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  • From Shore to Horizon: What Lies Ahead for India’s Maritime Policy ?

    N4S: UPSC loves testing how well aspirants connect India’s policies to global trends. Take the 2024 question on the Maldives’ strategic importance—if you didn’t link it to India’s broader maritime vision, you probably missed key points. Many struggle with understanding how India’s maritime strategy is evolving. This article makes it simple.MAHASAGAR isn’t just an extension of SAGAR (2015)—it expands India’s maritime outreach beyond the Indian Ocean to Africa, ASEAN, and Latin America. What’s different? A sharper focus on trade, strategic partnerships, and defense cooperation. We break it down in an easy-to-read comparison table.One major blind spot in UPSC prep? Unconventional security threats. This piece unpacks everything from grey-zone warfare (like China’s maritime militia) to environmental risks like illegal fishing and climate change.And here’s the best part—our Back2Basics section gives you a quick refresher on India’s key maritime zones, trade routes, and policy shifts. Ever wondered why the Strait of Malacca is so critical for India? You’ll get crisp, exam-relevant insights.

    PYQ Anchoring

    1. Discuss the geopolitical and geostrategic importance of Maldives for India with a focus on global trade and energy flows. Further also discuss how this relation ship affects India’s maritime security and regional stability amidst international competition? [ GS 2, 2024]

    Microthemes: Bilateral Relations

    PM Modi has unveiled ‘MAHASAGAR’ (Mutual and Holistic Advancement for Security and Growth Across Regions) during his March 2025 visit to Mauritius, outlining India’s expanded vision for security and development across the  region.

    About MAHASAGAR

    Mahasagar is India’s expanded strategic vision aimed at enhancing security, trade, and development cooperation across the Global South.It builds on India’s SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) policy, which focused on the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).

    Three Core Pillars:

    1. Trade for Development: Enhancing economic ties through technology-sharing and trade facilitation.
    2. Capacity Building for Sustainable Growth: Supporting nations with infrastructure, education, and economic partnerships.
    3. Mutual Security for a Shared Future: Strengthening regional security, maritime cooperation, and defense ties.

    It seeks to address China’s expanding presence in the Indo-Pacific and Indian Ocean by promoting India-led cooperation models.It aims to position India as a champion of the Global South, amplifying their voice in global policymaking (e.g., G20, IORA, BRICS).

    MAHASAGAR vs SAGAR (2015)

    India’s SAGAR policy (2015) was a regional framework focused on maritime security and economic cooperation in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). Mahasagar broadens this vision to global engagement with the Global South.

    ParameterSAGAR (2015)Mahasagar (2025)
    Geographic ScopeIndian Ocean Region (IOR)Global South, Indo-Pacific, Africa, Latin America
    Focus AreasMaritime security, economic ties, blue economy, regional stabilityTrade-driven development, technology-sharing, capacity building, global security
    Strategic PartnershipsMauritius, Seychelles, Maldives, Sri Lanka, IOR countriesExpands to Africa, ASEAN, Latin America, Pacific Island Nations
    Security & Defense CooperationAnti-piracy, maritime domain awareness, EEZ protectionJoint naval exercises, cyber security, defense partnerships
    Economic & Developmental FocusBlue economy, infrastructure, trade corridors in IORTechnology transfer, concessional loans, trade in local currencies
    Diplomatic StrategyRegional cooperation through IORA, BIMSTECVoice of the Global South in G20, BRICS, UN initiatives

    Challenges in the Maritime Domain

    Maritime security is increasingly complex, with a mix of traditional and emerging threats. These challenges can be broadly categorized into three areas: hard security threats, unconventional security risks, and governance issues.

    1. Hard Security Challenges

    • Unconventional Tactics in Warfare – Countries are using unconventional methods, such as Ukraine’s drone attacks on Russia and China’s maritime militias in the South China Sea, making it difficult to respond effectively.
    • Grey-Zone Warfare – Tactics that blur the line between peace and conflict, like violating exclusive economic zones (EEZs), create legal and policy challenges. Example: The USA’s contested presence in disputed waters.
    • Combat Drones & Land Attack Missiles – The increasing use of drones for surveillance and potential strikes, along with missiles launched from sea-based platforms, has transformed modern naval threats.

    2. Unconventional Security Risks

    • Illegal Fishing & Resource Exploitation – Foreign fishing fleets encroach on territorial waters, affecting marine ecosystems and local livelihoods. Example: Sri Lankan fishermen in Indian waters.
    • Natural Disasters & Climate Change – Rising sea levels, cyclones, and tsunamis disproportionately impact coastal nations, requiring stronger disaster response strategies.
    • Marine Pollution – Oil spills, plastic waste, and industrial discharge threaten ocean health and biodiversity.
    • Trafficking & Smuggling – Maritime routes are used for human and drug trafficking, increasing regional instability.
    • Geopolitical Rivalries in the Indo-Pacific – The US-China rivalry often overshadows the concerns of smaller nations in Asia, Africa, and the Pacific, diverting resources from pressing security needs.

    3. Challenges in Maritime Governance

    • Lack of Coordination Among Littoral States – Countries in Asia and Africa struggle to unite against maritime threats due to differing security priorities and enforcement capabilities. Example: ASEAN nations hesitating to confront China’s actions in the South China Sea.
    • Reluctance to Cooperate with Foreign Partners – Some nations prefer to avoid reliance on external assistance, weakening collaborative security measures.
    • Limited Information Sharing – Despite agreements, countries often share only minimal intelligence due to concerns over national security and sovereignty. Example: India and the USA have multiple agreements, but information exchange remains cautious.

    Addressing these challenges requires stronger cooperation, better governance, and technological advancements to ensure a secure and stable maritime domain.

    Way Forward for a Robust Maritime Neighbourhood Policy

    To ensure a stable, secure, and cooperative maritime environment, India must adopt a multi-pronged approach that balances security, economic growth, environmental sustainability, and diplomatic engagement. The following steps can help shape an effective maritime neighbourhood policy:

    1. Strengthening Regional Security Cooperation: Expand bilateral, trilateral, and multilateral collaborations through platforms like Quad, IORA, BIMSTEC, and IONS to enhance maritime security.

    2. Enhancing Maritime Infrastructure & Connectivity: Invest in modernising port infrastructure and smart shipping corridors to boost trade and regional economic integration. Promote sustainable Blue Economy partnerships in fisheries, marine biotechnology, and deep-sea mining.

    3. Promoting Sustainable & Inclusive Development: Implement stricter fisheries management agreements to prevent overfishing and protect coastal livelihoods. Encourage regional cooperation for tackling marine pollution and plastic waste in the Indian Ocean.

    4. Strengthening Maritime Governance & Law Enforcement: Improve the capabilities of coast guards and maritime law enforcement agencies to combat non-traditional threats like trafficking and environmental crimes. Promote the adoption of a regional Code of Conduct based on UNCLOS, ensuring peaceful dispute resolution and responsible ocean governance.

    5. Fostering Diplomatic Engagement & Strategic Partnerships: Balance power dynamics in the Indo-Pacific by deepening ties with smaller Indian Ocean nations (Sri Lanka, Maldives, Seychelles, Mauritius).

    #BACK2BASICS: Maritime Neighbourhood of India

    India’s maritime neighbourhood includes the countries and regions that share maritime boundaries or have strategic maritime linkages with India. These areas are significant for trade, security, and regional stability.

