Recent research indicates that age-related losses in our cell’s mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)—specifically, deletion mutations—could be a major driver of aging. These mutations, once they accumulate, reduce the mitochondrion’s ability to produce energy (ATP), causing cell and tissue dysfunction.
What are Mitochondria?
Mitochondria generate most of the cell’s energy (hence called the Powerhouse) in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
They originated from free-living bacteria absorbed by ancient single-celled organisms, retaining a fraction of their own DNA (mtDNA).
Unlike nuclear DNA, mitochondria have their own circular DNA, though limited in size.
Humans inherit mitochondria exclusively from the mother’s egg; sperm-contributed mitochondria are generally not passed on.
They have a double membrane: a relatively permeable outer membrane and a highly folded inner membrane (cristae) that maximizes surface area for energy production.
Their inner compartment, the mitochondrial matrix, houses mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), ribosomes, and enzymes for the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) and fatty acid β-oxidation.
Mitochondria help regulateintracellular calcium levels, which is crucial for various signalling pathways.
They play a role in apoptosis (programmed cell death) by releasing factors such as cytochrome c when the cell is under severe stress.
Functions of DNA, mRNA, and the gene:
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid):
Blueprint of Life: Houses genetic instructions in the form of a sequence of bases (A, T, G, C).
Chromosomal Structure: In the nucleus, it is organized into 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans, each carrying numerous genes.
Base-Pairing: Two DNA strands form a double helix via base-pair bonding (A-T, G-C).
Gene:
Functional Unit of DNA: A stretch of DNA containing instructions (a few thousand base-pairs) for making proteins or functional RNA.
Expression: When active, a gene is ‘read’ and transcribed into mRNA.
mRNA (Messenger RNA):
Intermediate Molecule: Carries the gene’s instructions from the DNA (in the nucleus) to the cytoplasm.
Protein Synthesis: Ribosomes read mRNA sequences, translating them into specific proteins.
Functions of the Mitochondrial Genome (mtDNA):
Encodes Key Mitochondrial Proteins:
The mtDNA has 13 protein-coding genes crucial for mitochondrial energy production (ATP synthesis).
It also encodes 24 non-coding genes (like rRNAs and tRNAs), essential for mitochondrial protein synthesis.
Energy Production:
mtDNA-encoded proteins form part of the electron transport chain, where most ATP is produced.
Distinct Inheritance Pattern:
Inherited exclusively from the mother.
Each cell contains multiple mitochondria, each with multiple copies of mtDNA.
Implication in Aging and Disease:
Age-related mutations (deletions, chimeric genes) in mtDNA can lead to functional decline in tissues like muscle and brain.
Loss of intact mtDNA reduces ATP generation, contributing to cellular and tissue ageing.
PYQ:
[2021] In the context of hereditary diseases, consider the following statements:
Passing on mitochondrial diseases from parent to child can be prevented by mitochondria replacement therapy either before or after in vitro fertilization of the egg.
A child inherits mitochondrial diseases entirely from mother and not from father.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Delegates recently represented India at the 24th BIMSTEC Senior Officials’ Meeting (SOM) virtually hosted by Thailand.
Key highlights of 24th BIMSTEC Senior Officials’ Meeting
The discussions focused on priority areas including sustainable development, regional connectivity, security, and people-to-people exchanges.
Several documents, such as Plans of Action for cooperation, new cooperation mechanisms, and collaboration with external partners, were finalized.
The meeting also discussed issues related to the upcoming 6th BIMSTEC Summit.
About BIMSTEC
The BIMSTEC is a regional organization with 7 member states: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.
Established in 1997, its primary aim is to foster multifaceted technical and economic cooperation among the countries bordering the Bay of Bengal.
The region encompasses a population of around 1.5 billion and has a combined GDP of over USD 3.8 trillion.
Origin:
Founded in 1997 through the Bangkok Declaration, the organization initially included four member nations under the name BIST-EC (Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, and Thailand Economic Cooperation).
Later in 1997, Myanmar joined, prompting a renaming to BIMST-EC.
Nepal and Bhutan were admitted in 2004, leading to the current name: Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC).
Key Features
Establishes BIMSTEC as a legal entity, enabling it to engage more formally with other international organizations.
