The 47th Annual General Meeting (AGM) of the Prime Ministers’ Museum and Library (PMML) Society, chaired by the Prime Minister, was recently held.
About the Prime Ministers’ Museum and Library (PMML)
Overview: The PMML, earlier called the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library (NMML), is located at Teen Murti House, just south of Rashtrapati Bhavan in New Delhi.
Origin: Built in 1929–30 as the residence of the Commander-in-Chief of British India, it was designed by Robert Tor Russel as part of Lutyens’ Delhi.
Nehru’s Residence: After independence, it became the home of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru from 1948 to 1964 and was later dedicated to him following his death.
Establishment: The PMML Society was founded on April 1, 1966, while the original museum was inaugurated on November 14, 1964, by PresidentDr S. Radhakrishnan to commemorate Nehru’s 75th birth anniversary.
Renaming in 2023: The name was changed from NMML to PMML to reflect a broader mandate — documenting and honouring all Indian Prime Ministers, not just Nehru.
Administrative Structure: PMML is an autonomous institution under the Ministry of Culture, with the Prime Minister of India as the head of the Society.
Mission and Scope: The institution promotes advanced research in modern and contemporary Indian history, especially related to Prime Ministers, governance, and the evolution of Indian democracy.
[UPSC 2019] The economy is in a state of crisis due to global inflation. Critically examine whether this crisis and high inflation have left the Indian economy in good shape? Give reasons in support of your arguments.
Linkage: This PYQ directly mentions a specific global economic “trouble” – global inflation – and asks about its impact on the Indian economy. This article talks about the “monetary policy should continue to remain accommodative” and that “inflation currently under control and projected to be lower” can help “propel growth,” indicating that managing inflation is a key part of steering the economy amidst global challenges.
Mentor’s Comment: The global trade order is witnessing a seismic shift amid renewed trade wars, evolving tariff regimes, and accelerating bilateral negotiations. In this flux, India’s exports of nearly one-fifth of its merchandise to the U.S., finds itself vulnerable, especially in sectors dominated by MSMEs like apparel, gems, and electronics. The uncertainty surrounding U.S. reciprocal tariffs, potential dumping threats, and the instability in trade negotiations pose a structural challenge. However, India also faces a rare geopolitical opportunity—to integrate into the reconfigured global supply chains, reduce dependency on traditional partners, and assert itself as a global manufacturing and export hub.
Today’s editorial analyses the impact of new trade rules and ongoing political tensions between countries. This content would help in GS Paper II (International Relations) and GS Paper III (Indian Economy) in the mains Paper.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
The global economy is changing in a big way, mainly due to new trade rules and ongoing political tensions between countries.
Why are current global trade dynamics creating uncertainty for Indian exporters?
Rise in protectionism and trade wars: Many countries are reviewing tariffs and adopting protectionist measures. This creates unpredictability in global trade flows, making it harder for Indian exporters to plan pricing and market strategies. Eg: The U.S. imposing or revising tariffs on Indian goods affects sectors like garments and pharmaceuticals.
Geopolitical tensions: Conflicts like the U.S.-China trade war or the Russia-Ukraine war are disrupting supply chains and altering trade alliances, impacting Indian exporters’ access to global markets and increasing costs. Eg: Indian exporters face delays or higher freight costs due to changes in trade routes.
Uncertain tariff regimes: Indian exporters face difficulty in decision-making due to fluctuating U.S. trade policies and lack of clarity on future duty structures, impacting pricing and margins. Eg: Sectors such as auto components and gems & jewellery, heavily reliant on the U.S., face profitability issues.
Losing competitive advantage: Competing countries like Bangladesh and Vietnam may benefit from early trade deals with the U.S., while India’s relative tariff advantage remains unclear. Eg: Indian textile exports could become costlier compared to Bangladesh’s duty-free access.
Planning uncertainty: Exporters hesitate to invest or plan for the long term in the absence of stable trade rules and policies. This impacts capacity expansion and export contracts, particularly for MSMEs. Eg: Indian MSMEs may cancel new orders or delay shipments due to lack of tariff clarity.
What challenges do Indian MSMEs face due to potential U.S. tariff changes?
Profit Margin Erosion: Increased U.S. tariffs make Indian goods costlier, reducing profit margins for MSMEs and making their exports uncompetitive. Eg: A carpet-exporting MSME in Uttar Pradesh may struggle to maintain orders if buyers shift to cheaper alternatives from Bangladesh.
Order Uncertainty and Planning Delays: Fluctuating tariff policies create hesitation among U.S. buyers, affecting long-term contracts and production planning for small businesses. Eg: An MSME manufacturing leather goods may face cancelled or delayed orders due to uncertainty over final landed prices.
Limited Ability to Absorb Costs: Unlike large firms, MSMEs lack the financial cushion to absorb increased costs from tariffs, logistics, or compliance. Eg: A small pharmaceutical exporter may not afford sudden freight hikes or additional duties, making exports unviable.
How can bilateral and free trade agreements help India navigate global trade disruptions?
Ensure Preferential Market Access: FTAs allow Indian exporters to access foreign markets with lower or zero tariffs, making their goods more competitiveeven amid global disruptions. Eg: An FTA with the UK can benefit Indian apparel exporters by reducing tariff barriers, boosting exports.