    Key Regions in India’s Maritime Neighbourhood

    1. Immediate Maritime Neighbours (Countries with direct maritime borders with India)

    • Sri Lanka (South of Tamil Nadu, separated by the Palk Strait)
    • Maldives (Southwest of India, near Lakshadweep)
    • Myanmar (Eastern maritime neighbour, Bay of Bengal)
    • Bangladesh (Northeastern maritime neighbour, Bay of Bengal)
    • Pakistan (Western maritime neighbour, Arabian Sea)

    2. Extended Maritime Neighbours (Strategically important island nations & territories in the Indian Ocean)

    • Seychelles (Near India’s southwestern waters)
    • Mauritius (Deep in the Indian Ocean but a close partner of India)
    • Madagascar (Western Indian Ocean, near Africa)
    • Comoros & Réunion (French territory) (Further southwest in the Indian Ocean)

    3. Strategic Waters & Regions (Vital for India’s maritime security and trade)

    • Bay of Bengal (Northeast of India, key for regional trade & security)
    • Arabian Sea (West of India, crucial for energy imports from the Middle East)
    • Indian Ocean Region (IOR) (Extends from Africa to Australia, vital for naval security & trade routes)
    • Strait of Malacca (A critical choke point for India’s trade & naval strategy, linking the Indian Ocean to the Pacific Ocean via Southeast Asia)

    Importance of India’s Maritime Neighbourhood

    • Trade & Connectivity: Over 90% of India’s trade by volume passes through these waters.
    • Security & Defense: Presence of Chinese naval activity, piracy, and smuggling threats in the Indian Ocean.
    • Diplomatic & Economic Ties: India engages with these nations through SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region), Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA), and Quad & Indo-Pacific strategies.

    India’s Evolution of Maritime Neighbourhood Policy 

    Phase & Time PeriodKey FocusMajor Developments
    1. Limited Maritime Engagement (Pre-1990s)– Coastal security
    – Land-centric defense    		– 1971 Indo-Pak War emphasized naval importance
    – Minimal regional maritime cooperation
    2. Expanding Regional Presence (1990s–2000s)– Economic maritime focus
    – Regional cooperation    		– 1991: Economic liberalization increased maritime trade
    – 1997: India joined IORA (Indian Ocean Rim Association)
    3. Strengthening Strategic Partnerships (2000s–2010s)– Deepening ties with ASEAN & island nations
    – Maritime security expansion    		– 2008: Anti-piracy missions in the Gulf of Aden
    – 2011: Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS) launched
    4. SAGAR & Indo-Pacific Strategy (2014–Present)– SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region)
    – Countering China’s influence in the Indian Ocean
    – Strengthening QUAD cooperation    		– 2015: SAGAR doctrine announced
    – 2018: Logistics agreements with US, France, Australia
    – 2020: Stronger presence in Malacca Strait & Andaman-Nicobar
    – 2022: Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI) launched
    5. MAHASAGAR: 2025 & Beyond– Advanced Blue Economy
    – AI-driven Maritime Security
    – Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the Indian Ocean
    – Greater Indo-Pacific Naval Collaboration    		– MAHASAGAR Initiative (2025): India’s maritime vision for economic and security dominance
    – AI-based maritime surveillance system
    – Expansion of deep-sea exploration & green shipping corridors
    – Strengthened cooperation with IORA, BIMSTEC, & QUAD

    For a Maritime Neighbourhood Policy to be successful, six key elements must guide foreign policy:

    1. Security & Defense – Strengthening naval cooperation, joint patrols, and tackling maritime threats like piracy and smuggling.
    2. Economic & Trade Connectivity – Enhancing port infrastructure, promoting Blue Economy initiatives, and boosting regional trade.
    3. Disaster Management & Climate Resilience – Developing joint disaster response frameworks, early warning systems, and humanitarian aid efforts.
    4. Strategic Diplomacy – Engaging in regional forums, countering geopolitical threats, and strengthening ties with island nations.
    5. Sustainable Maritime Governance – Ensuring responsible fishing, marine conservation, and enhancing maritime domain awareness.
    6. Technology & Infrastructure Development – Expanding smart ports, undersea communication networks, and AI-driven maritime security.

    India’s performance assessment

    Policy ElementPerformanceChallenges
    Security Cooperation– Naval Engagements: India has actively participated in joint naval exercises with countries like the U.S., Japan, and Australia, enhancing interoperability and regional security.
    – Counter-Piracy Operations: The Indian Navy has been instrumental in reducing piracy incidents in the Gulf of Aden since 2008.    		– Chinese Naval Presence: China’s expanding naval activities in the Indian Ocean pose strategic challenges for India. 

    – Resource Constraints: Budgetary limitations have slowed India’s naval modernization efforts, impacting its ability to maintain a robust maritime presence. 
    Economic & Trade Connectivity– Infrastructure Development: India has invested in port development projects, such as Chabahar in Iran, to enhance regional trade connectivity.
    – Blue Economy Initiatives: Collaborations with neighboring countries have been initiated to sustainably harness marine resources.    		– Competing Chinese Investments: China’s Belt and Road Initiative has led to significant investments in neighboring countries, challenging India’s influence. 

    – Political Instability: Changes in neighboring countries’ leaderships, such as in Bangladesh and the Maldives, have affected bilateral economic projects. 
    Disaster Management & Climate Resilience– HADR Operations: The Indian Navy has provided timely humanitarian assistance during natural disasters in the region, showcasing India’s commitment to regional stability.
    – Climate Initiatives: India has engaged in regional dialogues to address climate change impacts on maritime nations.    		– Coordination Challenges: Aligning disaster response strategies with diverse neighboring countries requires continuous diplomatic efforts.
    – Resource Allocation: Balancing resources between defense and disaster management remains a challenge.
    Strategic Partnerships & Diplomacy– Regional Forums: India’s active participation in IORA and BIMSTEC has strengthened regional cooperation.
    – SAGAR Vision: The ‘Security and Growth for All in the Region’ doctrine has been well-received, promoting collective security.    		– Shifting Alliances: Neighboring countries, like Nepal and the Maldives, have shown inclinations towards China, challenging India’s diplomatic influence. 
    – Domestic Political Changes: Political transitions in neighboring countries can disrupt established diplomatic relations.
    Sustainable Maritime Governance– Fisheries Agreements: India has entered into agreements to promote sustainable fishing practices.
    – Marine Conservation: Initiatives have been launched to protect marine biodiversity in collaboration with neighbors.    		– Illegal Fishing: Preventing unauthorized fishing activities remains a persistent issue.
    – Policy Implementation: Ensuring compliance with environmental regulations across borders is challenging.
    Technology & Infrastructure Development– Digital Initiatives: Steps have been taken to modernize port operations and enhance maritime surveillance through technology.
    – Defense Acquisitions: Procurement of advanced surveillance drones has bolstered maritime domain awareness.    		– Technological Gaps: Rapid technological advancements require continuous upgrades, posing financial and logistical challenges.
    – Infrastructure Bottlenecks: Developing world-class maritime infrastructure is hindered by bureaucratic delays and funding constraints.

    India’s maritime policy demonstrates proactive engagement in enhancing regional security, economic connectivity, and disaster response. However, challenges such as external geopolitical influences, internal resource constraints, and dynamic political landscapes necessitate adaptive strategies to uphold its maritime interests.

    How does the MAHASAGAR Initiative contribute to India’s relations with its neighbourhood? Identify the key challenges in its implementation.

    Microtheme: Bilateral Relations

    Demand: Evaluate MAHASAGAR’s role in maritime security, research, economic growth, and its implementation challenges.

  • [26th April 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Teaching children to eat well must begin in school

    PYQ Relevance:

    [UPSC 2022] The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 remains inadequate in promoting incentive-based system for children’s education without generating awareness about the importance of schooling. Analyse.

    Linkage: Teaching children about food and nutrition in schools can help them learn healthy eating habits early on. This supports the idea that education should go beyond just books and include lessons that improve their overall well-being.

     

    Mentor’s Comment:  At the Paris Nutrition for Growth Summit, the UNGA extended the Decade of Action on Nutrition to 2030, aiming to align with the SDGs and sustain global efforts to end malnutrition. This marks a crucial shift from merely food access to understanding eating behaviours, especially in children, linking nutrition with health, education, equity, and environmental sustainability

    Today’s editorial examines the extension of the United Nations Decade of Action on Nutrition to 2030, offering valuable insights relevant to GS Paper 2 (Health and Education) in the UPSC Mains.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Food knowledge is now a necessity; we need to move beyond simply giving children food to also teaching them how to eat healthy.

