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Mastering Self-Study for UPSC 2024: Phase I-II (April-Nov’23) | Building a Solid Base: GS Static and Current Affairs with 5hrs of daily prep | The Most Important LIVE Masterclass + QnA session IPS Areeba Nomaan, AIR 109 | Get FREE Strategic package on registration
(Concluded Successfully) Mastering Self-Study for UPSC 2024: Phase I-II (April-Nov’23) | Building a Solid Base: GS Static and Current Affairs with 5hrs of daily prep
📢What you should expect in 1-1 LIVE with Areeba Ma’am
Preparing for UPSC 2024 and not sure what you should be doing in the month of April to Nov 2023?
Previously, we had discussed 5 phased UPSC strategies. It’s time now to go deeper. We will cover an in-depth session on Mastering Phases 1 and 2.
Toppers like Satyam Gandhi (AIR 10), Ria Dabi (AIR 15), Yash Jaluka (AIR 4), Mamta Yadav (AIR 5), and Shashwat Tripurari (AIR 19) always mention that success in the UPSC civil services exams is all about having a solid grip on Static Subjects and a crystal clear awareness of Current Affairs.
If your concept of static subjects is lacking, Current affairs will seem alien to you. On the other hand, if you try to study current affairs without knowing how the syllabus and the static subjects are directly or indirectly related to it, it will be nothing but a Fool’s Errand.
IPS officer (AIR-109, UPSC 2021) Areeba Ma’am, super mentor of Civilsdaily will take up a LIVE session to help you Master the most important Phases for UPSC 2024: GS Static and Current Affairs with 5hrs (3 Hrs for Static Subjects and 2 Hrs for Current Affairs) of daily prep.
What you should expect in this Recorded Session by Areeba Ma’am?
The LIVE Q&A session will cover the most important 2-phased UPSC Preparation strategy that will help you plan and utilize your time effectively in the next 12 months leading up to UPSC 2024.
Areeba will share her experience, how to understand the Nerve of UPSC, and how to prepare for the exam accordingly. She will also provide practical tips on how to prioritize your studies, make the most of your free time, and avoid burnout.
Phase 1 (April- Aug): Foundation building, core concepts, and topics- reading everything from 2-3 sources (NCERT + Standard books) + initiation of Current Affairs, Basic notes and answer writing started at this time
- How to divide time for Static subjects and what are the fundamentals of completing the syllabus in 5-6 months?
- Which among the 40 NCERTs do you have to read along with some standard BOOKS? What are the standard books and Yellow Books (Notes) are the most effective for UPSC
- Live demonstration of making the perfect notes from NCERTs and Standard Books. How to not copy line-by-line of everything you read & only note down the 5 dimensions of a topic?
- How to improve your accuracy per month even every week as per your preparation ratio?
- 5 times Revision strategy for Every subject. How do you study during each revision phase?
- How to build a habit of *2 hrs for Reading Newspaper. Besides newspapers, what are the most reliable and authentic sources for Current Affairs Preparation?
- How to keep a balance between Recognition of Information and Elaborating on a topic?
- How to follow the ritual of reading, writing summaries, and answering topic-wise previous year questions?
- Including statistics and relevant data. What are the subject-wise important committee reports you should read?
- How to catch and filter current affairs topics for Prelims and Mains?
- How to and where to link current affairs and static while writing Answer writing for Mains?
Phase 2: (Aug- Dec) Mains specific subjects + Optional + Essay
- How to start and with which subject to start Mains Specific subjects like; Essay Writing, Ethics, World History, Indian Society, ETC.
- Top 10 parameters to maintain while practicing answer writing for UPSC Mains.
- How to and When to start Optional Subject and when to keep aside and restart it after Prelims.
- 60:45:15 Revision Strategy for Answer Writing, and Optional Subject.
- Top 5 methods of Essay writing and the best process to improve step by step.
- Best sources, practice sets, and Mock Tests for Essay, Mains GS Papers and Optional
- Much more about a topper’s strategy to clear UPSC Mains in your very 1st Attempt.
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RBI’s Pause On Repo Rate Hike: Concerns Over Inflation And Global Pressures Remain
Central Idea
- The RBI has decided to not increase the repo rate amid continuing hikes by important central banks such as the US Federal Reserve (Fed) and European Central Bank (ECB), and domestic inflation concerns. However, if incoming data point to rising inflation risks, this decision could prove to be only a pause in the rate hiking cycle.
The RBI’s decision to pause on rate hikes
- The RBI feels that money market rates have effectively risen more than the 250-basis-point yank in the repo rate since May 2022, and hence it decided to pause and assess the impact of rate hikes.
- The key reason behind the MPC decision is the expectation of a decline in inflation to 5.2% in the current fiscal, driven by a healthy rabi crop, normal monsoon, moderating international commodity prices, and the impact of rate hikes.
- The RBI acknowledges the upside risks and stated its readiness to fight any unexpected rise in inflation.
Impact on GDP growth
- The RBI expects GDP growth to slow to 6% from 7% this fiscal as slowing global growth, domestic interest rates, and messy geopolitics bite.
- Slowing global growth will be net negative for India’s exports, and the growing dependence on commodity exports makes India more vulnerable to global growth volatility.
- Fiscal 2024 will, therefore, test the resilience of India’s domestic demand amid rising interest rates.
Reasons for the expected cooling of consumer inflation
- Fuel inflation expected to reduce: Fuel inflation is expected to reduce to 3% from a high of over 10% in the current fiscal because some easing of crude oil prices is likely as global growth slows down.
- Decline in core inflation: Slowing domestic growth will ease core inflation from very sticky levels of over 6% last fiscal to 5.5% in the current one. However, the decline in core inflation will be limited as input cost pressures have not dissipated. To protect their margins, firms will continue to pass on input costs to end-consumer. Services inflation will also continue to exert pressure as the rotation of consumption demand from goods to services continues.
- Moderate food inflation: Food inflation, which has a high weightage in the Consumer Price Index and has driven headline inflation in the past, is projected to moderate to slightly below 5%, assuming a normal monsoon. However, food inflation has always been volatile and carries upside risks largely because of climate-related factors affecting agriculture output and prices.
How slowing global growth will have a negative impact on India’s exports?
- The impact of the growth slowdown in the US and Europe is deeper than the recovery in China: The US and Europe have a combined GDP that is twice that of China. Therefore, the impact of the growth slowdown in the US and Europe will be deeper than the recovery in China. This will have a negative impact on India’s exports to the US and Europe.
- India’s exports to the US and Europe are more than to China by a factor of six: India exports more to the US and Europe than to China by a factor of six. Therefore, the negative impact of the growth slowdown in the US and Europe will be felt more by India than by China.
- India’s growing dependence on commodity exports makes it more vulnerable to global growth volatility: India’s exports of petroleum products and steel are growing, and this makes India more vulnerable to global growth volatility. As global growth slows down, demand for commodities is likely to decline, which will have a negative impact on India’s exports.
External vulnerabilities
- India’s external vulnerability is expected to decline with a narrower current account deficit (CAD) and modest short-term external debt.
- The CAD is expected to narrow to 2% of GDP this fiscal from an estimated 2.5% last fiscal.
Conclusion
- The RBI’s decision to pause on rate hikes is driven by expectations of a decline in inflation. However, inflation risks remain, and the impact of rate hikes on GDP growth is expected to be significant. India’s external vulnerabilities are expected to decline, but the banking turmoil playing out amid interest rate hikes by important central banks and elevated debt levels remains a risk. The RBI’s decision to pause on rate hikes will be closely watched, and further rate hikes may be necessary if inflation risks persist.
Mains Question
Q. Enumerate the factors that led RBI to pause on rate hikes, and discuss the potential risks and impacts on the Indian economy?
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India-Bhutan Relationship Built On Faith and Mutual trust
Central Idea
- India-Bhutan’s exemplary relationship has been a key factor in ensuring the stability and security of the region. The recent visit of Bhutan King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck to India was focused on enhancing the bilateral relationship between the two countries. However, the unspoken part of the visit was the Bhutan-China boundary talks, which have gained momentum in recent times.
Exemplary India-Bhutan Relationship
- Special and strategic relationship: India and Bhutan share a special and strategic relationship with a border of over 600 km. The bond has been strengthened since India’s independence, and it has been a buffer between China and India.
- India is Bhutan’s largest development partner: The relationship is not limited to rhetoric but extends to an institutional and economic framework. India is Bhutan’s largest development partner, and Bhutan is India’s biggest trade partner in the region.
- Hydroelectricity, a crucial factor: Hydroelectricity has become the biggest revenue earner of Bhutan, and India buys power generated in Bhutan. It makes Bhutan the country with the highest per capita income in South Asia today.
- Historical and theological relations: Bhutan is a Buddhist theocracy, monarchy, and modern state. The relationship between India and Bhutan is special from a historical, theological, strategic, and economic perspective.
Bhutan-China Boundary Talks
- Considerable progress but no decision yet: Before the King’s visit to India, Bhutanese Prime Minister Lotay Tshering had said in an interview that Bhutan and China have made considerable progress on demarcating border lines. Bhutan has been having talks with China on the boundary question for years, and there has been no decision yet.
- There will be adjustment of territory: Bhutan and China are adopting a modern methodology to draw boundary lines on the ground, and there may be some adjustment of territory as a result of that.
- India’s strategic interests: India’s strategic interests are involved in the boundary talks between Bhutan and China. China has been seeking a toehold in Bhutan for decades. Bhutan is fully conscious of India’s strategic needs.