Outlines objectives focused on building trust and friendly relations among member states and promoting economic development and social progress in the Bay of Bengal region.
Defines a clear framework for regular meetings at various levels: the Summit, Ministerial, and Senior Officials’ levels.
Allows for the possibility of new members and observer states, ensuring future growth and broader cooperation.
Streamlines cooperation into 7 sectors, each led by one member state:
Bangladesh: Trade, investment, and development
Bhutan: Environment and climate change
India: Security (including energy)
Myanmar: Agriculture and food security
Nepal: People-to-people contacts
Sri Lanka: Science, technology, and innovation
Thailand: Connectivity
Significance of BIMSTEC for Indo-Pacific Goals
Maritime Connectivity: BIMSTEC unites Bay of Bengal states, strengthening maritime ties that are crucial for an open and inclusive Indo-Pacific.
Regional Bridge: It links South Asia and Southeast Asia, aligning closely with India’s “Act East” policy and fostering broader Indo-Pacific integration.
Security Cooperation: Focus on collaborative efforts in maritime security (e.g., counter-piracy, disaster management) supports a stable and secure Indo-Pacific.
Economic Integration: By promoting trade, investment, and infrastructure development, BIMSTEC bolsters economic growth and connectivity in the Indo-Pacific region.
Synergy with Other Frameworks: Its emphasis on connectivity, security, and economic cooperation complements initiatives such as ASEAN and the Indian Ocean Rim Association, collectively advancing Indo-Pacific objectives.
PYQ:
[2022] Do you think that BIMSTEC is a parallel organisation like the SAARC? What are the similarities and dissimilarities between the two? How are Indian foreign policy objectives realized by forming this new organisation?
In an address, the Prime Minister expressed hope that India’s skilled workforce would make a significant impact in the global job market.
What factors contribute to India’s potential as a leading global supplier of skilled workers?
Demographic Advantage: India has a large and youthful population, with approximately 554 million individuals aged between 15 and 64 years, providing a substantial workforce to meet global demands for skilled labour.
Government Initiatives: The Indian government has launched various programs aimed at enhancing skill development, such as the Skill India Programme, which allocates significant budgetary resources for training youth and creating internship opportunities in collaboration with major companies.
Growing Global Demand: There is an increasing demand for skilled workers in sectors like IT, healthcare, construction, and logistics across regions such as the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), Europe, and North America due to demographic shifts and technological advancements.
International Agreements: India has entered into multiple bilateral agreements with countries like Japan and France to facilitate the mobility of skilled workers, which enhances its position in the global labour market.
How is India preparing its workforce to meet global skill demands?
Skill Training Programs: The Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship is committed to providing future-ready skills training that aligns with global standards.
This includes initiatives for vocational training through a network of over 15,000 Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) across the country.
Curriculum Development: There is a focus on integrating globally relevant skills into educational curricula. This involves reorienting skill programs at International Skill Centres to address the specific needs of destination countries.
The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 emphasizes a holistic approach to education that includes critical thinking, creativity, and digital literacy.
Real-Time Skill Forecasting: India is encouraged to utilise data analytics to assess job vacancies and skill needs in real-time, allowing for a more responsive approach to skill development that aligns with international labour market demands.
Customised Training Initiatives: The development of short-term skill training programs tailored for specific countries helps prepare Indian workers for international job markets effectively.
What are the initiatives taken by the Government for skill development in India?
Skill India International Centers (SIIC): Establishes training aligned with international standards, promotes global partnerships and enhances employability abroad.
Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY): Offers industry-relevant training with 119 new-age skill courses, focusing on global standards and certifying over 1.42 crore individuals.
National Skill Development Mission (NSDM): Provides a unified framework for quality skill development across sectors, aligning with global requirements for international job opportunities.
National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS): Facilitates practical on-the-job training aligned with global industry practices to prepare workers for international markets.
Skill India Digital Hub: A digital platform launched in 2023, offering online resources for vocational training, fostering global skill recognition and accessibility.
Skill Loan Scheme: Provides financial support for skill training, enabling wider access to globally aligned, high-quality training programs.
What challenges does India face in becoming a global skill hub?
