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  • GDP was lower than expected. Here’s how to move ahead

    Why in the News?

    India has been growing well even with global challenges. After growing by 8.2% in 2023-24 and 6.7% in the first quarter of 2024-25, growth slowed down to 5.4% in the second quarter.

    Is the Slowdown in GDP Growth a Temporary Setback or a Sign of a Longer-Term Trend?

    • Current Growth Trends: India’s GDP growth decelerated to 5.4% in the second quarter of FY 2024-25, down from 6.7% in the previous quarter and 8.1% in the same quarter last year. This sharp decline has raised concerns about the sustainability of growth, particularly given that industrial performance has been poor, especially in the mining, manufacturing, and electricity sectors.
    • Sectoral Performance: The industrial sector’s growth slowed to 3.6% from 8.3%, indicating significant challenges in manufacturing and mining.
      • While agriculture has shown recovery due to good Kharif harvests, and the services sector remains robust, the overall industrial slowdown suggests vulnerabilities that could impact future growth.
    • Expectations for Recovery: Despite the current slowdown, there are expectations for GDP growth to rebound in the latter half of the fiscal year due to improved government expenditure and rural consumption. However, this recovery is contingent upon various factors, including global economic conditions and domestic consumption patterns.
    • Long-Term Concerns: Analysts caution that while some recovery is anticipated, the overall GDP growth for FY 2024-25 is projected to be lower at around 6.5%, which is a decrease from the 7-8% range seen in previous years.

    Measures to Stimulate Consumer Sentiment and Boost Household Spending

    • Tax Benefits for Households: The government could consider implementing tax incentives aimed at increasing disposable income for households, thereby encouraging spending. This could involve direct tax cuts or enhanced deductions for certain expenditures.
    • Job Creation Initiatives: A strong focus on job creation, especially in sectors vulnerable to automation, could bolster household incomes and consumer confidence. Initiatives could include skill development programs and incentives for businesses that hire more workers.
    • Support for Agriculture: Given the positive impact of agricultural performance on rural consumption, enhancing support for farmers through subsidies or better access to markets could further stimulate spending in rural areas.
    • Addressing Inflation Concerns: Moderating food inflation through effective supply chain management and price controls could help ease consumer spending pressures. Ensuring stable prices for essential commodities would improve overall consumer sentiment.
    • Incentives for Private Investment: Encouraging private sector investment through favorable policies and easing regulatory burdens can lead to increased economic activity and job creation.

    How Should Policymakers Respond to Current Economic Challenges? (Way forward)

    • Enhance Public Investment: Policymakers should prioritize increasing government capital expenditure (capex), which has been weak due to election-related restrictions. A robust public investment strategy can stimulate economic activity and create jobs.
    • Focus on Deregulation: Continued efforts to deregulate sectors can improve business confidence and attract private investments, fostering a more conducive environment for growth.
    • Monitor Global Developments: Policymakers need to remain vigilant regarding global economic trends that could impact India’s economy, including potential trade wars or geopolitical tensions. Preparing contingency plans will be crucial in mitigating risks associated with global volatility.
    • Strengthen Domestic Demand: Given the uncertain global environment, strengthening domestic demand through targeted fiscal policies will be essential for sustainable growth. This includes measures that directly enhance consumer spending power.
    • Long-Term Growth Strategy: A comprehensive strategy focusing on enhancing productivity across sectors, investing in infrastructure, and fostering innovation will be critical for raising India’s potential GDP growth over the long term.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Despite India being one of the countries of Gondwanaland, its mining industry contributes much less to its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in percentage. Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2021)

  • Frontline nutrition workers foster disability inclusion 

    Why in the News?

    December 3, International Day of Persons with Disabilities, promotes awareness of their rights, inclusion, and needs, emphasizing support for one of the world’s most marginalized and underrepresented communities.

    What are the barriers faced by individuals with disabilities in accessing nutrition services?

    • Physical Accessibility: Many individuals with disabilities face challenges in accessing physical locations where nutrition services are provided, such as grocery stores or health clinics. This includes barriers like lack of ramps, inaccessible transportation, and inadequate facilities.
    • Lack of Knowledge and Skills: Individuals with disabilities may have limited knowledge about nutrition and cooking skills, which can hinder their ability to prepare healthy meals. This is often compounded by the need for assistance from caregivers who may not be well-informed about nutritional needs.
    • Financial Constraints: Economic factors play a significant role; many individuals with disabilities experience financial instability, limiting their ability to purchase nutritious food. This is particularly true in low-income households where resources are scarce.
    • Social Isolation and Stigma: People with disabilities often face social isolation and stigma, which can affect their access to community resources and support networks that provide nutritional assistance or education.
    • Complex Health Needs: Many individuals with disabilities have specific dietary requirements or face challenges related to feeding, swallowing, or digestion, making it difficult to meet their nutritional needs without tailored support.
    • Inadequate Public Health Support: In many regions, public health systems fail to provide adequate nutritional support for individuals with disabilities, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where resources may be limited.

    How can nutrition programs be adapted to ensure they are inclusive of individuals with disabilities?

    • Tailored Nutritional Education: Nutrition programs should include educational components that cater specifically to the needs of individuals with disabilities, focusing on accessible cooking methods and meal planning that accommodate various dietary restrictions.
    • Accessible Service Delivery: Programs should ensure that nutrition services are delivered in accessible locations and formats, including home visits for those unable to travel or online platforms for remote consultations.
    • Community Engagement: Involving individuals with disabilities in the design and implementation of nutrition programs can help ensure that their unique needs are met. This could include feedback mechanisms to adapt services based on community input.
    • Training for Caregivers: Providing training for caregivers on the specific nutritional needs of individuals with disabilities can enhance meal preparation and dietary management at home.
    • Financial Assistance Programs: Implementing subsidies or financial assistance programs can help alleviate the economic burden on families caring for individuals with disabilities, enabling them to purchase healthier food options.
    • Integration with Health Services: Nutrition programs should be integrated with broader health services to provide comprehensive support that addresses both nutritional needs and overall health outcomes.