Diversify Export Destinations: Bilateral trade deals reduce dependency on a single market like the U.S., helping India shift exports to Europe, Australia, or ASEAN during crises. Eg: The India-EU FTA under negotiation could open up multiple markets for Indian electronics and auto components.
Address Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs): FTAs help resolve issues like customs delays, quality standards, or licensing hurdles, ensuring smooth trade flowduring uncertain times. Eg: A mutual recognition agreement (MRA) under a BTA with the U.S. could simplify pharmaceutical exports by accepting Indian drug certifications.
What policies can boost India’s economic resilience?
Strengthening Public Capital Expenditure: Increased government spending on infrastructure boosts domestic demand, generates employment, and crowds in private investment during global slowdowns. Eg: The PM Gati Shakti scheme accelerates infrastructure development, improving logistics and economic stability.
Expanding Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) Schemes: Enhancing PLI coverage to include more sectors like IoT devices or battery raw materials promotes domestic manufacturing, attracts FDI, and reduces import dependency. Eg: PLI in electronics has boosted mobile phone exports and created supply chain resilience.
Maintaining Accommodative Monetary Policy: Ensuring low interest rates and easy liquidity through monetary support helps businesses manage costs and stimulate investment during global headwinds. Eg: RBI’s repo rate cuts post-COVID helped MSMEs access cheaper credit, aiding recovery.
Why should India focus on foreign investment and PLI expansion?
Diversify Global Supply Chains: Global companies are looking to reduce dependency on China and Southeast Asia. India can attract them by offering stable policies and incentives. Eg: Apple has shifted part of its iPhone manufacturing to India due to the PLI scheme and policy support.
Boost Manufacturing and Employment: Expanding PLI coverage to sectors like wearables, batteries, and semiconductors can enhance local production, reduce imports, and generate jobs. Eg: The PLI for electronics has helped create thousands of direct jobs and increased exports.
Strengthen Export Competitiveness: Foreign investments bring technology transfer, better quality standards, and improved productivity, which are crucial for export growth. Eg: Investments in the automobile and pharma sectors under PLI have enhanced India’s global competitiveness.
Way forward:
Accelerate FTA Negotiations and Ensure Tariff Stability: India should fast-track bilateral and multilateral trade agreements (e.g., with the EU, Australia) to ensure stable market access and reduce uncertainty for exporters.
Expand and Streamline PLI Schemes: Broaden the Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes to include high-potential sectors (e.g., semiconductors, IoT), and simplify procedures to attract more foreign investment and boost domestic manufacturing.
The recent Iran–Israel conflict has again revealed the weaknesses in India’s system of sending students abroad for medical education. Due to the conflict, India had to carry out emergency evacuations of its students from war zones, similar to what was done during the Ukraine crisis under Operation Ganga.
Why do Indian students, especially Kashmiris, prefer studying medicine in Iran?
Affordability and Lower Fees: Studying medicine in Iran is far cheaper than Indian private colleges. Eg: Medical degrees in Iran cost nearly one-tenth of what private institutions in India charge.
Cultural and Historical Ties: Kashmir shares strong historical and cultural links with Iran, often referred to as “Iran-e-Sagheer” (Iran Minor). Eg: 13th-century Iranian saint Meer Sayyed Ali Hamadani brought crafts, industries, and Persian influence to Kashmir.
Religious and Admission Advantages: Religious affinity due to a shared Shia population eases access for Kashmiri students. Eg: Iran provides admission concessions (Pargees quota) to Kashmiri students based on cultural-religious ties.
Historical Connection: Kashmir has long-standing civilisational links with Iran, often called “Iran-e-Sagheer” (Little Iran). Eg: In the 13th century, Meer Sayyed Ali Hamadani, an Iranian saint, brought crafts, culture, and Persian influence to Kashmir.
Language and Educational Comfort: The Persian language, once widely used in Kashmir, and similar educational traditions make adaptation easier. Eg: Kashmiri students find Iran’s academic and cultural environment more familiar and accessible compared to Western countries.
What are the major risks and challenges associated with pursuing medical degrees abroad?
Quality of Education Varies: Some foreign universities run dual-tier systems, offering lower-quality courses for international students. Eg: Certain programs are not designed to meet clinical standards required in India or even in the host country.
Ineligibility to Practice Locally: Many students graduate from courses that do not allow them to practice in the host country. Eg: A student completing a degree in a university designed only for foreigners may not qualify for local medical licenses.
FMGE and Licensing Issues in India: All foreign medical graduates must clear the Foreign Medical Graduate Examination (FMGE), which has a low pass rate. Eg: In 2024, only 25.8% of foreign-trained students passed the FMGE.
Lack of Transparency and Regulation: There is no official list of approved foreign colleges, leading to confusion and misinformation. Eg: Students often rely on agents or unverifiable online sources, resulting in enrolment in unrecognised institutions.
What challenges do foreign-trained doctors face in India?
Low Pass Rate in FMGE: Foreign-trained doctors must clear the Foreign Medical Graduate Examination (FMGE) to practice in India, which has a historically low success rate. Eg: In 2024, only 25.8% of candidates passed the FMGE, reflecting gaps in practical training and knowledge.
