Himachal Pradesh has experienced devastating flash floods during the recent monsoon season, resulting in a significant loss of lives and assets.
This article explores the factors contributing to the floods, including climate change and anthropogenic actions, and raises questions about the current development model’s sustainability.
Reasons for amplified Flood Impacts
[A] Climate Change and Floods
IPCC’s Warning: The IPCC VI report predicts that the Himalayas and coastal regions of India will be the hardest hit by climate change. Increased precipitation in shorter periods is evident in the Himalayas, leading to heavy rains and floods.
Abnormal Rainfall: Normal rainfall is expected to be between 720mm and 750mm, but instances of exceeding 888mm in 2010 and 926.9mm in 2018 have been observed. The current precipitation has been a result of the combined effect of the southwest monsoon and western disturbances.
[B] Impact of Development Model
Dr. Parmar Model: Himachal Pradesh’s development model, initiated in 1971, transformed the state into a model of development for mountain regions. It focused on land reforms, social welfare investments, and human resource development.
Shift in Development: Liberalization brought demands for fiscal reforms, forcing the state to generate its own resources. Exploitation of natural resources such as forests, water, tourism, and cement production became the focus of development efforts.
Hydropower Projects: Dominant focus on hydropower projects led to uncontrolled construction, transforming mountain rivers into streams, and causing ecological damage.
Tourism Expansion: Road expansion for tourism promotion resulted in bypassing geological studies, leading to landslides and destruction during rainfall.
Cement Plants: Establishment of massive cement plants altered the landscape, reducing the land’s water absorption capacity and contributing to flash floods.
Changing Crop Patterns: Shift from traditional cereal farming to cash crops increased the demand for hastily constructed roads without proper drainage, leading to rapid swelling of rivers during rainfall.
Way Forward
Commission of Inquiry: Instituting a Commission of Inquiry involving major stakeholders can address policy framework failures and project aspects.
Empowering Local Communities: A new architecture is needed to empower local communities over their assets. Insuring assets and involving local communities as custodians can expedite rebuilding efforts.
Sustainable Infrastructure: With climate change as a reality, infrastructure planning should adapt to avert disasters and mitigate the impacts of heavy rainfall.
Conclusion
The flash floods in Himachal Pradesh demonstrate the consequences of both climate change and human-induced development.
It calls for a comprehensive approach that considers sustainable development practices, empowers local communities, and prioritizes environmental conservation to protect lives and assets in the region.
Researchers from the University of Colorado conducted an experiment to study the electric dipole moment (EDM) of an electron.
This EDM measurement could help solve the mystery of why there is more matter than antimatter in the Universe, which goes against the predictions of the Standard Model of particle physics.
Understanding Electron’s EDM
Electric Dipole Moment (EDM): The EDM of an electron is a measure of how its positive and negative electrical charges are distributed. Imagine it like a bar magnet: it shows how asymmetric the charge distribution is within the electron, as if the negative charge (electron) is not perfectly centered with respect to the positive charge (proton) within the particle.
Elementary Particles: Electrons are the smallest, fundamental building blocks of matter. Their EDM is an important concept in particle physics because it helps scientists study violations of certain fundamental symmetries, such as time-reversal symmetry and charge-parity symmetry.
Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry Problem
Matter and Antimatter: Matter and antimatter are particles with opposite charges but similar properties. According to the Standard Model, equal amounts of matter and antimatter should have been created during the Big Bang, but this is not what we observe in the Universe.
Annihilation: When matter and antimatter come into contact, they annihilate each other, releasing energy. This raises the question of why there is still matter around us, as both should have completely annihilated each other after the Big Bang.
Measuring the EDM:
EDM Measurement: By measuring the EDM of an electron, scientists can determine if the electron’s charge is perfectly centered or slightly off to one side, indicating a separation of charge.
Time Symmetry Violation (TSV): If an electron’s EDM is non-zero, it suggests a violation of time symmetry, meaning the behavior of particles is different when time is reversed. This violation could be a clue to explaining the matter-antimatter asymmetry.
Thesis to this dichotomy: Sakharov’s Conditions
These are three conditions proposed by physicist Andrei Sakharov to explain why there is more matter than antimatter in the Universe:
Baryon Number Violation: Some processes violate the conservation of baryon number, leading to the creation of more matter than antimatter. Baryons are particles like protons and neutrons.
