The Indian Army has deployed it’s contingent to participate in Exercise KHAAN QUEST 2025, a major multinational peacekeeping exercise being held in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
Concurrently, India is also set to conduct Exercise SHAKTI 2025 with France.
About Exercise KHAAN QUEST, 2025:
Overview: It is a multinational peacekeeping military exercise being held in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia from June 14 to 28, 2025.
Origins: The exercise was initiated in 2003 as a bilateral drill between the United States and Mongolian Armed Forces and became a multinational event in 2006.
Indian Participation: India has sent a 40-member contingent, primarily from the Kumaon Regiment, along with personnel from other arms and services, including one woman officer and two women soldiers.
Key Training Drills: Participating forces will engage in checkpoint establishment, cordon and search operations, civilian evacuation from conflict zones, counter-IED tactics, and combat casualty care.
Objectives: The main goal is to build interoperability, promote joint planning, and strengthen tactical coordination among different participating nations.
About Exercise SHAKTI, 2025:
Overview: It is a bilateral military drill between India and France, scheduled to take place at La Cavalerie, France, from June 18 to July 1, 2025.
Exercise Series: This marks the 8th edition of the biennial joint exercise, reflecting a strong and ongoing defence partnership between the two nations.
Objectives: The drill focuses on enhancing the joint capability to conduct multi-domain operations, especially in sub-conventional warfare scenarios.
Core Training Areas: It includes sessions on tactical coordination, joint operational planning, and counter-terrorism techniques.
Goals: To deepen military cooperation, foster mutual trust, and build interoperability and camaraderie between the Indian and French armed forces.
[UPSC 2024] Which of the following statements about ‘Exercise Mitra Shakti-2023’ are correct?
1. This was a joint military exercise between India and Bangladesh.
2. It commenced in Aundh (Pune).
3. Joint response during counter-terrorism operations was a goal of this operation.
4. Indian Air Force was a part of this exercise.
Select the answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 4 (c) 1 and 4 (d) 2, 3 and 4
India has been ranked 131 out of 148 countries in the World Economic Forum’s (WEF) Global Gender Gap Report 2025, falling two places from last year’s rank of 129.
About the Global Gender Gap Index:
Overview: It is released annually by the World Economic Forum (WEF) and has been published since 2006.
Scope of Measurement: It evaluates gender parity across 4 key dimensions:
Economic Participation and Opportunity,
Educational Attainment,
Health and Survival, and
Political Empowerment.
Scoring Method: The index uses a 0–1 scale, where 1 represents full gender parity.
2025 Edition Coverage: The 19th edition of the index covers 148 countries, making it a global benchmark for tracking gender gaps.
Key Highlights of the 2025 Report:
India’s Performance: It is ranked 131 out of 148 countries, falling two spots from its 2024 rank of 129.
Overall Score: India’s overall gender parity score is 64.1%, placing it among the lowest-ranked in South Asia.
Economic Participation: India improved in this category, with the score rising to 40.7%, and estimated earned income parity increasing from 28.6% to 29.9%.
Labour Force Participation: India’s rate remains at 45.9%, its highest recorded level.
Educational Attainment: The country scored 97.1%, with gains in female literacy and tertiary education enrolment.
Health and Survival: This category showed marginal improvement due to a better sex ratio at birth and higher healthy life expectancy.
Political Empowerment: India declined in this area, with women in Parliament dropping from 14.7% to 13.8%, and women ministers decreasing from 6.5% to 5.6%.
Global Trends and Significance:
Regional Rankings: The highest rank is held by Bangladesh in South Asia at 24, followed by Bhutan (119), Nepal (125), Sri Lanka (130), Maldives (138), and Pakistan (148).
Global Parity Score: The overall global gender gap has narrowed to 68.8%, marking the best progress since the COVID-19 pandemic.
Timeline for Equality: At the current pace, it will take 123 years to achieve full gender parity worldwide.
Top Performers: Top-rank is retained by Iceland for the 16th consecutive year, followed by Finland, Norway, the United Kingdom, and New Zealand.
Leadership Gap: Although women make up 41.2% of the global workforce, they occupy only 28.8% of leadership roles.
Back2Basics: World Economic Forum (WEF)
The WEF is an international non-profit organization founded in 1971 by Klaus Schwab in Geneva, Switzerland.
It fosters public-private cooperation to tackle global issues through dialogue, partnerships, and research.
WEF is widely known for its annual Davos summit, which brings together world leaders from politics, business, and academia.
Major reports published include the Global Competitiveness Report, Global Risks Report, Global Social Mobility Report, Energy Transition Index, and Travel & Tourism Development Index.
These reports provide critical data and policy insights on issues like inequality, climate change, innovation, and economic recovery.
WEF is largely funded by its partner corporations, offering a platform to shape global agendas across sectors.
[UPSC 2017] Which of the following gives ‘Global Gender Gap Index’ ranking to the countries of the world?
Options: (a) World Economic Forum* (b) UN Human Rights Council (c) UN Women (d) World Health Organization
[UPSC 2016] Examine the main provisions of the National Child Policy and throw light on the status of its implementation.
Linkage: Child labour is a significant issue affecting children, robbing them of their basic rights and hindering their full development potential. It is addressed through various welfare schemes, laws, and policies aimed at protecting and improving the lives of children.
Mentor’s Comment: June 12 is observed as the World Day Against Child Labour, led by the International Labour Organisation to raise awareness about the ongoing problem of child labour. This year, attention is not only on the alarming number—160 million children still working, but also on an inspiring success story from India: Velpur Mandal in Telangana. Once known for widespread child labour, Velpur has remained child labour-free for over 20 years. Its achievement, driven by strong community participation, shows how local efforts can bring lasting change and serve as a model for tackling child labour through policy and grassroots action.
