The Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying has released operational guidelines 2.0 for National Livestock Mission (NLM).
What are the new operational guidelines 2.0 for NLM?
It focuses on promoting entrepreneurship, cluster-based development, and sustainable practices in the livestock sector.
They emphasize financial assistance through schemes like the Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development Fund (AHIDF), capacity building, and modern technologies.
The launch of the NLM-EDP Dashboard ensures real-time monitoring and transparency.
Priority is given to poultry, dairy, and marginalized groups to drive equitable growth.
The Government of India has reconstituted the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) to include new members, reflecting recent appointments in key administrative positions.
About the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC)
Details
About
Governing body of the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), under the direct charge of the Prime Minister of India.
Established on 3 August 1948 under the Department of Scientific Research; reconstituted as “Atomic Energy Commission of India” on 1 March 1954 with enhanced powers and autonomy.
Organize research in atomic science and train atomic scientists within the country.
Promote nuclear research through its own laboratories and provide financial assistance to autonomous institutes engaged in nuclear research.
Undertake prospecting and extraction of atomic minerals for industrial use.
Enabled significant achievements, such as India’s first underground nuclear test at Pokhran, Rajasthan on 18 May 1974.
Structural Mandate
Membership includes a Chairperson, scientists, policymakers, and other experts appointed by the government to guide strategic direction and decision-making.
Provides recommendations on nuclear energy policies, oversees India’s nuclear energy program, and ensures compliance with safety and regulatory standards.
Collaborates with international organizations for peaceful nuclear energy development and security.
Operates 6 key research centers:
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai.
Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu.
Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology (RRCAT), Indore, Madhya Pradesh.
Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre (VECC), Kolkata, West Bengal.
Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research (AMD), Hyderabad, Telangana.
Global Centre for Nuclear Energy Partnership (GCNEP), Bahadurgarh, Haryana.
PYQ:
[2018] With growing energy needs should India keep on expanding its nuclear energy programme? Discuss the facts and fears associated with nuclear energy.
Q) “Though women in post-independent India have excelled in various fields, the social attitude towards women and the feminist movement has been patriarchal.” Apart from women’s education and women empowerment schemes, what interventions can help change this milieu? (UPSC CSE 2021)
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on topics like ‘social attitude towards women’ (2021) and ‘sexual violence against women’ (2014).
On November 25, the International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women, we are reminded that nearly one in three women worldwide has faced violence by men. While men are often responsible, they can also help create change. This requires rethinking ideas of masculinity based on dominance and promoting equality, kindness, and non-violence instead.
Today’s Editorial focuses on issues related to women and key initiatives taken by the government to address the issues. This content will help answer the writing of GS mains papers.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
UNESCO has a program aimed at changing how men understand and support gender equality, and it is making good progress.
What is UNESCO’s Transforming MENtalities initiative?
The Transforming MENtalities initiative by UNESCO aims to engage men and boys as active participants in promoting gender equality and combating violence against women. This initiative recognizes that traditional notions of masculinity often perpetuate harmful behaviors and attitudes that contribute to gender-based violence.
Key objectives:
•Challenging Stereotypes: The initiative seeks to redefine masculinity, moving away from traits associated with dominance and aggression towards those promoting empathy, respect, and equality. •Education and Awareness: It emphasizes the importance of education in reshaping boys’ perceptions of gender roles from an early age. •Community Engagement: Encouraging men to participate in community programs that advocate for gender equality and support survivors of violence.
What are the gender issues in India?
Gender-Based Violence: Nearly one-third of women in India have experienced physical or sexual violence, as reported by the National Family Health Survey-5. This highlights the pervasive issue of gender-based violence that affects women’s safety and well-being across the country.
Economic Participation: India has achieved only 36.7% parity in economic participation and opportunity, according to the Global Gender Gap Report 2023. While female labor force participation increased from 23.3% in 2017-18 to 37% in 2022-23, it remains significantly lower than male participation rates.
Educational Disparities: Despite efforts to improve access to education, significant gaps persist. Cultural norms and economic constraints continue to hinder girls’ enrollment, retention, and completion rates in schools, affecting their long-term opportunities.