Mismatch in Course Duration & Curriculum: Some foreign degrees do not meet the National Medical Commission (NMC) norms like minimum 54-month duration and one-year internship. Eg: Degrees from the Philippines (48 months) were not recognised, leading to rejection of registration applications.
Employment and Clinical Training Gaps: Even after passing FMGE, doctors struggle with employment due to perceived inferior clinical exposure and lack of hands-on patient care experience. Eg: Many hospitals hesitate to hire FMG doctors citing practical skill deficiencies.
Way forward:
Establish Clear Guidelines and Approved Lists – The National Medical Commission (NMC) should release an official list of recognised foreign medical institutions and standardise eligibility norms.
Enhance FMGE Support and Skill Bridging – Provide preparatory support, internships, and clinical exposure to help returning students meet Indian medical practice standards.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2023] Indian diaspora has scaled new heights in the West. Describe its economic and political benefits for India.
Linkage: The Indian diaspora, which includes individuals who have moved abroad for higher education and subsequently stayed. Their presence abroad contributes to economic and political benefits for India.
A new global index called the Critical and Emerging Technologies Index ranks 25 countries based on their strength in five key areas: AI, biotechnology, semiconductors, space, and quantum tech. India scored 15.2 overall, falling far behind top countries like the U.S., China, and those in Europe.
What is the Critical and Emerging Technologies Index?
A global index launched to evaluate how 25 countries perform across five technology sectors: AI, biotechnology, semiconductors, space, and quantum.
Developed using public and commercial data, allowing policymakers to compare relative strengths and weaknesses.
Weighting of sectors: Semiconductors (35%), AI (25%), Biotechnology (20%), Space (15%), Quantum (5%), based on geopolitical relevance and dual-use potential.
How does it assess countries’ performance?
Sector-wise Evaluation Using Pillars: Each of the five sectors—AI, biotechnology, semiconductors, space, and quantum—is assessed using multiple weighted pillars such as funding, talent, core technologies, infrastructure, and global influence.
Weighted Scoring System: The index assigns strategic weights to each sector (e.g., semiconductors 35%, AI 25%) based on geopolitical relevance and dual-use potential, resulting in an overall score that reflects each country’s relative technological strength.
Why is India behind the top countries in key tech sectors?
Lower Investments and Talent Gaps: India lacks deep investments and a large skilled workforce in core tech sectors like semiconductors and quantum computing. Eg: The U.S. leads in AI and chip design due to massive R&D funding and strong academia-industry collaboration.
Fragmented Innovation Ecosystem: Unlike the U.S.’s decentralized model or China’s state-led coordination, India’s innovation lacks synergy across government, industry, and academia. Eg: India ranks below France and far behind China in biotech and space sectors despite policy efforts.
Limited Manufacturing and Infrastructure: India has weak chip fabrication and limited quantum labs or space tech facilities compared to countries like Taiwan (chips) or Russia (space assets). Eg: India ranks 7th in space while Russia is 3rd due to superior defence assets and launch capabilities.
Which factors drive U.S. dominance in tech?
Massive Investments and Funding: The U.S. leads due to consistent and large-scale public and private investments in emerging technologies. Eg: Heavy funding in AI and semiconductors ensures global leadership in research and innovation.
Strong Talent and Research Ecosystem: A world-class workforce, top universities, and a decentralized innovation network strengthen its technological base. Eg: Institutions like MIT and Stanford produce cutting-edge research in quantum and biotech.
Strategic Global Partnerships: The U.S. collaborates closely with tech leaders like Japan, South Korea, and Europe, especially in semiconductorsand quantum. Eg: Joint ventures in chip production enhance U.S. resilience and global influence.
How do China and Europe compare in tech strengths?
Aspect
China
Europe
Example
Biotechnology
Strong growth due to state-led investments and large talent pool
Leading in vaccine R&D, genetic engineering, and pharma
Eg: China’s focus on biotech parks; Europe’s mRNA vaccine leadership
Quantum Technology
Rapidly progressing with centralised planning and funding
Strong academic research and early quantum computing breakthrough
Lags behind due to foreign tech dependency and tool import barriers
Moderate progress; behind East Asia and U.S. in manufacturing
Eg: China’s reliance on ASML’s lithography; Europe’s low chip fab capacity
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Excels in data volume and AI applications, but weaker algorithms
Strong in ethical AI, policy, and funding, but lags behind in deployment
Eg: China’s use of AI in facial recognition; Europe’s AI Act regulation
Space Technology
Advanced programs with state backing; lacks international openness
Lower funding and limited military use; some success in space science
Eg: China’s Chang’e missions; Europe’s ESA satellite projects
Why is the above comparison between Europe and China important for India?
Strategic Benchmarking for Policy and Investment: It helps India identify strength areas (e.g., biotech in Europe, quantum in China) and gaps (e.g., semiconductors) to shape its own technology roadmap, investments, and global collaborations. Eg: India can learn from China’s scale-driven investments in biotech and Europe’s regulatory models in AI for better domestic implementation.
Opportunity for Strategic Alliances: Understanding their strengths enables India to form targeted partnerships for tech transfer, research, and market access in complementary areas. Eg: India–EU cooperation in pharmaceutical innovation, or India–China dialogue in quantum research norms can enhance India’s tech footprint.