Today’s editorial focuses on the problem of child labour in India, a key issue relevant to GS Paper II (Social Justice) in the UPSC syllabus.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
Every year on June 12, the World Day Against Child Labour (WDACL) is observed, led by the International Labour Organization (ILO), to raise awareness about the problem of child labour.
What are the major global challenges in eliminating child labour?
Poverty and Economic Vulnerability: Families in low-income regions rely on children’s income to meet basic needs, making child labour a survival strategy Eg: In sub-Saharan Africa, children are often sent to work in farms or in markets to support their households facing extreme poverty
Lack of Access to Quality Education: Poor schooling infrastructure, long travel distances, and hidden costs deter school attendance, pushing children into work Eg: In rural Afghanistan, many children work as street vendors or in workshops instead of attending school due to poor accessibility
Weak Law Enforcement and Informal Economy: Despite legal frameworks, enforcement is weak in informal sectors where most child labour occurs. Eg: In Latin American countries, children continue working in agriculture and street vending despite legal prohibitions.
Cultural and Social Acceptance: In some societies, child labour is normalized as part of tradition or family livelihood, especially in unregulated home-based industries Eg: In India, children are commonly employed in beedi-rolling or carpet weaving under the guise of family trade training
Conflict, Displacement, and Emergencies: Armed conflict, refugee crises, and natural disasters disrupt schooling and increase reliance on child labour for survival. Eg: In Syria, displaced children are often seen working in agriculture or shops due to the breakdown of education and protection systems.
What are the major national-level challenges in eliminating child labour?
Poverty and Household Debt: Economic hardship compels families to send children to work instead of school, especially in informal and unorganised sectors. Eg: In Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, children are employed in brick kilns and agriculture to supplement family income or repay local debts.
Gaps in Implementation of Laws and Schemes: Despite strong legal provisions, poor monitoring, corruption, and lack of coordination among departments weaken enforcement. Eg: In Jharkhand, children continue to work in mica mines, despite bans and presence of the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act.
Lack of Awareness and Social Acceptance: In many rural and tribal areas, parents are unaware of the long-term value of education and accept child labour as normal. Eg: In Andhra Pradesh’s beedi-making units, child labour is seen as a family tradition and not a violation of child rights.
Case study of Velpur mandal:
Who led the anti-child labour campaign in Velpur?
The campaign was led by the then District Collector of Nizamabad along with committed local officials.
How did it achieve child labour-free status?
Community-Led Campaign and Awareness Drive: A 100-day campaign was launched in 2001 involving local officials, sarpanchs, teachers, caste elders, and civil societyto identify and enroll every child into school. Eg: In Velpur Mandal (Telangana), all 8,057 children aged 5–15 were enrolled in schools, and the mandal was declared child labour-free by October 2, 2001.
Debt Waiver and Social Accountability by Employers: Former child employers publicly waived ₹35 lakh worth of family debts and provided school supplies, freeing children from bonded labour. Eg: Employers in Velpur villages forgave loans where children were used as repayment guarantees, helping families send their children to school.
Institutional Support and Bridge Schooling through NCLP: Children withdrawn from labour were sent to bridge schools under the National Child Labour Project (NCLP) to ease their transition into formal education. Eg: Children from beedi units and farms were given remedial education and then enrolled into regular schools with full retention ensured by community monitoring.
What is the status of the National Child Policy?
Outdated Framework (Policy of 2013): The National Policy for Children, 2013 is the current guiding document, but it lacks clear mechanisms for implementation, monitoring, and budgetary commitments. Eg: Though it recognizes rights to survival, development, protection, and participation, it does not specifically address child labour rehabilitation pathways
Lack of Integration with Recent Laws and SDG Goals: The policy has not been aligned with new laws like the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2016 or with SDG Target 8.7. Eg: India aims to eliminate child labour by 2025 under SDG 8.7, but the national child policy does not provide an updated roadmap or action plan for this
Delayed Formulation of a Revised Policy: The government had initiated a process to draft a new National Child Policy in 2020, but no final version has been released or implemented so far. Eg: The Ministry of Women and Child Development (MWCD) conducted consultations for an updated policy, but no final policy document has been notified as of mid-2025
What are the steps taken by the Indian Government?
Strengthening Legal Framework: The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2016 prohibits employment of children below 14 years and restricts adolescents (14–18 years) from hazardous occupations. Eg: This amendment led to the identification and rescue of thousands of children from beedi-making and fireworks units in states like Tamil Nadu and Telangana.
National Child Labour Project (NCLP): Launched in 1988, this centrally sponsored scheme focuses on identifying, rescuing, and rehabilitating child labourersthrough special training centres. Eg: Under NCLP, bridge schools in Velpur (Telangana) helped transition former child workers into regular schools, contributing to its child labour-free status.
Integration with Education and Welfare Schemes: Programs like Right to Education Act (2009), Mid-Day Meal Scheme, and Samagra Shiksha aim to improve school access and retention among vulnerable children.Eg: In Bihar and Odisha, these schemes have improved school attendance, reducing dropout-driven child labour in agriculture and domestic work.
Way forward:
Community-Driven Monitoring and Social Mobilisation: Empower panchayats, school management committees, and civil society to track school dropouts and ensure local accountability through awareness campaigns and social pressure mechanisms.
Policy Update and Stronger Rehabilitation Framework: Finalize and implement a revised National Child Policy aligned with SDG 8.7, and strengthen rehabilitation measureslike skill development, financial support, and psychosocial care for rescued children.