- Trijunction: Where Bhutan decides its boundary with China (to the west) is of exceptional relevance to India because that is a trijunction of the three countries.
India’s Strategic Interests
- No compromise on national security: India will not talk about Bhutan-China negotiations publicly; however, when it comes to India’s national security, there will be no compromise.
- Siliguri corridor: Doklam plateau overlooks the Chumbi Valley, which overlooks the chicken’s neck (Siliguri corridor). India says this not because Bhutan is threatening its cooperation with India on this front, but to send a message to China that we will draw a line here in conformity with our national interest.
Why India needs Bhutan?
- Strategic location: Bhutan is strategically located between India and China, which makes it an important buffer state for India. Bhutan’s strategic location ensures India’s security and helps in maintaining regional stability.
- Water resources: Bhutan is the source of several rivers that flow into India, including the Brahmaputra, the Sankosh, and the Manas. India needs access to these rivers for irrigation, hydroelectric power generation, and other purposes. India has helped Bhutan in developing its hydropower potential and has signed several agreements for the purchase of hydropower from Bhutan.
- Trade and economic ties: India is Bhutan’s largest trading partner, and Bhutan relies heavily on India for its imports and exports. India provides Bhutan with various economic assistance and has helped Bhutan in its development process.
- Cultural and historical ties: India and Bhutan share a common cultural heritage and have historical ties dating back centuries. India has helped Bhutan preserve its cultural heritage and has supported Bhutan in its efforts to promote tourism.
Why Bhutan needs India?
- Security: Bhutan does not have a large army, and India provides security assistance to Bhutan. India has helped Bhutan in building its border infrastructure and has helped in the development of the Bhutanese army.
- Economic ties: India is Bhutan’s largest trading partner, and Bhutan relies heavily on India for its imports and exports. India provides economic assistance to Bhutan, and Indian companies have invested in various sectors in Bhutan.
- Infrastructure: India has helped Bhutan in building its infrastructure, including roads, airports, and telecommunication networks. India has also helped Bhutan in developing its hydropower potential, and several hydropower projects in Bhutan have been built with Indian assistance.
- Education and healthcare: India has helped Bhutan in the field of education and healthcare. Many Bhutanese students study in India, and India provides scholarships and grants to Bhutanese students. India has also helped Bhutan in building hospitals and providing medical assistance.
- Cultural and historical ties: Bhutan and India share a common cultural heritage and have historical ties dating back centuries. India has helped Bhutan in preserving its cultural heritage and has supported Bhutan in its efforts to promote tourism.
Future of India-Bhutan Relations
- The Bhutan-India relationship has survived because of spiritual underpinnings, geography, economy, and connectivity, all of which strengthen the relationship.
- India and Bhutan have survived mainly because it was built on mutual trust, which means Bhutan has equally driven the relationship. India should pursue this relationship with trust and complete faith.
- India must reach out to the new generation in Bhutan, which is being influenced by social media negativity and wrong information about India.
Conclusion
- The India-Bhutan relationship has been a key factor in ensuring the stability and security of the region. The relationship between the two countries has been built on mutual trust and has been strengthened by an institutional and economic framework. India’s strategic interests are involved in the boundary talks between Bhutan and China. India should pursue the relationship with trust and complete faith and should reach out to the new generation in Bhutan.
Mains Question
Q. Highlight the significance of the India-Bhutan relationship in ensuring regional stability and security? Discuss why India and Bhutan need each other?
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Nikaalo Prelims Spotlight || Important Historical Sculpture/Tribes in India, Their festivals, and Culture
Dear Aspirants,
This Spotlight is a part of our Mission Nikaalo Prelims-2023.
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7th Apr 2023
Important Historical Sculpture and Paintings
Famous Sculpture/ Painting Era/ Dynasty Monument Bodhisattva Padmapani Gupta Period Ajanata Mahakapi Jataka Sunga Bharhut stupa Torso of Vishnu Gupta Period Mathura Stupa worship Mauryan/Sunga period Bharhut stupa Yakshini Mauryan/Sunga period Bharhut stupa Queen Maya’s dream Mauryan/Sunga period Bharhut stupa Painting of Yashodahara,Rahul & buddha Gupta Period Ajanata Standing Buddha Gupta Period Sarnath Seated Buddha Kushanas Mathura Standing Buddha Kushanas Gandhara Mara Vijaya Multiple period Ajanta Maheshmurthi Rashtrakuta Period Elephanta caves Shiva chasing boar Vijaynagara Period Lepakshi temple Shiva killing Tripurasura Thanjavoor Dakshinamurthy Vijaynagara Period Lepakshi temple Ladies attending Parvathy Vijaynagara Period Lepakshi temple Krishna playing the flute Pundareekapuram temple Sheshashayana Vishnu Gupta Period Dashavtar temple Vishnu in Nara-Narayan form Gupta Period Dashavtar temple Arjun Penance Pallavas Mahabalipuram Statue of Suparshvanatha Pallavas Statue of Gommateshwara, Ganga Dynasty Shravanbelagola, Karnataka Yakshi Mauryan Period Didarganj Durga with eight arms shown in the act of defeating Mahishasura, Pallavas Mahishasura Mardini Cave, Mahabalipuram Ravana Shaking Mount Kailasha Rashtrakuta Ellora Nandi bull Cholas Brihadeshwara temple Kalyana Sundara Murthy Rashtrakuta Ellora Nayika Ganga Dynasty Lingraj temple Nataraja Cholas Brideshwar temple Manjira player Ganga Dynasty Surya Mandir,Odhisa Mohini Hoysalas Chennakeshava temple Pillars with horse rider Naykas Meenakshi temple Worship of Bodhi tree Mauryan Period Bharhut Animals worshipping Bodhi tree Sungas Sanchi Yakshini Sungas Sanchi Taming of Nalagiri elephant Mauryan Period Amravati Head of Buddha Kushanas Gandhara Seated Buddha Kushanas Mathura Dwarfish Yaksha Pithalkoda caves Five Ratha Pallavas Mahabalipuram Vrikshika Sunga Sanchi Stupa Buddha’s Great departure Kushanas Gandhara Indra flying amid clouds together with celestial nymphs Gupta Period Ajanta The following table contains the tribes in India, significant aspects of their life, and festivals they celebrate.
Name of the tribe States/ Region Significant aspects related to the tribe Festivals Munda Chota Nagpur Plateu 1.Christianity is their main religion.
2..They speak Mundari which is austro-asiatic Language.Main festivals of Munda tribe are Mage Parab , Ind-Parab Jom-Nagoa or Jom Nawa ,Batauli ,Kolom Sing ,Phagu Festival ,Sarhul or Ba Parab ,Karam and Sohrai Festival Santhals West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Jharkhand and Assam. 1.Santhals are the third largest tribe in India.
2.Santhals speak Santhali, which belongs to the Austro- Asiatic language family. Santhals have their script called Olchiki, which was developed by Dr Raghunath Murmu in 1925.
3.Santhals have no temples of their own. They even do not worship any idols. Santhals follow the Sarna religion.Santhals mainly celebrate the Karam festival which falls in the month of September and October Angami Nagaland 1.Men wear shawls called white Mhoushu and the black Lohe. The women wear Mechala – the wrap around skirt and shawls of unique designs and patterns
2.Christianity is the major religion followed among the Angami tribal people
3.Angamis are quite popular for their woodcraft and artwork.Sekrenyi is the main festival celebrated among the Angamis in Nagaland. Bhils The central Bhils are found in the mountain regions in the Indian states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujrat and Rajasthan. Bhils are also found in the north eastern parts of Tripura. 1.Religion practice among the Bhils differ from place to place. Most of them worship local deities like Khandoba, Kanhoba, Bahiroba, and Sitalmata. Some of the worship Tiger God called ‘vaghdev’. They have no temples of their own.
2.Ghoomar is the most famous dance among the Bhils.
3.Than Gair is the religious dance drama performed by the men in the month of Sharavana (July and August)The Baneshwar fair is the main festival celebrated among the Bhils. This fair is held during the period of Shivatri (in the month of January or February) and is dedicated to Baneshwar Mahadev also known as Lord Shiva. On this occasion Bhils gather all together set up camps on the banks of the Som and Mahi river. Chenchus Chenchu inhabit in the Nallamalai hills, which have been the part of the Nagarjuna Sagar Tiger Sanctuary for centuries in Andhra Pradesh India. 1.Chenchus talk in Chenchu language with the Telgu accent. Their language is also known as Chenchucoolam, Chenchwar, Chenswar or Choncharu.
2.Chenchus worship number of deities. They mainly believe in Bhagaban taru who lives in the sky and look after the Chenchus in all their doings. Another deity they worship is Garelamai Sama, who is the Goddess of forest.Khasis Khasi tribe is mainly found in the sate of Assam and the Khasi Jaintia hills in Meghalaya 1.Khasis speak Khasi, which is an Austro- Asiatic language. It is the part of the Mon-Khmer group of languages.
2.Khasis have a matriachal society.
3.Most of the Khasis follow Christianity as the religion. The Khasi believe in the supreme creator God U Blei Nong-thaw.Nongkrem is the major festival celebrated among the Khasis. Bhuthias Bhutia tribes are of the Tibetan origin. They migrated to Sikkim around 16th century. In the northern part of the Sikkim where they are the major inhabitants, they are known as the Lachenpas and Lachungpas. Majority of the Bhutias are concentrated in the dry valley of the North Sikkim. 1.Bhutia tribes usually speak Sikkimese.
