India’s rising alcohol use is not just a health issue — it is a major national problem affecting many areas. Even though experts say no amount of alcohol is safe, about one in four Indian men drink. Drinking heavily and often is now becoming more common across the country.
What are the key risks of alcohol consumption in India?
Health Risks and Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs): Alcohol significantly increases the risk of cancer, liver disease, cardiovascular issues, and mental illnesses. Eg: Chronic alcohol use is a leading cause of liver cirrhosis and is linked to mouth and throat cancers in India.
Injuries and Accidents: Alcohol impairs judgement and coordination, leading to road accidents, falls, and workplace injuries. Eg: A large number of road traffic fatalities in India are associated with drunk driving, particularly among youth.
Mental Health and Suicide: Alcohol contributes to depression, anxiety, and is a major risk factor for suicide. Eg: The National Suicide Prevention Strategy (2022) identified alcohol use as a key driver of suicides in India.
Violence and Crime: Alcohol consumption is linked with domestic violence, sexual assault, and violent crimes. Eg: NFHS-5 data shows higher incidence of domestic violence in households where alcohol is consumed regularly.
Economic and Social Burden: Alcohol use contributes to ₹6.24 trillion in societal costs (2021), including healthcare, lost productivity, and law enforcement. Eg: The burden of alcohol-related diseases adds pressure to India’s public health system, particularly in rural areas.
Why is a national alcohol policy necessary?
Fragmented and Inconsistent State Regulations: Alcohol laws, legal drinking age, pricing, and prohibition vary widely across States, causing regulatory confusion and uneven implementation. Eg: Bihar enforces prohibition, while States like Kerala promote toddy as a “natural beverage” under its Akbari Policy.
Public Health Emergency: Rising alcohol consumption is linked to cancer, mental illness, suicides, and injuries, posing a major national health burden. Eg: In 2021, alcohol-related harm caused 2.6 million DALYs and cost India ₹6.24 trillion in societal losses.
Lack of Centralised Coordination and Accountability: Regulatory responsibility is scattered across multiple ministries with no unified approach, weakening policy impact. Eg: Demand reduction is handled by the Ministry of Social Justice, while supply and harm reduction are spread across Health, Finance, and Home Affairs ministries.
Who regulates alcohol demand and supply in India?
State governments: Regulate production, distribution, pricing, sale, and consumption.
Ministry of Social Justice: Leads demand reduction (e.g., Nasha Mukta Bharat Abhiyan).
Ministries of Home Affairs, Finance, and Health: Handle supply and harm reduction.
No single authority: Regulatory efforts are scattered and lack coordination.
How do marketing and digital platforms influence alcohol use?
Surrogate Advertising and Brand Promotion: Despite legal restrictions, alcohol brands use surrogate advertising, brand sponsorships, and strategic product placements to maintain visibility. Eg: Alcohol brands often sponsor music festivals and sports events, indirectly promoting their products to younger audiences.
Social Media and Algorithmic Amplification: Social media algorithms boost alcohol-related content (ARC), while “alcohol influencers” glamorize drinking and normalize it among youth. Eg: Platforms like Instagram and YouTube promote posts showing alcohol as part of a luxury lifestyle, increasing its social appeal.
Attractive Packaging and Retail Tactics: Use of sleek bottles, premium branding, and Happy Hour deals enhance the aspirational value of alcohol and make it more appealing. Eg: Pre-mixed cocktails and flavoured spirits are marketed to attract young and first-time users.
Way forward:
Formulate a Unified National Alcohol Control Policy: Develop a comprehensive, evidence-based policy that aligns efforts across States and Central ministries, focusing on public health, harm reduction, and regulation of digital content.
Invest in Public Awareness and Education: Launch large-scale awareness campaigns highlighting the health risks of alcohol, similar to tobacco control programs, to shift social norms and perceptions. Eg: Educating youth on links between alcohol and mental illness, cancer, and poverty can reduce its aspirational appeal.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2024] In a crucial domain like the public healthcare system, the Indian State should play a vital role to contain the adverse impact of marketisation of the system. Suggest some measures through which the State can enhance the reach of public health care at the grassroots level.
Linkage: This article explicitly highlights alcohol consumption as a significant public health issue in India, leading to injuries, mental illness, non-communicable diseases like cancer, and contributing to approximately 2.6 million Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) in 2021.
The revised plan for the Green India Mission (GIM), released by the Centre on June 17, is an important step forward in India’s fight against climate change.
What are the achievements of the Green India Mission since its launch in 2014?
Large-scale Afforestation Activities: GIM facilitated tree plantation and afforestation across 11.22 million hectares between 2015–16 and 2020–21. Eg: Afforestation under state schemes in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana helped increase green cover.
Support to Vulnerable States: Funds were allocated based on ecological vulnerability and restoration potential. Eg: ₹624.71 crore released to 18 states between 2019–24, with ₹575.55 crore utilised.
Carbon Sequestration Contribution: Contributed to creating an additional carbon sink of 2.29 billion tonnes of CO₂ equivalent between 2005–2021. Eg: Forest restoration in Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh aided national climate goals.
Integration with Climate Goals: GIM aligned with India’s international commitment to restore 26 million hectares of degraded land by 2030. Eg: Activities under GIM complement India’s UNFCCC goals on land restoration and carbon capture.
Livelihood Enhancement through Forest-Based Interventions: Helped improve livelihoods of forest-dependent communities via sustainable forestry practices. Eg: Community plantation models in Odisha created jobs and promoted conservation.
What are the key elements of the revised Green India Mission roadmap?
Landscape-level restoration: Focus on saturation-based, area-specific restoration in vulnerable landscapes like the Aravallis, Western Ghats, Himalayas, and mangroves.
Integration with flagship projects: Syncing with initiatives like the Aravalli Green Wall project (cost: Rs 16,053 crore, coverage: 6.45 mha across 29 districts and 4 states).
Aravalli protection: Targeting 8 lakh hectares for forest, water system and grassland rejuvenation to curb sandstorm intrusions and pollution in NCR and Punjab.
Western Ghats focus: Addressing illegal mining and deforestation through afforestation and abandoned mine rehabilitation.
Why was the Green India Mission’s roadmap revised?
To Address On-Ground Climate Impacts: The revision was made to respond to changing climate conditions and the increasing urgency of land degradation and desertification. Eg: Inclusion of the Aravalli Green Wall Project to counter desert expansion from the Thar region.
To Incorporate Feedback from States and Scientific Bodies: The revised plan reflects inputs from implementing states and scientific institutions, ensuring region-specific solutions. Eg: Feedback led to the addition of eco-restoration of abandoned mining areas in the Western Ghats.
To Focus on Region-Specific Restoration Practices: The update prioritises landscape-specific and ecologically appropriate restoration in vulnerable ecosystems. Eg: Special emphasis on Himalayas, mangroves, and degraded zones for carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation.
Central Government Leadership: The Centre (Government of India) is spearheading the initiative, allocating funding and coordinating implementation across states. Eg: The project’s ₹16,053 crore budget and planning is directed by central agencies in collaboration with local authorities.
Collaboration with States and Scientific Institutions: Implementation involves three states (Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat), one UT (Delhi) and guidance from the Wildlife Institute of India (WII), using ecological data to target 12 degradation gaps in the Aravalli range. Eg: WII studies identified dust-prone regions; restoration covers 8 lakh hectares across 29 districts in these states.