C-Symmetry and CP-Symmetry Violation: Certain processes treat matter and antimatter differently due to violations of charge conjugation (C-symmetry) and combined charge conjugation with parity (CP-symmetry).
Out-of-Equilibrium Processes: Certain processes happen out of thermal equilibrium, preventing the complete annihilation of particles and resulting in an excess of matter.
Experiment carried out
Complex Experimental Setup: The researchers used advanced techniques involving magnetic fields, lasers, microwaves, and radiofrequency fields to control and measure the EDM of electrons confined inside molecular ions.
EDM Bound: The experiment set a limit on the electron’s EDM, indicating that it is about 2.4 times higher than previously measured and roughly 1 billion times larger than predicted by the Standard Model.
Implications and Future Prospects
Searching for New Physics: The measurement of the electron’s EDM opens up the possibility of discovering new physics beyond the Standard Model.
Role in Explaining Asymmetry: The knowledge gained from EDM measurements could guide future high-energy particle colliders to produce particles that violate time symmetry, helping us understand why there is more matter than antimatter in the early Universe.
The US first lady held a flag-raising ceremony at UNESCO in Paris, marking Washington’s official re-entry.
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)
Established
November 16, 1945
Headquarters
Paris, France
Membership
195 member states and 10 associate members
Mandate
Promoting international cooperation in education, science, culture, and communication
Objectives
Ensuring an inclusive and equitable quality education for all
Safeguarding cultural heritage
Advancing scientific research and collaboration
Promoting freedom of expression
Fostering intercultural dialogue
Notable Programs and Activities
World Heritage Program: Designates and preserves sites of outstanding universal value
Education for All Program: Ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education for all
International Hydrological Program: Promoting sustainable water management and cooperation
Man and the Biosphere Program: Promoting sustainable development and Conservation of natural resources
Intangible Cultural Heritage Program: Safeguarding and promoting intangible cultural heritage
A quick recap
US and Israel’s withdrawal: Last December, the United States and Israel decided to leave UNESCO.
Historical trajectory of engagement: The decisions should be viewed within a longer historical context.
Reasons for Withdrawal
Anti-Semitic resolutions: The US and Israel cited several resolutions that they perceived as biased against Israel.
Disdain for multilateralism and ‘America First’ policy: The US demonstrated a lack of interest in multilateral organizations and prioritized its own interests.
Mounting arrears: The decision was based on mounting arrears, the need for reform, and perceived anti-Israel bias.
Lack of interest in paying UNESCO debts: The Trump administration had little incentive to pay off debts accumulated since the Obama administration froze contributions.
Implications of the withdrawal
Impact on UNESCO’s daily workings: The departure of the US and Israel impaired the organization’s operations.
Limited consequence for Palestinians: The diplomatic victory for the Palestinian Authority was of little political or economic significance for Palestinians living under occupation.
Why is the US now joining back?
Counterbalance China’s influence: The US aims to counterbalance China’s growing influence in shaping global policies on artificial intelligence and technology education.
Protect and promote US interests: Rejoining allows the US to protect and advance its interests in cultural heritage preservation, climate change initiatives, and girls’ education.
Reforms and diplomatic efforts: UNESCO’s management reforms and efforts to address concerns have contributed to the US decision to rejoin.
Bipartisan support for engagement: The decision to rejoin UNESCO has received bipartisan support within the US, ensuring long-term engagement regardless of future political changes.
Financial considerations and commitment: The US plans to fulfill financial obligations to UNESCO, including paying dues and arrears, demonstrating a commitment to supporting key initiatives within the organization.
Conclusion
The decision of the United States to rejoin UNESCO reflects a strategic effort to counterbalance China’s influence, protect and promote American interests, and engage in international efforts for cultural preservation, climate change, and education.
The Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council recently decided to impose the top 28% slab on online gaming, horse racing, and casinos.
The government anticipates earning an additional Rs 20,000 crore per annum.
“Nothing in this world is certain but death and taxes.” -Benjamin Franklin
Central Idea
The recent decision of the 50th GST Council to impose a staggering 28% tax on the total amount involved in online games has sparked concerns over the survival of an entire industry that employs a substantial workforce.
The Distinction between Games of Skill and Games of Chance
For more than 150 years, the legal system has distinguished between games of skill and games of chance.
While games of chance rely solely on luck and are akin to gambling, games of skill involve a level of competence, where the outcome is determined by the players’ abilities.