Fragmented Policy Structure: India’s current policy framework for international labour mobility is fragmented and lacks comprehensive strategies based on robust data. The existing data primarily covers low-skilled workers, limiting effective policy formulation.
Inadequate Data on Migration Trends: The reliance on limited data sources for tracking migrant labour outflows hampers the ability to create evidence-based policies that can effectively address the needs of both Indian workers and foreign employers.
Underutilisation of Return Migrants’ Skills: There is a significant gap in effectively reintegrating return migrants into the Indian labour market. The skills acquired abroad are often not recognized or accredited, leading to lost opportunities for both the individuals and the economy.
Quality of Skill Development: While there are numerous initiatives underway, there remains a need to elevate the quality of skill development programs to meet international standards, ensuring that Indian workers are competitive in the global market.
Way forward:
Unified Skill Mobility Policy: Implement a comprehensive, data-driven national framework for international labour migration, emphasizing skill forecasting, certification, and seamless reintegration of return migrants.
Global Standards Alignment: Upgrade skill development programs to meet international benchmarks, incorporating customised training for destination-specific needs and emerging global industries.
Mains PYQ:
Q “Demographic Dividend in India will remain only theoretical unless our manpower becomes more educated, aware, skilled and creative.” What measures have been taken by the government to enhance the capacity of our population to be more productive and employable? (UPSC IAS/2016)
The Finance Minister describes the slowdown in Q2 growth as a “temporary blip,” while the RBI has revised its GDP growth forecast for 2024-25 downward, from 7.2% to 6.6%.
Why RBI has revised its GDP growth forecast for 2024-2025 downward, from 7.2% to 6.6%?
Economic Slowdown: The RBI’s downgrade reflects concerns over a cyclical downturn, with GDP growth in Q2 FY25 at 5.4%, indicating fundamental challenges hindering growth prospects.
Fundamental challenges: Declining corporate investments, sliding consumption growth, and “softness” in urban demand have weakened the investment climate, prompting a downward revision in growth expectations.
Inflationary Pressures: Persistent inflation near double digits complicates monetary policy, forcing the RBI to consider prolonged high interest rates, which could further suppress growth and investments.
What are the expected growth rates for major economies in 2025?
India: Projected to achieve a growth rate of 6.5% over the next five years, maintaining its status as the fastest-growing major economy globally, despite a recent dip in economic output in 2024.
China: Growth is expected to stabilize around 4-5%, lower than its historical rates due to structural challenges like demographic shifts and a cooling property sector.
United States: Growth is projected at 1.5-2%, as the Federal Reserve maintains a tight monetary policy to counter inflation.
Eurozone: Growth is forecasted at around 1%, reflecting a sluggish recovery from the energy crisis and geopolitical uncertainties.
Japan: Expected growth rate of 1-1.5%, supported by fiscal stimulus but constrained by aging demographics.
Emerging Markets (excluding China and India): Growth is expected to range from 3-4%, depending on commodity prices and fiscal discipline.
How will inflation and monetary policy evolve?
Inflation Persistence: Inflation in India remains at the upper end of the permissible range, with food prices nearing double digits. This persistent inflation strengthens the argument for maintaining high interest rates, complicating the Reserve Bank of India’s (RBI) monetary policy decisions as they balance growth with inflation control.
Monetary Policy Adjustments: The RBI may need to reconsider its previous projections of GDP growth, which could lead to adjustments in interest rates. If inflation continues to be a concern, the RBI might maintain or even increase rates longer than necessary which impacts investment and economic activity.
Investment and Economic Recovery: A slowdown in corporate investments and a decline in household financial savings have been observed, which could hinder economic recovery.
The RBI’s ability to stimulate growth through monetary policy will depend on addressing these investment challenges and ensuring that fiscal measures effectively support economic activity without exacerbating inflation.
What are the key risks and uncertainties facing the global economy?
Investment Slowdown: A significant challenge is the sluggish performance of corporate investments, exacerbated by high food inflation and muted urban demand. This trend poses risks for growth and job creation.
Savings-Investment Gap: A decline in household financial savings down to 5.3% of GDP from 7.3% coupled with rising household debt (5.8% of GDP) presents a risk to economic stability1.