    What is the significance of extending the United Nations Decade of Action on Nutrition to 2030?

    • Continued Global Focus on Ending Malnutrition: The extension ensures that efforts to end malnutrition—in all its forms—remain a priority on the global agenda. The original timeframe (2016-2025) was extended to maintain momentum in addressing undernutrition, obesity, and micronutrient deficiencies. Eg: It helps further the work initiated through the Global Nutrition Targets (World Health Organization), such as reducing childhood stunting and addressing maternal anemia, which are key components of the Decade of Action.
    • Aligning Nutrition Efforts with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): The extension ensures better alignment with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, particularly SDG 2: End hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture. Eg: This could strengthen efforts to integrate nutrition into food security policies, such as promoting sustainable farming practices that support both nutrition and the environment.
    • Promoting Dietary Diversity and Healthy Eating: The Decade’s extension emphasizes the need for better education on dietary diversity and healthy eating habits. This shift is especially important in light of rising levels of obesity and diet-related diseases worldwide. Eg: Encouraging bio-diverse diets that include locally grown, seasonal foods to promote better health and reduce environmental impacts from food production.
    • Addressing the Growing Challenge of Overweight and Obesity: The extension allows for a more comprehensive response to the growing global challenge of overweight and obesity, particularly in children and adolescents, which leads to chronic diseases like diabetes and heart conditions. Eg: Policies supporting school nutrition programs and marketing restrictions on unhealthy food can be strengthened, as seen in countries like Mexico, which has implemented clear labeling for unhealthy foods.
    • Enabling Improved Food Systems and Environmental Sustainability: The extension of the Decade is a chance to transform food systems to be more inclusive, sustainable, and nutrition-sensitive. Eg: The Food Systems Summit and its alignment with the Decade’s goals will encourage the adoption of sustainable food production practices.

    Why is it important to focus on the next 4,000 days of a child’s life, beyond the first 1,000 days?

    • Critical Period for Adolescents’ Growth and Development: The period from 2 to 18 years is when children experience rapid physical, emotional, and behavioral changes. This phase is crucial for addressing any nutritional deficits from the first 1,000 days and ensuring proper growth. Eg: Adequate nutrition during adolescence helps children catch up on growth and reduces the risk of stunting, which can impact long-term health and development.
    • Preventing Long-Term Health Issues: Nutrition during the next 4,000 days plays a key role in reducing the risk of chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and heart disease that can develop due to poor dietary habits. Eg: If adolescents are provided with proper nutrition and healthy eating habits, they are less likely to develop obesity-related issues in adulthood, as shown by long-term studies on childhood obesity prevention.
    • Building Healthy Habits for Life: The nutritional choices children make during their adolescent years influence their lifelong eating patterns. Teaching children to make healthy choices during this period sets the foundation for their future eating habits. Eg: Education on balanced diets and the importance of vegetables, fruits, and whole grains in school programs can help prevent future generations from falling into unhealthy eating patterns.
    • Cognitive and Emotional Development: Proper nutrition during these years supports not only physical growth but also cognitive and emotional development. Nutritional deficiencies can impair brain function and emotional well-being, leading to issues in learning, concentration, and mental health. Eg: Nutrients like iron and omega-3 fatty acids are essential for brain development. Schools providing meals rich in these nutrients see improved cognitive performance and better emotional resilience among students.
    • Addressing Gender Inequality and Social Impact: Adequate nutrition in adolescence, especially for girls, can help break the cycle of poverty and malnutrition by empowering them to reach their full potential, contributing to both personal well-being and community development. Eg: Self-Employed Women’s Association (SEWA) program in India that targets young girls’ education and nutrition to improve their future roles in society.

    Where can children best be taught to build healthy eating habits? 

    • Schools: Schools are ideal places to teach children healthy eating habits, as they can reach a large number of children and provide structured education on nutrition. School-based programs can include lessons on food choices, meal planning, and the importance of a balanced diet. Eg: In countries like Finland, students are taught about food, nutrition, and the environmental impact of food choices from a young age, with healthy meals provided in school canteens.
    • Home and Family: Parents play a crucial role in shaping children’s eating habits, as they control the food environment at home. Teaching children to make healthy food choices can begin in the kitchen, with parents modeling healthy behaviors and involving children in meal preparation. Eg: Families that cook together tend to make healthier food choices, as seen in research by the American Dietetic Association, where children who participate in preparing meals are more likely to eat fruits and vegetables.
    • Community Programs and Initiatives: Local community centers and health programs can offer opportunities for children to learn about nutrition outside the school environment. These programs often provide workshops, cooking classes, and activities that teach children how to make healthy choices in a fun, engaging way. Eg: The “Veggie Van” initiative in the U.S. brings fresh produce and nutrition education to underserved communities, helping children learn healthy eating habits in a community-based setting.
    • Public Health Campaigns: Public health campaigns, through media and outreach programs, can educate children on the importance of nutrition. Campaigns targeting children through TV, social media, and even mobile apps can reinforce healthy eating habits at an early age. Eg: The “Change4Life” campaign in the UK targets families and children with educational content about healthy eating and physical activity, encouraging healthy habits through accessible and relatable messaging.

    What are the steps taken by Indian Government?

    • National Education Policy (NEP) 2020: The NEP 2020 emphasizes integrating nutrition and health education into the school curriculum. It encourages schools to include aspects of nutrition, healthy eating, and sustainable food practices in their teaching.  
    • School Health and Wellness Programme (SHWP): This program, launched by the Ministry of Education, aims to improve the overall well-being of children through health and nutrition awareness campaigns, including healthy eating practices, physical activity, and mental health support.  
    • Mid-Day Meal Scheme: This scheme is aimed at improving the nutritional status of children in government and government-aided schools by providing them with free nutritious meals during school hours. The government ensures that the meals meet dietary standards, focusing on providing balanced nutrition.  
    • Poshan Abhiyaan (National Nutrition Mission): Launched in 2018, Poshan Abhiyaan aims to reduce malnutrition, stunting, and anemia among children, pregnant women, and lactating mothers. The initiative includes awareness campaigns, community-based nutrition interventions, and regular monitoring of children’s health. Eg: Under Poshan Abhiyaan, the government has introduced the ICDS (Integrated Child Development Services) platform for tracking the health and nutrition of children, which helps in better delivery of nutrition services.
    • Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) Initiatives: FSSAI has launched programs like “Eat Right India” to educate citizens, including children, about healthy eating habits. This initiative aims to promote balanced diets, food safety, and sustainable eating practices in schools and communities.

    Way forward: 

    • Enhance Community-Based Nutrition Programs: Strengthen local initiatives and integrate nutrition education into community centers, schools, and healthcare systems to ensure wider access to information and healthier food choices.
    • Increase Public-Private Partnerships: Encourage collaboration between the government, private sector, and NGOs to innovate in food production, distribution, and education, ensuring sustainable and nutritious food options are accessible to all.

  • A chance for India’s creative ecosystem to make waves

    Why in the News?

    Despite global trade challenges and stock market fluctuations, India remains a strong and resilient economy. By using its young population and technological strengths, India has the potential to turn difficulties into opportunities. With its rich tradition of storytelling, India’s Media & Entertainment (M&E) sector aims to connect creators around the world through the vision of ‘Create in India, Create for the World.’

    What is the vision behind India’s Media & Entertainment (M&E) sector as outlined in the WAVES 2025 initiative?

