PM Modi laid the foundation stone of the Ken-Betwa River Linking National Project, the first project under the National Perspective Plan (NPP) for interlinking rivers, conceptualized in 1980. The project would submerge over 10 per cent of the core area of the Panna Tiger Reserve.
About the Ken-Betwa Link Project (KBLP):
About
Objective: Transfer water from the Ken River to the Betwa River, both tributaries of the Yamuna.
Ken-Betwa Canal: Envisages a 221 km canal (including a 2-km tunnel) for water diversion.
Submergence area: Jhansi, Banda, Lalitpur and Mahoba districts of UP and Tikamgarh, Panna and Chhatarpur districts of MP.
It’s the first interlinking project under the National Perspective Plan (1980).
Targeted completion within 8 years, as per the Ministry of Jal Shakti.
Key Components
It will irrigate 10.62 lakh ha (8.11 lakh ha in MP and 2.51 lakh ha in UP) and provide drinking water to ~62 lakh people.
Power Generation: Aims for 103 MW of hydropower and 27 MW of solar power.
Phases:
Phase-I: Construction of Daudhan Dam, related tunnels, canal, and powerhouses.
Phase-II: Building of Lower Orr Dam, Bina Complex Project, and Kotha Barrage.
Daudhan Dam:
Foundation stone laid in December 2024 by PM Narendra Modi.
2,031 m in length and 77 m in height, submerging ~9,000 ha across 10 villages.
Construction contract awarded to NCC Ltd.
Geographical Features of Ken and Betwa River
Ken River: Rises near Ahirgawan in Madhya Pradesh, flows through Bundelkhand, joins the Yamuna near Chilla village in UP.
Betwa River: Originates in the Vindhya Range (near Hoshangabad, MP), also flows through Bundelkhand, and meets the Yamuna at Hamirpur (UP).
Both rivers traverse hilly and plateau regions of Bundelkhand, often facing drought-like conditions.
Both are highly seasonal; flows depend largely on monsoon rainfall.
Significance
Water Scarcity Mitigation: Aims to alleviate drought-like conditions in Bundelkhand by ensuring year-round irrigation.
Enhanced Agriculture: 10.62 lakh ha of farmland to benefit, improving crop yields and farm income.
Drinking Water Supply: Targets ~62 lakh people in MP and UP, improving public health.
Energy Generation: A total of 130 MW (103 MW hydropower + 27 MW solar), boosting renewable energy capacity in rural areas.
Bundelkhand Development: Expected to spur socio-economic growth, reduce rural distress and migration, and aid industrial expansion.
Template for Future Projects: As the first interlinking project under the National Perspective Plan, its success could pave the way for additional river-linking schemes nationwide.
PYQ:
[2020] The interlinking of rivers can provide viable solutions to the multi-dimensional inter-related problems of droughts, floods, and interrupted navigation. Critically examine.
Cold wave: A rapid fall in temperature within 24 hours to a level requiring substantially increased protection to agriculture, industry, commerce, and social activities.
Derecho: “a widespread, long-lived, straight-line windstorm (no rotation like a tornado)” that is associated with a “band of rapidly moving showers or thunderstorms”.
The name comes from the Spanish word ‘la derecha’ which means ‘straight’.
It is a warm-weather phenomenon that generally occurs in June and July.
Analysis period of 1971-2010: Cold wave/ Severe cold wave spells are 1-2 days, but in some cases, it lasted for 10 days. There are more than an average of 6 cold wave days in the period.
Advection Cold Wave: This occurs when cold air moves into an area, lowering temperatures. An example is the Siberian cold wave in Europe during winter.
Radiation Cold Wave: This happens under clear skies with calm winds, allowing heat to radiate away at night. An example is a clear winter night in the northern United States.
Frontal Cold Wave: Results from the passage of a cold front, causing a sudden drop in temperature. Example: A cold front moving through during a thunderstorm.
Criteria to Declare:
If the Wind chill factor (a measure of the cooling effect of the wind on the temperature of the air)
is 10°C or less, then only the conditions for cold waves are considered.