Political Representation: Women hold 15.1% of parliamentary seats in India, reflecting a gender parity of 25.3% in political empowerment. However, local governance shows better representation with women comprising 44.4% of local council seats, indicating progress at grassroots levels.
Health Indicators: The Maternal Mortality Ratio in India has improved to 97 per lakh live births (2018-20), showing progress towards the Sustainable Development Goal target of 70 by 2030. However, disparities in health outcomes remain, particularly influenced by socio-economic factors and access to healthcare services.
What are the steps taken by the government?
•Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP): Launched in 2015, this campaign aims to combat female feticide and promote the education and empowerment of girls through awareness campaigns, financial incentives for families, and initiatives addressing gender-based violence. •One Stop Centre (OSC) Scheme: Established in 2015, OSCs provide comprehensive support services for women affected by violence, including medical, legal, and counseling assistance, along with temporary shelter. •Nirbhaya Fund: Created to enhance women’s safety, this fund supports various initiatives aimed at preventing violence against women and ensuring their security across the country. •Mahila Shakti Kendra (MSK): This initiative focuses on empowering rural women through skill development and employment opportunities, helping them become self-reliant and economically independent. •Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY): This scheme facilitates financial support for women entrepreneurs to start their businesses, promoting economic empowerment and encouraging women’s participation in the workforce.
Way forward:
Promote Inclusive Education and Awareness: Strengthen gender-sensitive education from an early age to challenge stereotypes, reshape societal attitudes, and instill values of equality, empathy, and mutual respect.
Enhance Implementation of Policies: Ensure effective enforcement of existing gender-focused schemes and laws, while fostering community-driven initiatives that engage men and boys as allies in promoting gender equality and combating violence.
Vice President Jagdeep Dhankhar stressed the need for genuine research and innovation that can bring real change. He called for indigenisation beyond basic levels and highlighted the role of patents and technology in making India a global leader.
What is Authentic and practical research?
Authentic and practical research is genuine, cutting-edge, and impactful, addressing real-world challenges, driving innovation, and creating lasting change by advancing knowledge and delivering meaningful, applicable solutions to societal needs.
What is India’s status in patents and technology?
Global Position: India has secured the sixth position globally in patent filings, as reported by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) in the World Intellectual Property Indicators (WIPI) 2024 report. This marks a notable achievement as India enters the top ten for the first time across all three major intellectual property rights: patents, trademarks, and industrial designs.
Growth Rate: In 2023, India recorded a 15.7% increase in patent applications, totaling 64,480 filings. This growth is part of a broader trend, marking the fifth consecutive year of double-digit growth in patent applications.
What constitutes “authentic and practical research”?
Authenticity: The Vice President stressed that research must be genuine and not merely superficial.
Authentic research should correlate with real-world changes and have lasting significance rather than being momentarily relevant before gathering dust on shelves.
Cutting-edge Nature: He called for research that is at the forefront of innovation, pushing boundaries rather than just covering existing knowledge.
Practical Impact: The Vice President emphasized that research should aim to change ground realities, making it essential for it to be applicable and impactful in society.
How can India improve its research and development (R&D) landscape?
Focus on Patents: The Vice President pointed out that India’s contribution to global patents is lacking. He urged a shift towards more consequential fields of research that can enhance India’s standing in the global community.
Nurturing Startups: He called for supporting domestic startups and indigenous component development, suggesting that established companies like BEL should help these startups thrive by providing guidance and resources.
Educational Reform: Emphasizing the need to instill a spirit of innovation in students, he noted that educational institutions should foster creativity and practical skills rather than merely focusing on degrees.
What are the initiatives to improve the Research Ecosystem in India?
Encouraging Corporate Involvement: The Vice President highlighted the necessity for corporates to take initiative in R&D, suggesting that they converge on a platform to significantly boost research efforts.
Leading in Semiconductors: He urged BEL to lead the semiconductor revolution from design to manufacture, indicating a strategic direction for enhancing technological capabilities in India.