    • Global Creative Leadership: India aims to emerge as a ‘Creative Powerhouse’, encouraging the creation of world-class content that resonates globally through the ‘Create in India, Create for the World’ vision. Eg: Namit Malhotra’s DNEG delivered Oscar-winning VFX for Dune 2, showcasing India’s global capability.
    • Fostering Innovation and Startups: The vision promotes a vibrant M&E startup ecosystem through WAVEX—offering funding, mentorship, and exposure in areas like gaming, AR/VR, animation, and AI. Eg: WAVEX supports startups like Erucanavis Technologies (AI-driven ads) and Amaze Studios (VR storytelling).
    • Cultural and Technological Synergy: It seeks to blend India’s rich cultural heritage with digital innovation, empowering young creators and expanding India’s influence in entertainment, education, and digital media. Eg: InscapeXR uses immersive media to transform learning experiences through storytelling.

    Who are some notable contributors and startups exemplifying India’s growing influence in the global creative industry?

    • DNEG (Namit Malhotra): India’s presence in high-end global cinema has grown significantly. Eg: DNEG, led by Namit Malhotra, delivered Oscar-winning VFX for Dune 2, showcasing India’s prowess in visual effects and animation.
    • Erucanavis Technologies: Innovation in ad-tech is pushing the boundaries of user interaction. Eg: Erucanavis is developing AI-driven playable ads, transforming digital advertising formats globally.
    • Lapwing Studios: Women-led creative startups are gaining recognition and scale. Eg: Lapwing Studios is supported under WAVEX, promoting inclusivity in India’s Media & Entertainment sector.
    • Amaze Studios: New-age storytelling formats are reshaping viewer experiences. Eg: Amaze Studios focuses on immersive storytelling through VR and animation, enhancing narrative depth.
    • InscapeXR: Ed-tech is merging with creative media to revolutionize learning. Eg: InscapeXR uses extended reality (XR) to create immersive educational content, blending creativity with pedagogy.

    How does WAVEX aim to support and scale startups in India’s creative economy?

    • Mentorship: WAVEX connects startups with industry leaders for strategic guidance and capacity building Eg: Startups like Vygr Media gain mentorship on scaling content for global audiences.
    • Funding Access: It facilitates financial support to overcome capital barriers for creative ventures. Eg: Women-led startups such as Lapwing Studios receive funding through WAVEX platforms.
    • Global Exposure: WAVEX offers international visibility and networking with global investors and buyers. Eg: Over 5,900 buyers at the WAVES Bazaar help startups like Amaze Studios find global partners.
    • Tech Integration: It supports innovation in tech-driven media fields like AR/VR, AI, and the metaverse. Eg: Erucanavis Technologies is leveraging WAVEX support to expand AI-based playable ads.
    • Inclusive Ecosystem: WAVEX promotes diversity by uplifting women-led and regional startups in M&E. Eg: Initiatives like Vision Impact promote inclusive ed-tech innovation through immersive storytelling.

    Why is India uniquely positioned to become a global creative powerhouse?

    • Demographic Dividend: India has a large, young population that fuels creativity and innovation across media sectors. Eg: WAVEX connects this youthful energy with global platforms to scale creative startups.
    • Technological Capability: India has strong digital infrastructure and IT expertise that power cutting-edge content creation. Eg: DNEG, led by Namit Malhotra, delivered Oscar-winning VFX in Dune 2, showcasing India’s tech strength.
    • Cultural Heritage: A rich legacy of storytelling, arts, and performance adds depth to creative expression. Eg: From classical dance to comics, Indian creators blend tradition with modern formats.
    • Government Support: Policy initiatives like WAVES 2025 foster a robust startup ecosystem for M&E. Eg: WAVEX provides funding, mentorship, and exposure to startups in AR/VR and AI-driven media.
    • Global Vision: India is aiming to create content not just for domestic audiences, but for the world. Eg: The ‘Create in India, Create for the World’ initiative positions India as a content export hub.

    What are the challenges? 

    • Access to Capital and Funding: Many startups in India’s creative sector face difficulty in securing adequate funding and investment. Despite government support through initiatives like Start-up India, access to venture capital and global investors remains a challenge for emerging companies. Eg: Small animation studios or VR companies, such as Amaze Studios, often struggle to scale due to limited financial resources.
    • Infrastructure Gaps: While the government has made significant strides in developing digital infrastructure, there are still gaps in areas like high-quality production facilities, broadband connectivity, and tech training centers. Smaller cities and rural areas, in particular, face challenges in accessing the necessary resources to contribute to the global creative industry. Eg: The lack of advanced digital infrastructure in tier-2 cities restricts the growth of tech-driven creative startups.

    Way forward: 

    • Enhanced Funding Support and Investment Channels: Strengthen access to venture capital and government-backed funding, especially for emerging creative startups, through dedicated investment platforms and incentives. Eg: Expanding initiatives like Start-up India to include sector-specific funding for M&E startups in animation, AR/VR, and AI.
    • Improved Infrastructure and Regional Connectivity: Invest in high-quality production facilities, fast-track broadband connectivity, and tech training programs across tier-2 cities and rural areas to bridge the infrastructure gap. Eg: Setting up regional M&E hubs outside major cities to create localized opportunities for tech-driven creative startups.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2023] What is the status of digitalization in the Indian economy? Examine the problems faced in this regard and suggest improvements.

    Linkage: The “A chance for India’s creative ecosystem to make waves” text highlights the shift from traditional film-making to digital production and the role of technology like AI and VR/AR in the M&E sector. This PYQ on digitalisation is relevant as the growth of the creative ecosystem is heavily reliant on digital infrastructure and technologies.

  • Indus Waters Treaty, Simla Agreement ‘in abeyance’: What this means

    Why in the News?

    After the Pahalgam terror attack, India responded by putting the 1960 Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) on hold and announced several other diplomatic steps. In return, Pakistan said it would also consider suspending all bilateral agreements with India, including the Simla Agreement.

    What are the key reasons cited by India for holding the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) “in abeyance”?

    • Fundamental Change in Circumstances: India argues that since the treaty’s signing in 1960, there has been a drastic shift in population demographics and developmental needs, especially the urgent requirement for clean energy. Eg: India’s push for hydropower projects on western rivers like Kishanganga and Ratle reflects its clean energy goals.
    • Violation of Good Faith Principle: India claims that Pakistan has not acted in good faith, as evidenced by its continuous sponsorship of cross-border terrorism, which undermines mutual trust required under international treaties. Eg: The recent Pahalgam terror attack is cited as part of a pattern of hostile actions.
    • Obstruction in Treaty Implementation: India points to Pakistan’s resistance and obstructionist approach in dispute resolution and infrastructure development under the treaty framework. Eg: In 2016, Pakistan bypassed the Neutral Expert process and approached the Permanent Court of Arbitration directly, delaying dam projects.

    Why is the term “hold in abeyance” not considered valid under international law, especially in the context of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT)?

    • “Abeyance” Not Recognised in VCLT Terminology: The VCLT only recognises terms like “termination” and “suspension” of treaties—not “abeyance.” Hence, “holding a treaty in abeyance” has no formal legal status or procedural clarity under international law. Eg: Article 62 of the VCLT provides for treaty termination due to fundamental change in circumstances, but does not mention or define “abeyance.”
    • High Threshold for Fundamental Change: Even under Article 62, “fundamental change in circumstances” must directly relate to the core purpose of the treaty, and meet strict criteria set by international jurisprudence, particularly the ICJ. Eg: In the 1984 Nicaragua v. United States case, the ICJ rejected the US claim that a political shift in Nicaragua was a fundamental change justifying treaty exit.

    How does the dispute resolution mechanism under the Indus Waters Treaty function? & What are its three tiers?