For the plains: When the minimum temperature is 10 degrees Celsius or below and is 4.5 to 5.5 degrees Celsius (C) less than normal for two consecutive days. A severe cold wave is declared when the temperature deviation from normal is -6 to -7 degrees Celsius. When the Wind chill factor is 0°C or less, the Cold Wave should be declared irrespectively.
For coastal stations: The threshold value of a minimum temperature of 10 degrees Celsius is rarely reached. However, the local people feel discomfort due to the wind chill factor which reduces the minimum temperature by a few degrees depending upon the wind speed.
Causes:
Cold wave:
Absence of cloud cover in the region: Clouds trap some of the outgoing infrared radiation and radiate it back downward, warming the ground.
Snowfall in the upper Himalayas has blown cold winds towards the region.
Subsidence of cold air over the region: Subsidence is the downward movement of cold and dry air closer to the surface.
Prevailing weak La Nina conditions in the Pacific Ocean.
La Nina is the abnormally cooler sea surface temperature reported along the equatorial Pacific Ocean and it is known to favor cold waves.
During La Nina years, the severity of cold conditions becomes intense. The frequency and area covered under the grip of a cold wave become larger.
Derechos:
Heat and Moisture: Associated with warm, moist air masses, often develop in the warm sector of a rapidly moving low-pressure system.
Atmospheric Instability: Derechos require atmospheric instability, which is characterized by rising warm air and falling cool air.
Squall Line: Derechos are a type of severe windstorm associated with a long-lived squall line of severe thunderstorms.
Downbursts: Within the squall line, downbursts are powerful & can create straight-line wind damage over a wide area.
High Wind Gusts: Derechos are known for their destructive straight-line wind gusts, which can exceed 58 miles per hour (93 kilometers per hour) and are often associated with widespread wind damage.
Mitigation:
Shelter and Relief Camps: Setting up temporary shelters and relief camps to provide warmth, food, and medical assistance.
Winter Clothing Distribution: Distributing warm clothing, blankets, and winter essentials to communities in need.
Weather Forecasting and Early Warning Systems: Improving weather forecasting capabilities and disseminating timely cold wave warnings to the public.
Community Awareness Programs: Educate people about the risks of cold waves and the importance of staying warm, along with tips for winter safety.
Heating Facilities: Installing heating facilities in public spaces, like community centers, schools, and hospitals.
Power Supply Maintenance: Ensuring the reliability of power supply during cold waves to avoid disruptions in heating systems and essential services.
Social Support Programs: Providing financial assistance and support to vulnerable populations.
Coordination with NGOs and International Agencies: Collaborating with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and international agencies to enhance the reach and effectiveness of cold wave mitigation efforts.
Way Forward:
Cold Wave: Improve winter preparedness, provide shelter for vulnerable populations, and ensure access to heating resources in affected areas. Address climate change to reduce the frequency and severity of cold waves.
Derecho: Enhance early warning systems for severe thunderstorms, strengthen infrastructure against high winds, and educate the public on derecho risks. Foster regional cooperation for effective response to widespread derecho events.
The Ministry of Road Transport & Highways (MoRTH) is moving toward large-scale use of Automated & Intelligent Machine-aided Construction (AIMC) for National Highway projects.
AIMC will provide real-time data at each stage of road construction, which will be sent directly to stakeholders, including MoRTH.
About Automated & Intelligent Machine-aided Construction (AIMC) System
Details
What is it?
A technology-driven approach for road and infrastructure projects, employing advanced machinery (GPS, sensors, real-time data tools) to automate and monitor construction tasks.
Integrates machine automation, real-time data reporting, and precision engineering to enhance quality and speed of highway construction.
In India, explored by the Ministry of Road Transport & Highways (MoRTH) to reduce project delays and ensure consistent construction quality.
Features of the System
GPS-Aided Equipment: Motor graders, intelligent compactors, and stringless pavers use GPS/digital designs for precise alignment and compaction.
Automated Surveys: Drones or sensor-fitted machinery capture topographical data, enabling continuous verification of design parameters.