N4S: This article unpacks the complex and often controversial role of the Governor in India’s democracy. UPSC usually frames questions on this topic by testing aspirants’ understanding of the Governor’s constitutional powers, their discretionary limits, and the tension between the executive and legislature (for example, the 2022 mains question on legislative powers and ordinance re-promulgation). Aspirants often falter because they get confused about the extent of the Governor’s discretion and fail to connect theory with recent judicial clarifications (like the Supreme Court’s 2025 ruling in the Tamil Nadu case). Many miss how the judiciary has actively shaped the Governor’s role, balancing Centre-State relations and preventing misuse of power. This article addresses those gaps by clearly explaining key phases in the Governor’s evolution, supported by landmark court cases (such as S.R. Bommai and Nabam Rebia) and recent examples of controversies involving Governors in Arunachal Pradesh and West Bengal. One special feature of this article is its use of a “Judgement Matrix” that breaks down the Supreme Court’s 2025 verdict on Governors’ powers, making a complex judgement easy to grasp. It also explains how Article 142 powers of the Supreme Court have been used to resolve political deadlocks, a point often overlooked by aspirants. By following subheads like “Supreme Court’s Clarity,” “Key Concerns,” and “When the Supreme Court Steps In,” readers get a structured and up-to-date understanding that helps them write precise, balanced answers—something UPSC values highly.
This article explains the evolving role of the Governor in India’s democracy, a topic UPSC often tests through questions on constitutional powers, discretionary limits, and Centre-State tensions. The 2022 mains question on ordinance re-promulgation is a good example. Many aspirants struggle to connect legal theory with recent developments like the Supreme Court’s 2025 ruling in the Tamil Nadu case.
This article bridges that gap by tracing the Governor’s role through key court cases like S.R. Bommai and Nabam Rebia, and by analysing recent controversies in states like West Bengal and Arunachal Pradesh. A key highlight is the “Judgement Matrix” that simplifies the 2025 verdict, along with insights on Article 142. It offers a clear, structured approach for writing strong, well-argued answers.
PYQ ANCHORING
1.GS 2: Discuss the essential conditions for exercise of the legislative powers by the Governor. Discuss the legality of re-promulgation of ordinances by the Governor without placing them before the Legislature. [2022]
MICROTHEME: Executive Vs Legislature
“The Governor is not an emperor… he is a constitutional head.” — Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court
In a significant ruling that strengthens the spirit of federalism, the Supreme Court of India, in the case of State of Tamil Nadu vs. Governor of Tamil Nadu, addressed a long-standing constitutional grey area — the role of Governors in granting assent to state bills. For decades, delays, inaction, and selective interventions by Governors have sparked Centre–State tensions and raised fundamental questions about democratic accountability.
This verdict not only clarifies constitutional roles but also reignites the debate around the misuse of gubernatorial powers in India’s federal setup.
But why have Governors often been at the centre of political controversies? What role has Judiciary played over the years in handling grey areas ? And what reforms can ensure their role remains neutral, accountable, and democratic?This article unpacks it all.
Background: A Constitutional Stalemate
The issue arose when the Governor of Tamil Nadu withheld assent to 10 bills passed by the State Legislative Assembly, without providing any reasons or returning them for reconsideration. This led to a legislative deadlock and was perceived as an overreach by an unelected constitutional authority.
In response, the Tamil Nadu Assembly re-passed the same bills and sent them back to the Governor. Instead of acting on them—either by granting assent or returning them with comments—the Governor referred the bills to the President, bypassing the Council of Ministers entirely.
Supreme Court’s Clarity: No Room for Delay or Discretion
The Supreme Court, taking strong note of this constitutional impasse, ruled that:
Governors must act within a reasonable timeframe under Article 200 of the Constitution.
The office of the Governor is not meant to be a parallel power center. It is bound by the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers.
Discretion is not a default power. The Governor cannot indefinitely withhold assent or send bills to the President without valid grounds.
In essence, the verdict reaffirmed a foundational principle of Indian democracy — the elected government governs, not the nominated Governor.
Judgement Matrix: Governor’s Powers over State Bills
The State of Tamil Nadu vs. The Governor of Tamil Nadu and Another,2025
Issue
Constitutional Provision / Context
Key Arguments
Supreme Court’s Judgement
Implications
1. Can the Governor withhold assent without informing the legislature?
Article 200 (First Proviso): Governor can return the bill with recommendations.
Petitioner: Governor must send reasons back; cannot sit silent or act unilaterally. Respondent: Governor has power to withhold without communication.
No. Governor must act within Article 200’s framework. If withholding, they must send the bill back with reasons “as soon as possible.”
Stops misuse of “pocket veto” and ensures transparency. Upholds legislative supremacy.
2. Does the Governor have an absolute veto (can block a bill forever)?
Constitution does not allow “pocket veto” or indefinite delay.
Petitioner: Pocket veto not allowed; TN example cited. Respondent: Withholding assent = absolute veto.
No. Governor does not have absolute veto. They cannot block a bill permanently.
Prevents Governor from stalling state legislature. Reinforces time-bound accountability.
3. Can the Governor send back a reconsidered bill to the President again?
Article 200 allows reservation only once unless the bill changes.
Petitioner: Once legislature reconsiders, Governor must assent. Respondent: No express bar on reserving it again.
No. Once reconsidered by the state, the Governor must assent unless the bill is materially changed.
Reinforces federal balance. Stops executive overreach.
4. Should there be a time limit for the Governor to act on a bill?
Article 200 uses “as soon as possible” – not a fixed deadline.
Petitioner: Time limit must be read into the phrase to avoid delays. Respondent: Only Parliament can insert such a time limit.
Yes. Even without explicit timelines, Courts can enforce reasonable limits to avoid misuse.
Reduces legislative uncertainty. Judicial intervention used to prevent abuse.
5. Can Governor’s actions under Article 200 be reviewed by Courts?
Governor’s decisions are traditionally considered beyond judicial scrutiny.