Credit Growth Decline: Falling credit growth, particularly in household borrowing for home purchases and limited industrial appetite for new projects, indicates a tightening economic environment.
Fiscal Challenges: Increased state expenditures on subsidies may strain fiscal resources, potentially affecting overall economic sustainability and growth prospects.
What should be done by the government? (Way forward)
Balanced Fiscal and Monetary Coordination: Governments should prioritize targeted fiscal measures to stimulate investment and demand while ensuring fiscal discipline, complemented by a flexible monetary policy that carefully balances inflation control with growth stimulation.
Boosting Household Savings and Investments: Implement policies to encourage higher household financial savings and incentivize corporate investments through tax reforms, reduced regulatory barriers, and support for credit access in productive sectors.
Mains PYQ:
Q The nature of economic growth in India in recent times is often described as jobless growth. Do you agree with this view? Give arguments in favour of your answer. (UPSC IAS/2015)
The IPCC defines heatwave as “a period of abnormally hot weather, often defined with reference to a relative temperature threshold, lasting from two days to months.”
Heatwaves Duration Index & World Meteorological Organization— A heat wave occurs when the daily maximum temperature of more than five consecutive days exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F).
Heatwaves typically occur between March and June, more frequently over the Indo-Gangetic plains, on average, 5-6 heat wave events occur every year over the northern parts of the country.
Heat cramps: Edelman (Swelling) and syncope (Fainting) are generally accompanied by fever below 39 degrees Celsius.
Heat stroke: Body temperature is at 40°C or more along with delirium, seizures, or coma which is potentially fatal.
Heat waves are more frequent over the Indo-Gangec plains of India. On average, 5-6 heat wave events occur every year over the northern parts of the country.
Nodal Ministry: Indian Meteorological Department (Ministry of Earth Sciences, MOES)
Moderate Heatwave: A heatwave with temperatures exceeding the normal maximum by 3-5°C. Example: A moderate heatwave in Delhi with temperatures reaching 42°C (108°F) in May.
Severe Heatwave: More intense than moderate heat waves, with temperatures exceeding the normal maximum by over 5°C. Example: A severe heatwave in Rajasthan with temperatures soaring to 50°C (122°F) in June.
Sustained Heatwave: A prolonged period of high temperatures lasting for several days. Example: A sustained heatwave in Odisha lasting for a week with temperatures consistently above 40°C (104°F).
Heatwave with High Humidity: Occurs when high humidity levels make it feel even hotter. Example: A humid heatwave in Mumbai with temperatures in the high 30s°C (around 100°F) and high humidity levels.
Criteria to declare:
Heatwave: When the maximum temperature of a met-substation reaches at least 40°C (104°F) in the plains or 37 degrees or more in coastal areas, 30°C (86°F) in hilly areas
Severe Heatwave: When the maximum temperature of a met substation reaches at least 45°C (113°F) in the plains or 30°C (86°F) in hilly regions.
Causes:
Heatwaves in India can be caused by various factors, including:
High Temperatures: India’s geographical location and topography make it susceptible to intense heat.
Seasonal Weather Patterns: The movement of weather systems, such as the Indian Ocean Dipole and El Niño, can influence temperature and precipitation patterns, contributing to heat waves.
Lack of Rainfall: Prolonged periods of low rainfall, or droughts, lead to soil moisture depletion and less evaporative cooling.
Urban Heat Island Effect: Urban areas with concrete and asphalt can absorb and retain heat, causing localized temperature increases. Rapid urbanization contributes to this effect.
Global Climate Change: Long-term changes in global climate patterns can result in more frequent and severe heat waves.
Wind Patterns: Changes in wind patterns can influence the movement of air masses, potentially trapping warm air and causing prolonged periods of extreme heat.
Monsoon Delay or Failure: The delay or failure of the monsoon contributes to heat waves.
Deforestation and Land Use Changes: Alterations in land cover, leading to higher temperatures.
Human Activities: Activities like industrial processes, transportation, and agriculture can release heat-trapping gases and pollutants, contributing to local warming.
Early Warning Systems: Implement advanced meteorological forecasting systems to provide early warnings about impending heatwaves.