Real-Time Documentation: Every stage (embankment, subgrade, sub-base, paving) is monitored and instantly shared with stakeholders.
Integrated Software Platforms: Centralized software creates a digital twin of the site for analytics and alerts.
Adaptive Workflows: Machines can operate 24/7, guided by digital models and real-time data.
Q) The caste system is assuming new identities and associational forms. Hence, caste system cannot be eradicated in India.” Comment. (UPSC CSE 2018)
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on the ‘Right to Equality’ (2021) and ‘Multi-cultural Indian Society’ (2020).
Oxfam India Report (2022) indicates that 97% of surveyed Dalits reported experiencing discrimination in their workplaces, with 32.5% facing denied promotions and 19.4% being purposefully transferred due to caste-related biases.
Today’s editorial critically examines the pervasive belief in meritocracy within the Indian IT industry and its implications for caste-based inequalities. This content can be used to present ‘Caste-based discrimination at workplaces’ and ‘Key highlights of NSSO Reports’ in your mains answers.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
The recent NSSO Report conducts extensive household surveys across India, highlighting the significant caste-based disparities in the IT sector.
What is Meritocracy?
• Meritocracy is the belief that individuals should succeed based on their abilities and efforts rather than their social background. In theory, it promotes equality by providing everyone with an equal chance to succeed. • However, this ideal is increasingly being challenged as a myth that fails to account for systemic inequalities, particularly in the context of caste in India.
What does the NSSO data say about Caste Disparities in the IT Sector? The study draws from two NSSO survey rounds: the 78th (2020-21) and the 68th (2011-12): • Caste-Based Employment Disparities: Analysis of NSSO data reveals significant caste-based disparities in employment probabilities and wage earnings within the IT sector, challenging the notion of inclusivity in this industry. • Employment Probabilities: Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) have only a 10% probability of being employed in the IT sector, compared to 27% for upper castes. This disparity persists even after controlling for educational attainment and other factors.From 2011-12 to 2020-21, the probability gap widened, with lower caste groups experiencing an increase in their disadvantage from an 11% deficit to a 17% deficit despite overall growth in IT employment. • Wage Disparities: SC and Other Backward Classes (OBC) workers face wage differentials of 24.9% and 22.5%, respectively, compared to their upper caste counterparts, even when accounting for education and employment type. • Labour Market Segmentation: The findings align with labour market segmentation theory, indicating that lower castes are relegated to lower segments of the job market with limited opportunities for upward mobility. This reflects ongoing social barriers that hinder marginalized groups from fully participating in the growing IT sector. • Need for Addressing Inequalities: The study highlights that as the IT sector expands, it fails to recognize or mitigate social barriers that exclude marginalized communities, necessitating targeted reforms to promote inclusivity and equity.
How do caste-based disparities affect opportunities for individuals in the IT sector?
Structural Inequalities: Despite the IT sector’s rapid growth and opportunities, caste-based disparities remain deeply entrenched. Individuals from marginalized communities often face barriers that prevent them from accessing the same opportunities as their upper-caste counterparts.
Hiring Practices: Many tech companies claim to hire based on merit; however, hiring practices often reflect existing societal biases. The recruitment process can inadvertently favor candidates from privileged backgrounds who have better access to resources such as quality education and networking opportunities.
Representation Issues: While there are initiatives aimed at increasing diversity, the representation of lower-caste individuals in senior positions remains disproportionately low. This lack of representation perpetuates a cycle where decision-making power is concentrated among a homogenous group.
Is meritocracy a genuine principle for individuals in the Indian IT sector?
False Narratives: The belief in meritocracy creates a false narrative that ignores the socio-economic contexts from which individuals emerge. It allows those in privileged positions to believe their success is solely due to their abilities, dismissing the advantages they may have had over others.
Impact on Policy and Reform: This myth hinders meaningful policy reform aimed at addressing these disparities. When meritocracy is upheld as a guiding principle, it becomes challenging to advocate for affirmative action or other measures designed to level the playing field.
What reforms are necessary to address these disparities?