Petitioner: Courts must intervene in cases of delay, mala fide, or constitutional violations. Respondent: Article 200 actions are non-justiciable.
Yes. Governor’s and President’s actions are subject to judicial review if exercised arbitrarily or in bad faith.
Important check on executive discretion. Preserves constitutional morality.
Key Takeaways from the judgement:
Governor’s discretion is not absolute—it is constitutionally limited.
Judicial review applies even to actions of constitutional authorities like the Governor or President, especially if rights or federalism is at stake.
Time-bound governance is a constitutional expectation even if not explicitly stated.
Certainly! Here’s an expanded and updated section on the key concerns regarding the role of Governors in India, incorporating recent examples and developments:
Key Concerns Regarding the Role of Governors in India
While Governors are meant to act as neutral links between the Centre and states, their role has increasingly become controversial. From delaying bills to interfering in elected governments’ work, many actions have raised serious concerns. The table below breaks down the key issues.
Concern
What’s the Issue?
Examples
1. Impartiality of Governors
Governors are supposed to be neutral. But sometimes, they seem to act in favour of the ruling party at the Centre, raising doubts about their fairness.
Arunachal Pradesh (2016): The Governor advanced the Assembly session without the CM’s advice. It led to the government’s dismissal, which the Supreme Court later reversed, calling the move unconstitutional.
2. Misuse of Article 356
Governors have recommended President’s Rule in states even when the elected government had the majority—without a proper floor test.
Uttarakhand (2016): The Governor recommended President’s Rule just before a floor test. The High Court struck it down, saying a floor test is the right way to prove majority.
3. Overreach in State Affairs
Governors sometimes interfere too much in administration, bypassing elected governments and creating confusion or paralysis.
Delhi (2023): The LG and Delhi Govt clashed over who controls services. The Supreme Court ruled that the elected government has the final say in such matters. West Bengal (2023): The Governor appointed VCs on his own, leading to legal fights with the state.
4. Lack of Accountability
Governors aren’t elected, and there’s no clear system to hold them answerable to the public. They can be removed, but only by the Centre.
No Governor has ever been impeached. Even if they delay bills or act controversially, there’s no direct consequence. This makes them powerful but unaccountable.
5. Delaying Assent to Bills
Sometimes, Governors sit on bills for months without approving or rejecting them. This delays governance and can block laws passed by elected MLAs.
Tamil Nadu (2020–2023): The Governor didn’t act on 10 bills for a long time. The Supreme Court (2025) said this was wrong and ruled that Governors must act in a time-bound way and can’t use a ‘pocket veto’.
These concerns underscore the need for clearer guidelines and accountability mechanisms to ensure that the role of Governors aligns with the principles of federalism and democratic governance enshrined in the Constitution.
Key Phases with Specific Examples:
Colonial Era (Pre-1947): The Governor acted as a direct representative of the British Crown, with all decisions made in the context of British imperial interests.
Post-Independence (1947–1950s): The office was constitutionalized, with Governors appointed by the President to serve as ceremonial heads of states.
1950s-1970s: The Governor played an influential role in political crises, including the dismissal of state governments (e.g., Kerala 1959 and Maharashtra/Gujarat in the 1970s).
1970s-1990s: Increasing involvement in political decision-making, with Governors recommending President’s Rule (e.g., Punjab 1987 and Bihar 1977).
2000s-Present: Governors still play a critical role in certain political and constitutional crises, with controversies over their neutrality (e.g., Kerala 2011, West Bengal 2019).
Judiciary on the role of governor
Year
Case
Key Points
Significance
1974
Shamsher Singh v. State of Punjab
– Governor acts on the advice of the Council of Ministers.
This judgment clarified that the Governor’s role is mostly ceremonial and must act according to the advice of the Council of Ministers.
1994
S.R. Bommai v. Union of India
– Governor’s discretion in recommending President’s Rule is subject to judicial review.
It emphasized that the Governor’s decision to impose President’s Rule must be based on sound constitutional grounds, and judicial review is available.
2005
Rameshwar Prasad v. Union of India
– Governor must act impartially and cannot interfere in state politics.
Reaffirmed that the Governor must ensure democratic processes and cannot act in a partisan manner when recommending President’s Rule or forming a government.
2010
Union of India v. Raj Bhavan
– Governor’s powers are circumscribed by the Constitution, and must respect the limits of the law.
This case clarified the limits of Governor’s discretionary powers and the necessity for neutrality in the office.
1990
K. R. Vishwanathan v. Union of India
– Governor’s decision to dissolve a state legislative assembly must be constitutionally justified.
Reinforced that the Governor’s discretion in dissolving assemblies should not be exercised arbitrarily or in political haste.
1994
K. Anbazhagan v. Governor of Tamil Nadu
– Governor must appoint the Chief Minister who has the majority in the Legislative Assembly.
Emphasized that the Governor’s role in government formation is ceremonial, limited to ensuring the majority support in the Legislative Assembly.
2007
State of Goa v. Union of India
– Governor must ensure fair governance and cannot be involved in partisan political maneuvering.
This case stressed that the Governor should be neutral and prevent any form of political manipulation, particularly when dealing with government formation.
2016
Nabam Rebia v. Deputy Speaker, Arunachal Pradesh
– The Governor should not interfere in the functioning of the legislative assembly except under specific circumstances, especially when the Speaker is removed from office.
The judgment clarified the Governor’s role in maintaining constitutional order without becoming involved in legislative affairs unnecessarily, especially when the assembly is in session.
When the Supreme Court Steps In to Fix a Mess: The Use of Article 142
Sometimes, constitutional deadlocks or political standoffs—like Governors sitting on Bills—need more than just words. That’s when the Supreme Court pulls out Article 142. This special power lets the Court deliver complete justice, even if it means going beyond usual rules. In the Tamil Nadu case too, the SC used Article 142 to break the deadlock and ensure smooth governance.