The Public Gambling Act of 1867 recognizes games of skill as distinct from gambling, offering a legal shield to the former.
What is the Rationale Behind Levying a 28% Tax on Online Gaming?
Revenue Generation: The primary objective is to generate additional revenue for the exchequer by taxing the booming online gaming industry, which has witnessed significant growth and popularity.
Consistency in the Tax System: Applying a 28% GST on online gaming activities is aimed at ensuring equal treatment of various forms of entertainment and recreational activities in the tax system.
Regulatory Control: The imposition of a higher tax rate may serve as a means of regulatory control over the online gaming industry, potentially influencing consumer behavior and promoting responsible gaming practices.
Foreign Investment Considerations: Setting a tax rate comparable to global standards may attract foreign investments in the online gaming sector while ensuring tax compliance within the industry.
Addressing Social Concerns: The government aims to address concerns related to excessive gaming and potential social issues by imposing a higher tax rate.
Boosting Government Revenues: The estimated annual revenue boost of Rs 20,000 crore highlights the government’s view of the online gaming industry as a lucrative source of tax collection.
Impact of 28% GST on the Online Gaming Industry?
Financial Burden on Players: The 28% GST on the entire amount pooled in online games may result in a higher financial burden on players, especially for those who do not win or participate frequently. This could discourage some players from engaging in online gaming activities.
Viability of the Industry: The higher tax rate may impact the industry’s viability, particularly for gaming companies and startups. It could lead to reduced revenues for the companies, affecting their ability to invest in game development and innovation.
Competitiveness: The increased tax rate may make Indian gaming platforms less competitive compared to international counterparts that might not be subject to such high taxation. This could lead to players shifting to offshore gaming platforms, impacting the domestic industry.
Employment in the Sector: The online gaming industry in India is a significant employer, providing direct and indirect employment to thousands of people. The higher tax rate may put financial strain on companies, leading to potential job losses and reduced opportunities for growth in the sector.
Impact on Foreign Investments: The higher tax rate could deter foreign investments in the Indian gaming industry, as investors may consider the tax burden and its potential effects on returns.
Consumer Behavior: The higher GST rate might alter consumer behavior, with some players reducing their spending on online games or looking for alternative sources of entertainment.
Potential Black Market: A high tax rate might incentivize some players to resort to black market or unregulated platforms to avoid the tax burden, leading to potential illegal activities and revenue losses for the government.
Regulatory Challenges: The implementation of a 28% GST on online gaming might pose regulatory challenges for both gaming companies and the government, especially in ensuring compliance and proper tax collection.
Innovation and Investment in the Sector: The higher tax rate may impact investments in research and development, innovation, and new game development within the industry.
Growth of E-sports: The higher tax burden on gaming companies may affect the growth of e-sports and competitive gaming in India, as organizers and sponsors may face increased financial pressures
Way Forward: The Need for Balanced Taxation
Engage Stakeholders: The government should engage in meaningful discussions with industry stakeholders, including gaming companies, players, and experts, to understand the unique challenges and opportunities in the sector.
Review Taxation Structure: Consider revisiting the current tax structure and exploring alternatives such as focusing on service fees rather than taxing the entire pooled amount. Aligning with global practices can lead to more sustainable and equitable taxation.
Promote Responsible Gaming: Allocate a portion of tax revenue to promote responsible gaming practices, player protection, and awareness programs to address potential social concerns.
Encourage Domestic Investment: Provide incentives and tax breaks to encourage domestic gaming companies to invest in research, development, and innovation, fostering the growth of the industry.
Support E-sports: Recognize the potential of e-sports and competitive gaming, and offer tax incentives to organizers and sponsors of e-sports’ events to stimulate the growth of the e-sport’s ecosystem.
Continuous Monitoring: Regularly monitor the impact of taxation policies on the industry, employment, and overall revenue collection. Adjust the policies as necessary to maintain a balanced approach.
International Collaboration: Collaborate with other countries and learn from their experiences in gaming taxation to refine and implement effective policies.
Conclusion
The decision to impose a 28% GST on the entire amount pooled in online games could be catastrophic for the industry. A more balanced approach, considering the industry’s employment potential and overall economic impact, is essential. By focusing on reasonable taxation and fostering growth, policymakers can ensure the survival and prosperity of the online gaming industry while still collecting revenue for the government’s coffers.
India has prioritized Resource Efficiency and the Circular Economy as one of its core themes during its G-20 presidency.