Way forward:
Enhance Strategic Investments in Core Tech Sectors: India should increase targeted funding and incentives in critical areas like semiconductors, AI, and biotech, with a focus on R&D, talent development, and infrastructure. Eg: Expanding PLI schemes to include quantum and chip design startups.
Build Global Tech Partnerships and Talent Pipelines: Proactively engage with Europe, Japan, South Korea, and the U.S. for joint research, mutual recognition of standards, and tech collaboration. Eg: Set up Indo-EU research hubs for biotechnology and semiconductor fabrication units with Japan.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2022] Elucidate the relationship between globalization and new technology in a world of scarce resources, with special reference to India.
Linkage: India “lags significantly” in critical technology sectors like semiconductors, which require substantial resources (e.g., advanced manufacturing capabilities, specialized raw materials, skilled talent, significant funding), this question implicitly probes India’s challenges and trailing position in the global technological landscape.
This article connects two powerful forces shaping our future — Artificial Intelligence and energy sustainability. It dives deep into how AI, while revolutionising everything from healthcare to creativity, is also silently guzzling electricity at alarming rates (“Why AI Needs So Much Energy?”). In UPSC, questions from such topics often begin innocently (like the 2023 question on AI and clinical diagnosis), but they demand layered understanding. Many aspirants falter here — they either describe AI in isolation or ignore its wider implications. They miss interlinkages with environment, policy, or energy. This article helps exactly there. It not only explains AI’s energy demands in simple terms (e.g., GPUs “melting” under energy load) but shows how this is becoming a policy and ethical challenge too (“Smart Tech vs. Smart Planet”). It connects AI with nuclear energy, especially Small Modular Reactors (SMRs), a theme rarely found in standard books but crucial for aspirants who want to go beyond the obvious. The real strength of this article lies in its 360° view — it brings in perspectives of environmentalists, technologists, economists, and policymakers. For example, the contrast between Microsoft’s green AI ambition and the EU’s Green Digital Transformation policy shows how nations and corporations are responding differently. Most importantly, this article trains you to think like a generalist with a specialist lens — exactly what UPSC wants. It doesn’t just give you facts; it helps you frame a dynamic answer when asked, “Can smart tech and sustainability go hand in hand?”
This article explores the intersection of Artificial Intelligence and energy sustainability, a theme gaining relevance in UPSC. While AI transforms sectors like healthcare and education, its growing energy demands raise serious environmental and policy concerns. Aspirants often miss these connections, focusing on AI in isolation without linking it to energy use, ethics, or sustainability.
The article explains why AI systems consume so much power and introduces rarely discussed but important solutions like Small Modular Reactors. It also contrasts global responses, such as Microsoft’s green AI goals and the EU’s Green Digital Strategy. By combining environmental, technological, and policy angles, the article helps you build a multidimensional perspective — exactly what UPSC expects in complex, forward-looking questions.
PYQ ANCHORING
GS 3: Introduce the concept of Artificial Intelligence (AI). How does AI help clinical diagnosis? Do you perceive any threat to privacy of the individual in the use of AI in the healthcare?[2023]
MICROTHEME: Artificial Intelligence
The AI boom isn’t just about smarter tech — it’s also driving a huge spike in energy use. Data centres already eat up around 1.5% of the world’s electricity, and that number’s set to double by 2030, thanks to tools like ChatGPT and Midjourney. Yes, AI boosts productivity. But it’s also putting major pressure on power grids. So, how do we keep the digital revolution green?One promising answer: nuclear energy — especially Small Modular Reactors (SMRs). They’re cleaner, more reliable, and can scale up to meet AI’s growing hunger for power.
But that leads us to some tough questions: Can we roll out SMRs fast enough to match AI’s growth? Are policymakers and tech leaders even thinking about energy while building this AI future? And at what point do we ask — is smarter tech worth it if it’s not sustainable?
Why AI Needs So Much Energy?
High Computational Requirements: AI models like GPT-4 require massive computing during training and inference stages. Each training cycle can emit as much CO₂ as five cars running across their lifecycle. Example: MIT Technology Review estimates AI model lifecycle emissions rival some small nations’ per capita CO₂.
Continuous Power Use Post-Deployment: Once deployed, AI models operate across global servers 24/7. Tools like ChatGPT or Midjourney continuously consume energy to serve millions of users daily. Example: Midjourney and DALL·E require high-resolution image synthesis, stressing data centres 24×7.
Data Storage and Management: AI relies on gigantic datasets stored in high-performance storage systems. These systems demand constant cooling and uninterrupted energy supply. Data centres need continuous cooling, consuming additional 40-50% of the total energy.
Energy-Intensive GPUs: AI depends on power-hungry GPUs (Graphic Processing Units). Example: OpenAI’s CEO tweeted “our GPUs are melting,” illustrating thermal and energy inefficiencies.
Edge AI and Real-time Analytics: As AI integrates with IoT and real-time applications, more decentralized processing (Edge AI) will further increase total power requirements. AI services demand always-on global infrastructure. Example: Amazon, Microsoft, and Google run redundant global data hubs powered by fossil-heavy grids.
Smart Tech vs. a Smart Planet: Can Innovation Survive Without Sustainability?
As data centres and AI models consume more and more electricity, we’re forced to ask a tough question — is smarter tech really worth it if it’s not sustainable? The answer isn’t black and white. It depends on whom you ask — an environmentalist, a policymaker, a technologist, or even an economist. Each sees the trade-offs differently.