Issue
Case
Supreme Court’s Role
Resolution
Delays in Governor’s Assent to Bills
K. Arumugam v. Union of India (2007)
The Court used Article 142 to deem the Governor’s assent as given after an undue delay, resolving a constitutional deadlock over non-action.
The Supreme Court invoked its power under Article 142 to deem assent to the Bills as given, bypassing further delay.
Conflict Between Centre and States over Presidential Rule
S.R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994)
The Court used Article 142 to balance the federal structure by limiting arbitrary imposition of President’s Rule under Article 356.
The Court limited the arbitrary use of President’s Rule and emphasized a proportionality approach, restoring constitutional balance.
Dispute over the Validity of Election Laws
Indira Gandhi v. Raj Narain (1975)
The Court invoked Article 142 to strike a balance between electoral fairness and the right to contest an election, upholding democratic principles.
Invalidated the 1971 election of Indira Gandhi, using its powers to safeguard electoral integrity.
Tackling Inaction in the Appointment of Judges
Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association v. Union of India (2016)
The Court invoked Article 142 to establish the collegium system for judicial appointments, resolving issues related to executive interference in judicial matters.
Established the Collegium System for judicial appointments, ensuring judicial independence from executive influence.
Delay in the Finalization of River Water Sharing Agreements
M.C. Mehta v. Union of India (2002)
Article 142 was used to issue a directive to finalize the water-sharing agreement between states, overriding the lack of consensus.
The Court issued directives under Article 142 to resolve the inter-state water dispute, ensuring water distribution in a fair and timely manner.
Removal of Legislative Deadlock
Tamil Nadu Bills Case (2017)
In the case of Tamil Nadu Bills, the Court invoked Article 142 to resolve the deadlock created by the Governor’s delay in assenting to Bills.
Used Article 142 to declare that Bills passed by the Tamil Nadu Legislature were deemed to have received the Governor’s assent, bypassing prolonged inaction.
WAY FORWARD
Let States Hold Governors Accountable: Right now, only the President can remove a Governor, which means they aren’t answerable to the states they serve. The Punchhi Commission suggested an impeachment process at the state level to make them more accountable. Even the Supreme Court in B.P. Singhal v. Union of India (2010) said that a Governor can’t just be removed without valid reason.
Tweak Article 163 to Limit Discretion: Article 163 lets Governors use their own judgement in some cases — but that’s led to biased decisions. This Article could be amended to say that discretion should be used only in rare, serious cases — like protecting the Constitution or national interest.
Set Up Regular Performance Reviews: A Judicial Commission could be created to keep an eye on how Governors use their powers. This would make sure they follow constitutional norms, don’t overstep, and stay transparent.
Tighten the Rules Around President’s Rule: Governors shouldn’t be able to randomly recommend President’s Rule (Article 356). The S.R. Bommai judgment (1994) made it clear: there must be solid evidence, and courts can step in. The Sarkaria Commission also said this should be a last resort, used only when no other option is left.
#BACK2BASICS: EVOLUTION OF THE ROLE OF GOVERNOR
Period
Development
Key Features/Changes
Colonial Times (Pre-1947)
Governor under British Colonial Rule
– The Governor was the representative of the British Crown in each province.
– The Governor had significant executive powers and controlled the provincial administration.
– Governors acted in alignment with the British imperial interest, reporting to the British Government in London.
Post-Independence (1947)
Governor under the Constitution of India
– The office of the Governor was retained in the Constitution of India (Article 153).
Role under the Indian Constitution
– The Governor became the ceremonial head of a state, representing the President of India in the state.
– Governors were appointed by the President of India.
– Governor’s powers and functions were largely defined by the advice of the Council of Ministers (Article 167).
1950-1970s
Consolidation of the Governor’s Role
– Governors were primarily involved in the administration and execution of laws in states.
Governor’s Relationship with State Governments
– Tension between Governors and State Chief Ministers in certain states (e.g., dismissal of the Kerala government in 1959 under Governor Sripathi S. Rao).
– Role in dismissing state governments under certain conditions (e.g., dismissal of the Maharashtra and Gujarat governments in the 1970s).
1970s-1990s
Shift towards Increased Political Role
– Governors became more involved in political decisions, sometimes acting as agents of the central government (e.g., during President’s Rule in Punjab in 1987).
Presidential Rule (Article 356)
– Governors played a central role in recommending the imposition of President’s Rule in states with breakdowns in law and order (e.g., imposition of President’s Rule in Bihar in 1977, West Bengal in 1970).
– Increased politicization of the office, leading to controversies regarding the neutrality of Governors (e.g., Tamil Nadu Governor in the 1990s during the AIADMK-DMK conflict).
2000s to Present
Reforms and Changing Role
– Growing calls for reforming the role of Governors to ensure their neutrality and reduce political interference (e.g., the demand for the resignation of Governors during political transitions like in West Bengal in 2019).
Governors’ Role Today
– Governors continue to play a largely ceremonial role, but they still hold significant power in some circumstances (e.g., the role of Governors in recommending President’s Rule in Jammu & Kashmir in 2018).
– Issues like the discretion to dissolve state assemblies or withhold assent to bills continue to raise questions (e.g., Kerala Governor withholding assent to the Kerala Lokayukta Bill in 2011).
Modern Controversies
– Recent instances of Governors being accused of acting in a partisan manner (e.g., Uttarakhand Governor in 2016, who controversially imposed President’s Rule in a politically charged situation).
Calls for Reform
– Discussions about balancing the autonomy of states and the role of Governors in ensuring democratic governance (e.g., ongoing debates regarding the Governor’s powers in Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, and West Bengal).