    What role do Anganwadi workers play in promoting disability inclusion in their communities?

    • Early Identification and Referral: Anganwadi workers play a crucial role in the early identification of disabilities among children through monitoring developmental milestones and referring families to appropriate health services.
    • Community Education: They engage communities through initiatives like podcasts (e.g., “Nanhe Farishtey”) to raise awareness about disabilities and promote inclusive practices within local settings.
    • Nutrition Service Delivery: As frontline community nutrition providers, Anganwadi workers deliver vital nutrition services tailored to the needs of children with disabilities, ensuring they receive adequate dietary support.
    • Collaboration with Other Health Workers: Anganwadi workers collaborate with Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) workers to create a network of support for families dealing with disabilities, facilitating access to medical care and government benefits.
    • Capacity Building: Ongoing training on disability inclusion through protocols like the ‘Anganwadi Protocol for Divyang Children’ equips workers with the knowledge necessary to support children with disabilities effectively.
    • Advocacy for Rights and Resources: They advocate for the rights of persons with disabilities within their communities, helping families navigate available resources such as disability certificates and pensions.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Inclusive Infrastructure and Services: Develop accessible infrastructure, including Anganwadi centres and transportation, while integrating nutrition programs with health services to provide tailored support for individuals with disabilities.
    • Empower Community and Frontline Workers: Enhance training for Anganwadi workers and caregivers, promote community engagement to address stigma, and ensure financial support for families to improve access to nutritious food and essential services.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 remains only a legal document without intense sensitisation of government functionaries and citizens regarding disability. Comment. (UPSC IAS/2022)

  • URBANISATION AND ASSOCIATED ISSUES

    URBANISATION AND ASSOCIATED ISSUES

    Urbanisation is important in UPSC CSE Mains due to its impact on economic growth, social dynamics, and governance challenges. It underscores the need for sustainable urban planning, infrastructure development, and equitable resource distribution to manage its complex implications effectively.

    Questions in UPSC CSE (Mains) from this theme

    • Does urbanisation lead to more segregation and/or marginalisation of the poor in Indian metropolises? (2023)
    • How is the growth of Tier 2 cities related to the rise of a new middle class with an emphasis on the culture of consumption? (2022)
    • Smart cities in India cannot sustain without smart villages. Discuss this statement in the backdrop of rural urban integration. (2015)
    • Discuss the various social problems which originated out of the speedy process of urbanisation in India. (2013)
    • How is efficient and affordable urban mass transport key to the rapid economic development of India? (2019)
    • With a brief background of quality of urban life in India, introduce the objectives and strategy of the ‘Smart City Programme’. (2016)

    Sub-themes

    In line with the trends of the exam, we have prepared this study material with the following subthemes:

    • Urban poverty
    • Urbanisation and  middle class
    • Smart Cities
    • Urban- Rural linkages
    • Rapid urbanisation in india
    • Urban heat islands

    Definition Of Urbanisation

    Urbanisation is the process of transformation that occurs as a society evolves from predominantly rural to predominantly urban areas. Urbanisation encompasses social, economic, and cultural transformations. It is driven by the migration of individuals from rural to urban areas in pursuit of employment opportunities, improved living standards, access to better education and healthcare facilities.

    Growth Trends

    PeriodCities with Population >1 MillionShare of Urban Population
    20013537%
    20115342.6%

    Future Projections

    By 2031, nearly 41% of people will reside in urban India, with significant prosperity in metros and boom towns. States like Uttar Pradesh, Telangana, and West Bengal are witnessing faster middle-class growth, driven by multiple urban centres.

    Challenges faced by Urban Middle Class

    ChallengeSolution
    Urban CongestionDevelop infrastructure to accommodate growth. Example: Metro rail projects in major cities
    Rising Living CostsImplement affordable housing policies. Example: Affordable Rental Housing Complexes (ARHCs)
    Job Market SaturationPromote skill development and diversified job opportunities. Example: Skill India Mission
    Healthcare and EducationEnhance public healthcare and educational facilities. Example: Ayushman Bharat Yojana, Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan
    Environmental ImpactInvest in sustainable urban development practices. Example: AMRUT Mission

    Smart Cities Mission

    One hundred cities were selected for five years under the mission, aimed at driving economic growth and improving the quality of life of people by enabling local development and harnessing technology.

    SCM StrategyDetails
    Pan-City InitiativeAt least one smart solution applied city-wide.
    Area-Based Development

    Area-Based Development
    Retrofitting (city improvement), Redevelopment (city renewal), Greenfield projects (city extension).
    Core Infrastructure Elements
    Adequate water supply, Assured electricity supply, Sanitation, Efficient urban mobility and public transport, Affordable housing, Robust IT connectivity and digitalisation, Good governance, Sustainable environment, Safety and security, Health and education.

    Funding and Implementation

    The mission, initially planned for five years (FY 2015-16 to FY 2019-20), was extended until June 2024. It operates as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) with Rs 48,000 crores of financial support from the Central Government over five years. States and Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) contribute matching funds, bringing the total to nearly Rs 1 lakh crore for Smart Cities development. 

    A Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) led by a bureaucrat or MNC representative, and other major stakeholders was created, bypassing traditional city governance models.

    Current Status and ChallengesDetails
    Projects sanctioned8,033
    Total outlay reduced₹1,67,875 crore
    Projects completed5533
    Ongoing projects1921

    Convergence with Other Government Schemes

    Comprehensive development is achieved by integrating the SCM with other sectoral schemes like AMRUT, Swachh Bharat Mission, Digital India, Skill Development, and Housing for All.