2.The legal system among the Bhutias is termed as the Dzumsa, which means the rendezvous point of the common masses.
3. Bhutia male wear Bakhu which is a loose traditional dress with the full sleeves. While the women dress consists of Silken Honju, which is the full sleeves blouseLosar and Losoong are the main festivals celebrated among the Bhutia tribes. Gonds The Gonds are the tribal community mostly found in the Gond forests of central India. They are widely spread in the Chhindwara District of Madhya Pradesh 1.Gonds tribe speak Gondi language which is related to the Telgu and the other Dravidian languages.
2.Gonds have been largely influenced by the Hindus and for the long time have been practicing the Hindus culture and traditions. Gonds are the worshipers of Janani or the mother of creator.
3.Gusadi dance is the most famous dance perfomed by the Gonds.Gonds fair and festivals are influenced from the Hindu traditions. Keslapur Jathra is the important festival of the Gonds. Gaddis Himachal Pradesh. 1.The main occupation of Gaddi tribes is shepherding and they make their livelihood by rearing and selling sheeps, goats, mules and horses
2. They speak Gaddi langaugeThe Namagen dance is performed in the month of September to celebrate the autum. They were costumes which are largely woolen and studded with ornaments of silver. They are worn by women. Birhor Chattisgarh 1.They follow Hinduism and have their indigenous traditional beliefs. ‘Sing Bonga’, is regarded by the people as the supreme god.
2.Birhor tribe is one of the primitive tribes. They belong to the Proto-Australoid stock; linguistically, they originate from the Austro-Asiatic group.Garo Meghalaya 1.In Garo tribes, women are the owners of property thus making it a matrilineal society.
2.most of the Garos adopted Christianity. These tribes speak Garo language, which is also further divided into different sub-languages or dialects.Wangala is one of the significant festivals of these tribes This festival is celebrated after the harvest of crops as thanks giving ceremony to their deity Salijong Zeliang Nagaland 1.The Zeliang practice wet cultivation or Panikheti and terraced cultivation. They practice Jhum cultivation though they prefer Panikheti.
2.Many have accepted the religion of Christianity.The Hega festival is one of the most important and the largest festivals among the Zeliang community Rengma Nagaland 1.They belong to the Mongoloid racial stock. The Rengma is a patriarchal society therefore the line of descent is traced through the male side and property rights goes to the male line. 2.The Rengma tribes are agriculturists. They grow paddy through Jhum cultivation and wet cultivation. 3.Traditionally Rengma tribes are worshippers of supernatural beings. The Supreme god is known as Teronyu. Nyensug and Nyensugi are the next important god and goddesses who are worshipped for household wealth. Now most of the Rengma tribes are Christians Ngada is the most important festival of Rengma tribes. It is celebrated after harvesting the crop or at the end of November or in the beginning of December. Actually it is a “Thanks giving” festival of the Rengma tribes Ao Nagaland The Ao Nagas are rich in their folk literature.
With the arrival of Christian missionaries in the 19th century the Ao were some of the earliest converts to Christianity among the other Naga tribes.1. The Aos observe Moatsü Mong after the sowing is done. The festival provides them a period of recreation and entertainment after the stressful work of clearing fields, burning jungles, sowing seeds, cleaning up the Tsubu (wells) and repairs and construction of houses by elders of the Putu Menden, stretching over a week.
2.Aos have another festival called Tsüngrem Mong. It is celebrated in the eve of the harvest.Lushai Manipur/Mizoram 1.Lushai tribes have developed expertise in swimming and hunting. That they are good archers are apparent from the fact that they can nicely handle ‘Sairawkher’.
2.The way they dress shows that these Lushai tribes have got aesthetic sense. Lukhum is a special hat worn by the Lushai tribes. It is sharp in shape, mainly prepared from ‘bamboo splits’. Special open-hexagonal weave are used for weaving these hats.
3.For proper administration, the whole of the Lushai society are segregated into clans and castes, nicely run by a village head. Different is the way in which they practice the ‘Sakhua sacrifice’. These Lushai tribes are pious.There Bamboo dance(known as Cheraw dance) is very famous. Hmar Manipur 1.The society is patrilineal and patriarchal in nature.
2. Hmars worship supernatural beings. Pathien is the supreme god.
3.The Hmars depend on forest products. Their economy can be classified dually -traditional and subsidiary occupations.Chawn-lam, Dar-lam, Pheipheet-lam, Hrang-lam, Tinna-Hla-lam are the common dances of the Hmar community. All dances are based on the rhythmic tunes of musical instruments. Kuki Manipur Kuki Tribe of Manipur are mainly followers of Christianity and Judaism. Mizo Mizoram 1.The Mizos are of the Mongoloid racial stock with well built features.
2.They follow Christianity
3.The Mizos are mainly an agricultural people. Jhum cultivation is the traditional form of agriculture that is practicedThe Mizo celebrate many festivals among which Chapchar kut and Pavlkut are most important festivals. Chapchar kut is celebrated in the month of March. It is the spring festival celebrated. Pawl kut is a harvest festival celebrated in the months of December and January. Chakesang Nagaland Held in between March and April, the Tsukhenyi festival is one of the least known tribal festivals in India that is celebrated with great enthusiasm by the Chakesang Nagass Limboos Sikkim 1.Many Limbu follow a combination of Buddhism and their traditional beliefs.
2.There traditional group dance is called dhannach and is performed during marriage,death or any festivities
3.The traditional dress of Limboos are mekhli and TagaLepchas Sikkim 1.The Lepchas are the aboriginal inhabitants of Sikkim and they are mostly settled in North Sikkim. They are mostly Buddhist but many of them have now adopted Christianity
2. The traditional cloths of the Lepchas are woven in exquisite colour combinations. Men’s dress is called Thokro-Dum and the female’s dress is called Dumdyam or Dumvum.
3. The Lepcha trace their descent patrilineally. The marriage is negotiated between the families of the bride and the groom.Apatani Aruanchal Pradesh 1.UNESCO has proposed the Apatani valley for inclusion as a World Heritage Site for its “extremely high productivity” and “unique” way of preserving the ecology
2. Women of the Apatani Tribe, in India’s Apatani plateau, are famous for the bizarre nose plugs they’ve been wearing since times long passed.They have two major festival- Dree and Myoko. Nyishis Aruanchal Pradesh 1.The Nyishi language belongs to the Sino-Tibetan family, however, the origin is disputed.
2.Polygyny is prevalent among the Nyish.
3. The Nyishis, who traditionally wear cane helmets surmounted by the crest of a hornbill beak (known as pudum, padam), have considerably affected the population of this bird.
Several organizations, such as the Arunachal Wildlife and Nature Foundation and the Wildlife Trust of India, have been trying to stop the Nyishi hunting these birds in order to protect them from extinction. Nature reserves, such as the Pakke Sanctuary, are being set up to protect the birds, while artificial materials, such as fiberglass, have been introduced as an alternative to the hornbill beak in Nyishi dress.Nyokum is the festival celebrated by the Nyishi people, a religion which commemorates their ancestors. Adis Aruanchal Pradesh Adi dances vary from the slow, rustic and beautifully enchanting style Ponung (performed in Solung festival) to the exhilarating, exuberant thumps of Delong performed by Men in Etor festival. These dances have led to certain forms of dancing which jointly narrate a story, the Tapu (War Dance). In the Tapu War Dance, the dancers vigorously re-enact the actions of war, its gory details and the triumphant cries of the warriors. Yakjong is performed in Aran festival. The Adi celebrate a number of festivals, in particular their prime festivals are Aran, Solung, Etor.Solung, is observed in the first week of September for five days or more. It is a harvest festival performed after the sowing of seeds and transplantation, to seek for future bumper crops. Ponung songs and dances are performed by women folk during the festival Sema/Sumi Nagas Nagaland 1.The ‘Sumi Naga’ is one of the major Naga peoples in Nagaland, India. The Sumis mainly inhabit the Zunheboto district, although many have spread and is now living in a few more districts within Nagaland.
2.Sumi Naga tribe practiced kiti-do and were a headhunter as every other Naga tribals .Tuluni (July 8) is a festival of great significance for the Sumi. This festival is marked with feasts as the occasion occurs in the bountiful season of the year. Drinking rice beer indispensably forms as part of the feasts. Rice beer is served in a goblet made of bamboo or made from the leaf of plantain. This drink is called Tuluni which gives the festival its name. Konyak tribe Nagaland The Konyak are a Naga people, and are recognised among other Naga by their tattoos, which they have all over their face and hands; facial tattoos were earned for taking an enemy’s head. They are called the land of Angh’s. They have the largest population among the Nagas. Aoleang is the biggest festival for the Konyak. They wear their traditional attire and sing folk song to celebrate the Aoleang festival. Reang Tripura 1.The Reangs are basically a semi-nomadic tribe who practice jhum (slash and burn) or shifting method of cultivation on the hill sides.
2. The Reang basically belonged to the Mongoloid group and speaks the Tibeto-Burmese language ‘Kau BruThe Hodaigri dance amongst the Reang (Bru) was usually performed on the occasion of Maikhlungmo rituals i.e. worship of Goddess of food grains and cotton especially during the month of September-October Mishing Assam 1.The Mishing tribe is the second largest tribe among the other tribes of North- East India.