MOCK DROP: Critically examine the role of the Governor in India’s democracy. To what extent does the office act as a neutral constitutional head versus a tool of political influence? Discuss with relevant examples.
Prime Minister’s upcoming visit to Kananaskis (Canada), Alberta, for the G-7 outreach summit is an important chance for India and Canada to improve their diplomatic relations.
What led to the deterioration of India-Canada relations since 2023?
Assassination Allegations: Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau publicly alleged that Indian government agents were involved in the assassination of Khalistani activist Hardeep Singh Nijjar on Canadian soil, without providing conclusive evidence.
Diplomatic Fallout: In response to the allegations, both countries reduced their diplomatic staff to one-third, significantly weakening diplomatic engagement and services.
Suspension of Key Agreements: Canada suspended negotiations for a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with India, while India temporarily stopped issuing visas to Canadian citizens, citing security threats to Indian diplomats.
Naming of Senior Indian Official: The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) reportedly named Home Minister Amit Shah in the conspiracy, further escalating tensions and hardening positions on both sides.
Historical and Diaspora-linked Frictions: The long-standing Khalistan issue and alleged Khalistani extremism in Canada aggravated India’s concerns, especially given the large Indian diaspora and the perceived lack of action by Canadian authorities.
Why is PM Modi’s visit to the G-7 summit in Canada significant for bilateral ties?
Signals a Diplomatic Reset: Inviting Modi marks a deliberate attempt by Canada to reopen diplomatic channels after relations plummeted following the 2023 Nijjar incident. Eg: Prime Minister Carney’s invitation—despite ongoing tensions—was described as coming at the last-minute, yet with careful back-channel diplomacy to avoid embarrassment.
Re-emphasizes India’s Global Economic Role: Carney stressed that India is the world’s 5th-largest economy and central to global supply chains. Including India in G-7 discussions underscores its economic and geopolitical relevance. Eg: Carney asserted that India’s presence was essential to dialogues on energy security, critical minerals, AI, and infrastructure.
Creates a Platform for Sensitive Law Enforcement Dialogue: The G-7 summit provides a high-level platform to initiate the planned law enforcement dialogue, a key mechanism to address the Nijjar case and broader security-related concerns.
Who are the key stakeholders involved in the India-Canada diplomatic reset?
Prime Minister of India: Represents India at the G-7 and the potential diplomatic outreach.
Prime Minister Mark Carney: Initiator of the summit invite; key to Canada’s effort to normalize ties.
Law enforcement agencies: Both sides agreed to a “law enforcement dialogue” to address allegations and threats.
Diaspora communities: The 1.86 million-strong Indian community in Canada serves as a bridge between the two nations.
Trade and diplomatic negotiators: Officials working behind the scenes to restore dialogue on trade and diplomacy.
How can justice be pursued while maintaining diplomatic respect?
Facilitate Law Enforcement Dialogue Through Official Channels: Both countries should engage in structured and confidential legal cooperation to address allegations without public confrontation. Eg: Canada and India have agreed to a “law enforcement dialogue” where sensitive issues like the Nijjar caseand threats to Indian diplomats can be discussed respectfully.
Avoid Public Accusations Before Due Process: Governments must refrain from making unverified public allegations that escalate tensions and damage bilateral trust. Eg: Canada’s public statement in 2023 about Indian involvement in Nijjar’s death, without conclusive evidence, led to a sharp diplomatic fallout.
Restore Diplomatic Presence to Normal Levels: Reinstating high commissioners and full diplomatic staff enables better communication and prevents misunderstandings during sensitive investigations. Eg: Both countries had reduced their mission strength by two-thirds; restoring these positions is key to pursuing justice without compromising diplomacy.
How can both countries rebuild trust and restart cooperation? (Way forward)
Resume Diplomatic Engagement and Dialogue Mechanisms: Reinstating high commissioners and activating official dialogues like law enforcement and trade talks will help normalize relations. Eg: The proposed law enforcement dialogue and discussions on restoring trade negotiations signal mutual willingness to rebuild ties.
Prioritize People-to-People and Economic Links: Focusing on shared interests such as the Indian diaspora, education, and investment cooperation can help overcome political setbacks. Eg: With 1.86 million people of Indian origin in Canada and strong business partnerships, both nations can leverage these ties for renewed cooperation.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2023] Indian diaspora has scaled new heights in the West. Describe its economic and political benefits for India.
Linkage: A Diplomatic Reset at the G-7″ explicitly states that India and Canada are “inextricably bound by their people” and that “over 1.86 million [people of Indian origin] are settled in Canada, but remain connected to India”. Canada is a significant Western country where the Indian diaspora has a strong presence. Therefore, discussing the economic and political benefits for India from its diaspora in the West would directly involve the Canada-India context, including how this diaspora can play a role in improving strained bilateral ties.
India will update the base year for calculating GDP to 2022–23, and the new data is expected by February 2026. This change, confirmed by Saurabh Garg from the Ministry of Statistics, is an important step to improve the accuracy and trust in India’s economic data both in the country and around the world.
Why is the base year for GDP being revised to 2022-23?
To Reflect Structural Changes in the Economy: India’s economy has shifted significantly from agriculture to services and digital sectors. Revising the base year captures these structural shifts more accurately. Eg: The rise of digital platforms, fintech, and gig economy post-2015 needs to be incorporated into GDP estimates.
To Incorporate Improved and Updated Data Sources: New datasets such as the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) and administrative records like MCA-21 provide more comprehensive and timely data for accurate GDP computation. Eg: PLFS helps capture employment trends better than the older Employment-Unemployment surveys.
To Ensure Compatibility with International Standards and Better Inflation Adjustment Regular base year revisions align with UN and IMF guidelines and help in more precise estimation of real GDPby adjusting for price changes. Eg: Without a revision, outdated price structures (like 2011-12) may overstate or understate real growthdue to inflation distortions.
