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Is it feasible to blend Isobutanol and Diesel? 

Why in the News? The Union Transport Minister has announced that the Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI) is studying the feasibility of blending Isobutanol with Diesel after ethanol–diesel blending attempts failed. About Isobutanol: What is it: A four-carbon alcohol (C₄H₁₀O), clear, flammable, and traditionally used as a solvent in paints, coatings, and chemical industries.… Continue reading Is it feasible to blend Isobutanol and Diesel? 

‘Smog-eating’ photocatalytic coatings on roads to curb pollution

Why in the News? Delhi government has announced a feasibility study to test photocatalytic coatings on roads, pavements, and public spaces to bring visible improvements in air quality. About Smog: Overview: Combination of smoke and fog, forming smoky fog with soot, gases, and moisture. Components: Includes soot particulates, sulphur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), hydrocarbons,… Continue reading ‘Smog-eating’ photocatalytic coatings on roads to curb pollution

[2025 GS1 UPSC MAINS] What are non-farm primary activities? How are these activities related to physiographic features in India? Discuss with suitable examples. (10 Marks)

Smash 2025 FLT 11Q5. Evaluate the impact of PM Matsya Sampada Yojana in transforming India’s fisheries sector. What more needs to be done to ensure sustainability and inclusiveness? Smash 2025 Adv Test 07 Q10. Despite being the largest milk producer, India faces a growing demand-supply gap in the dairy sector. Identify the reasons behind this… Continue reading [2025 GS1 UPSC MAINS] What are non-farm primary activities? How are these activities related to physiographic features in India? Discuss with suitable examples. (10 Marks)

[20th September 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: The Saudi-Pakistan pact is a dodgy insurance policy

PYQ Relevance: [UPSC 2018] In what ways would the ongoing US–Iran Nuclear Pact controversy affect the national interest of India? How should India respond to this situation? Linkage: The Saudi–Pakistan SMDA, like the earlier US–Iran Nuclear Pact controversy, reshapes West Asian alignments and directly impacts India’s energy security, diaspora safety, and regional stability. Just as… Continue reading [20th September 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: The Saudi-Pakistan pact is a dodgy insurance policy

Turmoil, tragedy, and tenacity in Nepal

Introduction In early September 2025, Nepal was rocked by its most intense youth uprising since the end of monarchy in 2008. Peaceful demonstrations against corruption and inequality, largely organised online, escalated into violent clashes, leaving 73 dead and vital government institutions in flames. The resignation of Oli and the appointment of Sushila Karki as interim… Continue reading Turmoil, tragedy, and tenacity in Nepal

Gaganyaan Analog Experiments (Gyanex)

Why in the News? Gyanex (Gaganyaan Analog Experiments) ground-based astronaut simulations are being conducted by ISRO with ICMR and Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Bengaluru, to prepare Indian astronauts for the 2027 Gaganyaan mission. What are Gaganyaan Analog Experiments (Gyanex)? Purpose: India’s first systematic programme in space medicine and astronaut psychology, preparing protocols for Gaganyaan and… Continue reading Gaganyaan Analog Experiments (Gyanex)

[19th Septmeber 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Equalising Primary Food Consumption in India

PYQ Relevance [UPSC 2019] What are the reformative steps taken by the Government to make food grain distribution system more effective? Linkage: The article’s proposal to restructure the PDS by trimming excess cereal entitlements and expanding pulse distribution directly links with UPSC 2019’s question. It highlights how reformative steps—like targeted subsidies, rationalised stocking by FCI,… Continue reading [19th Septmeber 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Equalising Primary Food Consumption in India

How the DeepSeek-R1 AI model was taught to teach itself to reason

Introduction Reasoning, the ability to reflect, verify, self-correct, and adapt, has historically been considered uniquely human. From mathematics to moral decision-making, reasoning shapes every facet of human civilisation. Large language models (LLMs) like GPT-4 have shown glimpses of reasoning, but these were achieved with human-provided examples, introducing cost, bias, and limits. In September 2024, researchers… Continue reading How the DeepSeek-R1 AI model was taught to teach itself to reason

Should India overlook boundary issues while normalizing ties with China?

Introduction The India-China relationship has historically oscillated between cautious cooperation and sharp confrontation. The latest Modi–Xi meeting on the sidelines of the SCO Summit reopened bilateral trade, air connectivity, and emphasised peace at the border. Yet, the memory of the 2020 Galwan clashes looms large. At stake is the central question: Can India afford to… Continue reading Should India overlook boundary issues while normalizing ties with China?

7 Natural Heritage Sites from India added to UNESCO’s Tentative List

Why in the News? Seven natural heritage sites from India were added to UNESCO’s Tentative List of World Heritage Sites, raising India’s tally from 62 to 69 places. About the 7 newly added UNESCO Tentative List Sites: Site Detailed Facts Deccan Traps (Panchgani & Mahabaleshwar, Maharashtra) • One of the world’s largest volcanic provinces (~66… Continue reading 7 Natural Heritage Sites from India added to UNESCO’s Tentative List

[2025 GS1 UPSC MAINS] What are Tsunamis? How and where are they formed? What are their consequences? Explain with examples. (10 Marks)

The word Tsunami comes from Japanese — tsu (harbor) and nami (wave). It is a series of large ocean waves caused by sudden displacement of a large volume of water. Key Characteristics of Tsunamis Causes of Tsunami Generation: Where They Form: Consequences of Tsunamis While tsunamis cannot be prevented, their catastrophic impact can be minimized… Continue reading [2025 GS1 UPSC MAINS] What are Tsunamis? How and where are they formed? What are their consequences? Explain with examples. (10 Marks)

Highlights of the Global Innovation Index, 2025

Why in the News? The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) has released the Global Innovation Index (GII) 2025. About the Global Innovation Index (GII): Overview: Annual ranking of 139 economies by their innovation capacity and success. Publishers: Jointly by Cornell University, INSEAD, and the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). Origin: First published in 2007. Indicators:… Continue reading Highlights of the Global Innovation Index, 2025

Sirarakhong Hathei Chilli Festival

Why in the News? The 14th Sirarakhong Hathei Chilli Festival was inaugurated in Manipur. About Sirarakhong Hathei Chilli Festival: Overview: An annual agricultural and cultural festival celebrated in Sirarakhong village, Ukhrul district, Manipur. Origin: Began in 2010 to promote the Hathei chilli and its farming traditions. Focus: Highlights the Geographical Indication (GI)-tagged Hathei chilli, which… Continue reading Sirarakhong Hathei Chilli Festival

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