Policy Reforms: Implementing policies that actively promote diversity and inclusion, ensuring equitable access to opportunities.
Awareness Campaigns: Raising awareness about the impact of caste on career advancement and the need for structural changes within organizations.
Support Systems: Establishing mentorship and support systems for individuals from marginalized communities to help them navigate barriers in their professional journeys.
A report by the PM’s Economic Advisory Panel (EAC-PM) indicates that the number of domestic migrants has decreased by approximately 12%, reaching 40.20 crore since 2011 census.
Internal/Domestic migration refers to the movement of people within a country from one region to another.
Reasons for Push factors: Lack of job opportunities, natural disaster, lack of quality education and healthcare facilities, etc.
Reasons for Pull factors: Economic opportunities, higher standard of living, peace and stability, etc.
What is Prime Minister’s Economic Advisory Panel (EAC-PM)?
The Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister (EAC-PM) is an independent advisory body established to provide economic insights and recommendations to the Government of India, specifically to the Prime Minister.
The term “independent advisory body” refers to a group that provides expert advice and recommendations without being subject to direct control or influence from the government or any political entity. The Prime Minister of India has the authority to appoint the members of the EAC-PM.
What are the key findings of the Prime Minister’s Economic Advisory Panel (EAC-PM) report?
Decline in Domestic Migrants: The number of domestic migrants in India is estimated to have decreased by approximately 12% from 45.57 crore in 2011 to 40.20 crore in 2023, indicating a shift in migration trends and possibly improved local opportunities.
Migration Rate and Dynamics: The migration rate has dropped from 37.64% of the total population in 2011 to an estimated 28.88% in 2023, reflecting a significant change in the dynamics of internal migration.
Short-distance migration is predominant, with distance negatively affecting labor mobility.
Migration originates primarily from areas around major urban centers like Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Bangalore, and Kolkata.
Major Migration areas: UP-Delhi, Gujarat-Maharashtra, Telangana-AP, Bihar-Delhi (state level).
Data Sources: The report utilized high-frequency data from various sources, including the Indian Railway Unreserved Ticketing System, mobile phone roaming data, and district-level banking data, to analyze migration patterns.
Changing Migration Patterns: The report highlights that states like West Bengal and Rajasthan have emerged as significant destinations for migrants, while states like Andhra Pradesh and Bihar have seen a decline in their rankings as migrant sources.
What are the reasons for the decline in migrant numbers?
Improved Local Opportunities: The decline in domestic migration is hypothesized to be due to enhanced economic opportunities and services such as education, healthcare, infrastructure, and connectivity available in or near major sources of migration. This suggests that individuals may be finding sufficient opportunities locally rather than migrating.
Short-Distance Migration Dominance: The report indicates that short-distance migrations account for a significant share of overall migration, suggesting that individuals prefer to migrate within closer proximities rather than long distances.
What are the present steps taken for the welfare of Domestic Migrants in India?
Social Security Programs: The Indian government has established various welfare schemes aimed at providing social security to migrant workers. Notable among these are:
Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maan-Dhan Yojana (PMSYM): This scheme offers a minimum assured pension of ₹3,000 per month to unorganized sector workers, including migrants, upon reaching the age of 60.
Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY): This initiative provides health coverage of up to ₹5 lakh for secondary and tertiary healthcare, benefiting millions, including migrant workers.
Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana (PMGKY): Extended for five years from January 2024, this scheme ensures food security through free food grains and cash transfers to families below the poverty line, including migrants.
Housing Initiatives:
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY): This scheme aims to provide affordable housing to low-income groups, including migrants, through various subsidies and housing projects.
Affordable Rental Housing Complexes (ARHC): Launched under the Aatma Nirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan, this initiative seeks to provide rental housing for migrant workers and urban poor.
One Nation One Ration Card (ONORC): This scheme allows migrant workers to access subsidized food across the country using their existing ration cards, ensuring food security regardless of their location.
What are the existing challenges related to migrant workers in India?