2.Traditionally Mishing people live near the bank of river and they build their “Chang Ghar” with the help of timber bamboo, thatch, etc for comfort living.Mishing people are easy going, very simple living and are fond of festivals. The main festival is “Ali-Aye-Ligang” which is the most colourful spring festival held every year on first Wednesday of the month “Gimur polo”(Feb-March). Karbi Assam 1.The Karbis believes in animism which consists of such a belief in the role of spiritual beings in human life.
2. Various types of dances are performed by the youths during the performances of Chomangkan, the death ceremony and other socio-religious festivals. The Karbis have very limited number of musical instruments. A big drum called Cheng is their main musical instrument.A number of festivals are observed by the people belonging to Karbi tribal group. Like for instance, they celebrate ‘Chojun Puja’ or ‘Swarak Puja’, ‘Rongker’, ‘Chokk-eroi’, ‘Hacha-Kekan’, ‘Chomangkan’. Mikir Assam Kols Madhya Pradesh Most of these tribes are landless labourer. They prefer to live in groups near villages called Kolhan Bonda Odhisa The Bonda are an ancient tribe of people who live in the isolated hill regions of the Malkangiri district of southwestern Odisha, India, Oarons Odhisa,Bihar and Jharkhand 1.Oraon also called Kurukh, aboriginal people of the Chota Nagpur region in the state of Jharkhand, India. They call themselves Kurukh and speak a Dravidian language akin to Gondi and other tribal languages of central India.
2.Speakers of Oraon number about 1,900,000, but in urban areas, and particularly among Christians, many Oraon speak Hindi as their mother tongue.
3.It was long thought that the Oraons and the other tribals were animists, people who attribute a living soul to plants, inanimate objects and natural phenomena. This view has been discarded although amateur anthropologists still sort it out in articles, in popular magazines. The Oraons are not nature worshipers.Murias Chattisgarh 1.The Muria are an adivasi (scheduled tribe) of the Bastar district of Chhattisgarh, India. They are part of the Gondi people.
2.They have mixed-sex dormitories where adolescents are sent to practice premarital sex, sometimes with a single partner and sometimes serially.
3.The Muria are traditionally animists, with village and clan deitiesKorba Chattisgarh Famous for there Karma dance Sahariya Rajasthan 1.Sahariya Tribe is the only primitive tribe of the Rajasthan state
2.They follow Hindu religious practices and speak a dialect influenced by Hadoti.Irulas Tamil Nadu 1. They inhabit the area of the Nilgiri mountains, in the states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala, India
2.Early 20th century anthropological literature classified the Irular under the Negrito ethnic group.
3.Unlike the Negrito tribes in the Andaman Islands who have retained their language, Irular speak the Irula language, a Dravidian language that is closely related to Tamil, Yerukala, Sholaga and other Tamil languagesBadagas Tamil Nadu 1.The Badagas live in the Nilgiri Hills of Tamil Nadu, India. They speak the unwritten Badaga language and are the one of the social groups in Nilgiris
2.Thundu (a white piece of cloth) forms an integral part of the attire of Badaga women and as a cultural item, is presented to visiting dignitaries as a gesture of good will.Their important festival is Hethai Habba. Uralis Kerela 1.The Urali tribes like most of the tribes in south India, worship nature as Gods and inventor of the world. They consider the Sun as ‘the creator of all souls’ and moon as the mother of all creation.
2.The Uralis generally do not engage in inter-tribal marriage, instead they prefer to marry within their own tribe. It is custom amongst them to wear a sacred thread on special occasions like weddings and funerals.Jarawas Andaman & Nicobar Island 1.The Jarawa are still at the primitive stage of life on earth. They entirely depend upon forest and sea for food. Wild boar and monitor lizard are consumed. Various kinds of fruit , honey and tubers are parts of their diet too.
2.The jarawas of both sexes go complete naked. However some ornaments made with shells and palm leaves are worn by them but these are not in the sense to cover their nudity.
This tribe has lived in the southeast part of Andaman but after the British regime they shifted to the western region of the island. They have forever been hunter gatherers in the true sense however things have changed since the 1990’s specially after the building of the old trunk road.Sentinelese Andaman & Nicobar Island 1.The Sentinelese people are said to be so hostile that their home has been named the ‘hardest place to visit’ in the world.The Sentinelese and other indigenous Andamanese peoples are frequently described as negritos,
2.They inhabit the North Sentinel island, and are the only remaining tribe in the Andamans to still maintain their isolation from the rest of the world. Nobody knows exactly how they look, the population or how they live. Since 1967, the indian governments with the help of anthropologists have tried to make contact with the tribe. They tried giving gifts of food, coconuts, etc but they were always met with hostility. The tribe showers arrows and stones at whoever comes near the island.
.Onge Andaman & Nicobar Island Onges are one of the most primitive tribes in India. They belong to the Negrito racial stock and they have been mainly seen near the Dugong creek in Little Andaman. They are dependent on the food provided by nature and are a semi-nomadic tribe.
The onge population fell post british colonization from 672 in 1986 to 92 in 1901 but has remained stable since.Shompen Andaman & Nicobar Island The Shompens, who live in the Great Nicobar island, are a semi-nomadic people. They wander in their forest and coastal habitat in search of fruits and games. There are two territorial groups among the Shompens; The habitation of Shompens is the Great Nicobar which is the largest among the Nicobar group of Islands. Like the Nicobarese, they belong to the Mongoloid race. Pangwal Himachal Pradesh. 1.These rugged people, who are Hindus, have their unique customs, traditions, and institutions. The native Pangwals and Bhotis are robust, hardworking, handsome people who keep the valley’s unique culture alive in folk songs, music and tribal dances. Music, dance and the locally brewed liquor ‘patar’, play a significant role in the life of the Pangwals. One of the major festivals celebrated towards the end of February is ‘Jukaru’ Sherdukpen Aruanchal Pradesh 1.The Sherdukpen language is part of the Kanauri branch of the Tibeto-Burman family.
2.Bardo Chham is a folk dance of Sherdukpens, a small community of West Kameng District of Arunachal Pradesh, Bardo Chham is based on the stories of good and evil. According to the local beliefs, there are both good and evil in mankind. The Sherdukpens mask themselves representing the different animals and dance to show an act of fighting the evil forces.Wattal tribe Jammu & Kashmir Dumhal dance is performed by Wattal tribe on special occassions Bhutias Sikkim 1.The Bhutia are a community of people of Tibetan ancestry, who speak Lhopo or Sikkimese, a Tibetan dialect fairly mutually intelligible to standard Tibetan
2. Singhi Chham or Kanchendzonga Dance is a dance form in Sikkim whereby the dancers perform in a lion costume that represents the snow lion. It is a dance of the Bhutia peopleTodas Tamil Nadu Tribals of Nilgiri hills
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Govt releases pre-draft of National Curriculum Framework
The Ministry of Education has released a pre-draft version of National Curriculum Framework (NCF) for School Education.
National Curriculum Framework (NCF)
Features
Details
What is it? A comprehensive framework for school education in India Provides guidelines for the development of curricula and syllabi, textbooks, and teaching practices for schools in India
Developed by National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT), an autonomous organization under the Ministry of Education Aim To promote a child-centred, activity-based approach to learning that focuses on the development of knowledge, skills, and values Development The first NCF was developed in 1986 and subsequently revised in 2000 and 2005. The latest pre-draft version of NCF for School Education was released by the Ministry of Education in April 2023.
Coverage For age groups 3 to 18 years Seeks feedback from various stakeholders
National Steering Committee Set up by the Ministry to undertake and develop NCFs under the chairmanship of K. Kasturirangan. Salient features of NCF
(1) Values and Roots
- A key part of the document is the inclusion of values and its “rootedness” in India.
- The pre-draft says that the framework is deeply rooted in India in content and learning of languages, in the pedagogical approaches including tools and resources, and in philosophical basis — in the aims and in the epistemic approach.
- The document further says that it leans towards making students acquainted with true sources of knowledge, which have been a philosophical preoccupation of ancient Indians.
- These sources focus on six pramanas: pratyaksa, anumana, upamana, arthapatti, anupalabdhi, and sabda.
Six Pramanas
1. Pratyaksha: Interpreted as perception through the five senses
2. Anumana: Uses inferences to come to new conclusions
3. Upamana: Knowing through analogy and comparison
4. Arthapatti: Involves knowing through circumstantial implication
5. Anupalabdhi: Includes perception of non-existence
6. Sabda: Something an individual can only directly know a fraction of all reality through direct experience and inference but must rely on other experts was acknowledged thousands of years ago
(2) Moral Development
- A part of the document focuses on the moral development of a child through panchakosha vikas or five-fold development.
- The pre-draft recommends developing moral values for the child through a balanced diet, traditional games, yoga asanas, as well as a wide variety of stories, songs, lullabies, poems, and prayers to develop a love for cultural context.
(3) Curriculum revamp
- The pre-draft says that for Grade 10 certification, students will have to take two essential courses from humanities, maths and computing, vocational education, physical education, arts education, social science, science, and interdisciplinary areas.
- In Grade 11 and 12, students will be offered choice-based courses in the same disciplines for more rigorous engagement.
- Arts education will include music, dance, theatre, sculpture, painting, set design, scriptwriting, while interdisciplinary areas will include knowledge of India, traditions, and practices of Indian knowledge systems.
- For Class 11 and 12, the document states that “Modular Board Exams will be offered as opposed to a single exam at the end of the year, and the final result will be based on the cumulative result of each exam.”