Central idea
In the pursuit of sustainable development and the realization of the Sustainable Development Goals, decoupling resource utilization from economic growth is crucial. Recognizing the urgency to transition from the take-make-dispose model to the reduce-reuse-recycle approach.
What is the take-make-dispose model?
The take-make-dispose model, also known as the linear economy model, refers to the traditional and linear approach to resource consumption and production in our economic system.
In this model, resources are extracted from nature (take), processed into products (make), used by consumers, and then discarded as waste (dispose) after their useful life.
It follows a one-way flow of resources from extraction to disposal without considering the long-term environmental and social impacts
What is the reduce-reuse-recycle approach?
The reduce-reuse-recycle approach is a sustainable waste management strategy that aims to minimize the environmental impact of resource consumption and waste generation.
It promotes a circular economy model by encouraging responsible resource use, extending the lifespan of products, and maximizing the recovery of materials to be used in new products.
What is meant by circular economy?
A Circular economy is an economic model that aims to maximize resource efficiency and minimize waste by promoting the reuse, recycling, and regeneration of materials and products. It is a departure from the traditional linear economy, where resources are extracted, processed, used, and disposed of as waste.
What is meant by circular bioeconomy?
Circular bioeconomy is an approach that seeks to combine the principles of circular economy with the use of renewable biological resources.
The Circular bioeconomy adopts a closed-loop system, where biological resources, such as organic waste and agricultural by-products, are managed in a way that maximizes their value and minimizes their impact on the environment.
What is Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)?
EPR is a policy approach that holds producers accountable for the entire life cycle of their products, including their post-consumer stage.
The concept of EPR shifts the responsibility for the management of products, especially waste and recycling, from the end-user or consumer to the manufacturer or producer.
India’s exemplary approach to EPR
Centralized EPR Portal: India has established a centralized EPR portal, where over 20,000 registered Producers, Importers, and Brand Owners (PIBOs) are actively participating in EPR initiatives. This centralization streamlines waste collection efforts and facilitates better coordination in managing waste materials.
Robust Framework: With over 1,900 plastic waste processors registered on the EPR portal, India boasts one of the largest frameworks for EPR implementation. This extensive network of processors contributes to efficient plastic waste management and recycling.
Significant EPR Obligation: The combined EPR obligation of registered PIBOs amounts to a substantial 3.07 million tons. This indicates a substantial commitment by producers to manage and recycle the waste generated from their products, contributing to sustainable waste management practices.
Comprehensive Rules for E-Waste and Battery Waste: In addition to plastic waste, India has also notified comprehensive rules for e-waste and battery waste management. This indicates a comprehensive approach to addressing various waste streams and promoting responsible waste management across different sectors.
Why is moving towards a circular Steel sector crucial?
Commitment to Net Zero Ambitions: Most G-20 member countries have pledged to achieve net-zero emissions, indicating a collective determination to address climate change and promote sustainability.
Improving Recycling Rates: To ensure environmentally responsible resource consumption, there is a need to raise the current recycling rates of steel, which currently range from 15% to 25%. Increased recycling can reduce the demand for new raw materials and lower the industry’s environmental impact.
Vital Role of Steel in Infrastructure: Given its crucial role in infrastructure development, the efficient utilization of steel is of utmost importance. A circular steel sector can optimize resource use and minimize waste generation.
Growing Steel Demand: With the global economy growing, the demand for steel, especially in developing economies like India, is expected to rise. Transitioning to a circular model becomes even more significant in managing this increased demand sustainably.
Tackling Steel Sector Emissions: About 7% of energy sector emissions globally are attributed to iron and steel production. A circular steel sector is a key strategy to address these emissions and reduce the industry’s overall carbon footprint.
Blueprint for a Net Zero Pathway: The presidential document on the Circular Economy in the Steel Sector serves as a potential blueprint to achieve a net-zero pathway for the steel industry.
Sharing Best Practices: As different countries have implemented various EPR models, sharing best practices among G-20 member countries becomes crucial to accelerate the transition to a circular economy in the steel sector.
India’s efforts towards a circular bioeconomy and Biofuels
Pradhan Mantri JI-VAN Yojana:
This initiative provides financial support to integrated bioethanol projects that aim to set up Second Generation (2G) ethanol projects.
2G bioethanol technology allows for the production of bioethanol from waste feedstock, including crop residues and municipal solid waste, which would otherwise have no value.