Economic Insecurity: Migrant workers are often employed in low-wage, unstable jobs, and their dependence on remittances makes them vulnerable to financial hardship during economic downturns.
Poor Living and Working Conditions: Migrants often live in overcrowded, inadequate housing with limited access to basic services, and face unsafe, exploitative working conditions, especially in foreign countries.
Legal and Social Challenges: Many migrants lack proper legal recognition and identification, hindering access to social security and leaving them vulnerable to exploitation and social discrimination.
Urban Overload: Rapid migration strains urban infrastructure, leading to overcrowding, inadequate housing, and pressure on public services in cities, affecting migrants’ living conditions.
Way forward:
Enhance Local Economic Development: To further reduce the need for long-distance migration, focus on creating more job opportunities, improving infrastructure, and expanding social services in migration-origin regions.
Strengthen Migrant Welfare Programs: Ensure better implementation and outreach of existing welfare schemes, such as healthcare, housing, and food security, to protect migrant workers’ rights and well-being across all regions.
Mains PYQ:
Q Discuss the changes in the trends of labour migration within and outside India in the last four decades.. (UPSC IAS/2015)
The recent government initiatives, such as “Mission Karmayogi,” aimed at enhancing the capacity of civil servants, underscores the ongoing dialogue about reforming India’s “steel frame” of governance.
What is the current state of India’s bureaucratic structure?
India’s bureaucratic structure, particularly the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), often referred to as the “steel frame” of Indian governance, has historically been crucial in administration but is now struggling with several issues:
Politicization: Frequent transfers and promotions based on political loyalty rather than merit have undermined the professionalism and morale of IAS officers.
This politicization hampers the development of domain expertise, as officers are rotated across various departments without sufficient time to specialise in any particular area.
Corruption and Inefficiency: India ranks moderately on the World Bank’s government effectiveness index, indicating persistent corruption and inefficiencies in policy implementation.
Centralized Governance: The current governance model under the Prime Minister has led to increased centralization of power in the Prime Minister’s Office (PMO).
What are the previous efforts taken to reform the bureaucracy in India?
Commission recommendation:
First Administrative Reforms Commission (1st ARC, 1966): Highlighted the need for specialization within the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) to improve efficiency by transitioning it into a functional service focused on specific governance areas.
Second Administrative Reforms Commission (2nd ARC, 2005): Proposed a transparent lateral entry process for domain experts, mandatory training for civil servants throughout their careers, and the establishment of a National Institute of Public Administration to enhance public administration education and expand the candidate pool for civil services.
Central Government initiative:
Mission Karmayogi (2020): A capacity-building program designed to create a citizen-centric, future-ready civil service by promoting continuous learning and skill enhancement through a dedicated digital platform.
Lateral Entry Reforms: Introduced to integrate specialized talent from diverse sectors into senior civil service roles.
Important judgments given by the Supreme Court:
T.S.R. Subramanian v. Union of India (2013): The Supreme Court barred civil servants from following oral political directives, and mandated the creation of a Civil Services Board (CSB) to oversee transfers and postings for ensuring stability and reducing arbitrariness.
Delhi Government Services Case (2023): The Supreme Court upheld Delhi’s legislative authority over services, reinforcing federalism and ensuring accountability of officers operating under the Delhi government’s jurisdiction.
How do proposed reforms impact the independence and specialization of civil servants?
The proposed reforms aim to modernize India’s bureaucracy by enhancing independence, accountability, and specialization among civil servants.
Lateral Entry Initiatives: The government has introduced lateral entry into senior bureaucratic positions to bring in domain experts from outside the traditional IAS framework.
Performance-Based Promotions: Recommendations from various administrative reform commissions (Second ARC, set up in 2005) suggest linking promotions to measurable performance rather than seniority.
This shift could enhance accountability but may also meet resistance from entrenched interests within the IAS.
Protection Against Arbitrary Transfers: Proposals such as the Civil Services Standards, Performance, and Accountability Bill aim to protect bureaucrats from politically motivated transfers.
Implementing such measures could bolster the autonomy of civil servants.
What risks are associated with centralizing decision-making in the bureaucracy?