    • Permanent Indus Commission (PIC) – First Tier: Both India and Pakistan appoint Commissioners who meet regularly to resolve technical and implementation issues bilaterally. This is the first step in resolving disputes. Eg: Disagreements over annual data sharing or small projects are often addressed at this level.
    • Neutral Expert – Second Tier: If the issue remains unresolved, either country can request the World Bank to appoint a Neutral Expert for technical matters such as design parameters of projects. Eg: In 2005, a Neutral Expert was appointed to resolve the Baglihar Dam dispute between India and Pakistan.
    • Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) – Third Tier: If the issue is legal or political, or if technical resolution fails, the matter can be escalated to the Permanent Court of Arbitration, facilitated by the World Bank. Eg: In 2016, Pakistan skipped the Neutral Expert stage and approached the PCA over the Kishanganga and Ratle projects, which India opposed.

    When did Pakistan previously bypass the neutral expert stage under the IWT?

    • Bypassing in 2016 Over Indian Hydropower Projects: In 2016, Pakistan directly approached the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) over India’s construction of the Kishanganga and Ratle hydroelectric projects, skipping the Neutral Expert stage meant for resolving technical disputes. Eg: Pakistan alleged that India’s designs violated the IWT’s specifications regarding spillway structures and pondage levels.
    • India’s Objection to Parallel Proceedings: India strongly opposed this move, stating that the IWT does not allow parallel proceedings at both the Neutral Expert and PCA stages for the same issue. India refused to participate in the PCA process and called for dispute resolution through the Neutral Expert instead. Eg: India maintained that allowing parallel processes undermines the treaty’s dispute resolution structure.

    Which Simla Agreement clauses are “best endeavour clauses” and why are they non-binding?

    • Nature of Language – Non-Mandatory Phrasing: Clauses in the Simla Agreement use soft language such as “shall prevent” or “pending final settlement” rather than definitive legal commands. This implies a diplomatic intention rather than enforceable obligations. Eg: “Pending the final settlement… both sides shall prevent… acts detrimental to peaceful relations” is advisory, not obligatory.
    • Absence of Enforcement or Penalty Mechanism: The agreement does not specify consequences for violations, nor does it include a dispute resolution framework. This makes compliance a matter of political will rather than legal duty. Eg: Despite ceasefire violations and the 1999 Kargil conflict, no legal action could be taken under the Simla Agreement.
    • Meant to Guide, Not Compel: These clauses are seen as guiding principles or diplomatic assurances, commonly called “best endeavour clauses” in international law, which reflect a commitment to try but not an obligation to achieve. Eg: The agreement promotes bilateralism, but repeated internationalization of Kashmir by Pakistan hasn’t attracted treaty penalties.

    Way forward: 

    • Treaty Modernisation Through Bilateral Dialogue: India and Pakistan should initiate structured negotiations to update the Indus Waters Treaty, aligning it with present-day challenges like climate change, clean energy needs, and population growth.
    • Strengthen Dispute Resolution with Third-Party Mediation Rules: Introduce clear procedural timelines and limitations on bypassing dispute tiers (e.g., Neutral Expert stage) to ensure consistency, transparency, and mutual trust in treaty enforcement.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2016] Present an account of the Indus Water Treaty and examine its ecological, economic and political implications in the context of changing bilateral relations.

    Linkage: The Indus Water Treaty is very important in the current situation where it’s being “put on hold.” It directly relates to the changing relationship between India and Pakistan, which is the main reason behind this move.

  • Recalibrating Ties: How is India Reshaping Its Afghanistan Policy?

    India has “historical and civilisational ties” with Afghanistan, Foreign Minister S Jaishankar told Parliament in 2023. But since the Taliban seized power, the world has been walking a tightrope, deciding whether to engage with the regime or keep its distance over human rights and security concerns.

    China? It wasted no time. Beijing has gone all in—securing economic deals, focusing on security partnerships, and even welcoming a Taliban-appointed ambassador. Meanwhile, India has played it cautiously, keeping diplomatic backchannels open through a foreign service officer for the past three years.

    Now, things are shifting. For the first time, India’s foreign secretary and Afghanistan’s acting foreign minister sat across the table in a bilateral meeting—in Dubai, no less. And here’s the big one: reports suggest that India’s Prime Minister might allow the Taliban to officially appoint an envoy for its embassy in New Delhi.

    If that happens, it will mark a seismic shift in India’s Afghanistan policy—one that could redefine regional power dynamics in a way few saw coming.

    India’s Diplomatic Shift: Engaging with the Taliban

    In a significant development in Jan 2025, the Taliban referred to India as a “strategic regional and economic partner” following a high-level meeting between Indian Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri and Afghanistan’s acting Foreign Minister Amir Khan Muttaqi in Dubai. This is the most notable engagement between the two sides since the Taliban regained power in 2021.

    India’s recent strategy

    Key Strategic AspectIndia’s ApproachExample
    Maintaining Strategic InfluenceIndia aims to retain its presence in Afghanistan to safeguard long-term geopolitical interests.Reopened its embassy in Kabul in June 2022 to ensure diplomatic engagement.
    Countering Pakistan’s Waning InfluenceAs Taliban-Pakistan relations deteriorate, India sees an opportunity to reduce Islamabad’s control over Kabul.The Taliban’s refusal to act against Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) has strained ties with Pakistan, allowing India to step in.
    Competing with China’s Expanding RoleWith China integrating Afghanistan into the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), India is re-evaluating its approach.China was the first country to accept a Taliban-appointed ambassador in 2023, prompting India to rethink its strategy.
    Ensuring Regional Security and CounterterrorismA stable Afghanistan is essential to preventing it from becoming a hub for anti-India terror groups.India seeks Taliban cooperation in curbing ISIS-K and groups like Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT).
    Strengthening Economic and Humanitarian TiesIndia continues to support Afghanistan through trade, development projects, and aid.India has provided multiple consignments of wheat and medical supplies under humanitarian assistance programs.
    Expanding Trade via Chabahar PortThe port provides direct access to Afghanistan and Central Asia, bypassing Pakistan.The Taliban affirmed commitment to India as a key trade partner under its new economic policy.
    Addressing Refugee and Healthcare CrisisIndia is assisting in the rehabilitation of Afghan refugees returning from Pakistan and Iran.India’s aid efforts focus on healthcare, with land distribution already underway for returning refugees.

    India’s renewed engagement with the Taliban is a calculated move—balancing economic opportunities, regional stability, and its historical reservations about the group’s ideology. The future remains uncertain, but one thing is clear: India recognizes that staying engaged in Afghanistan is not a choice, but a necessity.

    The Diplomatic Tightrope: India’s Evolving Stance on Afghanistan

    India’s approach to Afghanistan has evolved based on geopolitical shifts, security concerns, and economic interests. While India has historically maintained strong ties with Afghanistan, the return of the Taliban in 2021 forced a recalibration of its strategy. The current phase of engagement is driven by the need to secure strategic interests, counter regional adversaries, and maintain influence without fully legitimizing the Taliban regime.

    PhaseKey FeaturesExamplesReason for Engagement
    Pre-2001: Limited EngagementMaintained ties with anti-Taliban factions like the Northern Alliance. No formal engagement with the Taliban.India supported Ahmad Shah Massoud and provided aid to anti-Taliban groups.Preventing Pakistan-backed Taliban from gaining full control and ensuring a friendly regime in Kabul.
    2001-2021: Strong Presence & Development FocusActive involvement in Afghanistan’s reconstruction after the U.S.-led invasion. Focus on soft power, economic aid, and infrastructure projects.Built the Afghan Parliament, Salma Dam, and provided scholarships to Afghan students.Strengthening strategic ties, countering Pakistan’s influence, and expanding India’s economic and cultural footprint.
    2021-2022: Uncertainty Post-Taliban TakeoverWithdrew diplomatic presence after the Taliban’s return. Adopted a wait-and-watch approach. Continued humanitarian aid without formal recognition.Evacuated embassy staff; sent medical aid and wheat to Afghanistan.Uncertainty about Taliban governance, avoiding direct engagement due to global pressure while maintaining humanitarian outreach.
    2022-Present: Gradual Re-engagementReopened the embassy in Kabul, engaged in backchannel talks, and explored limited cooperation. First formal bilateral meeting held. Consideration of allowing a Taliban envoy in New Delhi.India’s Foreign Secretary met the Taliban’s acting Foreign Minister in Dubai in 2024. India continues aid and limited diplomatic engagement.Preventing Afghanistan from becoming a hub for anti-India terror groups, countering China-Pakistan influence, and safeguarding long-term regional interests.