Enhancing Value from Waste:
With 2G bioethanol technology, India maximizes the value derived from agricultural and urban waste, contributing to a more sustainable and circular economy.
By converting waste materials into bioethanol, the country promotes efficient resource utilization and minimizes waste disposal challenges.
Biomass Blending in Thermal Power Plants:
India has taken significant steps to promote the use of biomass in the energy sector.
It has made it mandatory for coal-burning thermal power plants to blend 5% of biomass pellets with coal.
This measure reduces carbon emissions and encourages the adoption of cleaner and renewable energy sources.
The GOBAR Dhan scheme plays a vital role in promoting sustainable agriculture and reducing pollution.
It involves the conversion of cattle dung and other organic waste into compost, biogas, and biofuels.
The scheme has led to the establishment of over 500 functional biogas plants, creating rural livelihood opportunities and ensuring improved sanitation.
Sustainable Alternative Towards Affordable Transportation (SATAT) Scheme:
Launched in 2018, the SATAT Scheme is a crucial step towards promoting greener transportation.
It aims to popularize Compressed BioGas (CBG) as an alternative green transportation fuel.
The scheme accelerates the development of infrastructure for the production, storage, and distribution of CBG, further supporting the bioenergy sector’s growth
Industry-Led Resource Efficiency and Circular Economy Coalition:
Industries play a pivotal role in advancing resource efficiency and circular economy practices.
India’s vision of an industry-led coalition aims to foster technological collaboration, build advanced capabilities across sectors, mobilize de-risked finance, and encourage proactive private sector engagement.
The role of the G-20 in promoting a circular bioeconomy
Policy Coherence and Harmonization: By aligning policies related to bio-based products, waste management, and sustainable agriculture, the G-20 can promote consistent practices globally.
Knowledge Sharing and Best Practices: Members can learn from successful initiatives in other countries, accelerating the adoption of sustainable practices and technologies.
Technology Transfer: The G-20 can facilitate technology transfer between advanced and developing economies, enabling the adoption of advanced bio-based technologies in countries with fewer resources.
Collaboration with International Organizations: The G-20 can collaborate with international organizations like the UN and OECD to align circular bioeconomy strategies with broader global development goals, such as the SDGs.
Circular Agriculture and Food Systems: The G-20 can promote sustainable agricultural practices, such as agroecology and regenerative agriculture, to enhance food security, preserve biodiversity, and reduce agricultural waste
Conclusion
Global platforms like the G-20 are instrumental in addressing critical challenges and finding sustainable solutions through collaborative efforts. By prioritizing circularity in the steel sector, implementing effective EPR policies, fostering a circular bioeconomy, and forming industry-led coalitions, India sets a commendable example for other nations to follow in the journey towards a greener and more sustainable world.
The recent High Court decisions have brought to the forefront the complexities surrounding consent and the age of consent under POCSO.
Central Idea
In recent months, several High Courts have either quashed FIRs or acquitted accused persons under the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012, citing consensual sex as the reason. These decisions raise critical questions about the interpretation of consent and the age of consent, necessitating a thorough examination to ensure the best interests of the child.
Defining consent and the age of consent
Consent:
In the context of sexual relationships, consent is an explicit and voluntary agreement between individuals to engage in sexual activity. It must be given without any form of coercion, manipulation, or pressure.
The concept of consent is crucial in promoting healthy and respectful relationships and preventing sexual misconduct.
Age of Consent:
The age of consent is a legal designation that specifies the minimum age at which an individual is considered capable of providing informed and lawful consent to engage in sexual activities.
In the case of the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012, a child is defined as any person below the age of 18 years.
Acts of penetrative sexual assault committed on children are considered criminal offenses under this act, regardless of their consent.
Recent High Court decisions regarding cases related to the POCSO Act
Delhi High Court (July 12): The court granted bail to a 25-year-old accused, reasoning that the 15-year-old girl had eloped with him on her own and did not support the prosecution’s claim of sexual assault.
Bombay High Court (July 10): The court quashed the conviction of a 25-year-old man under POCSO, stating that he had engaged in consensual sex with a 17-year-old girl. The girl had terminated her pregnancy after the accused was arrested.
Madras High Court (July 7): The court quashed an FIR registered under POCSO and all related criminal proceedings. Furthermore, it directed the Director General of Police to produce reports of all such pending cases before the Court.