Reduced Autonomy: Centralization can diminish the independence of senior bureaucrats, making them more susceptible to political pressures.
This undermines their ability to act as effective policy executors and can lead to a culture of compliance rather than innovation.
Bottlenecks in Implementation: A centralized approach may create bottlenecks in policy implementation, as decision-making becomes concentrated at the top.
This can slow down responses to emerging challenges and reduce the overall efficiency of governance.
Neglect of Bureaucratic Expertise: By sidelining bureaucratic insights in favor of top-down directives, there is a risk that valuable expertise within the civil service goes unutilized. This could hinder effective policymaking and lead to poor outcomes in governance.
How can ancient Indic principles enhance modern governance?
Ethical Leadership and Accountability (Raj Dharma): Ancient Indic principles emphasize leaders as servants of the people, prioritizing fairness, justice, and public welfare. This aligns with modern demands for transparent and accountable governance.
Inclusive Development (Antyodaya): The concept of Antyodaya advocates for uplifting the marginalized and ensuring that governance benefits all sections of society, especially the most disadvantaged, which is essential for achieving equitable development.
Sustainability and Environmental Harmony (LiFE & Karmayogi): Indic principles stress balance with nature and responsible living, guiding modern governance towards sustainable development practices. Additionally, the Karmayogi concept promotes continuous skill-building for public servants to enhance governance effectiveness.
In what ways can citizen engagement be improved through Indic ideas?
Participative Governance (Sab Ka Prayas): The concept of Sab Ka Prayas emphasizes collective effort, where citizens are actively involved in decision-making and implementation processes.
Empathy and Responsibility (P2G2 – Pro-People Good Governance): By incorporating P2G2, which stresses sensitivity, commitment, and a sense of responsibility towards the people.
Citizens can be more engaged through empathetic governance that prioritizes their well-being and fosters trust in public institutions.
Empowerment through Education and Awareness (Antyodaya and Raj Dharma): Indic ideas like Antyodaya and Raj Dharma promote the empowerment of all individuals, particularly the marginalized, through education and awareness.
Way forward:
Empower Decentralized Governance: Strengthen local and state-level administrative autonomy to reduce over-reliance on centralized decision-making, enabling more responsive and effective governance.
Implement Performance-Based Reforms: Institutionalize meritocratic measures such as performance-linked promotions, lateral entry, and protection against arbitrary transfers to foster accountability, specialization, and independence among civil servants.
Efficient bureaucracy: India can draw valuable lessons from the proposed Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE) initiative to make a more efficient bureaucracy in India.
DOGE is a proposed initiative introduced by USA President which aims to streamline federal bureaucracy.
Mains PYQ:
Q Has the Cadre-based Civil Services Organization been the cause of slow in India? Critically examine. (UPSC IAS/2014)
The SC has emphasized the importance of individual dignity within the context of Article 21 in several landmark cases.
Discussions around individual dignity have again gained traction, especially when former SC Justice Kurian Joseph emphasized that the Constitution prioritizes individual dignity, making it a vital topic for contemporary legal discourse.
How effectively does the Constitution safeguard individual dignity?
The Constitution of India is designed to protect individual dignity through a framework that entitles citizens to fundamental rights.
Entrenchment of Individual Rights: The Constitution explicitly guarantees individual rights, aiming to protect the freedom and dignity of all citizens.
Fundamental Rights under Part III of the Constitution, such as the Right to Equality (Article 14), Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22), and Right to Life and Personal Liberty (Article 21), explicitly safeguard individual dignity.
Checks and Balances: The Constitution establishes institutional checks and balances to prevent the abuse of power.
In Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978), the Supreme Court broadened the scope of Article 21, holding that any law depriving personal liberty must meet the standards of fairness, justice, and reasonableness.
Political Equality: By affirming political equality among citizens, the Constitution enables individuals to participate actively in the democratic process.
Article 326 guarantees universal adult suffrage, enabling all citizens to participate equally in democratic processes, affirming their political dignity and sense of inclusion.
What role do societal attitudes and systemic issues play in protecting dignity?