1. Environmentalist’s Perspective
View:No — sustainability must come first. Smart tech that drains natural resources or increases emissions undermines global climate goals. Example: Training large language models like GPT-3 emitted ~500 tonnes of CO₂ — equivalent to five roundtrip flights between New York and Sydney per passenger. For an environmentalist, this is unacceptable unless offset by clean energy use or environmental benefit.
2. Technologist’s Perspective
View:Yes — but only if we innovate sustainably. Tech can solve sustainability challenges, but the tools must evolve to be greener themselves. Example: Google uses AI to reduce energy consumption in its data centers by up to 40%. Smart tech isn’t the enemy — but its infrastructure must adapt.
3. Policy Maker’s Perspective
View:It’s a balancing act — tech drives development, but guardrails are needed. Smart tech enables economic and social progress (healthcare, education, governance). But policies are needed to limit its carbon footprint. Example: The EU’s Green Digital Transformation initiative supports digital growth with strict environmental standards. It’s not “either-or” — it’s “both-and.”
4. Economist’s Perspective
View:Worth it — if productivity gains outweigh environmental costs. AI boosts GDP, automates tasks, and creates new industries. Economists might accept short-term energy costs if long-term benefits are high. Example: PwC estimates AI could add $15.7 trillion to the global economy by 2030. But rising energy costs and carbon taxes might change the math.
5. Ethicist’s Perspective
View:Tech without sustainability violates intergenerational justice. Smart tech should not serve today’s convenience at tomorrow’s cost. Example: If AI advances worsen climate conditions for future generations, the ethical foundation collapses — even if current users benefit.
6. Corporate Perspective (Big Tech)
View:Yes — and we’ll invest in solutions to make it sustainable later. Companies often scale AI quickly and address sustainability reactively. Example: Microsoft aims to be carbon negative by 2030 — but its AI ventures like Copilot still add energy strain. Their response: invest in SMRs and green hydrogen to catch up.
INDIA’S PREPAREDNESS TO BALANCE THE SMART AND SUSTAINABLE
Major Argument
Supporting Examples / Initiatives
1. Building AI infrastructure with sustainability in mind
IndiaAI Mission (₹10,300 crore) – Aims to create public compute capacity for AI; sustainability is critical due to high energy demands. Paris AI Action Summit (2024) – India pledged to make AI development energy-efficient.
2. Prioritizing nuclear energy (especially SMRs) as a clean power source for digital growth
NITI Aayog – SMR Roadmap (2022) – Identifies SMRs as vital to low-carbon strategy. BARC & NPCIL Research – Indigenous 100 MW SMR development underway.
3. Aligning national policy with global safety and regulatory frameworks
IAEA SMR Safety Working Group – India participates in creating harmonized global safety norms for SMRs.
4. Leveraging strategic international partnerships for tech-energy synergy
India-U.S. Civil Nuclear Pact – Exploring SMRs under nuclear cooperation. India-France Nuclear Collaboration – Opportunity for clean tech + AI-aligned power hubs. Act East & Arctic Engagement – SMR included in Arctic diplomacy with Norway, Russia.
5. Encouraging multilateral clean energy cooperation to support AI scalability
Quad Clean Energy Program – India partners with the U.S., Japan, and Australia on SMR research and deployment.
6. Involving private players to build scalable green AI infrastructure
Public-Private Pilot Projects – Indian tech firms exploring partnerships with SMR companies like NuScale and TerraPower.
ROLE OF SMR’S IN ADDRESSING THE CHALLENGE
Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) are compact, factory-built nuclear reactors that produce between 50–300 MW of electricity. Their modular design allows quicker deployment, easier scaling, and on-site integration with energy-hungry AI data centres. Here’s why they are being seen as a game-changer for the future of digital energy:
1. Reliable, Round-the-Clock Energy for AI
Unlike solar or wind, SMRs provide continuous baseload power — a must for AI systems that require 24×7 uptime.
Example: In 2023, Google signed a deal to power its AI operations using nuclear energy.
SMRs are ideal for co-location with data centres, reducing transmission losses.
They can also produce industrial heat and hydrogen, supporting not just AI but green industrial ecosystems.
2. Speed, Scalability, and Flexibility
SMRs are designed to be modular and scalable, making them ideal for the fast-paced growth of AI infrastructure.
Deployment takes just 3–5 years, compared to over a decade for traditional nuclear plants.
NuScale Power in the U.S. received regulatory approval for modular construction, setting a global precedent.
Their small size allows easy integration into urban or industrial areas, including retrofitting old power sites like Microsoft’s project at Three Mile Island.
3. Environmental Sustainability
SMRs operate with zero direct CO₂ emissions, making them a strong ally in achieving climate goals.
Compared to land-intensive solar or wind farms, SMRs have a much smaller physical footprint per MW.
Newer models also use recycled or minimal water for cooling, a big advantage in water-scarce regions.
4. Safety by Design
Modern SMRs are equipped with passive safety features that minimize meltdown risk and require no external power to operate in emergencies.
Example: Rolls Royce SMRs use natural convection cooling, reducing the need for active safety interventions.
These advanced systems are designed with post-Fukushima learnings in mind, making them safer and more publicly acceptable.