- The framework of the social science curriculum emphasizes understanding and appreciating the feeling of Indianess, ‘bhartiyata,’ by valuing the rich cultural heritage and tradition of the country.
- It also stresses on identifying and explaining important phases of the Indian national movement against British rule, with special reference to Gandhian and other subaltern movements.
(4) Social Science Curriculum
- The pre-draft emphasizes understanding and appreciating the feeling of Indianess, “bhartiyata,” by valuing the rich cultural heritage and tradition of the country.
- The pre-draft also stresses on identifying and explaining important phases of the Indian national movement against British rule, with special reference to Gandhian and other subaltern movements.
- It also recommends teaching concepts of Buddhism, Jainism, and Vedic and Confucian philosophies.
(5) Follow-up processes
- As a follow-up to the National Education Policy 2020, development of four National Curriculum Frameworks — NCF for School Education, NCF for Early Childhood Care and Education, NCF for Teacher Education, and NCF for Adult Education — have been initiated.
- The National Steering Committee under the chairmanship of K. Kasturirangan was set up by the Ministry to undertake and develop NCFs.
Controversy over curriculum revamp
- The latest round of textbook rationalisation has resulted in some of the most sweeping changes in the curriculum since the NDA government came to power.
- These changes include removing all references to the 2002 Gujarat riots, reducing content related to the Mughal era and the caste system, and dropping chapters on protests and social movements.
- Many of these changes are seen as ‘political’, however, their earlier introduction into curriculum was also a political move.
The furore over Mughal History
- While some of the content on the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire has indeed been removed from the history textbook for Class 7, the Mughals have not entirely disappeared.
- For instance, the chapter ‘The Mughal Empire’ in the Class 7 history textbook, Our Pasts – II, has undergone deletions — including a two-page table on the milestones and achievements of the reigns of the emperors Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb.
- However, the chapter itself has not been removed.
- Students of Class 7 will continue to learn about the Mughals, though in lesser detail.
Significance
- School textbooks have always been seen as playing a crucial role in shaping national narratives, and as a tool for cultivating a desired national identity.
- NCERT textbooks are read by more than 5 crore students in 18 states around the country, who are seen by political parties as a large captive audience with impressionable minds.
- It’s not just school students either — candidates preparing for competitive exams such as the Civil Services Examination, SSC, JEE, and NEET, also rely on these textbooks.
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Union Cabinet gives nod to Indian Space Policy, 2023
Central idea: The Union Cabinet has approved the Indian Space Policy, 2023.
Indian Space Policy, 2023
- It aims to enhance the role of the Department of Space, boost the activities of ISRO missions, and encourage participation from research, academia, startups, and industry.
Salient features
(1) Outlining roles and responsibilities
- The Indian Space Policy, 2023 outlines the roles and responsibilities of various organizations in the space sector.
- The policy includes the responsibilities of ISRO, NewSpace India Limited, and private sector entities.
- This clarity in roles will help in the efficient functioning of the components set up in recent times.
(2) Multistakeholder participation
- The policy aims to boost the space sector by enhancing the role of the Department of Space and encouraging participation from research, academia, startups, and industry.
- This will help in the development of the space segment and create more opportunities for the private sector.
(3) Boosting ISRO Missions
- The Indian Space Policy, 2023 aims to boost the activities of ISRO missions.
- This will help ISRO achieve its objectives more efficiently and effectively.
- It will also help in the development of new technologies and innovative solutions.
(4) Involvement of Private Sector
- The Policy, 2023 recognizes the importance of the private sector in the development of the space sector.
- It encourages the involvement of private sector entities in various aspects of the space segment.
- This will create more opportunities for the private sector and help in the growth of the Indian space industry.
(5) Research and development
- The policy aims to involve research, academia, and startups in the development of the space sector.
- This will help in the development of new technologies, innovative solutions, and talent pool.
- It will also help in the growth of the Indian space industry and create more opportunities for research and development in the sector.
Conclusion
- The Indian Space Policy, 2023 is a comprehensive policy that provides clarity in the roles and responsibilities of various organizations in the space sector.
- The policy aims to boost the space segment, encourage private sector involvement, and involve research, academia, and startups in the development of the sector.
- The policy will help in achieving the objectives of ISRO more efficiently and effectively, and create more opportunities for the private sector and research and development in the space sector.
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Principles of Natural Justice and Proportionality
Central idea
- The Supreme Court lifted a broadcasting ban on a Malayalam news channel ‘MediaOne’.
- The court blasted the government for silencing voices in the media who “speak truth to power” by branding them as “anti-establishment”.
A quick recap of the case
- The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (MIB) has earlier refused to renew broadcast license of a Malayalam news channel.
- The Ministry of Home Affairs had declined to grant security clearance to the channel’s promoters citing alleged links between radical groups.
- Hence the news agency approached Kerala High Court, which upheld the ban on February 9, 2022
- The Supreme Court granted temporary relief and allowed it to resume operations.
Supreme Court’s ruling
- The Supreme Court set aside earlier ban orders and upheld the channel’s appeal on two procedural grounds, namely
- Principles of natural justice and
- Proportionality
Articles invoked in the judgment
- The Court stated that the burden shifts on the Centre to prove that the procedure followed was reasonable and in compliance with the requirements of Articles 14 and 21 of the Constitution.
- The Court used the standard of proportionality to test the reasonableness of the procedure in the present case and assessed the validity of public interest immunity claims based on the “structured proportionality standard”.
- The Court found that the reasons for denying security clearance to the channel were not legitimate purposes for the restriction of the right of freedom of speech protected under Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution.
Key concepts involved
(1) Principles of natural justice
- The principles of natural justice are a set of procedural rules that ensure fairness and justice in administrative and legal proceedings.
- These principles are based on the fundamental idea that everyone is entitled to a fair hearing, and they are aimed at preventing arbitrary or biased decisions by decision-makers.
- The SC bench allowed the challenge to the MHA order and judgment of the High Court on account of the principles of natural justice constitutionalized by its judgment in its 1978 ruling in “Maneka Gandhi vs Union of India”
- Actions which violate procedural guarantees can be struck down even if non-compliance does not prejudice the outcome of the case.
(2) Proportionality
- The principle requires that the decision or action must be proportionate to the objective it seeks to achieve.
- In other words, the means employed to achieve the objective must be no more than necessary to achieve it, and the harm caused by the decision or action must not be excessive in relation to the benefit gained.
- The validity of the claim of involvement of national security considerations must be assessed on the test of whether there is material to conclude that the non-disclosure of information is in the interest of national security.
- Courts can assess the validity of public interest immunity claims based on the “structured proportionality standard”, said the SC.
- The SC observed that sealed cover proceedings infringe the principles natural justice and open justice.
Conclusion
- The Court’s ruling has been welcomed by media organizations and civil society groups as a victory for freedom of speech and expression
- The Court observed that the duty to act fairly derived from common law is not exhaustively defined in a set of concrete principles, and the concept of natural justice “cannot be put into a ‘straitjacket formula’.
- The ruling has been hailed as a victory for freedom of speech and expression, and a blow to attempts to stifle dissent and critical voices in the media.
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Artform in news: Bidri Crafts
Bidri craft artist from Karnataka Shah Rasheed Ahmed Quadri has been conferred with the prestigious Padma Shri Award.
Bidri Crafts
- Bidri ware is a traditional form of handicraft that originated in Bidar, Karnataka.
- It involves the crafting of metal wares using a unique technique that incorporates zinc and copper.
Its history
- Bidri ware has a long history that can be traced back to the 14th century.
- It was introduced to Bidar by Persian artisans during the reign of the Bahmani Sultans.
- The craft flourished under the patronage of the Mughal emperors, and it became a symbol of wealth and status.
Crafting process
- The process of making Bidri ware involves several stages. First, a mould is made of the object to be crafted.
- Next, the object is cast in an alloy of zinc and copper.
- The cast object is then filed and polished to remove any rough edges.
- The design is then etched onto the surface of the object using a sharp chisel.
- The etched areas are then filled with a blackened paste made from a mixture of copper sulphate and mud.
- Finally, the object is polished again to remove any excess paste and to create a smooth finish.
Designs and motifs
- Bidriware is known for its intricate designs and motifs, which are often inspired by nature, Islamic art, and Persian calligraphy.
- Common motifs include flowers, leaves, and geometric patterns.
- Many pieces also feature verses from the Quran or other Islamic texts.
Recognition and awards
- Bidri ware has received several awards and recognition for its craftsmanship and cultural significance.
- In 2006, it was awarded the Geographical Indication status by the Indian government, which recognizes its unique origin and traditional crafting techniques.
- Bidriware has also been recognized by UNESCO as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.
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Finland Joining NATO and its Implications
Central Idea
- The induction of Finland into NATO is a significant setback for Russia and President Vladimir Putin, as it has long been neutral in Moscow’s conflict with the West. The move has doubled Finland’s frontier with Russia and has implications for global governance of the Arctic region.
Induction of Finland into NATO
- The recent induction of Finland into the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is a significant development that has strategic implications for Russia and the Arctic region.
- Finland has traditionally been neutral in the prolonged conflict between Moscow and the West.
- Its inclusion in NATO is seen as a major setback for Russia and President Vladimir Putin, who has cited NATO’s expansion closer to Russia’s borders as a justification for aggression against Ukraine.
What is the North Atlantic Treaty?