Societal attitudes and systemic issues significantly influence the protection of individual dignity under the Constitution:
Community Identity vs. Individual Rights: The emphasis on community identity whether based on caste, religion, or nation can undermine individual dignity. When societal attitudes prioritize group identities over individual rights, it can lead to discrimination and marginalization.
Trust and Cooperation: A lack of trust among citizens can hinder collective efforts to uphold constitutional values. When individuals measure each other against rigid identities, it subverts the freedom that the Constitution aims to protect.
Oligarchic Power: Concentration of wealth and power can distort democratic processes, leading to a situation where certain groups’ interests overshadow individual rights. This systemic issue can erode the effectiveness of constitutional protections for dignity.
Can legal frameworks adapt to evolving understandings of dignity?
The legal framework established by the Constitution has the potential to adapt to evolving understandings of dignity:
Basic Structure Doctrine: The Basic Structure Doctrine, established in Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973), ensures that core principles like dignity remain inviolable while allowing amendments to address evolving needs.
For example, The 103rd Constitutional Amendment (2019) introduced a 10% reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) in education and public employment.
Ongoing Democratic Negotiation: The Constitution leaves questions regarding economic structure open for ongoing negotiation, allowing for discussions around justice and inclusion that are vital for protecting dignity in a changing society.
For example, The introduction of the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019 marked a significant step toward affirming the dignity and rights of transgender individuals.
Judicial Interpretation: Courts play a critical role in interpreting constitutional provisions related to dignity.
For example,Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018) decriminalized consensual same-sex relationships by reading down Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code.
Way forward:
Promoting Constitutional Values: Enhance public awareness and foster societal attitudes that prioritize individual dignity, equality, and mutual respect over group identities.
Strengthening Institutional Adaptability: Empower judicial and legislative mechanisms to address systemic inequities, interpret evolving notions of dignity, and implement inclusive policies.
Mains PYQ:
Q Examine the scope of Fundamental Rights in the light of the latest judgement of the Supreme Court on Right to Privacy.(UPSC IAS/2017)
Are you struggling to navigate the evolving UPSC pattern? Join me for an exclusive webinar, “Mastering Current Affairs: Using PYQs Microthemes and Live Notes Making for UPSC 2026.”
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Join us for a Zoom session on 26th Dec 2024 at 7:00 p.m. This session is a must-attend for you If you are attempting UPSC for the first time or have attempted earlier and now preparing for next year, then it is going to be a valuable session for you too.
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The Maharashtra Legislative Assembly passed the Maharashtra Prisons and Correctional Services Act, 2024, aiming to modernize and reform the State’s prison system. It is based on the Model Prisons Bill, 2023, issued by the Government of India (GoI).
Maharashtra Prisons and Correctional Services Act, 2024: Key Highlights :
Repeal of Outdated Acts:
The Prisons Act, 1894, the Prisoners Act, 1900, and the Transfer of Prisoners Act, 1950 stand repealed.
The new legislation consolidates laws related to regulation of prisons, correctional services, and prisoners in Maharashtra.
Establishment of High-Security Prison in Mumbai:
Plans are underway to construct a high-security, multi-storey prison with advanced surveillance measures, akin to international standards like Alcatraz in San Francisco.
Features include fortified walls, electronic tracking, power fencing, watchtowers, and 24×7 CCTV coverage.
Land parcels for the new Mumbai jail have already been identified.
Special Categories of Prisons:
Special Prisons for high-risk inmates.
Open and Semi-Open Prisons to facilitate rehabilitation.
Open Colonies designed for reintegration of inmates with society.
Temporary Prisons for certain categories of offenders.
Gender-Sensitive Facilities:
Separate cells and wards for women inmates with provisions for pre- and post-natal care.
Special child-care areas (Balwadis) for children staying with mothers in prison.
Dedicated enclosures and healthcare for transgender inmates.
Rehabilitation, Skill Development, and Welfare:
Mandatory libraries, sports facilities, yoga, and recreation for inmates.
Work-based compensation and opportunities to sell inmate-produced goods at on-site outlets.