How will GIM address land degradation and carbon sequestration?
Restoration of Degraded and Open Forests: GIM focuses on restoring impaired open forests, which is a cost-effective and high-impact method for carbon dioxide (CO₂) sequestration. Eg: As per the Forest Survey of India (FSI), restoring 15 million hectares can sequester 1.89 billion tonnes of CO₂.
Region-Specific Ecological Interventions: The revised roadmap includes landscape-specific afforestation and eco-restoration in vulnerable areas like the Aravallis, Western Ghats, Himalayas, and mangroves. Eg: Under the Aravalli Green Wall Project, 8 lakh hectares will be restored to combat desertification and reduce dust pollution.
Expansion of Natural Carbon Sinks: GIM aligns with India’s climate commitment to create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO₂ by 2030. Eg: By integrating schemes and intensifying plantation efforts, GIM aims to expand forest and tree cover up to 24.7 million hectares, capturing 3.39 billion tonnes of CO₂.
Way forward:
Integrated Landscape-Based Planning: Adopt a holistic, ecosystem-specific approach by aligning GIM with other environmental programs (e.g., CAMPA, MGNREGS) for coordinated restoration and afforestation efforts.
Enhanced Monitoring and Community Participation: Use technology (GIS, remote sensing) for real-time progress tracking, while empowering local communities and forest-dependent groups for sustainable upkeep and livelihood generation.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2020] Examine the status of forest resources of India and its resultant impact on climate change.
Linkage: This question directly relates to the core objectives and context of the Green India Mission (GIM). The GIM, launched in 2014, is a crucial component of India’s efforts to combat climate change by increasing forest and tree cover and restoring degraded ecosystems. The revised roadmap for GIM emphasizes not only increasing and restoring forest and green cover but also tackling land degradation and desertification, which are significant environmental issues in India.
Union Transport Minister announced a new FASTag-based Annual Pass system for private non-commercial vehicles (cars, jeeps, vans) to ensure smoother travel across National Highways.
What are FASTags?
FASTag is a contactless toll payment system that uses Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology to enable automatic toll collection at National Highway toll plazas.
Managed by the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) and National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI), it was launched in 2014 and became mandatory in 2021 for all four-wheeled vehicles.
It is a sticker affixed on a vehicle’s windshield, linked to a prepaid wallet or savings account. Toll charges are automatically deducted when the vehicle passes through an electronic toll gate.
It enhances convenience, reduces traffic congestion, and promotes digital payments across India’s highway network.
As per the Motor Vehicles Rules, FASTags are mandatory for all new four-wheelers and necessary for renewal of fitness certificates and national permits.
About the FASTag Annual Pass Scheme:
Overview: It is a new initiative announced by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways to provide cost-effective and hassle-free travel for private non-commercial vehicles.
Implementation: The pass will be effective from August 15, 2025, and is optional, intended for cars, jeeps, and vans (not for commercial vehicles).
Objectives: The scheme is designed to reduce per-trip costs (as low as ₹15/toll) and provide savings of up to ₹7,000 annually for frequent travelers.
Benefits: It allows unlimited passage at National Highway (NH) and National Expressway (NE) toll plazas for either:
One year, or
200 toll crossings, whichever is earlier.
Key Features:
Eligibility: Applicable only for non-commercial private vehicles with a valid, active FASTag linked to a registered vehicle number.
Activation: Can be activated via the Rajmargyatra mobile app or NHAI website with a one-time payment of ₹3,000 for FY 2025–26.
Validity: Covers 200 trips or one year and then reverts to regular FASTag mode unless renewed.
Trip Count:
Point-based plazas: Each pass counts as one trip per crossing.
Closed toll systems: Entry and exit combined count as one trip.
Transfer Restrictions: The pass is non-transferable and valid only for the vehicle on which the FASTag is registered.
Coverage: Valid only at NH and NE toll plazas managed by the Centre. It does not apply to state highway or local toll plazas.
Fee Revision: The base fee may be revised annually starting April 1 every year.
Existing Users: No need for a new FASTag if one is already affixed and active. The pass can be added on top of the existing tag after eligibility verification.
[UPSC 2023] With reference to India’s projects on connectivity, consider the following statements:
1. East-West Corridor under Golden Quadrilateral Project connects Dibrugarh and Surat.
2. Trilateral Highway connects Moreh in Manipur and Chiang Mai in Thailand via Myanmar.
3. Bangladesh-China -India -Myanmar Economic Corridor connects Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh with Kunming in China. How many of the above statements are correct? Options: (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None*
INS Arnala, the first Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW-SWC), was officially commissioned into the Eastern Naval Command at the Naval Dockyard, Visakhapatnam.
About INS Arnala:
What is it: INS Arnala is the first Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW-SWC) commissioned into the Eastern Naval Command on June 18, 2025, at Visakhapatnam.
Behind the name: It is named after the historic Arnala Fort near Vasai, Maharashtra.
Development: The vessel was designed by Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers (GRSE) and built in partnership with L&T Shipbuilders under a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model.
Project: It marks the beginning of the induction of 16 ASW-SWC class ships, aimed at enhancing India’s shallow water anti-submarine capabilities.
Key Features:
Propulsion: 77.6 metres long; first Indian Navy warship powered by a Diesel Engine-Waterjet combination.
Indigenous Content: Over 80% indigenous systems, with contributions from BEL, L&T, Mahindra Defence, and over 55 MSMEs.
Arsenal: Equipped with a single centreline rocket launcher, lightweight torpedoes, anti-torpedo decoys, and mine-laying systems.
Sensor Suite: Incorporates Hull-Mounted Sonar (Abhay), Low-Frequency Variable Depth Sonar (LFVDS), and Underwater Acoustic Communication System (UWACS).
Multi-role Capability: Designed for ASW operations, Search and Rescue (SAR), low-intensity maritime operations, and subsurface surveillance in shallow coastal waters.
Enhanced Coastal Security: Ideal for detecting midget submarines and Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUVs) in waters less than 30 metres deep, where larger warships struggle to operate.
Make-in-India Milestone: Demonstrates India’s growing self-reliance in defence manufacturing and contributes to the Aatmanirbhar Bharat initiative.
[UPSC 2016] Which one of the following is the best description of ‘INS Astradharini’, that was in the news recently?
Amid intensifying war with Israel, Iran’s Parliament began drafting a Bill to exit the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).
About Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT):
Overview: It is a global agreement aimed at preventing the spread of nuclear weapons, promoting peaceful nuclear energy, and advancing nuclear disarmament.
Enforcement: It was opened for signature on June 12, 1968, and came into force on March 5, 1970.
Nature of the Treaty: It is the only binding international treaty that requires NWS to pursue disarmament.
Categorization of States: The treaty distinguishes between Nuclear Weapon States (NWS) and Non-Nuclear Weapon States (Non-NWS).
Key Features:
Definition of NWS: Countries that had tested nuclear weapons before January 1, 1967 (US, UK, France, Russia, China).
Obligations: NNWS agree not to manufacture or acquire nuclear weapons; NWS pledge not to transfer nuclear weapons or assist non-NWS in acquiring them.
Peaceful Use Clause: All parties are allowed to develop nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, under IAEA safeguards.
Monitoring Agency: The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) verifies compliance through inspections and reporting.