    India has long maintained a cautious approach toward the Taliban, balancing limited engagement with concerns over terrorism, human rights, and global alliances. However, if India accepts a Taliban-appointed envoy, it would mark a major policy shift with far-reaching consequences. 

    Determinants of India’s policy shift

    DeterminantWhat It MeansExample
    Indirect Recognition of the TalibanAllowing a Taliban-appointed envoy would mean India is informally acknowledging the regime, even though it has no global legitimacy.The U.S. and EU still refuse to recognize the Taliban due to human rights abuses.
    Break from India’s Anti-Terrorism StandIndia has long opposed regimes linked to terrorism, and engaging with the Taliban contradicts that position.India previously avoided the Taliban due to its ties with groups like Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM).
    Weakens India’s Human Rights AdvocacyThe Taliban’s brutal treatment of women and minorities clashes with India’s global image as a democratic, rights-respecting nation.The UN has called the Taliban’s policies “gender apartheid,” which India has also condemned.
    Strains Ties with Western AlliesThe U.S. and European nations have imposed sanctions and kept diplomatic distance from the Taliban, so India’s engagement could create friction.The West still restricts financial dealings and diplomatic relations with the Taliban regime.
    Sets a Risky Foreign Policy PrecedentAccepting a Taliban envoy could pressure India to engage with other controversial or unrecognized regimes.It might open debates on whether India should also recognize Myanmar’s military junta or other disputed governments.

    This isn’t just about one diplomatic post—it’s about India’s global standing and the message it sends to its allies and adversaries alike.

    Major risks for India in engaging with the Taliban

    India’s engagement with the Taliban comes with significant risks. The presence of terror groups, regional instability, and potential diplomatic fallout make the situation complex. Below are key challenges India faces in dealing with Afghanistan under Taliban rule.

    ChallengeExplanationExample
    Security Threats and TerrorismThe Taliban maintains ties with groups like Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM), which have a history of targeting India.The 2001 Indian Parliament attack was linked to JeM, which has operated from Taliban-controlled areas before.
    Growing Influence of the Islamic State (IS-K)The Islamic State-Khorasan Province (IS-K) has been expanding, carrying out deadly attacks even against the Taliban.IS-K’s attack on Moscow’s Crocus City Hall in 2024 and the Kabul hotel bombing targeting Chinese nationals highlight Afghanistan’s instability.
    Potential Diplomatic BacklashEngaging with the Taliban could strain India’s relations with allies like the U.S. and the EU, which refuse to recognize the regime.The U.S. and European nations maintain sanctions on the Taliban, and closer ties with Kabul could lead to criticism from Western partners.
    Destabilization of India’s Western BordersThe Taliban’s alleged support for Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) has worsened Pakistan’s security, raising concerns about spillover into India.In February 2024 alone, TTP claimed responsibility for 147 attacks in Pakistan, indicating growing instability in the region.
    Economic and Investment RisksAny financial commitments in Afghanistan could be at risk due to the Taliban’s unpredictable rule and lack of transparency.India has invested $3 billion in Afghan infrastructure, including the Salma Dam and Parliament, but their future remains uncertain under Taliban governance.

    Way forward: 

    1. Strengthen Ties Under ‘Act West’ – India should take a pragmatic approach and leverage its historical ties with Afghanistan to play a bigger role in the region.
    2. Boost Humanitarian Aid – To counter China’s growing influence, India must expand support for Afghan healthcare and refugee rehabilitation.
    3. Restart Development Projects – Investing in infrastructure will stabilize Afghanistan’s economy, create jobs, curb terrorism, and strengthen India’s economic footprint.
    4. Deepen Cultural Bonds – India should build stronger people-to-people connections by easing visa rules, supporting Afghan cricket, and offering more educational scholarships.
    5. Expand Diplomatic Engagement – India must actively push for Afghanistan’s inclusion in global forums like SAARC to maintain its influence in regional decision-making.

    #BACK2BASICS:  REGIONAL POWER DYNAMICS OF SOUTH ASIA: KEY ELEMENTS

    South Asia is shaped by complex geopolitical, economic, and security interactions among its nations. Here are seven key elements defining regional power dynamics:

    ElementExplanationExample
    India’s Regional DominanceAs the largest economy and military power, India plays a central role in shaping South Asia’s politics, trade, and security.India’s influence in SAARC, strategic partnerships with the U.S. and Russia, and leadership in regional connectivity projects.
    China’s Expanding InfluenceChina’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and deep economic ties with South Asian nations challenge India’s traditional dominance.China’s investments in Pakistan (CPEC), Sri Lanka’s Hambantota Port, and growing ties with the Taliban in Afghanistan.
    Pakistan-India RivalryThe historic conflict over Kashmir, cross-border terrorism, and military tensions drive instability in the region.Frequent ceasefire violations along the Line of Control (LoC) and the ongoing India-Pakistan diplomatic deadlock.
    Afghanistan’s Security InstabilityThe Taliban’s rule, terrorism threats, and foreign interventions make Afghanistan a geopolitical flashpoint affecting regional security.The Taliban’s ties with terror groups, Pakistan’s concerns over Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), and India’s cautious engagement with Kabul.
    The Role of the U.S. and RussiaThe U.S. and Russia maintain influence through defense ties, economic aid, and strategic partnerships with South Asian nations.U.S. defense ties with India and Pakistan, Russia’s arms exports to India, and both powers balancing relations with China.
    Economic Competition and Trade BlocsRegional economic cooperation remains limited due to political tensions, but new trade alignments are emerging.India’s push for the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) and Bangladesh’s growing trade with China.
    Maritime Geopolitics in the Indian OceanThe Indian Ocean is a key battleground for influence, with India, China, and the U.S. seeking naval dominance.India’s SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) initiative vs. China’s growing naval presence in Sri Lanka and the Maldives.

    South Asia’s power dynamics are in constant flux, with competing interests shaping the region’s future.

    Impact of India’s Afghanistan Policy on South Asia’s Regional Power Dynamics

    1. Maintaining Regional Influence – India’s engagement with the Taliban helps counter Pakistan and China’s growing foothold in Afghanistan.
    2. Balancing China’s Expansion – India’s cautious approach contrasts with China’s deeper ties, making it crucial to prevent Afghanistan from becoming a Chinese stronghold.
    3. Weakening Pakistan’s Influence – Taliban-Pakistan tensions create space for India to strengthen its role in Afghanistan.
    4. Security Considerations – India seeks Taliban assurances to curb terror groups like ISIS-K and LeT but faces long-term reliability concerns.
    5. Impact on Western Relations – Engaging with the Taliban may strain ties with the U.S. and EU, which refuse to recognize the Taliban due to human rights violations.
    6. Economic and Trade Interests – India’s involvement helps safeguard its $3 billion infrastructure investments in Afghanistan and maintain trade access to Central Asia.
    7. Strategic Connectivity and Maritime Routes – A stable Afghanistan benefits India’s trade routes, including the Chabahar port, strengthening its regional connectivity.

    India’s evolving Afghanistan policy is a strategic move to counter regional rivals while securing economic and security interests. However, balancing Taliban engagement with global diplomatic expectations remains a challenge.

  • “Revive Our Ocean” Initiative

    Why in the News?

    A new global initiative called ‘Revive Our Ocean’ was launched with the goal of scaling up effective, community-led marine protected areas (MPAs) to boost marine conservation efforts.