Madhya Pradesh High Court (June 27): The court quashed an FIR registered under POCSO and all criminal proceedings, stating that the sexual relationship was consensual. The judgment did not mention the age of the accused, who happened to be the coach of the victim. Additionally, the Court recommended that the Indian government consider reducing the age of consent of the prosecutrix from 18 to 16 years.
Challenges and concerns over the recent High Court decisions
Interpretation of Consent: One of the significant challenges lies in the interpretation of consent in cases involving minors. While the age of consent is legally defined as 18 years in India under POCSO, some High Courts acquitted accused individuals based on the premise of consensual sex, even when the victims were below the age of 18.
Age Disparity: In some of the cases, there was a considerable age difference between the prosecutrix (the victim) and the accused. Despite this age disparity, the courts did not take it into account while delivering their judgments.
Deterrence Factor: The harsh minimum imprisonment terms under POCSO for sexual offenses against minors, such as 10 years and 20 years for penetrative sexual assault and aggravated penetrative sexual assault, respectively, may have influenced the reluctance of courts to convict accused individuals in consensual sex cases.
Legal Presumption: POCSO includes a mandatory legal presumption in favor of the victims. However, in some of the recent judgments, the High Courts did not consider this presumption, leading to questions about the application of the law in protecting the interests of the child victims.
Child Welfare: The primary objective of POCSO is to safeguard children from sexual offenses, irrespective of consent. The recent decisions have sparked debates about whether these judgments truly serve the best interests of the child, or if they may unintentionally undermine the protective intent of the law.
Need for Judicial Consistency: Inconsistencies in judgments by different High Courts create uncertainty in the legal system. Ensuring consistency in interpreting the law is essential for upholding the ‘Best Interests of the Child’ and maintaining public trust in the justice system.
Role of the Supreme Court in resolving the discrepancies
As reducing the age of consent falls under the jurisdiction of Parliament, the Supreme Court must play a crucial role in resolving the discrepancies between the laid-down law and the various interpretations by different High Courts.
This is particularly relevant given the Supreme Court’s previous judgment in Independent Thought v. Union of India (2017) wherein it held that even sexual intercourse with a minor wife is rape
Steps to address these gaps quickly
Analyze Cases: The Bureau of Police Research and Development should analyze cases of consensual sex, age-wise, across different states. This analysis can help the Central government make informed decisions regarding the age of consent and its potential reduction.
Reduce Harsh Minimum Imprisonment: The minimum imprisonment terms for sexual offenses under POCSO should be re-evaluated. Instead of acting as a benefit to the accused, the punishment should act as a deterrent and ensure justice for child victims.
Judicial Leeway in Age of Consent: Consider granting some leeway to the judiciary in interpreting consent in cases where the victim is of lower age based on the child’s understanding of consequences. This would allow for a more nuanced approach to cases involving minors.
Uphold the Best Interest of the Child: The ‘Best Interests of the Child’ principle should be a guiding factor in all decisions related to POCSO cases. The welfare and well-being of the child victims should be the paramount consideration.
Supreme Court Intervention: The Supreme Court must intervene promptly to address the gap between the laid down law and the different interpretations by the High Courts. Its role is crucial in ensuring consistency and uniformity in the application of the law.
Legislative Review: The Parliament should consider reviewing the age of consent in light of the recent High Court decisions and expert analyses. Any potential reduction in the age of consent should be done thoughtfully, with the ‘Best Interests of the Child’ as the primary concern.
Public Awareness: Launch public awareness campaigns to educate the public about the importance of protecting children from sexual offenses and the legal rights of child victims.
Specialized Training: Provide specialized training to judges, prosecutors, and lawyers on child protection laws and the Best Interests of the Child principle to enhance their understanding of the unique needs and vulnerabilities of child victims
Conclusion
Striking a balance between protecting children from sexual assault and considering their understanding of consent is essential. It is imperative for the Supreme Court and the legislature to address this issue promptly to ensure the welfare and safety of children across the country.
There is a global race to develop and manufacture clean energy technologies. In Aug 2021: National Hydrogen Energy Mission was Launched. In Apr 2022: India’s first 99.999% pure green hydrogen plant was commissioned by Oil India in Jorhat, Assam. In Jan 2023: Cabinet approved National Green Hydrogen Mission.
What is Green Hydrogen?
Green hydrogen(GH2) is Hydrogen(H₂) produced by splitting water(H₂O) into hydrogen and oxygen(O₂) using renewable electricity.