Cooling Centers: Establish cooling centers in urban areas where vulnerable populations can seek refuge during extreme heat events.
Urban Planning: Design and retrofit urban areas to reduce the urban heat island effect.
Building Design: Promote energy-efficient building designs incorporating natural cooling techniques, such as proper ventilation, insulation, and shading.
Public Awareness: Educate people about the risks of heat waves and the importance of staying hydrated, wearing appropriate clothing, and avoiding outdoor activities during peak heat hours.
Water Supply: Ensure stable and reliable access to clean water as it is crucial for hydration and cooling.
Healthcare Preparedness: Train healthcare workers to recognize and treat heat-related illnesses promptly.
Heat-Related Research: Invest in research to better understand local climate patterns, heatwave dynamics, and vulnerability assessments to tailor mitigation efforts effectively.
Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions: As a long-term strategy, work towards reducing greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate the effects of global climate change.
Adaptive Agriculture: Promote climate-resilient agricultural practices to reduce the impact of heatwaves on food production and farmers.
Heat-Resilient Construction: Encourage the construction of buildings and infrastructure that can withstand extreme heat conditions.
NDMA Guidelines:
You think someone is suffering from the heat:
Move the person to a cool place under the shade
Give water or a rehydrating drink (if the person is still conscious)
Fan the person
Consult a doctor if symptoms get worse or are long-lasting or if the person is unconscious
Do not give alcohol, caffeine, or aerated drink
Cool the person by putting a cool wet cloth on his/her face/body
Loosen clothes for better ventilation
Emergency Kit
Water bottle
Umbrella/ Hat or Cap / Head Cover
Hand Towel
Hand Fan
Electrolyte / Glucose / Oral Rehydration
Way Forward:
The National Action Plan for Climate Change (NAPCC) should be implemented in true spirit for inclusive growth and ecological sustainability.
Nature-based solutions should be considered, not just for tackling climate change-induced heat waves but also for doing so ethically and promoting intergenerational justice.
Sustainable Cooling
Passive cooling technology, a widely-used strategy to create naturally ventilated buildings, can be a vital alternative to address the urban heat island for residential and commercial buildings.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in the third part of its AR6 stated that ancient Indian building designs that have used this technology, can be adapted to modern facilities in the context of global warming.
India’s ancient scriptures, history, and culture serve as key inspirations for meaningful governance. As highlighted in the Bhagavad Gita, the concept of “adhishthan” forms the foundation, with PM Modi already promoting its integration.
How can ancient Indic principles enhance modern governance?
Ethical Leadership and Accountability (Raj Dharma): Ancient Indic principles emphasize leaders as servants of the people, prioritizing fairness, justice, and public welfare. This aligns with modern demands for transparent and accountable governance.
Inclusive Development (Antyodaya): The concept of Antyodaya advocates for uplifting the marginalized and ensuring that governance benefits all sections of society, especially the most disadvantaged, which is essential for achieving equitable development.
Sustainability and Environmental Harmony (LiFE & Karmayogi): Indic principles stress balance with nature and responsible living, guiding modern governance towards sustainable development practices. Additionally, the Karmayogi concept promotes continuous skill-building for public servants to enhance governance effectiveness.
What are the contemporary challenges to good governance in India?
Corruption and Lack of Accountability: Corruption remains a significant barrier to good governance in India, undermining public trust and the effectiveness of government programs.
Political Polarization: Increasing polarization between political parties has created a toxic environment that hampers constructive dialogue and collaboration.
Inequality and Access to Services: Economic disparities continue to widen, limiting access to essential services such as healthcare, education, and infrastructure for marginalized communities.
Bureaucratic Inefficiency: The inefficiency of bureaucratic processes often leads to delays in service delivery and implementation of policies.
In what ways can citizen engagement be improved through Indic ideas?
Participative Governance (Sab Ka Prayas): The concept of Sab Ka Prayas emphasizes collective effort, where citizens are actively involved in decision-making and implementation processes.
Empathy and Responsibility (P2G2 – Pro-People Good Governance): By incorporating P2G2, which stresses sensitivity, commitment, and a sense of responsibility towards the people.