5. Cost Efficiency and Economic Viability
With mass production and deployment, SMRs can drive down energy costs significantly.
According to NITI Aayog, SMRs are projected to reduce electricity costs in India from ₹10.3 to ₹5/kWh.
Their ability to co-locate with AI infrastructure reduces the need for expensive grid upgrades, further improving ROI.
Way Forward
Update Nuclear Policies: Revise the Atomic Energy Act to allow private investment in SMRs, with necessary safety measures, as suggested by NITI Aayog.
Mandate Green AI Practices: Implement energy audits and green energy mandates for AI companies, similar to the EU’s Digital Services Act.
Increase Public Awareness: Launch campaigns to educate the public on nuclear energy, using platforms like Vigyan Samagam to dispel myths and build trust.
Launch SMR Pilot Projects: Start a pilot SMR project in AI clusters like Chennai through public-private partnerships, similar to Tamil Nadu’s nuclear corridor.
Promote Hybrid Energy Models: Pair SMRs with renewable energy sources like solar in high-irradiance areas (Rajasthan, Ladakh) and use AI for energy optimization in SMRs.
#BACK2BASICS: SMALL MODULAR REACTORS
What are Small Modular Reactors (SMRs)?
SMRs are advanced nuclear reactors with a capacity of up to 300 MW, designed to be modular, factory-built, and easily transportable. They offer:
Faster construction due to prefabrication
Scalability for phased deployment
Enhanced safety via passive cooling and underground installation
Suitable for remote areas, hydrogen production, desalination, and grid support
Steps Taken by India to Promote SMRs
Policy Support The government sees SMRs as key to achieving net-zero by 2070, with support from DAE and NITI Aayog.
Indigenous Development DAE has proposed a 220 MWe PHWR-based SMR, leveraging India’s nuclear expertise.
Regulatory Readiness AERB is preparing a tailored regulatory framework for SMRs.
International Collaboration India is exploring tech partnerships with the USA, Russia, and France (e.g., NuScale, RITM series).
Private Sector Role The government encourages private participation, especially in manufacturing under ‘Make in India’.
R&D Focus BARC and NPCIL are working on early-stage R&D, including hybrid nuclear-renewable systems.
Budget and Policy Backing The Union Budget 2023–24 emphasized SMRs and urged public-private collaboration.
SMRs offer India a clean, safe, and decentralized power option. While challenges remain, active policy, regulatory, and R&D steps are being taken to enable deployment.
Significance of SMRs Across Different Sectors
Here’s your content presented in a clear and organized table format:
Application Area
Role of SMRs
1. Climate Change Mitigation
Provide zero-carbon energy, supporting IPCC and Paris Agreement goals.
2. Industrial Decarbonization
Power energy-intensive industries like steel, cement, and chemicals.
3. Water Desalination
Enable clean drinking water production in arid regions (e.g., UAE initiatives).
4. Space Exploration
NASA’s Project Kilopower is testing SMRs for future lunar and Martian colonies.
5. Remote Power Supply
Supply off-grid electricity to Arctic, island, and remote communities (e.g., Alaska).
6. Hydrogen Production
Generate clean hydrogen using high-temperature SMRs for fuel and industry.
7. Disaster Resilience
Ensure power for critical infrastructure like hospitals during emergencies.
8. Defense Sector
Provide secure, self-sufficient power for military bases (used in U.S. submarines).
9. Education & Research
Support nuclear R&D through university-based SMRs (e.g., Canada, UK).
Challenges in using SMRs
Challenge Area
Description
Example / Elaboration
1. Outdated Policies & Regulatory Bottlenecks
India lacks a clear framework for SMRs under current nuclear law, slowing private participation and innovation.
The Atomic Energy Act (1962) excludes private players and doesn’t account for modular or hybrid systems.
2. Public Skepticism & Nuclear Anxiety
Long-standing fears around nuclear safety hinder acceptance despite technological advances.
Microsoft’s SMR plan at Three Mile Island faced backlash due to past nuclear incidents like Chernobyl.
3. High Costs & Private Investment Hesitation
SMRs require large upfront capital and have long ROI timelines, discouraging private sector interest.
Estimated unit costs of ₹3,000–5,000 crore make financing and scalability difficult.
4. Delays & Capacity Constraints
Long approval timelines, lack of skilled nuclear professionals, and infrastructure readiness slow deployment.
India faces engineering and manpower shortages; nuclear projects like Kudankulam have seen prolonged delays.
5. Nuclear Waste & Security Risks
Even though SMRs generate less waste, India lacks tested disposal systems, and smaller units pose unique safety risks.
No deep geological repository exists; microreactors need strong safeguards to prevent sabotage or theft.
6. Integration with Renewables & Grids
SMRs must be aligned with intermittent renewables in a smart grid setup — something India is yet to plan for.
India’s national electricity planning hasn’t fully addressed nuclear-renewable co-deployment.
7. Environmental Trade-offs of Digital-AI Growth
Co-locating SMRs with data centres may intensify land, water, and e-waste challenges.
Meta’s Arizona data centre uses 1.5 billion litres of water/year; AI chip manufacturing produces toxic waste.