Withdrawal Clause: Article 10 allows a country to withdraw with 3 months’ notice if national interests are jeopardized.
India and NPT:
India is NOT a signatory to the NPT and has consistently refused to join, calling it discriminatory.
India argues that the treaty legitimizes nuclear weapons in the hands of five countries while denying them to others.
India conducted its first nuclear test in 1974 (Smiling Buddha) and maintains a “No First Use” policy.
Despite being outside the NPT, India is regarded as a responsible nuclear power and adheres to non-proliferation norms.
Non-members of NPT, Countries Planning to Leave:
Non-signatories:
India and Pakistan have never signed the treaty, but both possess nuclear weapons.
Israel is also a non-signatory and maintains strategic ambiguity about its nuclear weapons.
South Sudan remains a non-signatory without known nuclear ambitions.
Countries that withdrew or are planning to:
North Korea signed in 1985, withdrew in 2003, and went on to develop nuclear weapons.
Iran, though a signatory since 1970, has recently threatened to withdraw, citing IAEA censure and security concerns linked to its tensions with Israel.
If Iran leaves, it would end IAEA inspections and raise fears of a nuclear arms race in the Middle East.
[UPSC 2018] What is/are the consequence/consequences of a country becoming the member of the ‘Nuclear Suppliers Group’?
1. It will have access to the latest and most efficient nuclear technologies.
2. It automatically becomes a member of “The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)”. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Options: (a) 1 only* (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
SEBI has introduced key regulatory relaxations to ease IPO norms and incentivize startups to shift their legal base back to India through reverse-flipping.
About Reverse-Flipping:
Reverse-flipping refers to the process by which Indian startups that were earlier incorporated abroad shift their domicile back to India, making India their legal and operational headquarters.
It allows Indian companies to access domestic capital markets, reduce compliance complexity, and align with the evolving global tax and regulatory environment.
This shift helps startups tap Indian stock exchanges, reduce reliance on foreign jurisdictions, and benefit from a favorable Indian regulatory ecosystem.
Types of Reverse-Flipping
Share Swap Arrangement:
In this structure, shareholders of the foreign parent company exchange their shares for shares in the Indian subsidiary.
This process may trigger capital gains tax under the Income Tax Act, 1961, especially for Indian shareholders.
Inbound Merger (Cross-Border Merger):
The foreign parent company merges with its Indian subsidiary, with the Indian entity becoming the surviving legal structure.
If all conditions under the Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA), the Companies Act, 2013, and National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) are met, this merger route can be tax-neutral.
Key Features:
Domestic Listing Access: Startups gain access to Indian IPO markets and valuations.
Simplified Compliance: Reduced legal and regulatory complications from operating across jurisdictions.
Investor Incentives: SEBI now allows foreign venture funds and AIFs to be counted towards minimum promoter contribution in public issues.
ESOP Relaxation: SEBI has allowed promoters/founders to retain Employee Stock Option Plans (ESOPs) granted one year prior to the filing of the Draft Red Herring Prospectus (DRHP).
Capital Market Boost: The move supports India’s goal to become a global startup and financial hub by encouraging reverse-flipping.
Tax & Legal Alignment: Shifting domicile can help startups comply better with Indian tax and business laws.
Note:
Employee Stock Option Plans (ESOPs) are structured benefit schemes that grant employees the right to purchase shares of their company at a predetermined price—known as the exercise price—after completing a specific period.
[UPSC 2025] Consider the following statements:
Statement I: As regards returns from an investment in a company, generally, bondholders are considered to be relatively at lower risk than stockholders.
Statement II: Bondholders are lenders to a company whereas stockholders are its owners.
Statement III: For repayment purpose, bondholders are prioritized over stockholders by a company.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
(a) Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I *
(b) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct and Statement I explains Statement II
(c) Only one of the Statements II and III is correct and that explains Statement I
(d) Neither Statement II nor Statement III is correct
This article explores one of the most uncomfortable realities of India’s law enforcement system — the silent, systemic culture of custodial torture. UPSC has a habit of testing such issues in layered, thought-provoking ways. For example, the 2018 GS2 question asked how policy contradictions lead to poor environmental protection. In the same way, UPSC can frame questions around custodial torture by tying it to larger ideas — human rights, police reforms, federalism, or even international relations. It won’t ask: “What is custodial torture?” It will ask: “Why hasn’t India enacted an anti-torture law despite being a democracy?” This is where many aspirants falter. They memorize provisions and judgments but forget to ask the “why,” “how,” and “what next.”This article fixes that problem. It doesn’t just list laws (like the D.K. Basu guidelines or IPC Sections 330/331), but also explains why these laws don’t work in practice. It explains why constables and IPS officers view violence so differently (see: “Factors of Divergence”) and how these differences shape police behavior.The most special feature of this article? It doesn’t just inform. It provokes. It asks tough questions—like, is custodial torture still happening because the public silently supports it in the name of “quick justice”? Or because politicians don’t want to lose control over the police?
This article examines the persistent issue of custodial torture in India’s policing system—a topic often overlooked but highly relevant for UPSC. The exam rarely asks direct questions like “What is custodial torture?” Instead, it connects such issues to broader themes like human rights, police reforms, or international obligations. For example, it may ask, “Why has India not passed an anti-torture law despite being a democracy?”
The article goes beyond listing laws such as the D.K. Basu guidelines or IPC Sections 330 and 331. It explains why these laws often fail in practice and how views on violence differ across police ranks. It also encourages reflection on whether torture persists due to public approval or political control over the police.
PYQ ANCHORING
GS 2: Policy contradictions among various competing sectors and stakeholders have resulted in inadequate ‘protection and prevention of degradation’ to environment. Comment with relevant illustration. [2018]
MICROTHEME: Structural reforms and Actions
In India, custodial violence isn’t just a problem of a few rogue officers — it’s a culture silently accepted and justified within the police force itself. A Lokniti-CSDS study shows a disturbing trend: 63% of police personnel believe it’s acceptable to use violence against suspects of serious crimes. Support for torture is alarmingly high even in cases like rape, murder, and terrorism. Shockingly, even petty crime investigations see a large number justifying verbal threats and physical abuse.
On the ground, threats and light physical force are used often; third-degree torture methods, while less frequent, are still worryingly present. Most police personnel are reluctant to report torture — only 39% think it should always be mandatory. Senior officers are even less supportive of reporting.
Legal protection for juniors could encourage some to report violence, but the deeper problem is cultural: brutality is seen as “necessary.” Unless mindsets change, legal reforms alone won’t end custodial violence in India.
Factors of Divergence in attitudes of Constables and IPS Officers /*SMASH MAINS
While both constables and IPS officers serve within the same policing system, their attitudes toward the use of violence are shaped by vastly different educational, social, and professional realities. This table outlines six key factors that explain the sharp divergence in their mindsets.
Factor
Brief Reason
Example
Education
IPS officers are exposed to constitutional values; constables have limited legal literacy.
IPS officers study human rights; constables often rely on informal methods.
Training
IPS training stresses ethics and modern policing; constables focus on physical law enforcement.
IPS officers practice evidence-based investigation; constables may use intimidation.
Work Pressure
Constables face direct pressure for quick results; IPS officers supervise from a distance.
A constable might beat suspects under pressure; an IPS officer manages reporting.
Social Background
Constables often come from violence-normalized settings; IPS officers are urban, rights-aware.