- North Atlantic Treaty, often referred to as the Washington Treaty, states the parties to the treaty seek to promote stability and well-being in the North Atlantic area.
- The signatories affirm their faith in the purposes and principles of the UN Charter and express their desire to live in peace with all people and governments, the treaty states.
Background
- Finlandisation: Finland’s neutrality during the Cold War made Finlandisation a part of the global diplomatic lexicon, referring to a small nation’s political deference to its larger neighbor.
- Russia’s policies in the neighbourhood: Many of Finland’s small European neighbors have been at the receiving end of Russia’s muscular regional policies over the past decade.
- Ukraine invasion: The Ukraine invasion has confirmed their worst fears, and they are seeking protection from the US and NATO.
Russia’s Response
- Countermeasures: Unsurprisingly, Moscow has responded to Finland’s inclusion in NATO by promising countermeasures.
- Encroachment on national interest: Dmitry Peskov, a Kremlin spokesman, called NATO’s inclusion of Finland an encroachment on our security and on Russia’s national interests.
- Monitoring: Moscow will be watching for any NATO military deployments in Finland.
Why does Russia fume over NATO?
- NATO’s expansion: Russia views NATO’s expansion into Eastern Europe as a threat to its security and influence in the region. The alliance’s decision to accept former Soviet republics and Warsaw Pact members as members is seen by Russia as a direct challenge to its strategic interests.
- Military exercises: Russia has also expressed concern over NATO military exercises in the region, which it sees as a provocation and a show of force. NATO’s decision to station troops and equipment in Eastern Europe has also been criticized by Russia.
- Missile defense system: Russia has been particularly critical of NATO’s missile defense system, which it sees as a threat to its own nuclear deterrence capabilities. Russia argues that the system is designed to neutralize its strategic weapons and that it undermines global strategic stability.
- Ukraine and Georgia: Russia has accused NATO of interfering in the affairs of Ukraine and Georgia, two former Soviet republics that are seeking closer ties with the West. Russia sees NATO’s support for these countries as an attempt to encircle and contain Russia.
Implications for India and the Arctic region
- Real punch to the Western alliance in the Nordic region: Finland has maintained a small but capable armed force that is well-trained and resilient, and its inclusion in NATO adds real punch to the Western alliance in the Nordic region.
- High north is commercial attraction: As the Arctic ice cap melts amidst global warming, the high north has become attractive commercially and contested geopolitically.
- India is an observer of the Arctic Council: India is an observer of the Arctic Council that seeks to promote wide-ranging cooperation in the polar north.
- China raising profile in the Arctic: The militarisation of the high north appears inevitable as Finland and Sweden turn from neutrals to Western allies and China raises its profile in the Arctic in partnership with Russia.
- Global governance: This might make global governance of the Arctic region increasingly problematic
Conclusion
- The induction of Finland into NATO is a significant development in the ongoing conflict between Russia and the West. The move has implications for the Arctic region, which is attracting global attention due to the melting of the Arctic ice cap. As a stakeholder in the region, India must closely monitor developments and prepare for any geopolitical consequences.
Mains Question
Q. In light of Finland’s recent inclusion in NATO, discuss the strategic implications for the Arctic region and India. India as a stakeholder in the region and what steps can India take to prepare for potential geopolitical consequences?
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The Need For Humane Policing In India
Central Idea
- The recent case of human rights violation against an IPS officer in Ambasamudram highlights the need for humane policing in India. The history of police brutality across the globe, including in the US, reveals the need for change in the policing system. The pressure to produce results, coupled with corruption and lack of ethics training, contributes to police excesses, which must be curbed.
History of Policing Excesses
- Policing Excesses in U.S: The history of policing in many countries is pockmarked by episodes of excesses, and the U.S. is one such country which has had far too many instances of police torture.
- For example: The Rodney King incident of 1991 in Los Angeles and the death of George Floyd in Minneapolis in 2020 are some examples of police brutality.
Factors Contributing to Police Excesses in India
- Corruption among public servants: Corruption is rampant in India and is a major factor contributing to police excesses. Bribery and corruption make it easy for criminals to escape the law and for police officers to use violence and coercion to extract money and other benefits.
- The pressure to produce results: Police officers are often under tremendous pressure to produce results and show that they are making progress in solving cases. This pressure can lead to an overzealous approach to policing, with officers resorting to torture and other illegal methods to extract information and solve cases quickly.
- Lack of ethics training: Police officers in India are not given sufficient training in ethics and human rights. This lack of training makes it easier for officers to resort to violence and abuse of power, as they do not understand the consequences of their actions.
- Political interference: In some cases, politicians and other powerful people may interfere in police investigations or use their influence to protect criminals. This interference can undermine the rule of law and make it more difficult for police officers to do their job effectively and without fear or favor.
- Poor working conditions: Police officers in India often work long hours in difficult and dangerous conditions. This can lead to stress and fatigue, which can in turn lead to a higher incidence of police excesses.
- Lack of accountability: There is often little accountability for police officers who commit excesses. In many cases, officers who are found guilty of human rights violations are simply transferred to another location, rather than being punished or dismissed from the force. This lack of accountability sends a message to other officers that they can get away with abuse of power and violence.
Role of Technology and Ethics in Policing
- Both technology and ethics are necessary for effective policing: While technology can help solve crimes and improve policing efficiency, ethics and a commitment to human rights are necessary to ensure that police officers act within the law and respect the rights of all citizens.
- Technology alone is not enough: The technology has played a significant role in improving policing in India, with many officers now trained in the use of modern tools and techniques to solve crimes. However, technology alone is not enough, and that ethics must also be prioritized in policing.
- Training in ethics must be prioritized at all levels of the police force: Many police officers in India lack sufficient training in ethics and human rights, which makes it easier for them to resort to violence and abuse of power. Training in ethics must be prioritized at all levels of the police force, from the highest-ranking officers to those on the front lines.
- Police leaders are crucial players: The police leaders, such as DGPs and IGPs, have a crucial role to play in indoctrinating young recruits on the value of sticking to the law and civilised behaviour.
What is mean by humane policing?
- Humane policing refers to a style of law enforcement that places a greater emphasis on preserving the human rights and dignity of individuals.
- Humane policing recognizes that police officers are entrusted with great power and authority and that they have a duty to exercise this power with respect, compassion, and professionalism.
- It prioritizes building trust and positive relationships between law enforcement agencies and the communities they serve.
- Humane policing It seeks to avoid the use of excessive force, unnecessary aggression, or intimidation in policing activities.
- It recognizes the importance of accountability and transparency in law enforcement.
- It also recognizes the importance of training and education for police officers in areas such as cultural competence, mental health awareness, and conflict resolution.
Conclusion
- It is sad and equally true that many in the political firmament subscribe to the philosophy that without physical force on misbehaving citizens, the quality of policing cannot improve and law and order cannot be maintained. This perception has to be changed. India needs a human policing. Moreover, the authorities must take swift action against offending officials to send a strong message that no illegal physical treatment of crime suspects will be tolerated.
Mains Question
Q. Rising cases of police excesses reveals the need for change in the policing system. In this backdrop highlight the factors behind Policing Excesses in India and what steps can be taken to promote humane policing?
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![[Sansad TV] Perspective: Civil Services – Changing Profile](https://d18x2uyjeekruj.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/sansad.jpg)
[Sansad TV] Perspective: Civil Services – Changing Profile
Central idea
- Vice President Jagdeep Dhankhar has said that in recent years the profile of civil administration has changed and it has become socially more inclusive.
- Acknowledging that young talent from remote villages and marginalized communities, including young girls, are joining the civil services.
- The VP appreciated this change in the profile of civil administration.
Changing profile of civil services
- Social inclusion: In recent decades, the civil administration in India has become more socially inclusive to reflect the country’s commitment to diversity and equal opportunity.
- Representative reservations: The government has made efforts to recruit people from different regions, religions, and backgrounds to ensure that civil services represent the diversity of India’s population.
- Lateral entries: With the growing emphasis on technology and digitalization, civil services have started to prioritize skills related to technology, leading to the recruitment of people with backgrounds in engineering, IT, and related fields.
- Specialization demands: The decentralization of power has resulted in the creation of new institutions and departments at the state and local levels. This has led to the recruitment of civil servants who have specialized skills in areas such as urban planning, environmental management, and social welfare.
Key developments: Mission Karmayogi
- In 2020 Govt had approved the National Programme for Civil Services Capacity Building also known as Mission Karmayogi.
- The programme aims at building a future-ready civil service with the right attitude, skills and knowledge, aligned to the vision of New India.
- Recently three departments have been identified under this programme which have the maximum interaction with people, to improve the experience of interacting with a government arm – railways, postal service and police.
What is Mission Karmayogi?
- Mission Karmayogi is a government initiative aimed at bringing transformational reforms in the capacity building of civil servants.
- It was announced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on September 2, 2020, and is considered a major step towards making Indian bureaucracy more future-ready.
Key objectives
- The primary objective of Mission Karmayogi is to empower civil servants with the right skills and knowledge to perform their duties effectively and efficiently.
- It aims to create a future-ready civil service that is accountable, responsive, and efficient in serving the needs of citizens.
Major features
- National Program for Civil Services Capacity Building (NPCSCB): Mission Karmayogi includes the creation of NPCSCB as a comprehensive, world-class platform for civil service capacity building. NPCSCB will be an integrated platform that will provide training, mentoring, and skill development opportunities to civil servants at all levels of the hierarchy.