    ChallengesSolutions
    Funding Shortfalls: Securing adequate funding is a significant challenge due to the ambitious scope of the Smart Cities Mission. Relying solely on government funds is insufficient.Increase private sector participation and develop innovative financing models. 
    Example: Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) in infrastructure projects.
    Exclusion of Areas: The mission often focuses on specific areas within a city, leading to the exclusion of other regions that also need development.Ensure inclusive development across entire cities. Example: Integrated development planning with AMRUT Mission.
    Governance Issues: Effective governance is crucial but can be hindered by bureaucratic inefficiencies, lack of coordination, and insufficient capacity of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs).Strengthen governance frameworks and SPV structures. 
    Example: Training and capacity building programs for ULBs.
    Displacement of Communities: Urban development projects can lead to the displacement of poorer communities, with residents being forced out without adequate compensation or relocation plans.Implement policies to protect vulnerable populations. 
    Example: Rajiv Awas Yojana.
    Infrastructure Disruptions: Large-scale infrastructure projects can disrupt urban environments, causing issues like urban flooding, traffic congestion, and environmental degradation.Use sustainable urban planning to avoid infrastructure issues like flooding. 
    Example: Nature-based solutions and green infrastructure.

    Urban-Rural Linkages

    Urban-Rural Linkages touch on a broad variety of thematic areas ranging from urban and territorial planning, strengthening small and intermediate towns, enabling spatial flows of people, products, services and information to fostering food security systems. 

    They also involve addressing mobility and migration, reducing the environmental impact in urban-rural convergences, developing legislation and governance structures, and promoting inclusive financial investments.

    Importance of Urban-Rural Linkages
    Mutual Dependence: Urban and rural areas rely on each other for economic and social stability. Balanced development ensures mutual growth.
    Reducing Rural Poverty: Strengthening linkages helps reduce rural poverty by enhancing access to markets, services, and opportunities.
    Integrated Planning: Essential for achieving sustainable development goals by promoting cohesive planning and resource management.
    Economic Growth: Urban areas provide markets for rural products, while rural areas supply food and raw materials.
    Cultural Exchange: Facilitates the exchange of social and cultural practices, enriching both communities.
    Infrastructure and Services: Integrated planning improves the delivery of transportation, healthcare, and education.
    Environmental Sustainability: Balanced development helps manage natural resources more sustainably, reducing environmental degradation.
    Managing Migration: Better linkages can manage migration flows, reducing pressure on urban areas and providing rural opportunities.
    Food Security: Strengthening linkages improves agricultural supply chains and reduces post-harvest losses.
    Effective Governance: Integrated governance ensures coherent development strategies for both urban and rural areas.

    Challenges and Solutions for Urban-Rural Linkages

    ChallengesSolutions
    Development Gaps: Significant development gaps exist between urban and rural areas, leading to unequal access to resources and opportunities.Implement integrated urban and territorial planning. Example: Integrated Rural Urban Linkages (IRUL) framework by UN-Habitat.
    Infrastructure Deficit: Rural areas often suffer from a lack of essential infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and communication networks, hindering connectivity with urban areas.Invest in infrastructure to support rural-urban connectivity. Example: Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY).
    Economic Disparities: Economic disparities between urban and rural areas lead to uneven development and limited economic opportunities for rural populations.Promote balanced economic development and inclusive investments. Example: Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM).
    Governance Issues:  Fragmented governance and lack of coordination between different administrative levels and sectors hinder effective implementation of development policies.Strengthen multi-sectoral, multi-level governance frameworks. Example: Convergence initiatives in Andhra Pradesh.
    Environmental Impact:  Urban expansion and rural development can lead to environmental degradation, affecting biodiversity and natural resources.Implement environmentally sensitive policies. Example: National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG).

    Rapid Urbanisation in India

    One of the most complex challenges India faces today is the pace and pattern of urbanisation. By 2036, its towns and cities will be home to 600 million people, or 40% of the population, up from 31% in 2011. Urban areas are expected to contribute almost 70% to GDP. Managing this urban transformation effectively will be crucial for India’s ambition of becoming a developed country by 2047.

    Key Statistics

    PeriodUrban Population (%)Urban Population (millions)
    201131%~377
    203640%~600
    205050%~820

    Investment Needs

    India will need to invest $840 billion in infrastructure by 2036, averaging $55 billion or 1.2% of GDP annually. However, between 2011 and 2018, India’s total capital expenditure on urban infrastructure averaged only 0.6% of GDP.

    Funding SourcesPercentage
    Central and State Governments72%
    Commercial Financing5%
    Private FinancingHigh potential but underutilised

    Key Strategies for Urban Transformation

    StrategyExample
    Set up Smart New CitiesDevelop new urban areas with modern infrastructure and facilities. Implement public-private partnership models. Example: Dholera Smart City Project.
    Develop Transport CorridorsLeverage transport corridors for new city locations. Establish corridor development agencies to tie up with city planning. Example: Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC).
    Revitalise Manufacturing SectorIncentivise the location of manufacturing units in new cities. Use specially empowered governance structures to streamline approvals. Example: Make in India initiative.
    Build Capacity of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs)Execute bankable projects to attract private investment. Develop municipal bond markets and innovative financing structures. Example: Capacity building programs under AMRUT Mission.
    Invest in Public ServicesImprove access to healthcare and education. Enhance public transportation systems. Example: Ayushman Bharat Yojana, Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan.
    Promote Water SecurityDevelop infrastructure for efficient water use and recycling. Example: Jal Jeevan Mission.

    Examples of Urban Transformation

    City/TownInitiative
    ChennaiHolistic approach to transportation, establishing a nodal body.
    SuratLarge-scale wastewater recycling.
    DharampuriIntegrated approach to water supply, recycling wastewater.

    Challenges and Solutions for Rapid Urbanisation

    ChallengeSolution with Example
    Infrastructure DeficitIncrease investment in urban infrastructure development. Example: AMRUT Mission.
    Environmental SustainabilityImplement sustainable urban planning and green technologies. Example: National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC).
    Economic DisparitiesPromote inclusive economic growth and employment opportunities. Example: Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Urban Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NULM).
    Governance and PlanningStrengthen urban governance frameworks and planning processes. Example: Smart Cities Mission.
    Housing ShortagesDevelop affordable housing policies and programs. Example: Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban).