Rural constables see force as normal; IPS officers prioritize procedure.
Career Incentives
IPS careers demand clean records; constabulary promotions are loyalty-based.
IPS officers risk media scrutiny; constables may be praised internally for ‘toughness.’
Accountability
IPS officers are directly accountable to courts, NHRC, media; constables are insulated.
IPS officers face legal summons; constables stay protected within the system.
Impact of Custodial Torture on India’s International Relations
India, a prominent democratic nation, faces significant international scrutiny due to reports of custodial torture, a grave violation of human rights. These incidents not only tarnish its global image but also hinder diplomatic relations and affect its credibility in various global forums. Custodial torture impacts India on the international stage in the following ways:
1. Damage to India’s Human Rights Image
Example: UN Human Rights Council (UNHRC) reviews have consistently flagged custodial deaths in India, impacting India’s credibility in global forums.
Impact: Weakens India’s ability to project itself as a leader of democratic and humanitarian values.
2. Obstacles in Bilateral Extradition Treaties
Example: UK courts (e.g., Vijay Mallya case, 2020) have cited concerns over prison conditions and potential mistreatment while considering extraditions to India.
Impact: Countries hesitate to extradite accused persons, fearing violations of human rights in Indian custody.
3. Criticism in UN and Other Multilateral Bodies
Example: During India’s Universal Periodic Review (UPR) at the UNHRC in 2017, several countries recommended India to ratify the UN Convention Against Torture.
Impact: Multilateral scrutiny limits India’s diplomatic leverage on human rights issues.
4. Negative Influence on Trade and Investment Climate
Example: EU-India Free Trade Agreement (FTA) negotiations have seen human rights concerns, including custodial torture, being raised by European parliamentarians.
Impact: Persistent human rights criticisms can deter ethical investment and complicate trade agreements.
5. Weakening of India’s Moral Standing in International Advocacy
Example: India’s call for Palestinian rights or criticisms of racial discrimination abroad lose weight when its own custodial abuses are highlighted in response.
Impact: Diminishes India’s moral authority to speak on international justice issues.
6. Pressure from International NGOs and Watchdogs
Example: Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch regularly release critical reports on custodial torture in India (e.g., Amnesty’s 2020 report on UP police encounters).
Impact: International campaigns can shame India diplomatically, influence foreign media narratives, and increase global pressure.
The issue of custodial torture severely undermines India’s global standing, from its human rights credibility to its diplomatic relations and trade negotiations. As international pressure mounts, addressing this issue becomes crucial for India to restore its moral authority and strengthen its position in global affairs.
Protective Mechanisms Available Against Custodial Torture in India// DOMINATE PRELIMS
India has developed several constitutional, judicial, and institutional safeguards to protect individuals from custodial torture. The key protective mechanisms are:
1. Constitutional Safeguards
Article 21: Guarantees the Right to Life and Personal Liberty, interpreted to include protection against torture, inhuman and degrading treatment.
Article 22: Provides procedural safeguards for arrest and detention, such as the right to be informed of grounds of arrest and the right to consult a legal practitioner.
Article 20(3): Protects against self-incrimination during investigations and custodial interrogations.
2. Judicial Safeguards
D.K. Basu v. State of West Bengal (1997)➔ Issued 11 mandatory guidelines to be followed during arrest and detention, including:
Arrest memo signed by witness.
Information to relatives/friends.
Medical examination every 48 hours.
Right to consult a lawyer during interrogation. ➔ Incorporated into CrPC (Sections 41B–41D).
Paramvir Singh Saini v. Baljit Singh (2020)➔ Directed installation of CCTV cameras with audio recording in all police stations and investigation agencies to ensure transparency.
Prakash Singh v. Union of India (2006)➔ Ordered creation of Police Complaints Authorities in every state for independent investigation into police misconduct.
3. Statutory Safeguards
Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC):
Section 167: Requires production of the arrested person before a magistrate within 24 hours.
Section 176: Mandates magisterial inquiry into cases of custodial deaths.
Indian Evidence Act, 1872:
Section 25: Confessions made to a police officer are not admissible as evidence.
Section 26: Confession must be made in the immediate presence of a Magistrate to be admissible.
Section 302: Allows police officers to be prosecuted for custodial deaths.
Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987: ➔ Provides free legal aid to the underprivileged, ensuring access to lawyers during detention.
4. Institutional Safeguards
National Human Rights Commission (NHRC): ➔ Monitors custodial deaths and custodial violence cases; mandates reporting of any such incidents within 24 hours.
State Human Rights Commissions (SHRCs): ➔ Perform similar roles at the state level.
Police Complaints Authorities (PCAs): ➔ Set up in states following the Prakash Singh judgment for independent redressal of police misconduct complaints.
Oversight Committees (as per Paramvir Singh Case): ➔ Monitor the functioning and maintenance of CCTVs in police stations.
5. International Commitments
India signed the UN Convention Against Torture (UNCAT) in 1997 but has yet to ratify it.
Law Commission (2017) and various expert bodies have recommended enacting a specific anti-torture law, but it is still pending.
Protection against custodial torture in India rests on constitutional rights, detailed judicial guidelines, statutory laws, institutional watchdogs, and international moral obligations. However, enforcement and systemic reform remain key challenges.
Custodial Torture = A legal impossibility or just political unwillingness ?
Custodial torture remains a brutal reality in India, despite constitutional protections. The real question is not whether it can be legally prevented — it’s whether there’s genuine political will to do so. While political unwillingness is at the core, some deeper systemic reasons also add complexity.
I. Political Unwillingness is the Core Reason
Point
Explanation
Example
1. Repeated Failure to Enact Law
Political push has been missing even when the courts demanded action.
The Prevention of Torture Bill, 2010 passed Lok Sabha but lapsed in Rajya Sabha without serious effort to revive it.
2. Ignoring International Obligations
Signing global treaties without ratification shows lack of seriousness.
India signed the UN Convention Against Torture in 1997, but hasn’t ratified it for over 25 years.
3. Lack of Pressure from Citizens
Public outrage is temporary and politically weak.
After the 2020 Jayaraj-Bennix deaths, there was anger but no lasting legislative change.
4. Police Used as Political Tool
Strong anti-torture laws are seen as reducing political control over police.
State governments resist laws that would limit their ability to “manage” police forces for political ends.
5. Ignoring Judicial Appeals
Even repeated Supreme Court nudges haven’t moved governments.
Cases like D.K. Basu (1997) and Paramvir Singh Saini (2020) urged laws against torture, but Parliament hasn’t acted.
6. Fear of Police Resistance
Politicians fear upsetting police and paramilitary forces.
After the Law Commission’s 2017 push for anti-torture laws, internal resistance from police slowed political response.
II. But It’s Not Just Political Unwillingness
Point
Explanation
Example
1. Fear of Law Misuse
Governments fear fake cases will hamper police work, especially in insurgency areas.
In Naxal-hit zones, stronger laws are seen as a threat to policing.
2. Federal Structure Complications
Police is a State Subject — Centre making a law could spark Centre-State tensions.
States may oppose any central anti-torture law citing constitutional rights.
3. Existing Legal Provisions
Some argue new laws aren’t needed, only better enforcement of current ones.
No large public movement like RTI or Lokpal has built up around this issue.
Without mass pressure, governments find little incentive to act.
5. Administrative Gaps
Practical hurdles like lack of funds and staff make implementation difficult.