Question for Practice Q. Explore the potential of Small Modular Nuclear Reactors (SMNRs) in meeting the growing energy needs of Arctic development and the expansion of AI and data infrastructure. Analyze the advantages and challenges associated with deploying SMNRs, and assess their feasibility as a sustainable and eco-friendly energy solution in India.
Iran’s Parliament has approved a motion to block the Strait of Hormuz, raising concerns worldwide.
About the Strait of Hormuz:
Geographic Location: The Strait of Hormuz is a narrow waterway that connects the Persian Gulf to the Gulf of Oman and eventually to the Arabian Sea.
Dimensions: It is about 167 km long and 33 km wide at its narrowest, making it one of the world’s most strategic maritime chokepoints.
Bordering Countries: The strait lies between Iran (north) and Oman (south), with nearby cities such as Bandar Abbas, Khasab, and Dubai.
Shipping Lanes: It contains designated lanes just 3 km wide in each direction to manage heavy oil tanker traffic.
Key Islands: Important islands include Qeshm, Hormuz, and Hengam (controlled by Iran) and disputed ones like Abu Musa and the Tunbs, claimed by both Iran and the UAE.
Naval Depth Advantage: Waters near the Musandam Peninsula reach depths over 650 feet, ideal for deep-draft oil tankers.
Security Risks: Due to its narrowness, the strait is vulnerable to disruption from mining, military action, or cyber interference.
Historical Tensions: It has witnessed frequent maritime tensions, especially during Iran–West conflicts but has never been fully blocked.
Its significance:
Global Oil Flow: Over 20 million barrels of crude oil per day pass through the strait, accounting for 25% of seaborne oil trade and 20% of global consumption.
Gas Exports: It is vital for LNG exports, especially from Qatar, reaching markets across the globe.
Asian Dependence: Countries like India, China, Japan, and South Korea import 69% of the oil that flows through the strait.
Market Sensitivity: Any disruption can spike global oil prices, increasing fuel and commodity costs worldwide.
Limited Alternatives: Overland pipelines like Saudi Arabia’s East-West (5 million bpd) and UAE’s Habshan-Fujairah (1.8 million bpd) offer only partial alternatives.
Implications of Blockade:
Shipping Costs: During geopolitical tensions, insurance and freight charges for using the strait surge significantly.
India’s Vulnerability: India relies heavily on the region for oil imports, so instability could raise inflation, disrupt energy supplies, and impact the trade balance.
Strategic Response: A full blockade could trigger direct military action, particularly from the US 5th Fleet based in Bahrain.
Mutual Economic Impact: Disruption would affect both exporters and importers, including Iran and its major customer, China.
[UPSC 2010] Which one of the following can one come across if one travels through the Strait of Malacca?
Options: (a) Bali (b) Brunei (c) Java (d) Singapore*
The Indian Navy is set to commission INS Tamal, a stealth multi-role frigate and the last warship commissioned outside India, on July 1, 2025, at Kaliningrad, Russia.
About INS Tamal:
Overview: It is the 8th Krivak-class and 2nd Tushil-class stealth frigate from Russia.
Last to be imported: Final Indian Navy ship to be commissioned abroad, under the 2016 India-Russia IGA.
Built at Yantar Shipyard, Kaliningrad; sister ship INS Tushil was commissioned in Dec 2024; designed by Severnoye Bureau; overseen by the Indian Navy.
Etymology: Name inspired by a mythical sword of Indra; mascot blends Jambavant and Eurasian Brown Bear.
The ICMR has launched the Rare Donor Registry of India (RDRI). The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare is further planning to integrate the RDRI with the e-Rakt Kosh Digital platform.
What are Rare Blood Types?
Rare blood groups are defined by the absence of high-frequency antigens (HFAs) or negative combinations of multiple common antigens.
In India, examples include Bombay (hh), P-null, Rh-null, and rare profiles like S-s-U-.
About the Rare Donor Registry of India (RDRI):
Launch: It was launched by the ICMR–National Institute of Immunohaematology (NIIH) in collaboration with four regional medical institutes.
Purpose: It aims to address the shortage of rare blood types such as Bombay (hh), Rh-null, and P-Null, critical for patients with thalassemia, haemophilia, and sickle cell disease.
Uniqueness: Over 4,000 donors have been screened using multiplex PCR, suited for Indian genetic diversity, and catalogued using 300+ rare blood markers.
Rare Phenotypes Tracked: The registry focuses on rare phenotypes defined by the absence of high-frequency antigens; already 170 Bombay group donors have been identified.
Key Features:
DNA-Based Testing: Molecular assays are used for accurate donor typing, enabling a centralised national database accessible through a dedicated web portal.
Integration with e-Rakt Kosh: RDRI is designed to be integrated with e-Rakt Kosh, enabling cross-platform donor search and matching by medical professionals nationwide.
Real-Time Support: The platform allows secure data access, real-time requisitions, and timely transfusion support for patients requiring rare blood types.
Global Linkages: The initiative aims to connect with International Rare Donor Panels and develop a frozen rare blood inventory to ensure long-term availability.
Challenges: Key challenges include low awareness, shortage of trained personnel, and lack of antibody screening at decentralised blood banks.
What is E-Rakt Kosh?
Overview: e-Rakt Kosh is a national digital platform developed by C-DAC under the National Health Mission, launched in 2016.