    About the Revive Our Ocean Initiative:

    • It is a global effort to enhance marine ecosystem protection through community-led Marine Protected Areas (MPAs).
    • It was launched by David Attenborough, Dynamic Planet, and National Geographic’s Pristine Seas to scale up MPAs, empowering coastal communities to lead conservation efforts.
    • The goal is to protect 30% of the world’s oceans by 2030, aligning with the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF).
    • Initially focused on 7 countries: UK, Portugal, Greece, Turkey, Philippines, Indonesia, and Mexico, using successful MPA models.
    • It emphasizes economic benefits of MPAs, such as generating €16 million annually from diving tourism in Medes Island, Spain.

    Back2Basics: Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF)

    • KMGBF was adopted in December 2022, the KMGBF aims to halt biodiversity loss by 2030 and ensure human-nature harmony by 2050.
    • It replaces the Aichi Biodiversity Targets and is often referred to as the “Paris Agreement for Nature“, with 196 countries adopting it.
    • The framework sets a 30×30 target, aiming to protect 30% of global land and marine areas by 2030 and restore ecosystems.
    • It focuses on halting species extinction, reducing pollution, and promoting sustainable agriculture, forestry, and fisheries.
    • Other targets include reducing pesticide and nutrient pollution, minimising harmful waste, and promoting urban green spaces.

     

    [UPSC 2012] The acidification of oceans is increasing. Why is this phenomenon a cause of concern?

    1. The growth and survival of calcareous phytoplankton will be adversely affected.

    2. The growth and survival of coral reefs will be adversely affected.

    3. The survival of some animals that have phytoplanktonic larvae will be adversely affected.

    4. The cloud seeding and formation of clouds will be adversely affected.

    Which among the statements given above is/are correct?

    Options: (a) 1, 2 and 3 only* (b) 2 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

     

  • DRDO achieves milestone in Scramjet Hypersonic Engine Development

    Why in the News?

    The DRDO Laboratory (DRDL), located in Hyderabad, successfully demonstrated long-duration Active Cooled Scramjet Subscale Combustor ground testing for over 1,000 seconds.

    About Hypersonic Cruise Missiles:

    • Hypersonic cruise missiles are advanced weapons capable of travelling at speeds greater than Mach 5 (approximately 6,100 km/h), making them 5x faster than the speed of sound.
    • These missiles use Scramjets (Supersonic Combustion Ramjets) powered by atmospheric oxygen, making them more efficient for long-duration travel compared to traditional missiles that carry their own oxidizers.
    • They maintain high speeds and are highly manoeuvrable, making them difficult to intercept by current missile defense systems.
    • They can strike targets at long ranges with minimal warning and penetrate advanced defense shields.

    DRDO’s Achievement:

    • The DRDO successfully conducted long-duration Active Cooled Scramjet Subscale Combustor ground testing for over 1,000 seconds.
    • This test advances India’s capability to develop hypersonic cruise missiles, validating the design of the scramjet combustor and the test facility, both crucial for developing air-breathing propulsion systems.
    • This paves the way for full-scale flight-worthy combustor testing, bringing India closer to developing functional hypersonic missiles and enhancing its defense capabilities.
    [UPSC 2023] Consider the following statements:

    1. Ballistic missiles are jet-propelled at subsonic speeds throughout their fights, while cruise missiles are rocket-powered only in the initial phase of flight.

    2. Agni-V is a medium-range supersonic cruise missile, while BrahMos is a solid-fuelled intercontinental ballistic missile.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2*

     

  • Places in News: Sea of Marmara

    Why in the News?

    A powerful earthquake with a magnitude of 6.2 struck Istanbul and surrounding areas with its epicenter located beneath the Sea of Marmara.

    About the Sea of Marmara

    • The Sea of Marmara is a small but significant inland sea in Turkey, acting as a transition zone between the Black Sea and the Aegean Sea.
    • It holds geographical, ecological, and cultural importance, separating Asia and Europe within Turkey.
    • It spans 11,350 km², it is 280 km long and 80 km wide.
    • It is connected to the Black Sea in the northeast via the Bosphorus Strait and to the Aegean Sea in the southwest via the Dardanelles Strait.
    • It receives cold, fresh water from the Black Sea and warmer, saltier water from the Mediterranean, creating a unique fresh-to-salty water transition.
    • The region experiences a humid subtropical climate with hot summers and cold, wet winters, influencing the marine ecosystem.
    • The North Anatolian Fault runs beneath the sea, causing significant earthquake risks, including the recent 6.2 magnitude earthquake near Istanbul.
    • It is home to several islands, including Marmara Island (the largest) and Prince Islands.
    • The city of Istanbul lies along its coastline.
    [UPSC 2014] Turkey is located between:

    Options: (a) Black Sea and Caspian Sea (b) Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea (c) Gulf of Suez and Mediterranean Sea (d) Gulf of Aqaba and Dead Sea

     

  • India to ban Chlorpyrifos  

    Why in the News?

    Policymakers and scientists are set to gather in Geneva for the Conferences of the Parties to the Basel, Rotterdam, and Stockholm (BRS) Conventions.

    India’s Pesticide Action Network will advocate for a global ban on Chlorpyrifos, a toxic pesticide still in use despite being banned in over 40 countries.

    About Chlorpyrifos:

    • Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate pesticide used to control pests, including insects, fungi, and weeds on crops like corn, soybeans, and fruits, as well as non-crop areas like turf and buildings.
    • It disrupts the nervous system of pests by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme critical for nerve function, causing paralysis and death in pests.
    • Despite being banned in over 40 countries due to its environmental and health risks, it continues to be used in many countries, including India.

    Chlorpyrifos in India:

    • Not entirely banned in India; It is registered under the Insecticides Act of 1968, with restrictions such as a ban on its use on ber, citrus, and tobacco (as per a 2023 notification).
    • But it is also used on other crops, including rice, cotton, groundnut, and onion.
    • India is one of the largest producers and exporters of Chlorpyrifos globally.

    Threats Posed by Chlorpyrifos:

    • Human Health Risks: Linked to nervous system issues, developmental disorders in children, cancer, and liver/kidney damage.
    • Environmental Impact: Highly toxic to aquatic life and pollinators like bees.
    • Soil & Crop Contamination: Persistent in the environment, leading to pesticide residue in the food chain.
    • Biodiversity Loss: Affects non-target species, disrupting ecosystems.
    • Resistance: Overuse leads to pesticide resistance, requiring more harmful chemicals for pest control.
    [UPSC 2019] In India, the use of carbofuran, methyl parathion, phorate and triazophos is viewed with apprehension. These chemicals are used as-

    Options: (a) pesticides in agriculture * (b) preservatives in processed foods (c) fruit-ripening agents (d) moisturising agents in cosmetics

     

  • [25th April 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Is the World Trade Organisation still relevant?

    PYQ Relevance:

    [UPSC 2016] The broader aims and objectives of the WTO are to manage and promote international trade in the era of globalisation. But the Doha round of negotiations seems doomed due to differences between the developed and the developing countries. Discuss from the Indian perspective.

    Linkage: WTO’s aims and the failure of the Doha Round, a key point made in the article to illustrate the WTO’s declining negotiating function and its diminished relevance. The question also asks for a discussion from the Indian perspective, which connects to the article’s reference to India’s stance on certain WTO issues.

     

    Mentor’s Comment:   Donald Trump’s “reciprocal tariffs” have been compared to the Smoot-Hawley tariffs of the 1930s, which are believed to have worsened the Great Depression. The key difference today is that we have the World Trade Organization (WTO) to manage and enforce global trade rules. However, some believe that over time, the WTO has lost its direction and needs significant reforms.

    Today’s editorial examines the relevance of the WTO in the current global context. This content will be useful for GS Paper 2 (International Institutions) and GS Paper 3 (Economy).

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Over time, the WTO has become less effective and lacks clear direction, with many believing it requires major reforms to better manage and enforce global trade rules in the current world.

    What are the main functions of the WTO?