Even court-ordered CCTV installation in police stations remains patchy.
6. Colonial-Era Policing Legacy
Harsh policing methods are culturally normalized from British rule days.
Public and political tolerance for “third degree” tactics delays reforms.
Custodial torture survives not because India lacks the legal imagination to stop it, but because political systems benefit from the status quo. Unless there’s sustained pressure — from courts, civil society, and voters — real change will remain a distant hope.
Way Forward
Standalone Anti-Torture Law ➔ Enact a comprehensive Anti-Torture Act with clear definitions, victim compensation, independent investigation, and compliance with UNCAT.
Mandatory Video Recording of Interrogations ➔ Ensure complete audio-visual recording of all custodial interrogations, with recordings preserved for a minimum of 5 years and accessible to courts.
Independent Investigation Units ➔ Set up special investigation teams under Human Rights Commissions, separate from the regular police chain of command, for custodial torture cases.
Reverse Burden of Proof ➔ Shift burden onto police in cases of custodial deaths/injuries — officers must prove innocence unless otherwise established.
Stronger Judicial Oversight ➔ Mandatory monthly inspections of police lockups by Judicial Magistrates, and judicial inquiry (not executive) in all custodial death cases.
Protection for Whistleblowers and Victims ➔ Extend whistleblower protections to police and prison staff reporting torture; allow easy, time-bound access to CCTV footage for victims.
#BACK2BASICS: Custodial Torture in India: An Enduring Challenge
The Status of Policing in India Report (SPIR) 2024, released by Common Cause and Lokniti-CSDS, highlights systemic issues of custodial violence, torture, and lack of accountability, based on interactions with 8,276 police personnel across 17 states and Union Territories.
Understanding Torture
Under the UN Convention Against Torture (UNCAT, 1984), torture involves the intentional infliction of severe pain by public officials. India signed UNCAT in 1997 but has not ratified it, making compliance non-binding.
Key Findings
Tough Policing: 55% of police personnel endorse “tough methods”; ambiguity exists between legitimate force and torture.
Mob Justice & Encounters: 25% justify mob violence (e.g., child-lifting cases); 22% support encounter killings over trials.
Arrest Compliance: Only 41% claim procedures are “always” followed; Kerala highest at 94%.
Third-Degree Methods: 30% justify torture for serious crimes; 9% even for petty offenses. Victims are mainly Dalits, Adivasis, Muslims, and slum dwellers.
Custodial Deaths: NCRB (76), NHRC (70), NCAT (111) in 2020; yet zero convictions (2018–22).
Judicial & Medical Apathy: Magistrates often passive; medical exams sometimes done by eye specialists (example: Maharashtra case cited by civil society groups).
Structural Causes
Colonial Legacy of Policing: Use of force to maintain control (Indian Police Act, 1861 framework).
Lack of Accountability: Rare convictions in custodial deaths (zero convictions in 4 years despite multiple deaths).
Political and Bureaucratic Pressure: Quick results prioritized over legal processes (e.g., pressure during high-profile crimes).
Inadequate Training and Legal Literacy: Police unaware of rights-based policing (e.g., third-degree practices justified in petty theft cases).
Public Tolerance of Violence: Support for encounters and mob violence evident in surveys (22% support encounters even for serious offenders).
Opaque Detention Practices: Lack of transparency in arrest and detention (e.g., minimal magistrate interaction with accused).
Custodial torture is a global problem: Guantanamo Bay abuses (US), Abu Ghraib scandal (Iraq), routine torture reports (Russia, China, Pakistan).
Custodial torture persists due to deep-rooted structural flaws. While the SPIR 2024 report shows growing support for human rights training, real change demands urgent steps: enacting anti-torture legislation, ratifying UNCAT, strengthening accountability, and reforming police and judicial practices.
SMASH MAINS MOCK DROP
Custodial torture remains a serious human rights concern in India despite legal safeguards. Analyze the causes behind its persistence and suggest effective measures to eliminate it.
[UPSC 2018] In what ways would the ongoing US-Iran Nuclear Pact Controversy affect the national interest of India? How should India respond to this situation?
Linkage: This question explicitly links “escalating tensions between Iran and Israel” to oil prices “spiralling upwards” due to fears of “potential disruption in oil supplies globally”. The article talks about the Iran’s threats to close the Strait of Hormuz as the “primary reason” for rising prices, as this chokepoint is crucial for transporting a significant portion of global petroleum liquids and oil supply from the Persian Gulf to the Arabian Sea.
Mentor’s Comment: Oil prices have jumped sharply due to rising tensions between Iran and Israel, mainly because of fears that the Strait of Hormuz — a key route for global oil supply — could be blocked. Brent crude prices rose by 9%, showing how sensitive global markets are to such conflicts. Although prices eased slightly after news of diplomatic talks through Gulf countries, the threat of disruption still remains. For India, which buys over 80% of its oil from abroad, this is a serious concern. It affects not just fuel availability, but also inflation, economic stability, and business investments, making it a major challenge for India’s economy.
Today’s editorial analyses the impact of tensions between Iran and Israel on crude oil prices. This content would help in GS Paper II (International Relations) and GS Paper III (Indian Economy) in the mains Paper.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
Recently, oil prices have risen a lot because of increasing tension between Iran and Israel, mainly due to worries that the Strait of Hormuz — a major route for global oil transport — might be closed.
Why is the Strait of Hormuz vital for global oil trade?
Major Oil Transit Chokepoint: The Strait of Hormuz is one of the world’s most important maritime chokepoints, through which nearly 20 million barrels per day (mb/d) of oil passed in 2024 — about one-fifth of global consumption. Eg: The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) reported that the strait handled the world’s largest oil tankers transporting oil from Gulf nations.
Exports from Key Producers: It serves as the primary export route for major oil-producing countries such as Saudi Arabia, Iran, UAE, Kuwait, Iraq, and Qatar. Eg: According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), about one-fourth of the global oil supply exits the Gulf through this strait.
Dependency of Asian Markets: A significant portion of oil transiting the Strait goes to Asian economies, which are heavily dependent on West Asian oil. Eg: In 2024, 84% of crude oil and 83% of liquefied natural gas (LNG) transported via the Strait was destined for countries like India, China, Japan, etc.
What are the economic implications of the Israel-Iran conflict on India’s growth and inflation?
Rising Crude Oil Prices Increases Import Costs: A spike in global oil prices due to the conflict raises India’s import bill, as the country imports over 80% of its crude oil needs. Eg: Brent crude surged to $78.50/barrel in June 2024 amid Israel-Iran tensions, directly increasing India’s energy costs and widening the current account deficit.
Pressure on Inflation and Input Costs: Higher oil prices translate into increased transportation and production costs, leading to inflationary pressure on goods and services. Eg: Experts like Amit Kumar of Grant Thornton noted that global price shocks could affect India Inc’s profitability and raise inflation even though India doesn’t import oil directly from Iran.
Threat to GDP Growth Projections: Prolonged geopolitical instability may lead to delayed private investments and lower industrial output, affecting economic growth. Eg: ICRA’s Chief Economist, Aditi Nayar, warned that a sustained oil price rise could prompt a downward revision of India’s 6.2% GDP growth forecast for FY25.
How has India reduced its vulnerability to oil price shocks amid West Asian tensions?