    Urban Heat Islands

    Urban heat islands (UHIs) are local and temporary phenomena where certain pockets within a city experience higher temperatures than surrounding areas due to trapped heat.

    Causes of Urban Heat Islands

    CauseDetails
    Construction ActivitiesIncreased use of asphalt and concrete trapping heat.
    Dark SurfacesBuildings with dark surfaces absorb more heat.
    Air ConditioningIncreased energy use and local heating from air conditioners.
    Urban ArchitectureTall buildings and narrow streets reduce air circulation.
    Transportation SystemsUse of fossil fuels adds warmth.
    Lack of Green AreasReduces cooling effects from evapotranspiration and shade.

    Mitigation Strategies for Urban Heat Islands

    StrategyExample
    Increase Area Under Green CoverPlant trees and increase green spaces. Example: Green Delhi Campaign.
    Passive Cooling TechnologiesUse naturally ventilated building designs. Example: Traditional architecture in Jodhpur.
    Appropriate Construction MaterialsUse materials with higher reflectivity. Example: Cool roofs in Ahmedabad.
    Roof and Terrace TreatmentsPaint roofs and terraces with white or light colours. Example: White roofs initiative in Jaipur.
    Promote Terrace PlantationEncourage rooftop gardens and kitchen gardens. Example: Rooftop gardens in Bangalore.

    Government Efforts towards Sustainable Urbanisation

    InitiativeDescriptionExample
    AMRUTA step towards harnessing the agglomeration economies of urban centres.AMRUT initiatives in Varanasi and Bhopal
    Pradhan Mantri Awas YojanaProgramme for affordable housing with credit-linked subsidy.Affordable housing projects in Mumbai
    Smart Cities MissionUrban development programme to develop 100 cities across the country, making them citizen-friendly and sustainable.Smart city projects in Pune and Surat
    National Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY)Scheme for the holistic development of heritage cities.HRIDAY projects in Varanasi and Jaipur
    Swachh Bharat MissionInitiative to promote cleanliness and sanitation across urban and rural areas.
    Deen Dayal Antodaya Yojana – National Urban Livelihood Mission (DAY – NULM)Aims at creating opportunities for skill development leading to market-based employment and helping the poor set up self-employment ventures.Skill development programmes
    Urban TransportInterventions like Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) and financing of metro rail projects.BRTS in cities like Ahmedabad
    Pooled Finance Development Fund SchemeFacilitates development of bankable urban infrastructure projects and helps Urban Local Bodies access capital and financial markets.Municipal bonds for urban infrastructure
    North Eastern Region Urban Development Programme (NERUDP)Covers priority urban services like water supply, sewerage and sanitation, and solid waste management in the capital cities of five North Eastern states.Urban development in Agartala and Aizawl

    Measures Needed for Urban Development

    MeasureDescriptionExample
    Increase Connectivity and InfrastructureInitiatives like AMRUT, Smart Cities, Digital India, BharatMala, PMGSY to spread the manufacturing sector evenly.Improved connectivity through BharatMala in remote areas
    Planning of Peri-Urban AreasProper planning and increased connectivity to spread out the population evenly.RURBAN scheme to develop rural-urban clusters
    Improve Access to Telecommunication and Post-Secondary EducationImprove access in secondary cities to spread the service sector.Expansion of telecommunication networks in tier-2 cities
    Incentivise Setting Up Manufacturing IndustriesEncourage setting up industries in underdeveloped areas.National Industrial Manufacturing Zones
    Strengthen Allied ActivitiesBoost food processing through Food Parks to reduce migration.Establishment of Food Parks in states like Punjab
    Boost MSMEs in Smaller CitiesEncourage growth of MSMEs responsible for creating jobs.Support for MSMEs in cities like Coimbatore and Sura

    Urbanisation is a dynamic process that brings both opportunities and challenges. Effective urban planning, inclusive policies, and sustainable development strategies are essential to harness the positive impacts of urbanisation and address its associated problems. By promoting ‘good’ urbanisation, India can achieve higher living standards, economic growth, and social cohesion, ultimately contributing to the nation’s overall development.

  • International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD)

    Why in the News?

    The ICIMOD has launched Air Quality Dashboard for Indo-Gangetic Plain.

    ICIMOD Air Quality Dashboard: Important Features

    • The dashboard provides real-time and forecasted air quality data for the region.
    • It uses a combination of ground sensor data and satellite imagery to give a comprehensive view of air pollution across local, sub-regional, and regional scales.
    • A dynamic timelapse powered by the Weather Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) tracks the spread of PM2.5 across the region.
    • This model highlights the spread of pollution from hotspots like Lahore, New Delhi, and Kolkata.
    • It provides two-day forecasts, allowing communities, policymakers, and researchers to anticipate air quality conditions and take proactive measures.

    About the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD):

    Details
    • A regional intergovernmental learning and knowledge-sharing centre founded in 1981.
      • Idea of creating ICIMOD was first discussed at the International Workshop in December 1974.
    • 8 regional member countries of the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) region: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, and Pakistan.
      • HKH region encompasses mountain ranges, including the Hindu Kush, Himalayas, and Tibetan Plateau, extending from northern Afghanistan to Myanmar.
    Structural Mandate
    • Headquartered in Khumaltar, Lalitpur, and Kathmandu Valley, Nepal.
    • ICIMOD also has a Knowledge Park in Godavari, Lalitpur exhibiting ICIMOD’s research and field applications.
    • Country offices in Afghanistan and Pakistan.
    Functions and Powers
    • Collaborates with national and international scientific institutions, government agencies, donor agencies, and the private sector, both within the region and globally.
    • Key Role: Promotes partnerships among regional member countries to secure a better future for the people and environment of the HKH region.

     

    PYQ:

    [2012] When you travel in Himalayas, you will see the following:

    1. Deep gorges
    2. U-turn river courses
    3. Parallel mountain ranges
    4. Steep gradients causing land sliding

    Which of the above can be said to be the evidence for Himalayas being young fold mountains?