- Individual Learning Plans (ILPs): Mission Karmayogi aims to create ILPs for all civil servants. ILPs will be customized training plans that will be developed based on the specific needs and skills of each civil servant. ILPs will help civil servants to identify their strengths and weaknesses and provide them with the necessary training and support to enhance their skills.
- Competency Framework for Civil Services: Mission Karmayogi will develop a competency framework that will define the core competencies required for each role in civil services. The framework will help in identifying skill gaps and developing training programs to bridge those gaps.
Implementation
- Mission Karmayogi will be implemented in a phased manner.
- The first phase will focus on creating the NPCSCB and developing the competency framework for civil services.
- The second phase will focus on the development of ILPs for civil servants and providing them with training and support to enhance their skills.
Benefits offered by the mission
- Specialization Training: The Mission Karmayogi program aims to match the competencies of civil servants to the requirements of their posts by transitioning from rules-based to roles-based HR management.
- Domain Training: Civil servants will have the opportunity to continuously enhance their behavioural, functional, and domain competencies through self-driven and mandated learning paths.
- Uniform Training Standards: The program aims to harmonize training standards across India to ensure a common understanding of the country’s aspirations and development goals.
- Vision for New India: Mission Karmayogi aims to develop a future-ready civil service with the right attitude, skills, and knowledge aligned with the vision of New India.
- On-Site Learning: The program emphasizes “on-site learning” to complement traditional “off-site” learning.
- Best Practices: Mission Karmayogi encourages and partners with top learning content creators, including public training institutions, universities, start-ups, and individual experts.
Various challenges
- Rigid hierarchical system: Economist John Maynard Keynes once said, “The difficulty lies not in the new ideas, but in escaping from the old ones.”
- Status-quoism: Bureaucracy tends to resist change that challenges their status quo, and it must understand the need for domain knowledge and the importance of moving away from a generalist to a specialist approach.
- Technological overhaul: Governance is becoming increasingly technical, so it’s important for those in authority to have the required skills and experience in that particular area.
- Behaviour change: A behavioural change in the bureaucracy is necessary, and they must embrace change as a need of the hour, not an attack on their status quo.
- Training bottlenecks: Online courses should not become another opportunity for officers to go on sabbatical leaves. It must be ensured that they actually attend and participate in the courses, so that the purpose isn’t defeated.
Way forward
- Develop a comprehensive communication strategy: The government should develop a communication strategy to create awareness about the program’s benefits and objectives. It should engage with civil servants, academicians, and other stakeholders to create a dialogue and seek feedback.
- Emphasize the importance of continuous learning: The program should emphasize the importance of continuous learning and development in civil service. The government should encourage civil servants to take part in training programs and provide them with incentives and recognition for their achievements.
- Strengthen the competency framework: The competency framework should be developed in consultation with various stakeholders, including civil servants, experts, and academicians. The framework should be flexible and regularly updated to reflect changing needs and priorities.
- Address training bottlenecks: The government should ensure that online courses are not misused by civil servants as a means to take sabbatical leaves. It should introduce measures to track attendance and ensure that civil servants participate actively in the training programs.
- Promote a culture of innovation: The government should promote a culture of innovation and encourage civil servants to come up with innovative ideas and solutions to address governance challenges.
- Develop partnerships with the private sector: The government should develop partnerships with the private sector to provide civil servants with exposure to cutting-edge technologies and best practices.
Conclusion
- The government can address the challenges in the implementation of Mission Karmayogi by adopting these measures.
- These measures can ensure that Mission Karmayogi achieves its objectives of building a future-ready civil service that is accountable, responsive, and efficient in serving the needs of citizens.
Top of Form
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Coastal Aquaculture Authority (Amendment) Bill, 2023
The Coastal Aquaculture Authority (Amendment) Bill 2023 was introduced in the Lok Sabha.
What is Aquaculture?
- Aquaculture essentially means, breeding, raising, and harvesting fish, shellfish, and aquatic plants.
- In a nutshell, it’s farming in water.
- Saline water along the coast has been found to be suitable for practising aquaculture which produces shrimp, majorly.
- If aquaculture is not practised on this land, it will be left idle and uncultivated as it is not suitable for the cultivation of crops.
- Aquaculture can be practised on about 12 lakh hectares in the country along the coast, of which only 14% has been utilized so far.
Key highlights of the amendment
- Decriminalisation of certain offences: The Bill aims to decriminalize the offences under the Coastal Aquaculture Authority Act.
- Fine-tuning operational procedures: It seeks to promote ease of doing business and to fine-tune the operational procedures of the authority.
- Promotion of environment-friendly coastal aquaculture: The Bill also aims to promote newer forms of environment-friendly coastal aquaculture, such as cage culture, seaweed culture, marine ornamental fish culture, and pearl oyster culture.
- Create employment opportunities: These newer forms of coastal aquaculture have the potential to create additional employment opportunities.
- Prevention of use of harmful substances in coastal aquaculture: The Bill also includes a provision to prevent the use of antibiotics and pharmacologically active substances that are harmful to human health in coastal aquaculture.
About the Coastal Aquaculture Act
- This Act was enacted in the year 2005 for the establishment an authority to regulate activities in this sector.
- It is a parliamentary act that establishes the Coastal Aquaculture Authority (CAA) for the regulation and registration of coastal aquaculture farms in India.
Overview
- The CAA Act, of 2005 mandates the Central Government to take measures to regulate coastal aquaculture and ensure that it does not cause any harm to the coastal environment.
- The guidelines prescribed by the government aim to promote responsible coastal aquaculture practices that protect the livelihood of various coastal communities.
Key features
- The CAA Act, 2005 provides for the establishment of the Coastal Aquaculture Authority to regulate the activities related to coastal aquaculture.
- The Central Government is responsible for prescribing guidelines to regulate coastal aquaculture activities and ensure responsible practices.
- The guidelines aim to protect the livelihood of coastal communities and prevent any harm to the coastal environment.
- The Act also mandates the registration of coastal aquaculture farms to ensure their compliance with the guidelines.
- The CAA is a strong force in enforcing the regulations and registration of coastal aquaculture farms in India.
Significance
- The Coastal Aquaculture Authority Act, of 2005 is significant in promoting responsible coastal aquaculture practices and protecting the livelihood of coastal communities.
- The act ensures that coastal aquaculture activities are regulated and registered, which helps prevent harm to the coastal environment.
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Nikaalo Prelims Spotlight || Key/Important Terms related to Ancient/ Medieval History
Dear Aspirants,
This Spotlight is a part of our Mission Nikaalo Prelims-2022.
You can check the broad timetable of Nikaalo Prelims here
Session Details
Morning 12 PM – Prelims Spotlight Session
Evening 06:30 PM – TIKDAM/MCQs Session
Noon 03:00 PM – CSAT Google Meet Session
Evening 08 PM – Tests on Alternate Days
Join our Official telegram channel for Study material for GS and CSAT Here
28th Marc
Dear Aspirants,
This Spotlight is a part of our Mission Nikaalo Prelims-2023.
You can check the broad timetable of Nikaalo Prelims here
Session Details
YouTube LIVE with Parth sir – 1 PM – Prelims Spotlight Session
Evening 04 PM – Daily Mini Tests
Join our Official telegram channel for Study material and Daily Sessions Here
6th Apr 2023
Important officers and their role in the Maurya Empire
- Sannidhata – Treasurer and keeper of the stores in Maurya Period. He was in charge of the collection of revenue from various parts of the kingdom and looked after the income and expenditure by supervising the works of akshapataladhyaksha (Accountant-General)
- Samharta– His function was to collect Revenue both in cash and kind.
- Amatyas–They were some sort of administrative personnel or civil servants who filled the highest administrative and judicial appointments.
- Rajukas–Ashoka appointed a class of officers known as the Rajukas, who were vested with the authority of rewarding as well we punishing people.
- Adhyaksas- The officers who looked after the various departments.
- Yuktas- They appear to have been the subordinate official whose duties were largely secretarial works and accounting.
- Gopa and Sthanika- There was an intermediate level of administration between the district level and village level, which was administered by the Gopa and Sthanikas.
- Gramika- Head of the village. He was not a paid servant and was chosen among village elders.
- Grambhojaka- Gramika was helped by Grambhojaka.
- Pramukha- Eighteen chief handicrafts of the time were organised in guilds called as Shrenis, the president of Shrenis was known as Pramukha.
Important officers of the Gupta empire
- Uparika- He was directly appointed by the king as a provincial governor.
- Kumaramatyas- A link between the central and the provincial administration under the Guptas was provided by the officers called Kumaramatyas and Ayuktas. Kumaramatyas was a body of top-ranking officials attached not only to the king but also to the crown-prince and sometimes placed in charge of district.
- Gopasramin- In Samudraguptas period an officer working as akshapataladhikrita. Their function was to enter numerous matters in the accounts register, recover royal dues and to check embezzlement and recover fines.
- Sandhivigrahika-The foreign minister, minister of war and peace. First appeared under the rule of Samudragupta.
- Mahabaldikarta-Commander-in-Chief.
- Mahadandanayaka-
- Mahapratihara- Chief of palace guards.
- Pustapala- Record-keeper. Maintained record of land transactions in a district. They were also known as Karanika.
- Vishaya- Vishayas were divided into smaller parts called Vithis which were the villages and consisted of the lowest unit of administration.
- Mahattama,Mahattaka and Mahattara- Elder who assisted the Gramika in the village administration.