Citizens can be more engaged through empathetic governance that prioritizes their well-being and fosters trust in public institutions.
Empowerment through Education and Awareness (Antyodaya and Raj Dharma): Indic ideas like Antyodaya and Raj Dharma promote the empowerment of all individuals, particularly the marginalized, through education and awareness.
Conclusion: To enhance governance, India should integrate ancient Indic principles like ethical leadership, inclusivity, and environmental sustainability into policy-making. This requires strengthening transparency, encouraging citizen participation, empowering marginalized communities, and fostering continuous capacity building in public administration for effective governance.
Mains PYQ:
Q What do you understand by the term ‘good governance’? How far recent initiatives in terms of e-Governance steps taken by the State have helped the beneficiaries? Discuss with suitable examples. (UPSC IAS/2022)
Q) What are the key areas of reform if the WTO has to survive in the present context of ‘Trade War’, especially keeping in mind the interest of India? (UPSC CSE 2018)
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on topics like ‘WTO’ (2018) and ‘International Trading routes’ (2022).
An AllianzTrade survey found that 82% of exporters are optimistic about turnover growth in 2024, 73% are also concerned about geopolitical risks and protectionism, highlighting the need for trade policies that promote growth while ensuring inclusivity and equity among nations.
Today’s editorial likely critiques the current state of the World Trade Organization (WTO) by comparing it to its predecessor, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). This content can be used to present ‘Trade issues’ and ‘Free movement regimes’ in Global politics in your mains answers.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
The trend of rising protectionism, especially when Donald Trump promised to impose high tariffs on imports from countries like China, Canada, and Mexico.
This shift raises concerns about increased consumer prices and disruptions in global supply chains, as countries focus more on supporting their domestic industries rather than cooperating internationally.
About the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT):
The GATT is a foundational international treaty established in 1947 to promote global trade by reducing tariffs, quotas, and other trade barriers. Initially signed by 23 countries, GATT aimed to facilitate economic recovery after World War II, evolved through several negotiation rounds, and the key features included: • Non-Discrimination Principle: Member countries must apply tariffs equally to all members, ensuring fair trade practices. • Tariff Reductions: GATT successfully lowered average tariffs among member nations from over 20% to around 5%. • Trade Facilitation: It provided a framework for resolving trade disputes and encouraged multilateral negotiations to further reduce barriers. The Uruguay Round concluded with the Marrakesh Agreement in 1994, which established the WTO as a successor to GATT. The World Trade Organization (WTO) was established on January 1, 1995. By the time it transitioned into the WTO, GATT had become a crucial instrument for promoting global trade liberalization, covering approximately 90% of international trade.
The Appellate Body was established in 1995 as part of the WTO under Article 17 of the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (DSU). • Aim: It serves to hear appeals from reports issued by panels in disputes between WTO member countries, acting as a higher court for trade-related legal issues. • Structure and Composition: The Appellate Body consists of 7 members, each appointed for a 4-year term by the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB). • Members can be reappointed for additional terms. A Chairperson is elected annually among the members to oversee the Appellate Body’s operations.
About the Recent WTO Conference:
• The WTO for its 13th Ministerial Conference (MC13) in February 2024, raised critical issues such as dispute settlement reforms and the extension of the e-commerce moratorium. • This context highlights the need to reevaluate the WTO’s structure and effectiveness.
How is the WTO experiencing a “GATT-ification”?
Existential Crisis: The WTO is set to miss its target of revitalizing a fully functional dispute settlement system by the end of 2024, with the Appellate Body (AB) remaining non-operational for over five years due to U.S. blockages in appointing members.
The obstruction began during the Obama administration, escalated under Trump, and continues under Biden, reflecting a bipartisan consensus against the AB.
Anticipations of a protectionist Trump 2.0 administration could further worsen the situation. Because, in 2018, he imposed a 25% tariff on various Chinese products, indicating a shift towards unilateral trade actions.
The real issue extends beyond the AB’s functionality; it involves the WTO’s relevance in global trade.
Challenges for Developing Nations: The informal nature of current discussions has hindered effective participation from many developing countries. India proposes transitioning discussions on reforms to formal WTO bodies to ensure inclusivity and representation from developing countries.