Borstal institutions for young offenders, focusing on education and skill-building.
Early Release and Monitoring:
A system of parole and furlough for good behavior, with electronic tracking.
A special committee under district collectors to support bail bond funding for indigent undertrial prisoners (noting that 1,600 accused are still in jail due to lack of funds).
Detention Centre in Mumbai:
The State plans to establish a detention centre in Mumbai. The Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) has been tasked to identify land for the project.
AboutModel Prison Act, 2023
It replaces the colonial-era Prisons Act, 1894, aiming to modernise prison laws and align them with contemporary standards.
It shifts emphasis from mere detention to reform and reintegration of inmates.
It serves as a model document for states, since ‘Prisons’ is a State List subject in India.
It merges relevant provisions of older legislations (e.g., Prisoners Act, 1900 and Transfer of Prisoners Act, 1950).
It strives to bring India’s prison system in line with international best practices and human rights norms.
Key features include:
Specialised Jails: Provides for high-security, open, and semi-open prisons to manage different categories of inmates.
Rehabilitation Measures: Emphasises vocational training, skill development, counselling, and educational programs to facilitate inmates’ reintegration.
Legal Aid & Incentives: Outlines provisions for legal assistance, along with parole, furlough, and premature release for good conduct.
Use of Technology: Encourages CCTV, video conferencing, and e-monitoring systems to enhance transparency and security within prisons.
Inclusive Accommodation: Mandates separate facilities for women, transgender persons, and other special categories, ensuring safety and dignity.
Present Prison System:Key Findings of the Supreme Court’s Centre for Research and Planning Report
The occupancy rate stood at 131.4% as of December 2022, with 75.8% of inmates being undertrials.
This highlights a pressing need for measures to reduce congestion and expedite trials.
Initiatives taken:
Modernization of Prisons Project (2021–26): The government provides financial assistance to States and Union Territories to implement advanced security measures in prisons.
Aims to support reformation and rehabilitation efforts for inmates through various correctional programs.
Model Prison Manual (2016): Offers detailed guidelines on the legal rights of inmates, including access to free legal services.
Modernization of Prisons Scheme (2002–03): Introduced to improve living conditions in prisons, address the welfare of inmates, and enhance the working environment for prison staff.
A new study highlights that increased food provisioning and habituation to human presence endanger the lion-tailed macaque, a endangered species found only in the Western Ghats of India. Roads crossing the macaque habitats in eight key locations—Anamalai Hills, Nelliyampathy, Nilambur Ghats, Sholayar, Gavi, Sabarimala, Vallimalai Hills, and Agumbe—have facilitated frequent human-animal interaction.
Note: The mention of this species as a ‘critically endangered’ is a metaphor used in the newspaper. It does not represent its original IUCN Red List status.
AboutLion-tailed macaque
Details
Scientific Name: Macaca silenus
Also known as: Lion-tailed macaque, Wanderoo, Bearded Monkey
Has black fur with a distinctive gray or silver mane around the face (in both sexes), often referred to as the “beard ape.”
Threats: Habitat loss, hunting, and wood harvesting
Significance: Indicator of rainforest health and an umbrella species for conserving other wildlife in its region.
Habitat
Endemic to the Western Ghats in India (states of Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu).
Primarily tropical evergreen rainforests, but they are also found in monsoon forests.
Behavioral Features
Shy and Avoidant: Unlike other macaques, they tend to avoid humans when possible.
Arboreal and Diurnal: Spend most of their time in trees and are active during daylight.
Communication: Possess up to 17 vocalizations; males define territory boundaries through calls.
Diet: Primarily frugivorous, but also consume leaves, stems, flowers, buds, fungi, and occasionally small animals.
Conservation Status
IUCN: Endangered
CITES: Appendix I
Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 (India): Schedule I
(Estimated 4,200 individuals remaining)
PYQ:
[2013] In which of the following States is lion-tailed macaque found in its natural habitat?
1. Tamil Nadu
2. Kerala
3. Karnataka
4. Andhra Pradesh
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
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