What are the barriers to effective research in India?
Superficial Research Output: The tendency to produce research that lacks depth and practical application is a significant barrier. The Vice President criticized research papers that are presented but quickly forgotten, calling for more substantial contributions.
Limited Global Recognition: He noted that much of India’s research does not achieve recognition at an international level, which undermines its potential impact.
Awareness of Opportunities: Many young individuals remain unaware of the diverse opportunities available beyond traditional government jobs, limiting their engagement with innovation and entrepreneurship.
Way forward:
Strengthening Industry-Academia Collaboration: Foster partnerships between academic institutions and industries to ensure research is aligned with practical needs, enhancing innovation and commercialisation opportunities.
Incentivizing High-Impact Research: Establish grants, rewards, and global recognition programs for researchers focusing on cutting-edge and transformative fields, driving significant contributions to India’s R&D landscape.
Mains PYQ:
Q Do you agree with the view that increasing dependence on donor agencies for development reduces the importance of community participation in the development process? Justify your answer.(UPSC IAS/2022)
At the 18th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (PBD), the Prime Minister called the Indian diaspora “ambassadors to the world.” He praised them for blending into local societies, helping communities, and contributing to India’s progress.
Why do celebrate Pravasi Bharatiya Divas?
Pravasi Bharatiya Divas is the flagship event organized by the Ministry of External Affairs to honor the achievements and contributions of Indians living abroad.
This celebration is held every two years on January 9, marking the day in 1915 when Mahatma Gandhi, regarded as the greatest Pravasi, returned to India from South Africa to lead the country’s freedom movement.
Since 2015, the event has been held biennially, with theme-based conferences organized during the intervening years.
The location of the convention changes to showcase the progress and diversity of different regions in India.
Who are the Girmitiyas?
The Girmitiyas were indentured laborers from British India who were transported during the 19th and early 20th centuries to work on plantations in various countries.
The term “Girmitiyas” originates from the Indian pronunciation of the English word “agreement”, referencing the contracts they signed.
The Girmitiyas were sent to places such as Fiji, Mauritius, Seychelles, Reunion, South Africa, Trinidad and Tobago, British Guiana (now Guyana), Suriname, Malaysia, and Kenya.
These laborers were bound by contracts, called Girmits (agreements), which required them to work for a single employer at a fixed wage for a period of 3 to 5 years.
What are the challenges faced by Indians abroad?
Increasing Visa Restrictions: Countries like the United States and the United Kingdom have implemented stricter immigration policies, particularly affecting skilled Indian workers.
For instance, during Donald Trump’s presidency, uncertainties surrounding H-1B visas created significant anxiety among Indian professionals seeking employment in the U.S. This has led to a perception that Indian workers are being unfairly targeted as competition for local jobs.
Global Conflicts: Many Indians work in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, where job security is often threatened by volatile oil prices and changing labour laws.
For example, “Saudisation” policies in Saudi Arabia have forced many Indian workers to return home unexpectedly, leading to economic hardship.
Additionally, ongoing conflicts in regions like Iraq and Syria pose risks to the safety of Indians living and working there.
Political Vulnerability: The Indian government’s recent actions to revoke Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) cards from individuals critical of its policies have created a climate of fear among the diaspora. This has raised concerns about freedom of expression and political rights for those living abroad, making many feel vulnerable and unce.
What role does the Indian diaspora play in India’s global influence?
Economic Contributions: The Indian diaspora plays a crucial role in India’s economy through substantial remittances, which totalled approximately $108 billion in 2022. These funds significantly contribute to poverty reduction and economic stability in India.Example: Remittances from the UAE
Political Influence: Many individuals of Indian origin hold prominent political positions in various countries, enhancing India’s political clout on global platforms such as the United Nations.Example: Kamala Harris
Cultural Diplomacy: The diaspora acts as cultural ambassadors, promoting Indian traditions, values, and soft power globally through initiatives like yoga, Bollywood cinema, and festivals.Example: International Day of Yoga
Networking Opportunities: The diaspora serves as a bridge between India and other nations, facilitating trade relations and foreign direct investment (FDI), thereby enhancing India’s global economic standing.