- Agharikas- During the reign of Harsha, Agharikas looked after the land given in charity.
- Samantas- Feudal chiefs.
Important officers of Satvahana Period
- Uparakshita- In Satvahanas kingdom, their function was building caves for monks.
- Gaulamika- Administration of the villages was placed under them in the Satvahana period.
- Valaikkarars- Troops in the royal service and were the bodyguard of the monarch.
Medieval India
Amils– Revenue officers
Arz-i-mamalik– Minister in-charge of the army of the whole country.
Ahl-i-qalam– Reporter
Baqqal– Trader, grain-dealer
Batai– Division of crop between the cultivator and landlord or the government, payments may be in
kind or cash
Barid- An intelligence officer appointed by the state to collect information
Chachar– Land out of cultivation for 3-4 years.
Chaauth or Chauthaai– One-fourth of the land revenue, originally a Zamindari charge in Gujrat demanded by Shivaji as a war expense.
Charai– A tax on cattle.
Dagh System– A system of branding of horses and animal.
Dam- A copper coin considered as 1/40* the silver rupee for the official purposes.
Dastur-al-amal- Rule book
Dhimmi- A non-Muslim client or subject
Darul Mulk- Capital
Gumashta- An agent or representative
Hamam– A room for the bath of hot and cold water
Hundi- A bill of exchange
Jamabandi– Settlement of the amount of revenue assessed upon an estate or district
Jarib– A measurement, land measurement or survey
Jihat– Extra cesses
Jizya– (a) In the literature of Delhi sultanate, any tax which is not kharaj or land tax
(b) In the Shariat, a personal and yearly tax on non-Muslims.
Kankut– Estimation of land revenue
Karori– A revenue officer.
Khiraj– Land revenue
Mahal- A group of land regarded as a unit for land revenue purposes.
Mansab– A military rank conferred by the Mughal emperor.
Mauza- Revenue term for village
Mokasa- Grant of land for military service, rent-free land.
Nabud– Remission of land revenue on account of natural disasters.
Paibaqi- Land reserved for allotment in jagir
Polaj- Land continuously in cultivation
Sarrafs– Money Chargers, bankers
Saurghal-Rent-free land
Taqavi- Advance of money for sowing or extending cultivation
Upari- Temporary occupant; tenant at will.
Usar- Barren land
Zawabit- Secular laws
Read More keywords here
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What is the Open-Source Seeds Movement?
Central idea
- The article discusses the concept of open-source software and its parallels with open-source seeds.
- Richard Stallman pioneered the Free Software Movement and developed the General Public License (GPL) to protect users’ rights and prevent code misappropriation.
- Farmers have been innovating and sharing seeds without intellectual property rights (IPR) claims for centuries.
Backgrounder: Plant Breeders’ Rights
- Plant breeders’ rights (PBR) granted exclusive rights to breeders and developers of new varieties.
- Farmers’ rights were limited under this regime.
- The TRIPS agreement established a global IPR regime over plant varieties.
- The consolidation of the seed sector raised concerns about the freedom to innovate.
Forms of IPR Protection in Agriculture
- There are now two forms of IPR protection in agriculture: PBR and patents.
- Together, they restrict farmers’ rights and the freedom to develop new varieties.
- The use of genetically modified seeds and IP claims triggered many problems, including State intervention on Bt cotton seeds in India.
- The decline of public sector breeding and the dominance of the private sector in the seed sector increased the need for alternatives.
What are Open Source Seeds?
- The success of open-source software inspired a solution for seeds.
- In 1999, a Canadian plant breeder named T.E. Michaels suggested an approach to seeds based on the principles of open-source software.
- In 2012, Jack Kloppenburg launched the Open Source Seeds Initiative (OSSI) in Wisconsin.
- Agrecol launched another initiative in Europe, and similar programs have come up worldwide.
Open Source Seeds Initiatives in India
- In India, the Hyderabad-based Centre for Sustainable Agriculture (CSA), part of the Apna Beej Network, developed a model incorporated into an agreement between CSA and the recipient of the seed/germplasm.
- CSA’s Open Source Seeds Initiative uses a contracts approach similar to Agrecol’s strategy.
- The number of seed firms using open-source models and the crop varieties and seeds made available thereunder is small but growing.
- India is yet to test and adopt it widely.
Potential Applications of Open-Source Seeds
- Open-source principles can help promote farmer-led participatory plant-breeding exercises.
- Traditional varieties often lack uniformity and aren’t of excellent quality, but open-source principles can facilitate testing, improvisation, and adoption.
- Open-source principles can be used in farmer-led seed conservation and distribution systems.
- The government and other stakeholders can consider adopting this approach to more widely adopt traditional varieties.
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Tribes in news: Idu Mishmis
Central idea
- The National Tiger Conservation Authority has proposed to notify Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary in Arunachal Pradesh as a tiger reserve, causing concerns among the Idu Mishmi community.
- The Idu Mishmi community has a unique cultural relationship with the forest, particularly with tigers.
- This article explains who the Idu Mishmis are, their relationship with the forest, the move to propose a tiger reserve, and the community’s resistance.
Who are the Idu Mishmis?
- The Idu Mishmi community is a sub-tribe of the larger Mishmi group, primarily living in the Mishmi Hills bordering Tibet in Arunachal Pradesh.
- The tribe has strong ties with the flora and fauna of the region, particularly tigers, which are considered their “elder brothers” in their mythology.
- Despite traditional hunting practices, the tribe follows a belief system of myths and taboos that restrict them from hunting many animals, including a complete prohibition on killing tigers.
- This belief system has led to a unique model of wildlife conservation, according to anthropologists and researchers.
Overturning Dibang WLS into Tiger Reserve
- Plans to declare Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary as a tiger reserve have been ongoing for a while now.
- The sanctuary, home to rare Mishmi takin, musk deer, goral, clouded leopards, snow leopards, and tigers, was notified in 1998.
- The Wildlife Institute of India carried out a survey in 2014 to determine the presence of tigers in the area based on photographic evidence via camera trapping.
- The study recorded the presence of tigers in the highest reaches of the Mishmi Hills, forming the basis of the proposal to declare the sanctuary as a tiger reserve.
Why are the Idu Mishmis resisting the move?
- The community’s access to the Dibang forests has not been impacted as a wildlife sanctuary, but many believe a tiger reserve would increasingly restrict access.
- The upgrade to a tiger reserve would feature stricter security measures, such as a ‘Special Tiger Protection Force,’ which would hinder the community’s access to their forest lands.
- The community has declared part of its forest land as a ‘Community Conserved Area,’ governed entirely by local populations, where they ban hunting, felling trees, and implement other conservation measures.
- The community alleges that the Dibang WLS was created without their consent or knowledge.
Back2Basics: Mishmi Tribe
Information Name and Location Mishmi people, an indigenous group living in the northeastern Indian states of Arunachal Pradesh and Assam, as well as parts of Tibet and Myanmar Subgroups Idu Mishmi, Digaru Mishmi, and Miju Mishmi Migration and Language Believed to have migrated from the Mongoloid race, their languages belong to the Tibeto-Burman family History Rich and complex history dating back several centuries, involved in conflicts with neighboring tribes and states, affected by British colonialism and creation of McMahon Line, played important role in Sino-Indian War Culture Rich cultural heritage and traditional knowledge, unique customs and practices related to birth, marriage, and death, known for craftsmanship skills in weaving, woodcarving, and metalwork, rich mythology Religion Primarily animists, believe in spirits in nature, worship ancestors and spirits of forests and mountains, rich tradition of shamanism Livelihoods Primarily agriculturists, with rice as staple crop, engage in animal husbandry, fishing, beekeeping is an important source of income, hunting restricted Challenges Struggling to protect ancestral lands from outsiders, culture and way of life threatened by modernization and globalization, vulnerable to effects of climate change
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What is Dhawan II Engine?
In Telangana, private space vehicle company Skyroot Aerospace has test-fired its 3D-printed Dhawan II engine.
Dhawan II Engine
- The Dhawan II engine is a cryogenic engine developed by Skyroot Aerospace for use as the upper stage of the updated version of their Vikram II rocket.
- The engine was recently test-fired for a duration of 200 seconds and demonstrated impressive performance results.
- Cryogenic engines use extremely cold liquid propellants, which can provide greater thrust and enhance the payload-carrying capacity of a rocket.
- The engine was developed using advanced technologies like 3D printing and green propellants.
- Its successful testing marks a significant milestone for Skyroot Aerospace in their efforts to become the first private launcher from South Asia.
Stipulated use
- The Dhawan II engine will be used as the upper stage of the updated version Vikram-2.
- Using a cryogenic upper stage instead of a solid fuel stage enhances the payload carrying capacity of a rocket.
- The updated Vikram II rocket is scheduled to become launch-ready by next year, making Skyroot the first private launcher from South Asia.
Skyroot’s other sub-orbital and orbital flights
- Skyroot carried out its first sub-orbital flight in November 2021, using a single-stage solid fuel Vikram S rocket.
- The company plans to carry out its first orbital flight by the end of this year using the updated Vikram II rocket.
- The Vikram-1 rocket, the first in the series of rockets being developed by Skyroot, will use three solid-fuel stages to take satellites to orbit.
Impressive performance results and advanced technologies
- The endurance test of Dhawan-II demonstrated impressive performance results.
- The company is proud to be at the forefront of developing cutting-edge cryogenic technologies in the private space sector of India.