    • Negotiating Trade Agreements: The WTO provides a platform for member countries to negotiate and revise global trade rules aimed at reducing trade barriers (tariffs, quotas, etc.). Eg: The Doha Development Round was launched in 2001 to negotiate issues like agricultural subsidies and market access for developing countries.
    • Settling Trade Disputes: The WTO’s Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM) resolves trade conflicts between countries based on agreed rules. Eg: The U.S.–EU Banana Dispute, where the U.S. challenged the EU’s import regime for bananas, was resolved through the WTO dispute system.
    • Monitoring and Reviewing National Trade Policies: The WTO monitors trade policies of member nations to ensure transparency and consistency with WTO rules. Eg: The Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM) allows regular scrutiny of each member’s trade practices — for instance, India’s trade policy is reviewed every 4-5 years under this mechanism.

    Why is it struggling to fulfil them?

    • Stalemate in Trade Negotiations: Consensus-based decision-making often leads to deadlocks, especially between developed and developing countries. Eg: The Doha Round has been stalled for years due to disagreements on agricultural subsidies and market access.
    • Crisis in the Dispute Settlement System: The Appellate Body (WTO’s top court) has been non-functional since 2019 because the U.S. blocked the appointment of new judges, citing bias and overreach. Eg: Over 20 trade disputes remain unresolved, weakening trust in WTO’s ability to enforce rules.
    • Rise of Protectionism and Plurilateralism: Countries increasingly prefer regional or bilateral agreements, bypassing WTO rules. Also, rising protectionism (e.g. tariffs, export bans) undermines multilateral trade. Eg: The U.S.–China trade war and RCEP (Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership) are signs of countries drifting away from WTO-centered trade governance.

    Why has the WTO’s Appellate Body become dysfunctional?

    • U.S. Block on Judge Appointments: The United States has repeatedly blocked the appointment of new judges, alleging judicial overreach and bias against U.S. interests. Eg: As of 2019, the Appellate Body lacked the minimum three judges required to hear appeals, halting its operations.
    • Allegations of Judicial Overreach: Critics, especially the U.S., claim the Body has exceeded its mandate by creating new obligations not agreed upon by member states. Eg: In disputes like U.S.–Antidumping Measures, the Appellate Body was accused of “interpreting” rules rather than just applying them.
    • Delays in Rulings and Case Backlog: The Appellate Body has been criticized for delays in delivering rulings, often exceeding the 90-day deadline, leading to a growing backlog. Eg: In cases like the EU–Airbus dispute, delayed rulings undermined timely dispute resolution.

    How has the MFN principle weakened?

    • Rise of Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements: Countries increasingly prefer bilateral or regional trade agreements (FTAs) over WTO multilateral negotiations, which often bypass the MFN principle. Eg: RCEP (Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership) and USMCA (United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement) offer preferential treatment to members, sidelining MFN principles.
    • Protectionist Measures by Major Economies: The U.S. and other major economies have imposed unilateral tariffs and trade measures, undermining the non-discriminatory nature of the MFN principle. Eg: The U.S. Section 232 tariffs on steel and aluminum were applied globally, but countries like the EU and Canada were exempted, contradicting MFN rules.
    • China’s Trade Practices: China’s practices in trade, such as subsidizing domestic industries and restricting foreign market access, have raised concerns about compliance with MFN, as they distort fair trade. Eg: The U.S.–China trade war involved tariffs on Chinese goods despite China’s MFN status at the WTO.
    • Decreasing Role of the WTO in Enforcing MFN: The WTO’s inability to enforce the MFN principle effectively, particularly with its dysfunctional dispute settlement mechanism, has weakened its role in global trade governance. Eg: In the India–U.S. solar panel dispute, the U.S. imposed tariffs on Indian solar panels despite the MFN rule, and the dispute resolution was delayed.
    • FTAs and Evasion of MFN Obligations: Many countries have opted for free trade agreements (FTAs), which offer preferential trade treatment to signatories, making it easier to bypass MFN obligations for non-signatories. Eg: India has entered into FTAs with several countries, such as ASEAN, which offer preferential tariffs and benefits not extended to other WTO members, violating MFN principles.

    How did the launch of the Doha Round contribute to this decline?

    • Overly Ambitious Mandate: The Doha Round, launched in 2001, aimed to address a wide range of issues, including agricultural subsidies, tariffs, and market access. This broad agenda led to mismatched expectations and difficulties in reaching agreements, causing the talks to stagnate. Eg, despite extensive negotiations, no consensus was reached on key issues like agricultural subsidies, which frustrated many member countries.
    • Challenges with China’s Accession: When China joined the WTO in 2001, there was insufficient foresight regarding the challenges its integration would pose. China’s growing dominance in global exports, especially in sectors like steel and cement, created trade imbalances and undermined the WTO’s ability to manage its impact. Eg, the WTO rules were not equipped to handle such issues, leading to frustration, particularly from the U.S.
    • Failure to Lower Tariffs: The Doha Round aimed to reduce tariffs on a multilateral basis, but negotiations failed to gain traction. Eg, the U.S. had already lowered its tariffs significantly, but other countries, particularly India, were unwilling to reciprocate. This lack of progress on tariff liberalization further highlighted the WTO’s inability to deliver on its promises, contributing to its declining relevance.

    Who is responsible for the collapse of key trade negotiations ? 

    • Developed Countries’ Reluctance to Reduce Agricultural Subsidies: Developed nations, especially the U.S. and EU, were unwilling to significantly cut their domestic farm subsidies, which distorted global prices and affected developing countries’ exports. Eg: In the Doha Development Round, talks stalled because the U.S. refused to reduce subsidies that gave an unfair advantage to its farmers.
    • Developing Countries’ Demand for Greater Policy Space: Countries like India, Brazil, and South Africa demanded flexibilities to protect their poor farmers and industries, which was resisted by developed nations. Eg: India’s push for a permanent solution on public stockholding for food security clashed with U.S. and EU positions, contributing to the deadlock.
    • Consensus-Based Decision-Making Slowing Progress: The WTO follows a consensus model, requiring all 164 members to agree, making it difficult to conclude negotiations when interests diverge widely. Eg: In the Nairobi Ministerial Conference (2015), the failure to achieve consensus on the future of the Doha Round led to its effective collapse.

    What role has India played?

    • Advocating for Food Security and Agricultural Subsidies: India has strongly opposed any restrictions on agricultural subsidies and public stockholding for food security, fearing it would hurt its poor farmers. Eg: India led the opposition to a proposed agreement on agricultural subsidies during the Doha Round and sought a permanent solution for public stockholding, which stalled the negotiations.
    • Pushing for Development Concerns of Poorer Countries: India has consistently championed the interests of developing nations at the WTO, advocating for greater policy flexibility in trade-related matters such as industrialization and agriculture. Eg: India was vocal in demanding special and differential treatment for developing countries and resisted any trade reforms that might harm their domestic industries, such as the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS).
    • Defending Sovereignty in Trade and Investment: India has often resisted foreign investment liberalization measures and binding international rules on labor standards and environmental regulations that it believes could undermine national sovereignty. Eg: India rejected proposals in the Doha Development Agenda that could have led to binding agreements on labor standards and environmental protections, fearing they could impose undue burdens on its developing economy.

    Way forward: 

    • Reform Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM): The WTO needs to revive and strengthen the Appellate Body by addressing issues such as judge appointments and allegations of judicial overreach, ensuring its effectiveness in resolving disputes and maintaining trust in the multilateral system. Eg: A compromise on U.S. concerns could be explored to restart the Appellate Body’s functioning.
    • Enhance Flexibility for Developing Nations: The WTO should allow more policy flexibility for developing countries in areas like agriculture and food security, while balancing global trade interests. This could encourage inclusive negotiations and help prevent deadlocks, addressing concerns such as those raised by India in the Doha Round. Eg: Promoting a permanent solution for public stockholding in agriculture could lead to greater participation from developing nations.

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