Diversification of Crude Oil Import Sources: India has expanded its import basket beyond traditional Gulf suppliers to include countries like the U.S., Russia, and Latin American nations. Eg: Union Petroleum Minister Hardeep Singh Puri stated that India is “comfortably placed” due to diversified crude sourcing, reducing overdependence on West Asia.
Strategic Petroleum Reserves (SPR): India has built strategic oil reserves to buffer against short-term supply disruptions or price spikes. Eg: The Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserves Ltd (ISPRL) manages reserves that can support 9–10 days of crude demand, offering resilience during crises.
Promoting Renewable Energy and Domestic Production: India is ramping up solar, wind, and ethanol-blended fuels to lower long-term reliance on imported oil. Eg: Initiatives like PM-KUSUM and National Bio-Energy Mission aim to reduce fossil fuel dependence and enhance energy security.
What are the key drivers of the recent oil price surge?
Geopolitical Tensions Between Iran and Israel: The escalation in Israel-Iran conflict, including threats to close the Strait of Hormuz, triggered fears of significant supply disruptions, sending oil prices sharply upward. Eg: Brent crude shot up nearly 9% on June 13, reaching $75.65 per barrel, after heightened tensions.
Strait of Hormuz Chokepoint Risk: As a critical maritime chokepoint, any threat to close the Strait could drastically affect global oil flow and increase shipping and insurance costs, contributing to higher prices. Eg: Iran’s repeated threats to disrupt transit through the Strait instilled market anxiety, pushing Brent to an intraday high of $78.50 per barrel.
Supply Constraints Due to Sanctions and Regional Export Bottlenecks: U.S. sanctions on Iranian oil exports and potential disruptions to routes via the Suez Canal or Red Sea limit available global supply, exacerbating price volatility.
Who ensures safe oil transit through Hormuz?
United States Navy – Fifth Fleet: The U.S. Navy’s Fifth Fleet, based in Bahrain, regularly patrols the Strait to deter threats like piracy or military aggression, especially from Iran. Eg: In 2019, after Iranian threats, the U.S. deployed additional naval assets to escort commercial tankers through Hormuz.
International Maritime Security Construct (IMSC): A coalition of Western and Gulf nations, including the UK, Saudi Arabia, and Bahrain, established the IMSC to protect freedom of navigation in the Gulf region. Eg: The UK Royal Navy has deployed warships like HMS Montrose to escort oil tankers through Hormuz during periods of heightened tension.
What global actions can reduce related risks? (Way forward)
Strengthening Multilateral Naval Patrols: Enhancing joint maritime security through coalitions like the International Maritime Security Construct (IMSC) can deter potential blockades and ensure safe passage. Eg: The U.S. and UK-led naval missions in 2019 escorted oil tankers after Iran’s threats, maintaining uninterrupted oil flow.
Diversifying Global Oil Supply Routes: Investing in alternative pipelines and trade routes (e.g., via Red Sea or land-based pipelines) reduces overdependence on chokepoints like Hormuz. Eg: The UAE’s Habshan-Fujairah pipeline bypasses the Strait and delivers oil directly to the Arabian Sea, reducing exposure to disruption.
UPSC often asks questions that link global developments with India’s national interests, especially when the issue has environmental, economic, and geopolitical angles. That’s exactly what the 2021 question did — it asked how Arctic and Antarctic melting differently affect weather and human activities. Students tend to miss the layered nature of such topics. Many stop at climate change or just list facts. They skip connecting dots like how the Northern Sea Route (NSR) links to India’s trade policy, or how thawing permafrost in Siberia could affect India’s monsoons. This article helps fill that gap. It combines science with strategy. For example, under “New Shipping Routes & Economic Benefits,” it shows how India must invest in Arctic-ready ships. In “India’s Arctic Partnerships,” it explains why Himadri and IndARC are more than just research outposts — they’re soft power tools. Students often forget this dual role. The article also brings geopolitics to the front — how India must balance ties with Russia and the West (“Security & Cooperation”). The most special part? It doesn’t treat the Arctic as a cold, faraway place. It brings it home to India — from affecting our monsoons to shaping future trade. With examples like Arctic methane thaw and Polar Silk Road, the article builds that critical “connect,” which UPSC always rewards.
This article explores how Arctic developments affect India’s environment, economy, and strategic interests. UPSC often frames such questions by linking global changes with national priorities, as seen in the 2021 question on the Arctic and Antarctic impacts. Many aspirants stop at climate facts and miss the broader picture, such as the Northern Sea Route’s link to India’s trade or how thawing permafrost in Siberia might influence monsoon patterns.
The article fills this gap by combining science with policy insights. It explains why India needs Arctic-ready ships, how Himadri and IndARC serve both research and diplomacy, and why managing ties with Russia and the West is crucial. With examples like methane thaw and the Polar Silk Road, it helps aspirants connect global events to UPSC-relevant themes.
PYQ ANCHORING
GS 2: How does the melting of the Arctic ice and glaciers of the Antarctic differently affect the weather patterns and human activities on the Earth? Explain. [2021]
MICROTHEME: Cryosphere and Himalayan Eco-system
The melting of the Arctic region may be a looming climate disaster, but it also brings a chance for significant geopolitical advantage. As the ice melts and sea levels rise, new trade routes are opening up, which could change the global trade landscape. This opportunity becomes even more important given the trade challenges, like tariffs imposed by the U.S., and the growing partnerships between countries to control supply chains and trade routes. Climate change is also playing a big role in shaping these dynamics. So, it’s essential to take a closer look at how this situation affects India.
Three key questions we need to explore are: How can India position itself to benefit from the new trade routes in the Arctic? What steps should India take to balance its economic interests with the environmental risks in the region? How can India strengthen its partnerships with countries in the Arctic, given the shifting geopolitical landscape?
Arctic: A Geostrategic Pillar for India
The Arctic region is becoming more important for global powers, and India’s involvement there is crucial for a variety of reasons, from economic opportunities to security and global influence. Here’s how the Arctic is shaping up as a key geostrategic asset for India:
New Shipping Routes & Economic Benefits: With the ice in the Arctic melting, new shipping routes like the Northern Sea Route (NSR) are opening up, offering much faster ways to travel between Europe and Asia. For India, this is a big opportunity. By boosting its shipbuilding capacity and investing in specialized Arctic ships, including ice-breakers, India can take full advantage of these new trade routes and strengthen its position in global shipping.
Energy Resources & Strategic Ties: The Arctic is rich in untapped resources like oil and gas. As India’s energy needs grow, securing access to these resources is becoming increasingly important. Working closely with Arctic nations, particularly Russia, allows India to diversify its energy sources. However, India must carefully manage its relationship with Russia, especially considering China’s growing presence in the Arctic with its ambitious Polar Silk Road plans.
Environmental and Security Concerns: The changes happening in the Arctic have global impacts, including on India’s climate, especially its monsoon patterns. India’s research stations and expeditions in the region, like Himadri and IndARC, play a vital role in monitoring climate change and its effects. This scientific involvement strengthens India’s image as a responsible global player and gives it a voice in international environmental discussions.
Geopolitical Influence: The Arctic isn’t just about resources and shipping – it’s also about global power. By actively participating in international forums like the Arctic Council, India can build important diplomatic relationships with other countries, including Japan and South Korea. It also gives India the chance to advocate for a more inclusive approach to Arctic governance, which would enhance its geopolitical influence.