    (a) 1 and 2 only
    (b) 1, 2 and 4 only
    (c) 3 and 4 only
    (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

  • Gandhamardan Hills, Odisha

    Why in the News?

    The Odisha government has clarified that it will not allow bauxite mining in the Gandhamardan hills after concerns arose when the Adani Group’s subsidiary acquired 112 acres of land near the hills.

    Gandhamardan Hills, Odisha

    About Gandhamardan Hills:

    Geographical Features
    • Situated in the western part of Odisha, spread across the Bargarh and Bolangir districts.
    • Covers an area of 190 square kilometers.
    • Dense forests and hill slopes.
    • Plays a crucial role in sustaining the livelihoods of local communities.
    Mines and Minerals Found
    • Bauxite: Primary ore of aluminum.
    • Graphite: Used in industrial applications.
    • Manganese: Important for steel manufacturing.
    Significance Cultural Sites:

    1. Nrusinghanath Temple: A major pilgrimage site dedicated to Lord Nrusingha, a half-lion, half-human incarnation of Lord Vishnu.
    2. Harishankar Temple: Dedicated to Lord Shiva and Vishnu, set amidst picturesque surroundings.

    Hiuen Tsang described the hill shrine as a Buddhist heritage site named Parimalagiri in his chronicles.

    Flora: Rich in medicinal plants.
    Fauna: Rich biodiversity, including diverse wildlife species.

    Dasycarpa and spider peucetia harishankarensis are endemic to this hill.

    Declared as a Biodiversity Heritage Site (BHS) by the Odisha government in March 2023 (making 37th BHS in India).

     

    PYQ:

    [2015] Consider the following pairs :

    Place of Pilgrimage: Location

    1. Srisailam : Nallamala Hills

    2. Omkareshwar : Satmala Hills

    3. Pushkar: Mahadeo Hills

    Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 1 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

  • [pib] SHAKTI Yojana

    Why in the News?

    The SHAKTI Yojana plays a crucial role in enhancing the reliability of coal supply for India’s power sector.

    About SHAKTI Yojana:

    Details SHAKTI stands for Scheme for Harnessing and Allocating Koyala Transparently in India.
    Introduced by: Ministry of Coal, Government of India.
    Launched in 2018, with amendments in March 2019 and November 2023.
    Purpose: Ensure transparent coal allocation to the power sector, especially stressed power units facing coal shortages.
    Objective Allocate coal supplies to power plants that are unable to secure adequate fuel, ensuring consistent and transparent coal supply to power plants.

    Features:

    Fuel Supply Agreement (FSA): Coal supplied through FSA with Letter of Assurance (LoA) holders, ensuring continuation of supply at 75% of the Annual Contracted Quantity (ACQ).

    Coal Linkages: Linkages granted to State/Central Generating Companies and Independent Power Producers (IPPs) with Long-Term PPAs.

    Significance • Ensures coal supply to stressed units, supporting new power plants and promoting transparency in coal allocation.
    Supports uninterrupted power generation by ensuring consistent fuel supply.

     

    About India’s Coal Gasification Vision:

    To achieve 100 MT of coal gasification by FY 2030, with a focus on sustainable practices and reducing carbon emissions.

    • Incentive: Reimburse GST compensation cess on coal used for gasification projects for 10 years, contingent on cess extension beyond FY27.
    • Target: Attract both Government PSUs and the Private Sector to drive innovation and investment in coal gasification.
    • Process: Entities selected through a transparent bidding process; government support for eligible PSUs and private firms to implement projects.

     

    PYQ:

    [2019] Consider the following statements:

    1. Coal sector was nationalized by the Government of India under Indira Gandhi.

    2. Now, coal blocks are allocated on lottery basis.

    3. Till recently, India imported coal to meet the shortages of domestic supply, but now India is self-sufficient in coal production.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

  • [December Batch For UPSC 2025 & 2026] Our UAP Mentorship Student Got AIR 2, Animesh Pradhan, First Attempt, Working Professional. Join UAP 2025 & 2026.

    [December Batch For UPSC 2025 & 2026] Our UAP Mentorship Student Got AIR 2, Animesh Pradhan, First Attempt, Working Professional. Join UAP 2025 & 2026.

    Animesh Pradhan, Age 24, Attempt: 1st, UPSC-CSE AIR 2.
    A graduate of NIT Rourkela, working as a full-time employee in Indian Oil Corp., he cleared UPSC CSE on his first attempt at the age of 24. He lost his father at an early age and was left with his Mother and elder sister. Unfortunately, his Mother passed away 40 days ago and couldn’t see her Son’s success and cherish it. His sister got married in January last year. He is a very committed, humble, and diligent student with high professional skills in managing work and studies.

    AIR 2, Animesh Pradhan at Civilsdaily Delhi Centre Today

    Schedule a 1-1 call with Civilsdaily’s Mentor for focused UPSC Prep

    UPSC preparation, IAS, UAP, Civilsdaily IAS, AIR 2, Animesh Pradhan

    With all the lows in life, he came with the hope that one day, his mother would see him becoming an IAS officer. Even though one wish in these two remained unachieved, wherever his mother is, her wishes will be with him, and if there is heaven at all, she might be celebrating this in that heaven.

    AIR 2, Animesh Pradhan On Call With Civilsdaily Mentor Showing His Gratitude

    We hope he achieves much more success and wish him enough grit to achieve whatever he wants in life. We expect him not to stop here and make this a mere small achievement in his list of aspirations.

    UPSC preparation, IAS, UAP, Civilsdaily IAS, AIR 2, Animesh Pradhan

    Animesh Pradhan enrolled in UAP Mentorship, and we made sure that he got his name on the list.

    Schedule a 1-1 call with Civilsdaily’s mentor

    Why Civilsdaily Mentorship and Programs Are Unique?

    Element No. 1: The System

    The first element of the powerful mentorship program at CD is – The System.

    The system is the method that is used during the program. One of the first surprising elements of a Civilsdaily program is that we do an early assessment of the current stage of aspirants. This is done in 10+ dimensions. Along with that, you get a lot of study material in advance. Unlike other courses that give you average content when the course begins, you get high-quality content for UPSC Prep well in advance. The reason for this is simple: The Mentor is not around to create “shock and awe”. Instead, the element that really helps learning is the “safe zone”. When aspirants get the material in advance, it gives them time to learn and absorb it. And then, when the initial assessments happen in the form of mock tests, the aspirant is able to apply the learning.

    One big reason we fail to learn and progress in UPSC Prep is that we do not have time to practice and attempt mocks. 

    No one is around to correct our mistakes. All we get is an endless stream of information, and mastery over exam is further away than ever. The notes themselves need design: lots of examples, relevance to PYQs, and easy-to-read language. The syllabus content needs to be broken up into consumable chunks. It’s design, design and more design. Check our atomic and flash notes, and you will understand what we mean. A well-constructed system is the first element of the program at CD but by no means the most important.

    Trying to cope with breathless content all at once is extremely intimidating for the aspirants. When you’re in a Civilsdaily Mentorship program, you get the content well in advance. There’s no need to create “shock and awe” while mentoring. You learn better when you know and own the content, using the course to practice and get better at it instead.

    Element No. 2: The Group

    A journey of a thousand miles can be really intimidating without a group because UPSC -CSE requires MCQ and answer writing aptitude, which requires constant practice. When you work alone, it’s easy to give up or get distracted. A group is what gets you ahead. But how do you get a group that’s focused, smart, and helpful? Do such groups even exist?

    There’s a saying in Africa: If you want to go quickly, go alone. If you want to go far, go with a group. And yet, not any group will do, will it? You’ve been in Telegram groups before, and the terms “kind, helpful and smart” don’t come to mind, do they?

    The one thing that will amaze you at Civilsdaily is how much you come to rely on your group. At first, many aspirants assume that their progress is a lonely journey. They learn what’s required, do their mocks, and when the course is done, they get to the finish line.

    And yet habit-creation reveals something entirely different.

    Snagging a bad habit is relatively easy. The moment you have to build a “good habit,” it’s a lot harder to stay motivated—unless, of course, you have a group.

    The aspirant groups at the Civilsdaily course are brilliant, focused and helpful.

    It almost seems hard to find such an active, helpful bunch of people. And the reason why you’ll find this level of camaraderie here, is because of several reasons. But the biggest reason of all is because we’re selective.

    We only let people in if they pass our filters.

    We also will not have overloading of any kind. Our program accepts limited aspirants. You simply will not see the ocean full of aspirants you see on other courses. Finally, we break up the groups into even smaller groups of six or seven aspirants. We keep it small and focused. This gets you closer to the finish line. In short, you go far.

    Element No. 3: Daily and Weekly Practice

    Without practice, mastery of this exam is difficult. Without daily and weekly practice, you have a “decay problem.” Other courses will give you content and mocks once a month and won’t provide any kind of mentor feedback. This is a recipe for disaster. You won’t know if you are making any progress at all. 

    That’s not how we run our programs.

    When you’re a part of the Civilsdaily Mentorship program, whether you’re a beginner or veteran, you have a schedule that is unique to you and your requirements for the duration of the program. As you’d expect, all this is designed with “tiny increments” in mind, but it is the daily and weekly practice that keeps away the decay.

    And everything is enriched with a 1:1 mentor call.

    Your Mentor checks your preparation and works with you to ensure progress—there is no exception. This enables you to learn bit by bit instead of being dumped with endless content that you might never use in an exam. When you consider all three elements: the system, the group, and the daily and weekly practice, you are able to create a habit. This habit leads to success in exam.

    Any new subject or mock can be a little unnerving when you don’t get regular practice. Our program is designed to help you learn layer by layer, and it involves small steps done daily. That way, if you press the “wrong button,” we can learn from the mistake, fix it, and move ahead at an even pace.

    This attention to detail is what makes the Civilsdaily Mentorship Program among the best. But you’ll find that out for yourself.

    To explore our Mentorship and schedule a pre-enrollment call, Fill this Mentorship Form (Free for the next 24 hours) to connect with our mentors.

    Schedule a 1-1 call

    The heart of the Civilsdaily platform is the Foundation Program and Ultimate Assessment Program (UAP). For years, aspirants have enrolled here because they couldn’t find such depth and passion towards quality content and Mentorship anywhere. Their search inevitably ends at Civilsdaily. Enrollment in these programs and Mentorship also makes us accountable to aspirants for the value they get. 

    In the past few years, we’ve worked quietly in the background with hundreds of aspirants; many now serve as IAS, IPS, IFS, and more. We are very proud of what we’ve achieved. Here are some of the recent rankers who show us gratitude.

    Fill up This Mentorship Form (Free for the next 24 hours) to connect with our mentors.

  • [2nd December 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Research security should be a national priority

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) Analyse the multidimensional challenges posed by external state and non-state actors, to the internal security of India. Also discuss measures required to be taken to combat these threats.  (UPSC CSE 2021)

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC Mains have focused on ‘Cyber Security’ (in 2022), and ‘Maritime Secuirty (2021).

    India ranks fourth globally in defense spending, behind only the United States, China, and Russia in terms of military budget allocation. To maintain its ranking and achieve its development objectives by 2047, India must invest more in research frameworks.

    Today’s editorial emphasizes the critical importance of enhancing research security, by taking an example of the United States as a means to protect national interests while fostering innovation and international collaboration. This content can be used as a successful case study to represent in your mains examination.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Recently, the US Government has come up with defense and security developments, particularly in the form of the National Science Foundation’s (NSF) new TRUST framework.

    • Research security has emerged as a pressing concern in the context of India’s national security too, particularly as global collaborations in science and technology increase.

    What measures are being implemented to enhance research security in India?

    The MeitY is developing infrastructure for advanced R&D in cybersecurity to promote indigenous skills and capabilities.

    • Technology Security Initiative with the UK: India has partnered with the United Kingdom to launch the Technology Security Initiative (TSI). This focuses on emerging technologies across sectors like telecommunications, semiconductors, AI, and biotech.
    • National Cyber Security Policy 2013: It serves as a comprehensive framework for enhancing the protection of India’s cyberspace by encouraging R&D in cyber security to develop technologies tailored to national needs. This framework has set up mechanisms like the National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC) to address cyber threats
    • Digital Personal Data Protection Bill (DPDPB) 2023: It includes the passage of the legislative measures, which aim to establish regulations for data processing entities to safeguard personal data and enhance privacy.
    CASE STUDY:

    The TRUST Framework (U.S.)The NSF has introduced the Trusted Research Using Safeguards and Transparency (TRUST) framework to assess grant proposals for potential national security risks. This initiative is designed to protect taxpayer investments in research while promoting beneficial international collaborations. The framework comprises three branches:
    1. Personnel Assessment: Evaluating active personnel appointments and positions.
    2. Compliance Monitoring: Identifying instances of noncompliance with disclosure requirements.
    3. National Security Considerations: Incorporating foreseeable national security risks into research assessments.

    Rebecca Keiser, head of the NSF’s Office of Research Security Strategy and Policy, emphasized that while it is essential to mitigate risks, the U.S. must continue to lead in science and innovation without succumbing to an overly cautious compliance culture.

    Why is research security essential for national defense?

    • Protection Against Foreign Influence: Foreign governments and entities often seek to exploit academic research for military and strategic advantages.
      • This exploitation can manifest in various forms, including intellectual property theft, sensitive data, and technological innovations. 
      • The Department of Defense (DoD) has highlighted concerns regarding foreign interference that jeopardizes the integrity of National research, necessitating robust security measures to safeguard against these threats.
    • Safeguarding National Interests:  Research contributes significantly to national defense capabilities and technological advancements.
      • The National Science Foundation (NSF) emphasizes that maintaining a secure research environment is crucial for fostering innovation while mitigating risks associated with foreign influence and espionage.
    • Enhancing Readiness and Capability: Defense research provides insights into emerging technologies and potential threats, allowing for informed decision-making regarding national defense strategies.
      • As noted in various reports, a decline in defense-related research funding can adversely affect a nation’s ability to respond to evolving security challenges.
    • Compliance with Legislative Mandates: Recent legislative initiatives, such as the CHIPS and Science Act of 2022 and National Security Presidential Memorandum 33 (NSPM-33), mandate that federal funding agencies implement research security programs to protect federally funded research from foreign interference.
      • These policies require institutions receiving significant federal funding to certify that they have established effective research security measures. 

    What are the challenges faced by Security Research Frameworks in India?

    • Fragmentation of Efforts: Despite numerous initiatives, India’s approach to cybersecurity remains fragmented, due to insufficient collaboration among various stakeholders that hinder effective implementation of security measures.
    • Shortage of Skilled Personnel: There is a significant gap in the availability of trained cybersecurity professionals. Further, the government’s inability to address emerging threats promptly due to a lack of expertise in critical areas like cyber forensics and incident response.
    • Vulnerability of Critical Infrastructure: India’s critical infrastructure, such as power grids and communication networks, is susceptible to cyber-attacks, posing risks to national security. High-profile incidents, like the attempted attack on the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant, highlight these vulnerabilities.
    • Evolving Threat Landscape:  The rapid evolution of cyber threats, including advanced persistent threats (APTs) and state-sponsored cyber espionage, complicates the security landscape. APTs have sophisticated attacks that are hard to identify and counteract effectively.

    How can collaboration between researchers and government agencies improve research integrity?

    • Establishing Clear Guidelines and Standards: Collaborative efforts allow researchers and government agencies to develop clear guidelines for ethical research practices. Different governments can provide frameworks that outline expectations for research conduct, helping to prevent misconduct.
    • Enhancing Risk Management: Working together enables a systematic approach to identifying and managing risks associated with research activities.Government agencies can help incorporate security measures into research protocols to mitigate risks related to foreign interference and data breaches.
    • Facilitating Training and Capacity Building: Government partnerships can enhance the training of researchers in best practices for maintaining integrity. Different agencies/stakeholders can offer educational materials and training programs focused on ethical research conduct and compliance with regulations.
    • Encouraging Transparency and Accountability: Collaborative frameworks can include mechanisms for reporting misconduct or conflicts of interest, ensuring issues are addressed promptly.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/research-security-should-be-a-national-priority/article68935590.ece

  • Electronic tracking of undertrials on bail: benefits and challenges

    Why in the News?

    President Droupadi Murmu unveiled the Supreme Court’s Centre for Research and Planning report, Prisons in India: Mapping Prison Manuals and Measures for Reformation and Decongestion, highlighting electronic prisoner tracking to tackle overcrowding.

    What are the key finding of the report? 

    • Addressing Overcrowding: The report highlights the critical issue of overcrowding in Indian prisons, which had an occupancy rate of 131.4% as of December 2022, with a significant number of inmates being undertrials (75.8%). It proposes that electronic tracking could serve as a cost-effective alternative to incarceration, allowing for the release of low and moderate-risk prisoners while ensuring compliance with legal conditions.
    • Implementation Recommendations: The report suggests initiating pilot programs for electronic monitoring, specifically targeting undertrial prisoners who exhibit good behavior. This phased approach aims to assess community readiness and the feasibility of broader implementation while ensuring that such measures respect individual rights and privacy concerns.

    What are the benefits of electronic tracking of people out of prison on bail? 

    • Reduction in Overcrowding: Electronic tracking can significantly alleviate prison overcrowding. With Indian prisons operating at an occupancy rate of 131.4% as of December 2022, implementing electronic monitoring for low and moderate-risk undertrials could free up space and resources.
    • Cost-Effectiveness: The financial implications are substantial; for instance, the annual cost of maintaining a single undertrial prisoner in Odisha is around Rs 1 lakh, while the cost of an electronic tracker is estimated to be between Rs 10,000 to Rs 15,000. This shift could lead to considerable savings in prison management costs.
    • Improved Rehabilitation: Allowing undertrials to remain in the community while monitored electronically supports their rehabilitation. It enables them to continue education and work, thereby maintaining family connections crucial for reintegration into society.
    • Enhanced Monitoring: Electronic tracking provides a reliable method to ensure compliance with release conditions, reducing the risk of absconding or re-offending.

    What are the present challenges in India?

    • Privacy Concerns: The use of electronic monitoring raises significant privacy issues. Continuous surveillance can be perceived as intrusive and may infringe on individuals’ fundamental rights, as highlighted by recent Supreme Court rulings against invasive bail conditions.
    • Technical Reliability: The effectiveness of electronic tracking systems depends on the technology’s reliability. Issues such as device malfunctions or signal loss can undermine the monitoring process.
    • Human Rights Risks: There is a potential for misuse or overuse of electronic tracking, leading to human rights violations. Clear guidelines and safeguards are essential to prevent abuse of this technology.
    • Stigmatisation: Individuals may face social stigma associated with wearing electronic tracking devices, which can exacerbate feelings of isolation and mental health issues.
    • Implementation Costs: While the initial costs may be lower than incarceration, establishing a comprehensive electronic tracking system requires significant investment in technology and training for law enforcement personnel.

    What are the lessons from other countries?

    • E-Carceration Concerns: In the United States, electronic monitoring has been criticized as a form of ‘e-carceration’, extending punitive measures beyond physical jails and potentially creating oppressive environments, particularly for marginalized communities.
    • Cost-Bearing Issues: In some jurisdictions, costs associated with electronic monitoring are borne by the monitored individuals rather than the government, leading to additional financial burdens that could deter participation in such programs.
    • Community Impact: Studies show that over-reliance on electronic monitoring can disproportionately affect specific demographics, similar to how marginalized groups are overrepresented in prison populations in India.

    Way forward: 

    • Balancing Privacy and Efficiency: Implement clear guidelines and legal safeguards to ensure electronic tracking respects privacy and prevents misuse. Regular audits and judicial oversight can mitigate potential human rights violations.
    • Equitable and Scalable Implementation: Subsidize costs for underprivileged individuals and invest in reliable technology and training for law enforcement. Pilot programs can identify best practices before nationwide adoption.
  • India’s cities, their non-communicable disease burden

    Why in the News?

    The recent cardiac arrest and subsequent death of a Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC) bus driver while on duty has sparked conversations about worsening health outcomes in urban areas.

    What are the primary risk factors contributing to the rising NCD burden in urban areas?

    • High-Stress Work Environments: Many urban workers, including bus drivers, face high levels of stress due to long hours, erratic schedules, and demanding job conditions.
      • The BMTC study indicated that over 40% of its employees aged 45-60 are at risk for cardiovascular diseases, exacerbated by factors like continuous driving and poor eating habits.
    • Poor Nutrition and Lifestyle: Workers often lack access to healthy food options and exercise opportunities, leading to increased rates of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes.
      • The BMTC workforce has shown alarming rates of these conditions, which are often linked to lifestyle choices made under stressful work conditions.
    • Lack of Health Insurance and Support: Many informal workers do not have health insurance or access to regular health screenings. This lack of support can lead to delayed diagnosis and treatment of NCDs, increasing the risk of severe health events like heart attacks.
    • Socioeconomic Marginalization: A significant portion of the urban population lives in slums or informal settlements, where access to healthcare is limited. This socioeconomic status contributes to poor health outcomes and a higher prevalence of NCDs.

    How can urban health systems be strengthened to effectively manage NCDs?

    • Improving Access to Primary Healthcare: Urban health systems must focus on making primary healthcare services more accessible to marginalized communities. This includes expanding facilities in underserved areas and ensuring that services are affordable and culturally appropriate.
    • Implementing Regular Health Screenings: Regular health evaluations for high-risk populations, such as bus drivers and other transport workers, should be mandated. These screenings can help identify risk factors early on and facilitate timely interventions.
    • Integrating Health Services with Employment Policies: Employers should collaborate with health departments to create programs that promote employee wellness, including stress management workshops and nutrition education tailored for their workforce.
    • Community-Based Health Promotion: Local organizations can play a crucial role in educating communities about NCD risks and promoting healthy lifestyles through workshops and outreach programs that engage residents directly.

    What role do public awareness and community engagement play in combating NCDs?

    • Raising Awareness About NCD Risks: Public campaigns can educate individuals about the importance of regular health screenings and lifestyle changes that reduce the risk of NCDs. Awareness initiatives can empower communities to take charge of their health.
    • Encouraging Community Participation: Engaging community members in health promotion activities fosters a sense of ownership over their health outcomes. Community-led initiatives can effectively address local health issues by tailoring solutions to specific needs.
    • Utilizing Technology for Monitoring Health: Digital tools can facilitate real-time monitoring of health metrics for at-risk populations, enabling proactive management of conditions like hypertension and diabetes.
    • Creating Support Networks: Building networks among workers can provide emotional support and share resources for managing health issues collectively, which is particularly beneficial for those facing similar challenges in high-stress jobs.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Urban Primary Healthcare: Expand access to affordable and culturally relevant primary health services, implement regular screenings for high-risk groups, and integrate wellness programs with employment policies for vulnerable workers.
    • Promote Community-Led Health Initiatives: Engage local organizations and residents to raise awareness about NCD risks, encourage healthy lifestyles, and utilize digital tools for real-time health monitoring and proactive care.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q  “Besides being a moral imperative of a Welfare State, primary health structure is a necessary precondition for sustainable development.” Analyse. (UPSC IAS/2021)