What challenges delayed the previous GDP base year revision in 2017-18?
Data Quality Concerns in Key Surveys: The government raised concerns about the credibility of the Consumer Expenditure Survey (CES) and Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) conducted in 2017-18. Eg: CES showed a decline in consumer spending, suggesting rising poverty — a politically sensitive finding that was never officially released.
Economic Disruptions during the Reference Year: Major policy shocks such as demonetisation (2016) and the introduction of Goods and Services Tax (GST) in 2017 led to economic volatility, making 2017-18 an unsuitable “normal” year for baseline calculations. Eg: GDP growth fell from 8.3% in 2016-17 to below 4% by 2019-20, reflecting prolonged economic slowdown post these disruptions.
Delayed Acceptance and Use of Survey Results: While the PLFS findings were eventually accepted after the 2019 elections, the CES was rejected, causing a gap in key inputs required for GDP revision. Eg: Without reliable consumption and employment data, the GDP estimation would lack accuracy, forcing the government to drop 2017-18 as the base year.
Which other economic indicators are also undergoing base year revisions?
Index of Industrial Production (IIP): Base year to be revised to 2022-23.
Consumer Price Index (CPI): Base year to be revised to 2023-24.
National Accounts (GDP): Base year to be revised to 2022-23, effective February 27, 2026.
How does base year revision affect the credibility of India’s economic data globally?
Improves Accuracy and International Comparability: A timely base year revision ensures that GDP estimates reflect current economic structures, making India’s data more credible and aligned with international standards (like those of IMF and UN). Eg: Including digital economy or renewable energy sectors helps match the metrics used by other G20 nations.
Builds Investor Confidence: Transparent and methodologically sound revisions enhance global investor trust, which is crucial for foreign direct investment (FDI) and sovereign credit ratings. Eg: A credible GDP estimate influences decisions by agencies like Moody’s or Fitch, and reassures multinational corporations evaluating India’s market.
Reduces Skepticism from Global Analysts: Past controversies—like the 2015 revision which some experts claimed overstated growth—have raised doubts on India’s data integrity. A robust 2022-23 revision can restore credibility. Eg: Even former Chief Economic Advisor Arvind Subramanian questioned past data quality; accurate revisions now can counteract such reputational damage.
Way forward:
Institutionalise Regular Data Revisions: Establish a fixed 5-year cycle for revising base years of GDP and other macroeconomic indicators, in line with National Statistical Commission recommendations, to ensure timeliness, consistency, and credibility.
Enhance Data Transparency and Accessibility: Improve the quality, frequency, and public availability of key datasets like Consumer Expenditure Survey (CES), PLFS, and Census, to build trust among researchers, investors, and global institutions.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2021] What are the main features of the estimation of India’s Gross Domestic Product(GDP) before the year 2015 and after the year 2015.
Linkage: The changes in GDP estimation around the 2015 revision, which is a prime example of the process of revising the base year and methodology. The “India’s GDP: Revising the Economic Base” source provides extensive details on this very topic, explaining the rationale and significance of such revisions, including the upcoming 2026 revision and its importance for India’s global standing.
The Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare is set to launch CROPIC (Collection of Real Time Observations & Photo of Crops)- a digital initiative that uses field photography and AI-based models to monitor crop health and automate loss assessment.
What is CROPIC?
Overview: CROPIC is a digital initiative launched by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.
Objective: The aim of CROPIC is to monitor crop health, assess crop losses, and assist with insurance payouts under the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY).
Technology Integration: It leverages field photography, artificial intelligence, and a cloud-based analysis system to streamline crop monitoring.
Process: CROPIC is designed to automate the crop loss assessment process and improve the transparency and speed of compensation to farmers.
Pilot Timeline: The initiative will be piloted during Kharif 2025 and Rabi 2025–26, and expanded nationwide in 2026.
Implementation: The project is funded through the Fund for Innovation and Technology (FIAT) under PMFBY, which has an allocation of ₹825 crore.
Key Features of CROPIC:
Mobile App-Based Data Collection: Crops are photographed 4–5 times per season using the CROPIC mobile app, with images collected by farmers and field officials.
Crowdsourced Inputs: Real-time photographs are crowdsourced directly from the field, ensuring up-to-date and location-specific crop data.
AI-Based Photo Analysis: Images are uploaded to a cloud platform, where AI algorithms analyze them to detect:
Crop type and stage
Health status
Visible damage or stress
Web-Based Dashboard: Processed data is presented on a visual dashboard for use by government officials and policymakers.
Insurance Integration: During claim processing under PMFBY, officials use the app to gather photographic evidence, automating crop loss verification.
Crop Signature Database: CROPIC will help build a digital image library of crop types, aiding future research and development in agricultural analytics.
[UPSC 2019] For the measurement/estimation of which of the following are satellite images/remote sensing data used?
1. Chlorophyll content in the vegetation of a specific location
2. Greenhouse gas emissions from rice paddies of a specific location
3. Land surface temperatures of a specific location Select the correct answer using the code given below.
Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3*
A new study from researchers at IISER Bhopal has revealed how a single protein called BBX32 helps plants time the critical moment they emerge from darkness into light.
What is BBX32?
Function: BBX32 is a plant protein that helps a seedling keep its protective hook closed as it pushes through the soil.
Protection Mechanism: The hook shape shields the soft shoot tip in darkness; BBX32 extends this protection until it’s safe to open.
Ethylene Activation: Underground, the plant hormone ethylene activates the BBX32 gene, signaling the seedling to stay protected.
How does it work?
Light Stabilization: Once exposed to light, BBX32 is no longer broken down, allowing it to accumulate on one side of the hook.