Security & Cooperation: With increasing military activity in the Arctic, India’s security interests are at stake. Balancing relations between Russia and the West is delicate, but India can work with countries that share similar concerns to maintain peace and stability in the region. By getting involved in security discussions, India can strengthen its global role in promoting peace.
In short, the Arctic holds significant opportunities for India. By focusing on sustainable development, forming strategic partnerships, and taking an active role in regional cooperation, India can use its engagement in the Arctic to boost its economic, security, and geopolitical standing on the world stage.
Significance of Arctic region’s melting//MAINS
As the Arctic continues to warm and ice melts at an alarming rate, it’s not just a story of environmental change. The impacts of this transformation ripple across the globe in various ways. From affecting wildlife habitats and weather patterns to opening up new economic opportunities and geopolitical tensions, the Arctic’s changing landscape brings both challenges and opportunities. The table below breaks down how these changes are influencing three key areas:
Aspect
Point
Example
Environmental
1. Loss of Polar Wildlife Habitats
Polar bears and seals rely on sea ice for hunting and breeding. As the ice melts, they face survival challenges.
2. Thawing Permafrost
Thawing permafrost in Siberia releases methane, a greenhouse gas, contributing to global warming.
3. Ocean Acidification
Melting ice leads to more CO2 absorption by the ocean, which harms marine life like coral reefs and shellfish.
4. Disruption of Global Weather Patterns
Arctic warming alters the jet stream, causing unpredictable weather, including heatwaves in Europe and harsh winters in North America.
5. Melting Glaciers and Rising Sea Levels
Melting glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica raise sea levels, threatening coastal communities worldwide.
Economic
1. New Fishing Grounds
As the ice recedes, new fishing areas emerge off the coast of Alaska, potentially boosting global fish supply.
2. Access to Energy Resources
The Arctic holds significant untapped oil and gas reserves, with exploration increasing due to melting ice.
3. Northern Sea Route for Shipping
The opening of the Northern Sea Route reduces travel time between Europe and Asia, cutting down shipping costs and time.
4. Boost to Arctic Tourism
Melting ice makes the Arctic more accessible to tourists, with an increase in cruise ships and wildlife tours.
5. Increased Cost of Infrastructure
Warming in the Arctic requires investment in new infrastructure for shipping and energy extraction, raising costs.
Geopolitical
1. Territorial Disputes Over Resources
Countries like Russia, Canada, and the U.S. are competing for control of oil, gas, and mineral reserves in the Arctic.
2. Military Presence and Strategic Importance
Nations like the U.S. and Russia are increasing military presence in the Arctic to safeguard resources and shipping routes.
3. International Cooperation on Environmental Protection
The Arctic Council promotes cooperation between nations to protect the environment and wildlife.
4. Opening of New Trade Routes
The Northern Sea Route becomes more viable as the ice melts, providing a shorter shipping route between Europe and Asia.
5. Geopolitical Influence through the Arctic
Countries with Arctic territories, like Russia, use their position to increase geopolitical influence over global trade.
India’s Arctic Partnerships in a Changing Geopolitical Landscape
As the Arctic becomes a focal point for global economic and environmental changes, India has a unique opportunity to strengthen its partnerships with countries in the region. Given the shifting geopolitical dynamics, India can adopt several strategies to enhance its position and foster deeper cooperation with Arctic nations:
Engage through Multilateral Platforms: India can leverage platforms like the Arctic Council and the Arctic Circle India Forum to engage with other nations. By actively participating in discussions on climate change, sustainable development, and Arctic governance, India can showcase its commitment to the region’s well-being and strengthen diplomatic ties with countries like Norway, Canada, and Russia.
Focus on Scientific and Environmental Cooperation: India’s role in Arctic research is pivotal, with initiatives like Himadri and IndARC (India’s Arctic Research Centre). By enhancing scientific collaboration on climate monitoring and environmental preservation, India can position itself as a key partner in the region’s sustainable development and climate change mitigation efforts. This will help India build trust with Arctic nations that are highly focused on environmental concerns.
Build Strategic Economic Partnerships: As new shipping routes open up and natural resources become more accessible, India should look to strengthen economic ties with Arctic countries, especially in the fields of energy, shipping, and infrastructure. Collaborations with Russia, for example, could help India secure access to Arctic resources and boost its presence in the global energy market. India can also explore opportunities in Arctic tourism and logistics, areas likely to see growth as the region becomes more accessible.
Enhance Bilateral Ties with Key Arctic Nations: India can deepen its relationships with Arctic powers, particularly Russia, by collaborating on Arctic shipping routes, energy exploration, and scientific research. Simultaneously, India should explore new partnerships with countries like Japan and South Korea, which share similar interests in Arctic governance and resource management.
Promote Peaceful and Inclusive Arctic Governance: India can play a significant role in advocating for a more inclusive and equitable Arctic Council. As the region becomes more geopolitically competitive, India’s support for a multilateral, rules-based approach to Arctic governance could enhance its credibility and influence in the region.
Initiatives of India for Arctic region//PRELIMS
India has been progressively enhancing its engagement in the Arctic region through scientific research, environmental protection, and international cooperation. The key initiatives include:
India’s Arctic Initiatives
Area
Initiative
Details
Research Stations
Himadri
Established in 2008 at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, Himadri is India’s first permanent Arctic research station. It focuses on atmospheric studies, glaciology, and marine biology .
IndARC
Deployed in 2014 in Kongsfjorden, Norway, IndARC is India’s first underwater moored observatory in the Arctic, aiming to study climate change impacts and their influence on the monsoon .
Policy Framework
National Arctic Policy
Released in 2022, this policy outlines India’s approach to Arctic engagement, emphasizing scientific research, environmental protection, economic development, and international cooperation .
International Cooperation
Arctic Council Observer
India has been an observer in the Arctic Council since 2013, participating in discussions on sustainable development and environmental protection in the Arctic region .
Scientific Expeditions
Arctic Expeditions
Since 2007, India has conducted 13 Arctic expeditions, focusing on climate studies, glaciology, and marine biology .
Institutional Leadership
National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR)
Based in Goa, NCPOR is the nodal agency for India’s polar research programs, including Arctic studies, and oversees the operation of research stations like Himadri and IndARC .
Strategic Partnerships
Collaboration with Russia
India collaborates with Russia on Arctic research and exploration, including potential joint ventures in energy projects, while being mindful of international sanctions .
Way Forward
Shipbuilding: India should ramp up its shipbuilding capacity, focusing on ships suited for Arctic conditions. Investments in ice-breaking fleets and structural upgrades are essential to compete globally.
Multilateral Engagements: Platforms like the Arctic Circle India Forum should be leveraged to push India’s Arctic policy forward, encouraging stakeholder dialogues and partnerships with an India-Asia focus.
Polar Ambassador: India can appoint a Polar Ambassador to streamline its Arctic efforts, following in the footsteps of nations like the U.S. and Greenland, who have recognized the growing geopolitical importance of the region.
Balancing Russia & USA: India must carefully balance its relations with both Russia and the USA. While Russia offers Arctic expertise, India must avoid aligning too closely with China’s Arctic ambitions. Partnering with like-minded countries like Japan and South Korea can help India shape a more inclusive Arctic governance structure.
The Arctic presents both immense opportunities and risks. India should seize the economic potential while ensuring sustainable development and careful geopolitical navigation to avoid reckless exploitation of Arctic resources.