Uncertain Future: The future of the WTO’s dispute settlement system remains uncertain as the deadline approaches, with ongoing debates about restoring functionality and addressing broader institutional challenges.
What is the present Unraveling of WTO Dynamics?
China’s Rise: China’s rise over the past two decades has significantly changed the global trade landscape. The U.S. facilitated China’s accession to the WTO in 2001, hoping it would adopt free-market principles and dismantle state-led industrial policies.
Expectations vs. Reality: Contrary to U.S. hopes, China did not dismantle its state-led policies and is perceived to have exploited the WTO system to its advantage. On the contrary, there is a belief in the U.S. that the WTO’s institutional controls limit its ability to address challenges posed by China.
The U.S. aims, as stated by international lawyer Daniel C.K. Chow, to undermine the WTO system, including the Appellate Body (AB), to gain more freedom in addressing the Chinese threat.
The U.S. can now implement trade remedial measures and develop industrial policies against China, even if they violate WTO laws, due to the lack of enforcement from the AB.
Conclusion: The term ‘GATT-ification’, coined by Prof. Vidigal, highlights the shift in the international trading order and emphasizes that current negotiations cannot obscure the reality. The reversal shift to GATT-era diplomacy signifies a significant change in how international trade is governed, moving away from established multilateral frameworks toward more fragmented approaches.
Justice Madan B Lokur, retired judge of the Supreme Court of India, has been appointed as the Chairperson of the United Nations Internal Justice Council (IJC).
Justice Lokur’s Legacy:
Justice Lokur served on the Supreme Court of India from June 2012 to December 2018, delivering landmark judgments across diverse areas of law.
In August 2019, he was appointed to the non-resident panel of the Supreme Court of Fiji and reappointed for another three-year term in January 2022.
His notable judgments include:
Electoral Disqualification on Religious Grounds (January 2017): Authored a concurring opinion in a seven-judge bench ruling disqualifying electoral candidates for seeking votes based on religion, race, caste, or other identity markers.
Raising the Age of Consent in Marriages (October 2017): Alongside Justice Deepak Gupta, ruled to raise the age of consent within marriages to 18 years, bolstering child protection laws.
About UN Internal Justice Council (IJC):
Establishment
Established in 2009 to reform and strengthen the UN’s internal justice system.
Ensures the system operates effectively, impartially, and transparently, addressing workplace disputes within the UN.
Overview and Structural Mandate
Mandate:
Safeguards the independence and integrity of the internal justice system.
The IJC is responsible for overseeing the administration of the UN’s internal justice system.
It supervises:
Office of Staff Legal Assistance (OSLA)
UN Dispute Tribunal (UNDT)
UN Appeals Tribunal (UNAT)
Recommends measures to ensure judicial independence and efficiency in dispute resolution.
Composition:
5 members: 2 tribunal judges (from UNDT and UNAT), two staff representatives, and one external legal expert.
Chairperson is selected by consensus and appointed by the UN Secretary-General.
Members serve a four-year term, renewable once.
Powers, Functions, and Jurisdiction
Judicial Appointments:
Recommends candidates for UNDT and UNAT judge positions based on merit and judicial competence.
Proposes a shortlist for final selection by the Secretary-General.
Oversight and Accountability:
Monitors tribunal functioning to ensure fairness and transparency.
Identifies and addresses systemic issues, proposing improvements.
Judicial Independence:
Protects the impartiality of tribunal judges and safeguards judicial integrity.
Advocates for institutional protections against external influence.
Advisory Role:
Provides expert advice on internal justice reform.
Evaluates tribunal processes to enhance efficiency and accessibility for UN staff.
Scope of Jurisdiction:
Covers grievances related to administrative decisions, employment conditions, and workplace disputes brought forward by UN staff worldwide.
Tamil Nadu Government has requested the Centre to consider including the Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccine in the Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP) due to surge in the Mumps cases across the State.
Tamil Nadu’s UIP currently offers 11 vaccines protecting against 12 vaccine-preventable diseases, including:
Tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis, hepatitis B, haemophilus influenzae, tetanus, poliomyelitis, measles, rubella, rota virus, pneumococcal, and Japanese encephalitis (in 14 endemic districts).