What are the steps taken by the government?
Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs: Established in 2004, this ministry was created to specifically address issues faced by the Indian diaspora. It was later merged with the Ministry of External Affairs in 2016 to streamline efforts and enhance synergy in engaging with the diaspora.
Pravasi Bharatiya Diwas: Celebrated annually since 2003, this event recognizes the contributions of the Indian diaspora to India’s progress and fosters a sense of connection between Indians abroad and their homeland.
Know India Programme (KIP): This initiative aims to familiarize youth of Indian origin with contemporary India through a three-week orientation program. It provides exposure to various aspects of Indian culture, economy, and society.
Pravasi Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PKVY): Launched to enhance the skills of Indian workers going abroad, this scheme provides training on laws, language, and culture relevant to their destination countries.
Scholarship Programme for Diaspora Children (SPDC): This program offers scholarships for Persons of Indian Origin (PIO) and Non-Resident Indian (NRI) students pursuing undergraduate courses in India
Proxy Voting for NRIs: The Representation of the People (Amendment) Bill 2017 allows NRIs to participate in elections through proxy voting, enhancing their engagement in India’s democratic processes.
How can India better engage with its diaspora? (Way forward)
Inclusive Policies: The Indian government should adopt inclusive and non-partisan policies that foster a sense of belonging among all members of the diaspora, regardless of their political views.
Addressing Concerns: Proactively addressing issues such as visa restrictions and safety concerns in conflict zones can enhance trust and cooperation between the diaspora and the Indian government.
Leveraging Expertise: India can better engage its diaspora by tapping into their expertise in various fields, encouraging knowledge transfer, investment in startups, and collaboration on technological innovations.
Cultural Exchange Programs: Promoting cultural initiatives that celebrate Indian heritage can strengthen ties between India and its diaspora, fostering a sense of identity and community.
Mains PYQ:
Q ‘Indian diaspora has a decisive role to play in the politics and economy of America and European Countries’. Comment with examples. (UPSC IAS/2020)
The Supreme Court fined Rs. 1 Lakh on a dishonest person who kept filing unnecessary and baseless cases. The Court said that while everyone has the right to go to court, it should be used responsibly.
What is meant by ‘Right to Access to Justice’?
The Right to Access to Justice refers to the fundamental principle that individuals should have the ability to seek and obtain remedies through formal or informal institutions of justice for grievances.
This right is rooted in the rule of law and ensures that all citizens, regardless of their background, can effectively resolve their legal issues and hold decision-makers accountable.
Without access to justice, individuals may be unable to exercise their rights, challenge discrimination, or seek redress for wrongs they have suffered.
What are the other provisions related to the Right to Access to Justice?
Article 14 (Equality before the law): This article guarantees that everyone is treated equally under the law, regardless of their background or status.
A notable example is the Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India case (1978), where the Supreme Court held that the right to life and personal liberty under Article 21 also includes the right to fair procedure.
Article 21 (Right to life and personal liberty): This article protects the fundamental right to life, which has been interpreted by the Supreme Court to include the right to a fair and just legal process.
In the State of Maharashtra v. Chandrabhan (1983) case, the Supreme Court ruled that access to justice is a key aspect of the right to life under Article 21, emphasizing the importance of protecting personal liberty.
Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987: This Act ensures free legal aid for the poor and disadvantaged, promoting equality in accessing justice.
A significant example is the National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India (2014) case, where the Supreme Court directed the implementation of effective legal aid programs for the marginalized, making access to justice easier for underprivileged groups.
Article 39A (Free legal aid): This article mandates the state to provide free legal assistance to ensure that no one is denied justice due to financial incapacity.
An example is the Laxmi v. Union of India (2014) case, where the Supreme Court directed the government to ensure legal aid is available for victims of acid attacks, recognizing that financial constraints should not prevent victims from seeking justice.