In comparison, Grey hydrogen is traditionally produced from methane (CH4) releasing CO₂, a GHG. Blue hydrogen is similar to Grey Hydrogen with the additional technologies necessary to capture the CO₂.
Mission Objectives
To make India the global hub of GH2 production
Expected Outcomes by 2030
5 MMT per annum production capacity
~125 GW renewable energy capacityaddition.
Over Rs. 8 lakh crores in total investments
Create over 6 lakh jobs in the industry
Abate ~50 million metric tonnes of annual GHGs.
Reduce fossil fuel imports by over Rs. 1 lakh crore.
Mission Components
Demand Creation through exports and domestic utilization
Strategic Interventions for Green Hydrogen Transition (SIGHT) program – includes 2 financial incentives (1)Manufacturing of electrolyzers (2)GH2 production.
Green Hydrogen Hubs: Regions capable of supporting large-scale production and/or utilization of H₂ will be identified and developed as Green Hydrogen Hubs.
Strategic Hydrogen Innovation Partnership(SHIP): Public-private partnership framework for R&D will be facilitated under the Mission.
A robust Standards and Regulations framework will be also developed.
R&D projects will be goal-oriented, time-bound, and suitably scaled up to develop globally competitive technologies.
The Mission will support pilot projects in emerging end-use sectors and production pathways.
A coordinated skill development programme will also be undertaken under the Mission.
Significance
Meet Nationally Determined Contribution (NDCs) targets under the 2015 Paris Agreement. India’s commitment to reducing its emission intensity by 33–35% from 2005 levels by 2030.
India’s commitment to move from a fossil and import-dependent economy to a net-zero economy by 2070 as stated in 2021 CoP in Glasgow.
Become energy independent by 2047.
India imports over 40% of its primary energy requirements, worth over USD 100 billion/year.
ability to replace fossil fuels in those sectors and uses that until now were more difficult to decarbonize. Eg. Heavy industries, transportation, etc.
How is GH2 produced?
Generation of renewable energy: done using various renewable sources such as solar, wind, or hydroelectric power.
The generated electricity is then used in an electrolyser, an electrochemical device that facilitates the electrolysis process. Electrolysers consist of two electrodes immersed in water, separated by an electrolyte.
Electric current is passed through the water, which causes a chemical reaction.
At the cathode (negative electrode), water molecules gain electrons and are reduced, forming hydrogen gas (H₂). At the anode (positive electrode), water molecules lose electrons and are oxidized, producing oxygen gas (O₂). The hydrogen and oxygen gases are then separated.
The purified H₂ gas can be stored and transported for various applications
Challenges
Commercial viability: The price per kilogram of green hydrogen has to reduce to a benchmark of $2/kg. At these prices, GH2 can compete with natural gas.
High cost of production: More expensive than producing hydrogen from any fossil fuel. Needs electrolyzers to be built on a large scale.
Energy intensive: requires a huge amount of electricity.
Storage and transportation: due to its high inflammability, either very high pressures or very high temperatures are required, both with their technical difficulties.
Lack of infrastructure: production, storage, and distribution of GH2 which includes a lack of refueling stations and pipelines for transporting hydrogen.
Low user acceptance and social awareness.
Way forward
To reduce the production cost of GH2 it is necessary to increase the capacity to generate renewable energy sources in India.
Need to develop infrastructure for the production, storage, and distribution of GH2 -hydrogen refueling stations, pipelines, and storage facilities.
Implement regulatory incentives, such as tax credits and subsidies to promote the use of GH2 in India.
Deploy demonstration projects and pilot programs.
Hydrogen Energy: A Backgrounder
An important source of energy since it has zero carbon content in contrast to hydrocarbons that have a net carbon content in the range of 75–85 percent.
Highest energy content by weight and the lowest energy content by volume.
As per International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Hydrogen shall make up 6 % of total energy consumption by 2050.
How can hydrogen be used?
H2 can be used in 2 ways- It can be burnt to produce heat or fed into a fuel cell to make electricity.
Fuel cellMobility: Hydrogen electric cars and trucks.
Container ships powered by liquid ammonia made from hydrogen.
‘Green steel’ refineries burn hydrogen as a heat source rather than coal
Hydrogen-powered electricity turbines can generate electricity at times of peak demand to help firm the electricity grid.