The Measles-Rubella (MR) vaccine was added to the UIP in April2017, but mumps is yet to be included.
About Mumps Disease
Mumps is a contagious viral infection caused by the mumps virus, primarily affecting the salivary glands, leading to swelling near the ears (parotitis), fever, headache, and muscle aches.
It spreads through respiratory droplets or direct contact with saliva.
While often mild, complications can include orchitis (testicular inflammation), oophoritis (ovarian inflammation), encephalitis, or hearing loss.
There is no specific treatment, but supportive care like rest, hydration, and pain management helps.
Vaccination with the MMR vaccine is the best prevention, offering 78–88% protection.
Which free immunised diseases are provided under the Universal Immunization Programme (UIP)?
The UIP was launched in 1985 and became part of the National Health Mission in 2005 to provide free vaccination against vaccine-preventable diseases for children and pregnant women.
The programme now covers 12 diseases, including tuberculosis, polio, diphtheria, pertussis, measles, rubella, hepatitis B, pneumonia, rotavirus gastroenteritis, and Japanese encephalitis.
Key vaccines added over the years include Hepatitis B (2007), Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (2017), Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV), and Measles-Rubella Vaccine.
The entire cost of vaccines is covered by the Government of India, funded through taxes, with an annual budget of ₹7,234 crore (US$870 million) as of 2022.
The programme covers all residents of India, including foreign residents, ensuring nationwide access to life-saving vaccines.
4 new vaccines have been introduced, including the Adult Japanese Encephalitis vaccine and Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine, to address emerging health challenges.
Note:
Mission Indradhanush is a health initiative launched by the Government of India on 25 December 2014 by Union Health Minister J. P. Nadda. The mission aims to achieve 90% full immunization coverage in India by 2022, targeting vaccination against eight major vaccine-preventable diseases:
Diphtheria, Whooping Cough, Tetanus, Polio, Measles, Childhood Tuberculosis, Hepatitis B, and Meningitis & Pneumonia caused by Haemophilus influenza type B.
Additionally, it covers Rotavirus Diarrhea and Japanese Encephalitis in specific states and districts.
The mission targets 201 districts in its first phase, focusing on areas with the highest number of unvaccinated children, particularly in states like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh. The approach follows similar planning and administration as the Pulse Polio Immunisation (PPI) program.
PYQ:
[2016] ‘Mission Indradhanush’ launched by the Government of India pertains to:
(a) Immunization of children and pregnant women.
(b) Construction of smart cities across the country.
(c) India’s own search for the Earth-like planets in outer space.
India’s first bio-bitumen-based National Highway stretch was inaugurated on NH-44 in Mansar, Nagpur, Maharashtra by Union Minister Nitin Gadkari.
About Bio-Bitumen
Bio-bitumen is a bio-based binder derived from renewable, sustainable sources such as: Vegetable oils, Crop stubble, Algae, Lignin (a component of wood), Animal manure.
It serves as an alternative to traditional bitumen, which is primarily derived from the distillation of crude oil.
The production of bio-bitumen reduces dependence on petroleum and is a step toward sustainable road construction and infrastructure development.
Significance and Features of Bio-Bitumen:
Bio-bitumen reduces the carbon footprint associated with the traditional bitumen production process.
By using renewable sources such as lignin (a byproduct of wood), it helps mitigate environmental concerns like stubble burning and contributes to lower greenhouse gas emissions, potentially by as much as 70% compared to fossil-based bitumen.
India, which heavily imports traditional bitumen, can reduce its import dependency by switching to bio-bitumen made from locally available materials.
The use of bio-bitumen stimulates bio-refineries, creating opportunities for revenue generation and providing economic benefits to farmers and the bio-refining industry.
India’s Bitumen Scenario:
India imports around 50% of its total annual bitumen requirements, which amounted to 3.21 million tonnes in FY 2023-24.
The country produced 5.24 million tonnes of bitumen in the same period.
India’s bitumen consumption has been steadily increasing, averaging 7.7 million tonnes annually over the past five years.
In 2023-24, India constructed around 12,300 km of national highways, averaging nearly 34 km per day.