Judicial Precedents (Supreme Court Decisions): The Supreme Court has consistently expanded the concept of access to justice. In Delhi Domestic Workers Forum v. Union of India (2016), the Court recognized the need for legal protection for domestic workers, expanding access to justice for marginalized groups.
National Legal Services Authority (NALSA): NALSA has played a crucial role in ensuring legal aid for marginalized communities.
For instance, in the NALSA v. Union of India (2014) case, the Court ordered the government to set up legal aid camps and ensure access to justice for tribals and marginalized groups, further solidifying NALSA’s role in promoting equality and fairness in the legal system.
What are the essential elements for the Right to Access to Justice?
Availability of Legal Remedies: Individuals must have access to effective legal remedies that can address their grievances.
Affordability: Legal services should be financially accessible, with provisions for free legal aid where necessary.
Awareness and Information: Citizens should be informed about their rights and the legal processes available to them.
Fair Procedures: The judicial process must be transparent and fair, providing all parties an equal opportunity to present their case.
Physical and Legal Access: This includes not only the ability to enter courts but also having the necessary support systems in place, such as legal representation and knowledge of the law.
Way forward:
Strengthening Legal Aid and Awareness Programs: Expand the reach of legal aid services and increase awareness campaigns to ensure marginalized groups are informed about their rights and legal remedies.
Reforming Judicial Infrastructure: Enhance the accessibility and efficiency of judicial systems by addressing delays, improving court infrastructure, and ensuring the availability of affordable legal representation for all citizens.
Mains PYQ:
Q Judicial Legislation is antithetical to the doctrine of separation of powers as envisaged in the Indian Constitution. In this context justify the filing of large number of public interest petitions praying for issuing guidelines to executive authorities. (UPSC IAS/2020)
The Vice President addressed the inauguration ceremony of the 25th National Conference of Chairpersons of State Public Service Commissions (SPSCs) in Bengaluru.
About State Public Service Commission (SPSC):
Details
SPSCs are independent constitutional bodies established under Articles 315 to 323 in Part XIV of the Constitution of India.
Modeled on the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) to recruit for state services and advise the state government on personnel matters.
Proposed under the Government of India Act (GoI), 1919, and formally established through the GoI Act, 1935, after the ‘Lee Commission (1924)’ recommendations.
Serve as the central recruiting agency for the state, distinct from the Department of Personnel or General Administration Department.
Note: Recommendations made by SPSCs are advisory, and the government has discretion to accept or reject them, subject to accountability to the Legislature.
Composition
Composed of a Chairman and other members appointed by the Governor of the state.
At least 50% of the members must have held a government post (Central or State) for at least 10 years.
Members hold office for 6 years or until they attain the age of 62, whichever is earlier.
The Governor has discretionary power over composition, service conditions, and temporary appointments of acting Chairpersons during vacancies.
Members can resign by addressing the resignation to the Governor.
Removal is initiated by the President for grounds like insolvency, paid employment, infirmity, or misbehavior, following a Supreme Court inquiry.
Powers and Functions
Recruitment and Appointments: Conducts exams for appointments to state civil services and posts.
Advisory Role: Provides guidance on recruitment methods, promotions, transfers, and disciplinary matters.
Judicial Appointments: Consulted, along with the State High Court, on rules for appointments to the state judiciary (excluding district judges).
Annual Reporting: Submits a performance report to the Governor, who presents it to the State Legislature with explanations for non-acceptance of advice.
Disciplinary Action: Consulted by the government in cases involving disciplinary measures for civil servants, alongside the State Vigilance Commission.
Security and Independence
Tenure Protection: Members can only be removed for constitutionally specified reasons.
Financial Independence: Expenses are charged on the Consolidated Fund of the State, requiring no legislative vote.
Post-Tenure Appointments:
Chairpersons can be appointed as Chairman or members of UPSC or another SPSC but not in other government roles.
Members can be appointed as Chairperson or members of UPSC or another SPSC but not to other government roles.
PYQ:
[2015] Consider the following statements:
1. The Executive Power of the union of India is vested in the Prime Minister.
2. The Prime Minister is the ex officio Chairman of the Civil Services Board.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