Color spectrum of Hydrogen
Grey Hydrogen
Methane or coal
CO2, CO
Industrial feedstock, various processes
Low (Harmful emissions)
Black/Brown Hydrogen
Black (bituminous) or brown (lignite) coal
CO2, CO
Industrial feedstock
Low (Harmful emissions)
Blue Hydrogen
Steam reforming process with carbon capture and storage
Captured CO2
Industrial feedstock
Moderate (Reduced emissions)
Green Hydrogen
Surplus renewable energy (solar, wind)
None (Only water vapor)
Transportation, power generation, various processes
High (No emissions)
Turquoise Hydrogen
Methane pyrolysis
Solid carbon
Power generation, industrial processes
High (No emissions)
Pink Hydrogen
Electrolysis powered by nuclear energy
None (Only water vapor)
Transportation, power generation, various processes
Union Information & Broadcasting Minister has expressed displeasure with the Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) over its approval of the Hollywood film “Oppenheimer.”
The Minister has reportedly asked officials to remove a particular scene from the movie that has generated controversy on social media.
Understanding the CBFC
Role: The Central Board of Film Certification is a statutory body under the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, responsible for regulating the public exhibition of films in India under the Cinematograph Act, 1952.
Certification Requirement: Films can be screened in India only after receiving certification from the Board.
Composition: The CBFC comprises a Chairperson and members appointed by the Central Government. There are nine Regional Offices with Advisory Panels to assist in the examination of films.
Film Certification Process
Examining Committee: After submitting all film materials and requisite fees, a regional officer forms an Examining Committee to view the film. For short films (shorter than 72 minutes), the committee includes a CBFC officer and one advisory panel member, with at least one being a woman. For long films (longer than 72 minutes), at least two committee members must be women.
Certification Recommendations: Each committee member provides a written report with their recommendations for modifications and classification of the film.
CBFC Decision: The Chairperson reviews the committee’s reports and initiates further procedures based on their recommendations.
Types of Certifications:
Unrestricted Public Exhibition (U)
Parental Guidance for children below age 12 (U/A)
Adult (A)
Viewing by specialized groups (S)
Controversies and Appeals
Suggested Changes: CBFC may suggest modifications or excisions in the film before granting certification. Applicants dissatisfied with the certification or suggested changes can apply to the Revising Committee.
Revising Committee: The Revising Committee consists of the Chairperson and up to nine members from the board and advisory panel.
Appellate Tribunal: If disagreements persist, the Appellate Tribunal, an independent body, can be approached.
The Union government has launched the ‘Meri Maati Mera Desh’ campaign as a grand culmination of the ‘Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav,’ celebrating 75 years of Indian Independence.
Meri Maati Mera Desh
This initiative aims to honor and commemorate the sacrifices of martyrs.
It includes freedom fighters, defense personnel, and members of the Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF) and State Police, who laid down their lives in the line of duty.
Five-Point Agenda
Shilaphalakam Installation: Memorials will be erected, adorned with the names of those who made the supreme sacrifice for the nation. The veers (bravehearts) will be remembered and respected for their immense contribution to the country’s freedom, unity, and integrity.
Pledge of Commitment: A solemn pledge will be taken by people at the memorial sites, reaffirming their unwavering commitment to the nation and its values.
Vasudha Vandhan: Every gram panchayat or village will participate in ‘Vasudha Vandhan’ by planting 75 saplings of indigenous species, rejuvenating Mother Earth, and developing Amrit Vatikas (Eternal Gardens).
Veeron Ka Vandan: Freedom fighters and the families of deceased freedom fighters will be honored and felicitated. Retired defense personnel, CAPF, and State Police personnel, along with the families of those who lost their lives in the line of duty, will also receive recognition for their invaluable service to the nation.
National Flag Hoisting: The National Flag will be proudly hoisted, and the National Anthem will resonate in unison, filling the air with patriotism and pride.
Implementation and Events
Events will be organized at various levels, from panchayat and village to block, urban local bodies, state, and national levels.
Soil from every panchayat/village will be collected by young volunteers and brought to the block, from where ‘Mitti Kalash’ (pots of soil) will be ceremoniously transported to Delhi.
The collected soil will be utilized to create a unique garden, the Amrit Vatika, at the Kartavya Path in Delhi, honoring the heroes of Indian freedom struggle and national integrity.
![[Sureshot] National Green Hydrogen Mission](https://d18x2uyjeekruj.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/NGM-1568x882.jpg)