#BACK2BASICS: INDIA’S ARCTIC POLICY
India’s Arctic Policy is structured around six central pillars and a set of objectives that guide its approach towards the Arctic region. These provisions focus on scientific research, environmental protection, economic development, and enhancing national capabilities to navigate the challenges and opportunities presented by the Arctic’s changing landscape.
Six Central Pillars:
Science and Research: Advancing scientific exploration and research to deepen understanding of the Arctic region, including its climate, ecosystems, and resources.
Environmental Protection: Ensuring the preservation of the Arctic environment and addressing the impacts of climate change on the region.
Economic and Human Development: Promoting economic cooperation and sustainable development opportunities in the Arctic, including maritime trade and resource management.
Transportation and Connectivity: Enhancing transportation links and connectivity between India and Arctic countries, with a focus on emerging trade routes.
Governance and International Cooperation: Strengthening India’s role in global forums such as the Arctic Council and fostering partnerships with Arctic nations for shared governance and resource management.
National Capacity Building: Building the necessary institutional and human resource capacities within India to effectively engage with the Arctic region.
Objectives:
Strengthen National Capabilities: Enhance India’s science and exploration capabilities in the Arctic, focusing on climate and environmental protection, as well as maritime and economic cooperation.
Institutional Capacity Building: Strengthen India’s institutional framework and inter-ministerial coordination, fostering collaboration between government bodies, academic institutions, research organizations, and businesses to advance India’s Arctic interests.
Climate Change and Environmental Impact: Increase understanding of the impact of Arctic climate change on India’s own climate, economy, and energy security, and develop strategies to mitigate these effects.
Analysis and Coordination: Promote better analysis, prediction, and policymaking regarding the consequences of Arctic ice melting on global shipping routes, energy security, and the exploitation of Arctic mineral resources, which are critical to India’s strategic interests.
Linkages with Polar Regions and the Himalayas: Investigate the interconnections between the Arctic and the Himalayas, and foster closer cooperation with Arctic countries through scientific and traditional knowledge exchange.
Arctic Council Participation: Enhance India’s engagement in the Arctic Council and improve understanding of the Arctic’s complex governance structures, international laws, and geopolitical dynamics, ensuring India’s voice is heard in shaping the future of the region.
India’s Arctic Policy emphasizes the importance of multi-dimensional engagement with the region, addressing both the opportunities and risks posed by a rapidly changing Arctic.
MOCK DROP
India’s Arctic Policy reflects the strategic shift from science diplomacy to geopolitics in the polar region. Critically examine the key objectives of India’s Arctic Policy and evaluate its significance in the context of climate change, energy security, and global governance.
The controversy over the 2024 Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha elections and how Election Commissioners are appointed has sparked a major debate about the Constitution and democracy in India.
Why is the ECI appointment process seen as favouring the executive?
Majority Control by the Executive in the Selection Committee: The 2023 Election Commissioners Appointment Act provides a 2:1 majority to the executive in the selection committee — comprising the Prime Minister, the Home Minister, and the Leader of the Opposition. Eg: The Leader of the Opposition can always be outvoted, effectively giving the ruling party full control over appointments.
Exclusion of the Chief Justice of India (CJI): Despite a Supreme Court directive in March 2023 recommending the inclusion of the CJI to ensure neutrality, the Act excluded the judiciary, reducing checks and balances. Eg: The SC judgment established a temporary mechanism including the CJI until Parliament enacted a law, but the law ignored this safeguard.
Conflict of Interest: The executive, being an election contestant, is involved in selecting the very institution that is supposed to referee the elections, raising concerns about institutional bias. Eg: The same political leadership responsible for contesting elections now appoints the “umpires” (Election Commissioners).
Lack of Public Consultation or Parliamentary Debate: The 2023 Act was passed with minimal debate and without bipartisan consensus, reinforcing the perception of executive overreach. Eg: Opposition parties and civil society groups raised concerns about non-consultative law-making affecting the ECI’s independence.
Pending Legal Challenge on Constitutional Grounds: The Act’s constitutionality is under challenge in the Supreme Court, suggesting broader concern that it violates the principles of free and fair elections under Article 324. Eg: Petitions argue that the current process undermines the ECI’s autonomy and may violate the basic structure doctrine.
How does limited access to Form 17C affect poll transparency?
Restricts Independent Verification of Votes: Limited access to Form 17C, which contains vote counts and voter turnout data, prevents candidates and citizensfrom verifying the accuracy of polling results. Eg: Only candidates or their polling agents receive the form, and not all candidates—especially independents or smaller parties—can afford agents at every booth.
Blocks Public Scrutiny and Research: Without public access to Form 17C data from all polling stations, researchers, media, and civil society cannot conduct independent audits or identify discrepancies in vote tallies. Eg: Voters and watchdog groups are unable to cross-check vote counts with final results, undermining transparency.
Raises Suspicion of Electoral Manipulation: The opaque handling of Form 17C can fuel doubts about the integrity of the electoral process, especially in close contests or in regions with a history of irregularities. Eg: In the absence of uniform disclosure, accusations of mismatched vote counts or tampering are harder to disprove, affecting public trust in the Election Commission.
Why is the Supreme Court’s role in ECI appointments significant?
Upheld Democratic Values and Institutional Neutrality: The Supreme Court’s March 2023 judgment ensured a balanced selection committee by including the Chief Justice of India (CJI), reducing the risk of executive control over the Election Commission of India (ECI).
Acted as a Constitutional Corrective in Legislative Vacuum: In the absence of a law under Article 324, the Court stepped in to lay down norms for appointments, reinforcing the judiciary’s role as guardian of the Constitution. Eg: The SC cited Parliament’s inaction despite multiple committee recommendations and exercised its powers to protect the integrity of electoral democracy.
What reforms can enhance transparency in India’s electoral system? (Way forward)
Reform the ECI Appointment Process for Institutional Neutrality: Include the Chief Justice of India (CJI) in the selection committee for appointing the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and Election Commissioners, ensuring independence from executive influence. Eg: The Supreme Court’s 2023 judgment proposed a panel of the PM, Leader of Opposition, and CJI, but the 2023 ECI Act excluded the CJI, raising concerns over impartiality.
Ensure Public Access to Form 17C for Vote Transparency: Mandate that Form 17C, which records total votes polled, be made publicly accessible through an official digital portal, enabling citizens and researchers to verify poll data. Eg: Currently, only candidates or polling agents receive Form 17C, and many independent or low-budget candidateslack agents at all booths, limiting access to crucial data.
Introduce Independent Audits of Electoral Rolls and EVMs: Conduct regular third-party audits of voter rolls and Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) to detect errors, manipulation, or malfunction, and improve public confidence in electoral integrity. Eg: In past elections, reports of missing names or duplicate entries in voter lists have led to allegations of disenfranchisement, especially among marginalised groups.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2018] In the light of recent controversy regarding the use of Electronic Voting Machines (EVM), what are the challenges before the Election Commission of India to ensure the trustworthiness of elections in India?
Linkage: This article explicitly calls for the Election Commission of India (ECI) to “disclose the entire truth that is known only to the Election Commission of India. The 2018 question, by asking about the “challenges before the Election Commission of India to ensure the trustworthiness of elections in India” amidst EVM controversy, directly aligns with the broader call for transparency.