Real-Time Information: It offers live updates on blood availability, donor records, and donation camp details across India via a centralised interface.
National Coverage: The system covers over 3,800 blood centres across 29 states and 8 Union Territories, integrated with UMANG, e-Hospital, and the National Health Portal.
Notable features include:
Donor Safety and Tagging: It maintains traceable donor databases, including health history and rare blood group tagging, ensuring safe and verified transfusions.
Camp Management: It facilitates registration and scheduling of blood donation camps, sends alerts for shortages, and streamlines resource planning.
Critical Access Role: Once integrated with RDRI, it will allow direct access to rare blood group data, crucial during emergency transfusions.
Transparency and Logistics: The system enhances transparency, strengthens blood logistics, and improves communication between blood banks, hospitals, and donor groups.
[UPSC 2001] A man whose blood group is not known meets with a serious accident and needs blood transfusion immediately. Which one of the blood groups mentioned below and readily available in the hospital will be safe for transfusion?
Options: (a) O, Rh- * (b) O, Rh+ (c) AB, Rh- (d) AB, Rh+
Prime Minister led the celebrations for the 11th International Day of Yoga on 21st June.
About International Day of Yoga:
Celebration: The International Day of Yoga is observed annually on June 21 across the world since 2015, following a UN resolution in 2014.
Proposed by India at UN: Prime Minister Narendra Modi proposed the idea during his UN address in September 2014, highlighting yoga’s global relevance.
UN Recognition: The resolution was introduced by India’s Permanent Representative and was adopted without a vote, supported by 177 countries.
First Observance: The first celebration was held on June 21, 2015, with events in cities like New York, Paris, Beijing, and New Delhi.
Purpose of the Day: The day recognizes Yoga’s health benefits, including physical fitness, stress relief, and spiritual well-being.
Back2Basics: Yoga
Origin: Yoga originated in ancient India and is deeply rooted in Indian philosophy, spirituality, and culture.
Meaning of Yoga: The word “Yoga” is derived from the Sanskrit root “yuj”, meaning “to join or unite” the mind, body, and spirit.
Historical References:
Rig Veda and Upanishads: Yoga-like practices are mentioned in the Rig Veda (c. 1500 BCE) and further developed in the Upanishads (800–400 BCE).
Patanjali’s Contribution: Sage Patanjali, considered the father of classical yoga, compiled the Yoga Sutras around the 2nd century BCE, outlining a systematic philosophy.
Niyama – Personal observances (e.g., cleanliness, contentment).
Asana – Physical postures.
Pranayama – Breath control.
Pratyahara – Withdrawal of senses.
Dharana – Concentration.
Dhyana – Meditation.
Samadhi – State of spiritual absorption or self-realization.
Schools and Styles of Yoga:
Multiple Traditions: Yoga is practiced in various schools, each with distinct methods and focus.
Popular Styles: These include Hatha, Vinyasa, Ashtanga, Iyengar, Kundalini, Bikram, and Yin Yoga, catering to both beginners and advanced practitioners.
Why was 21st June chosen for this day?
The date of June 21 was chosen because it is the longest day of the year in the Northern Hemisphere, symbolising spiritual significance across various cultures.
In Hindu mythology, this day marks the transition to Dakshinayana and is associated with the first yogi, Shiva, who began teaching yoga to humanity.
The Lok Sabha Speaker inaugurated the National Conference of Estimates Committees of Parliament and State/UT Legislative Bodies in Mumbai.
About the Estimates Committee:
Overview: The Estimates Committee is one of the 3 major financial standing committees of Parliament, along with the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) and the Committee on Public Undertakings (COPU).
Objective: It examines the budgetary estimates of ministries and departments and works to enhance economy, efficiency, and accountability in public expenditure.
Other name: Known as the “Continuous Economy Committee” because of its ongoing scrutiny of how public money is spent.
Legal Basis: The committee functions under Rule 310 of the Lok Sabha Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business.
History: It was set up in 1950, based on a suggestion by then Finance Minister John Mathai.
Composition and Tenure:
Lok Sabha Exclusive: The committee has 30 members, all from the Lok Sabha; there is NO representation from the Rajya Sabha.
Election and Chairperson: Members are elected annually through proportional representation using a single transferable vote, and the Speaker appoints the Chairperson, typically from the ruling party.
Ministers are NOT eligible: If a member becomes a minister, he/she automatically vacate the seat on the committee.
Term Limit: Each member serves for a one-year term.
Key Functions and Powers:
Scrutiny of Estimates: It reviews the budget estimates to suggest ways to reduce expenditure without affecting policy outcomes.
Suggesting Reforms: It recommends alternative administrative practices to minimise waste and improve efficiency.
Project Review: It undertakes study visits and reviews the implementation status of major public sector projects.
Report Submission: The committee submits detailed reports and suggestions to the Lok Sabha, which may lead to policy or format changes.
Follow-Up Mechanism: Ministries are required to submit Action Taken Reports (ATRs) on the committee’s recommendations.
Jurisdictional Limits: The committee CANNOT examine PSUs, as this role belongs exclusively to the Committee on Public Undertakings.
[UPSC 2014] Which one of the following is the largest Committee of the Parliament?
Options: (a) The committee on Public Accounts. (b) The committee on Estimates* (c) The Committee on Public Undertakings (d) The committee on Petition
