicit drugs, organised crime, corruption, and terrorism.
Headquarters: It is located in Vienna, Austria.
Its core functions include:
Educating global populations about the dangers of drug abuse.
Assisting countries in ratifying and implementing international drug control treaties.
Strengthening criminal justice systems to promote the rule of law.
Supportingcrime prevention, anti-corruption efforts, and terrorism prevention through technical and legal assistance.
Funding Mechanism: UNODC is voluntarily funded, mainly by governments, and works with partners worldwide to promote stable, secure, and just societies.
[UPSC 2024] Consider the following activities:
1. Identification of narcotics on passengers at airports or in aircraft
2. Monitoring of precipitation
3. Tracking the migration of animals
In how many of the above activities can the radars be used?
Options: (a) Only one (b) Only two* (c) (c) All three (d) None
Salkhan Fossil Park, also known as Sonbhadra Fossils Park, has been recently added to UNESCO’s Tentative List for World Heritage Sites.
About Salkhan Fossil Park:
Location: It is located in Salkhan village, Sonbhadra district, Uttar Pradesh.
Fossil Significance: It is renowned for its stromatolite fossils, ancient layered structures formed by cyanobacteria through photosynthesis.
Age of Fossils: These fossils are estimated to be up to 1.4 billion years old, dating to the Mesoproterozoic era.
Scientific Value: Preserved in Bhander limestone of the Vindhyan Supergroup, the site is one of the world’s richest Proterozoic rock collections.
Significance:
Evolutionary Insights: The fossils offer key evidence of early microbial life and events like the Great Oxidation Event, helping us understand Earth’s early biosphere.
Ecological Context: It lies within the Kaimoor Wildlife Sanctuary, enhancing its ecological and conservation value.
Back2Basics: UNESCO’s Tentative List
Definition: It is a country’s inventory of sites proposed for future inclusion on the UNESCO World Heritage List.
Nomination Process: A site must be on the Tentative List for at least one year before formal nomination.
Evaluation Criteria: Sites are assessed for natural, cultural, or mixed heritage value, based on global significance.
India’s Status: As of June 2025, India has 63 sites on its Tentative List, spanning ecosystems, monuments, and landscapes.
Benefits of Inclusion: While not guaranteeing World Heritage status, inclusion raises awareness, improves funding, and strengthens conservation.
[UPSC 2024] Consider the following properties included in the World Heritage List released by UNESCO:
1. Shantiniketan 2. Rani-ki-Vav 3. Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas 4. Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodhgaya
How many of the above properties were included in 2023?
Options: (a) Only one (b) Only two* (c) Only three (d) All four