Protein Chain Reaction: BBX32 activates PIF3, which then activates HLS1, the protein that directly keeps the hook bent.
Lab Testing: Plants were tested in different light types and sand to simulate real soil. Extra ethylene increased BBX32 activity.
Mutant Comparison: Plants without BBX32 opened too early. Only 25% broke through sand, compared to 40% of normal and 80% with extra BBX32.
Degradation Control: In darkness, COP1 breaks down BBX32. Ethylene slows this process. Light fully stabilizes BBX32.
Coordinated Timing: The protein’s behavior is guided by light, hormone signals, and pressure, ensuring the hook opens at the right time.
Why is studying BBX32 important?
Better Crop Survival: BBX32 can help develop crops that grow well in dense, wet, or compacted soils.
Climate Adaptation: As climate change leads to tougher soil conditions, BBX32 can improve seedling emergence and survival.
Boosting Yields: Supporting hook protection even slightly longer can lead to stronger early growth and higher productivity.
Genetic Research: BBX32 is a potential target for gene editing in plants to improve resilience during germination.
Broader Insight: Studying BBX32 helps us understand how plants balance internal signals with external cues for safe growth.
[UPSC 2018] Which of the following leaf modifications occur(s) in the desert areas to inhabit water loss?
1. Hard and waxy leaves 2. Tiny leaves 3. Thorns instead of leaves
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Options: (a) 2 and 3 only (b) 2 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3*
India is serving as a Vice President to the 2nd Session of the International Organization for Marine Aids to Navigation (and Lighthouse Activities) (IALA) Council held in Nice, France.
About IALA:
Overview: It is the global authority headquartered near Paris, France, responsible for standardizing and harmonizing marine aids to navigation (AtoN), including lighthouses, buoys, and electronic navigation systems.
Establishment: IALA was founded in 1957 as a non-governmental organization and officially became an intergovernmental organization (IGO) on August 22, 2024, following ratification by 34 countries.
Mission: Its mission is to ensure safe, efficient, and environmentally sustainable maritime navigation by promoting uniform standards, modern technology, and global cooperation.
Relevance: IALA plays a crucial role in reducing maritime accidents, protecting marine environments, and supporting developing nations through training and technical assistance.
Structure and Features:
Membership: The organization consists of 80+ member countries, along with commercial maritime companies, training institutions, and scientific bodies.
General Assembly: The supreme decision-making body, which meets every four years to define broad policies and strategic direction.
Council: The executive body composed of 24 elected members, meeting twice annually to oversee day-to-day governance and technical progress.
Technical Committees: Specialized groups focused on areas such as digital navigation technologies, marine engineering, Vessel Traffic Services (VTS), and sustainable navigation systems.
Key Innovations:
Maritime Buoyage System: Unified over 30 local buoyage systems into two global regions (Region A and Region B).
Pioneered technologies like Differential GPS (DGPS), Automatic Identification Systems (AIS), VHF Data Exchange System (VDES), and e-navigation frameworks.
Global Partnerships: IALA works closely with international bodies like the IMO (International Maritime Organization), IHO (International Hydrographic Organization), and ITU (International Telecommunication Union).
India and IALA:
Founding Member: India is a founding member of IALA and has been a Council member since 1980, represented by the Directorate General of Lighthouses and Lightships (DGLL).
Infrastructure Contributions: India has implemented Integrated Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) across 12 major ports, enhancing navigational safety and efficiency.
Upcoming Hosting: India will host the 3rd IALA General Assembly in December 2025 and the IALA Conference in 2027, both scheduled to take place in Mumbai.
[UPSC 2017] Consider the following in respect of the Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS):
1. Inaugural IONS was held in India in 2015 under the chairmanship of the Indian Navy.
2. IONS is a voluntary initiative that seeks to increase maritime co-operation among navies of the littoral states of the Indian Ocean Region.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only* (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Sri Lanka is celebrating Poson Poya festival which commemorates the arrival of Buddhism over 2,000 years ago.
About Poson Poya Festival:
Overview: Poson Poya is the second most important Buddhist festival in Sri Lanka, following Vesak in religious significance.
Date of Observance: It is celebrated on the full moon day of June, which corresponds to the seventh month of the Sinhalese calendar.
Historical Commemoration: The festival marks the arrival of Buddhism in Sri Lanka in 236 BCE, when Arahat Mahinda, son of Emperor Ashoka, met King Devanampiyatissa at Mihintale.
Key Locations: Celebrations are held across the island, with the most sacred observances taking place at Mihintale and Anuradhapura.
Ritual Activities: Devotees engage in temple visits, meditation, offerings, and acts of charity (Dana) as part of spiritual practice.
Cultural Expressions: Communities organize free food stalls (Dansalas), decorate homes and streets with lanterns, and display illuminated panels of Buddhist stories.
How did Buddhism spread to Sri Lanka?
Following the Third Buddhist Council (held in 250 BC in Pataliputra) during Ashoka’s reign, it was decided to send missionaries to various regions, including Sri Lanka, to spread Buddhism.
The mission to Sri Lanka was led by Mahinda (Mahendra), Ashoka’s son, who converted King Devanampiya Tissa of Anuradhapura to Buddhism.
After several royal ladies expressed interest in joining the Buddhist monastic order, Mahinda sent for his sister, Sanghamitra, to initiate them.
Both siblings lived in Anuradhapura for the rest of their lives.
She played a pivotal role in establishing the Order of Nuns (Bhikkhuni Sangha or Meheini Sasna) in Sri Lanka, which later spread to other Theravada Buddhist countries like Burma, China, and Thailand.
[UPSC 2024] Sanghabhuti, an Indian Buddhist monk, who travelled to China at the end of the fourth century AD, was the author of a commentary on:
