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  • Development to Leadership: Paving the Way from Women Development to Women-led Development

    Development to Leadership: Paving the Way from Women Development to Women-led Development

    Why this ?

    The landmark passage of the Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam (Women’s Reservation Bill) in 2023 saw the Vice President reshaping the Rajya Sabha panel, marking a significant shift in the perception of women’s roles. Questions on women empowerment are the most common questions that appear repeatedly. But since this topic is so common, the questions would demand a certain level of expertise on the topic. We have captured this essence by talking about the topic from empowerment to true women-led development, we’ve also covered the expanding influence of women as decision-makers, highlighting their growing impact across fields like the judiciary, politics, management, and more.

    GS 1
    Indian Society: Role of Women and Social Empowerment
    Note4Students: Analyze how women’s leadership and increased representation reshape Indian society, promoting social progress and governance reforms.

    Microtheme: Women and Associated concerns

    GS 2
    Governance, Polity, Social Justice: Women in Legislatures and Welfare Schemes
    Note4Students: Understand the impact of women’s reservation in parliament and women-led welfare schemes on gender equality and governance.

    Microtheme: Women

    GS 3
    Economic Development, Technology, Environment: Inclusive Growth and Employment
    Note4Students: Examine the role of women in fostering inclusive growth and the challenges they face in gaining leadership roles in employment sectors.

    Microtheme: Inclusive Growth

    GS 4
    Ethics, Integrity & Aptitude: Gender and Ethical Governance
    Note4Students: Explore how gender representation influences ethical decision-making in public administration and promotes gender-sensitive policies.

    Microtheme: Foundational values

    What specific measures have been recently taken to promote women’s participation in Rajya Sabha?

    • Reconstitution of the Vice-Chairpersons Panel: The Chairman of the Rajya Sabha reconstituted the panel to include only women during the historic passage of the Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam (Women’s Reservation Bill), 2023.
    • Increased Representation in the Vice-Chairpersons Panel: The practice of nominating four women members (50% of the panel) was introduced, including significant figures like S. Phangnon Konyak and P.T. Usha.
    • Training of Women Officers for House Duties: Women officers of the Secretariat were trained to perform House duties, breaking the stereotype that these tasks were a male domain. Women now largely manage the Table of the House.
    • Introduction of ‘Vahan’ Application: A system to facilitate safe commutation for women officers working late hours was introduced, ensuring their safety during odd hours.
    • Appointment of Women in Key Roles: Women officers were appointed to key positions in human resources, legislative sections, and parliamentary committees.

    What are the key outcomes from Nari Shakti Adhiniyam (2023)?

    • 33% Reservation for Women in Legislatures: The Bill reserves 33% of seats for women in the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies, aiming to increase women’s participation in governance.
    • Long-term Impact on Women’s Representation: The Bill ensures that women are better represented in the political process, potentially reshaping the political landscape by empowering women as decision-makers.
    • Women as Key Participants in Development: By providing more opportunities for women in legislatures, it aligns with the goal of women-led development, where women set the agenda for governance and development policies.

    Moving from Women Development to Women-led Development

    ParameterWomen DevelopmentWomen-Led Development
    DefinitionFocuses on improving the social, economic, and political conditions of women, ensuring their empowerment and inclusion in development.Women take an active leadership role in driving economic, social, and political development, shaping policies and initiatives.
    ApproachPrimarily top-down, where external entities (governments, NGOs) design and implement policies for women’s benefit.Bottom-up approach, where women are key decision-makers, leading change and actively contributing to the development process.
    Role of WomenWomen are often recipients of development programs aimed at improving their status and welfare.Women are leaders and drivers of development, playing a central role in policy formulation, execution, and governance.
    ObjectiveAchieve gender parity by reducing gaps in education, health, employment, and political representation.Foster a more inclusive development model where women shape societal progress, ensuring their perspectives and needs are central.
    ExamplesPrograms aimed at improving maternal health, increasing female literacy, and reducing gender violence.Women-led grassroots movements, women entrepreneurs driving economic change, and female politicians spearheading reform.

    Women as Decision Makers

    Women’s participation in decision-making is essential for a country’s development and social progress. When women are involved in decision-making, it leads to positive societal changes, including improved laws, policies, and social norms. Ensuring that women have an equal voice alongside men in decisions that impact their lives, families, and communities is crucial for advancing gender equality and improving quality of life. Society must actively promote women’s equal representation and power in all areas of decision-making to build inclusive and diverse institutions.

    Women’s Political Participation in India

    1. National Politics
      • Central Council of Ministers: Women’s representation peaked at 17.8% in 2015, currently at 14.5%.
      • Election Success: Women have a higher success rate than men in elections, yet participation remains low.
      • 17th Lok Sabha: Highest women MPs in Odisha (33%), lowest in Kerala (5%).
    2. Local Governance
      • 73rd and 74th Amendments (1990s): Mandated 33% reservation for women in local bodies.
      • State-Level Initiatives: 20 states now have 50% reservation for women in Panchayati Raj Institutions.
      • Impact: Over 1 million women elected at local levels, improving grassroots political involvement.
    3. Women’s Voter Turnout
      • Improved Participation: Women’s turnout in 2019 was 67.2%, surpassing men in states like Bihar and Goa.
      • Reason for Growth: Increased literacy has led to higher political awareness among women.

    Women in Judicial Decision-Making

    1. Current Representation in India
      • Supreme Court (2022): Out of 29 judges, only 3 are women.
      • High Courts: Only 13% of judges are women.
      • Global Issue: Low representation of women in the judiciary is not unique to India; it is a global challenge.

    Women’s Representation in Management in India

    1. Data Overview
      1. Periodic Labour Force Survey (2020-2021):
        • Women in managerial positions:
          • 2020: 18.8%
          • 2021: 18.1%
      2. Highest Representation (2021):
        • Mizoram: 41.5%
        • Sikkim: 32.5%
        • Manipur: 31.1%
        • Meghalaya: 30.9%
        • Andhra Pradesh: 30.3%
      3. Lowest Representation (2021):
        • Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu: 1.8%
        • Uttarakhand: 3.4%
        • Jammu & Kashmir: 4.6%
        • Andaman & Nicobar Islands: 7.2%
        • Bihar: 7.3%
    2. Women in Legislative and Senior Roles: As of 2022, 22.2% of those in positions like Legislators, Senior Officials, and Managers were women.
    3. State Comparisons:
      • Better Performing States: Mizoram, Manipur, Meghalaya, and Andhra Pradesh show higher representation of women in management roles.
      • Lagging States: Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu, Uttarakhand, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Punjab, and Nagaland have much lower representation of women in management.

    Hello,

    We have a confession: we’re here to compete with your notes! Burning Issues magazine is your go-to resource as your exam approaches, designed to help you through the anxiety and overwhelm of preparing for the Civil Services Examination.

    Many aspirants struggle despite reading current affairs for a year. This often happens because they interpret current affairs as merely news. As a UPSC aspirant, it’s essential to analyze these topics from the perspectives of General Studies 1, 2, 3, and 4, and that’s exactly what Elevate does.

    This magazine features two sections: Burning Issues and Prelims Tidbits. Burning Issues covers current affairs that may appear in your Mains papers and teaches you how to think about these topics from different GS perspectives in just two pages.

    Prelims Tidbits simplifies your Prelims preparation by distilling key facts, data, and concepts into easy-to-recall points framed around basic questions: What? Who? How? When?

    So, dive in! Every page is crafted to enhance your UPSC prep. With consistency and this magazine, you’re not just preparing; you’re mastering the exam. The journey is about understanding and applying your knowledge effectively.

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  • Are CSR contributions to agriculture properly tracked?

    Why in the News?

    Ten years ago, India became the first country to legally mandate Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). The section 135 of the Companies Act 2013 establishes the rules governing CSR. 

    • According to the National CSR Portal, ₹1.84 lakh crore in CSR funds was disbursed between 2014 and 2023.

    About CSR: 

    Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a business practice where companies contribute to social, economic, and environmental betterment, addressing societal needs alongside their profit-making objectives.

    • In India, the minimum percentage of a company’s net profit that must be spent on corporate social responsibility (CSR) is 2%.

    Sectoral division of CSR: 

    • Education: Receives the highest CSR share (33%-40%) for building schools, scholarships, infrastructure, and vocational training.
    • Health Care: Allocates 20%-30% of CSR funds to hospitals, health camps, sanitation, and disease prevention.
    • Environmental Sustainability: Accounts for 5%-10% of CSR funds, with projects in biodiversity conservation, waste management, and renewable energy.

    CSR’s Role in Agriculture

    • Claims 10%-15% of CSR funds, targeting infrastructure, agricultural practices, and livelihood support.
    • Since the enactment of the Companies Act in 2013, which mandates CSR spending, a total of Rs 1.84 lakh crore has been disbursed in CSR funds from 2014 to 2023. 
      • These funds have increasingly targeted sustainability initiatives within agriculture, with 23% of surveyed companies prioritizing “environment and sustainability” in their CSR activities.
    • Over 90.8% of farmers involved in CSR programs reported improvements in income or risk reduction due to these initiatives.  

    How much of an impact does Agriculture have on India’s GDP? 

    • Agriculture contributes approximately 15% to 18.2% of India’s GDP, reflecting a decline from 35% in 1990-91 due to rapid growth in the industrial and service sectors. The average annual growth rate of the agricultural sector has been around 4% over the last five years. (acc to pib data)
    • Agriculture remains crucial for employment, providing livelihoods for about 42% of the population, which is significantly higher than the global average of 25%.

    What are the key requirements to improve agricultural sustainability?

    • Investment in Infrastructure: There is a pressing need for capital investment in infrastructure development, including irrigation systems, cold storage, and transportation networks to reduce post-harvest losses and improve market access.
    • Technological Advancements: Adoption of modern agricultural practices and technologies is essential. This includes better seed varieties, efficient irrigation methods, and sustainable farming techniques to enhance productivity.
    • Environmental Sustainability Initiatives: Projects focusing on water conservation, energy-efficient irrigation, and agroforestry are critical for maintaining ecological balance while improving agricultural output.

    What hinders CSR’s potential for agriculture?

    • Lack of Clear Reporting Mechanisms: One of the main obstacles is the absence of robust frameworks to track and categorize CSR funding specifically directed towards agricultural initiatives. Current reporting practices do not emphasize agriculture-related CSR activities adequately.
    • Diverse Allocation Categories: CSR activities can fall under multiple categories (e.g., gender equality, and environmental sustainability), making it difficult to isolate funds specifically aimed at agricultural sustainability. This lack of specificity hampers effective monitoring and impact assessment.
    • Need for Distinct Sector Identification: To maximize CSR contributions to agriculture, it is crucial to identify agriculture as a distinct sector within CSR activities. This would streamline funding processes and enhance transparency and accountability in how funds are utilized for agricultural development.

    Way forward: 

    • Establish Agriculture as a Separate CSR Category: Need to create a distinct sector for agriculture in CSR reporting to streamline funding, improve transparency, and enable targeted monitoring of agriculture-focused initiatives.
    • Implement Comprehensive Reporting Frameworks: The government should develop robust mechanisms for tracking CSR funds specifically allocated to agricultural projects, ensuring clear categorization and facilitating better impact assessments.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q With a consideration towards the strategy of inclusive growth, the new Companies Bill, 2013 has indirectly made CSR a mandatory obligation. Discuss the challenges expected in its implementation in right earnest. Also discuss other provisions in the Bill and their implications. (UPSC IAS/2013)

  • Project to monitor animal health launched

    Why in the News?

    The Union Minister of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, and Dairying launched the ‘Animal Health Security Strengthening in India for Pandemic Preparedness and Response’ initiative in New Delhi.

    What is the primary aim of the Animal Health Security Project?

    The Animal Health Security Project aims to strengthen India’s capacity to prevent, detect, and respond to animal health threats, reducing zoonotic disease risks through enhanced surveillance, laboratory systems, and regional collaboration.

    What are the objectives of the Animal Health Security Project?

    • Prevention, Detection, and Response: Enhance India’s ability to prevent, detect, and respond to animal health threats, minimizing risks of pathogens transmitting from animals to humans.
    • Strengthen Surveillance Systems: Improve and integrate animal disease surveillance and early warning systems to promptly identify potential threats.
    • Laboratory and Vaccine Infrastructure: Upgrade and expand laboratory networks and vaccine manufacturing facilities to ensure preparedness.
    • Data Systems and Analytics: Strengthen interoperable data systems and analytics capabilities to support informed decision-making and risk communication.
    • Cross-Border Collaboration: Promote regional cooperation for transboundary animal disease control through cross-border collaborations.

    How is the project funded and what is its timeline?

    • The project is funded by the Pandemic Fund established by the G20 countries, which aims to help low- and middle-income countries improve their pandemic preparedness.
      • The fund’s first round raised $2 billion, and India’s project received a $25 million grant.
    • The project will be implemented by the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the World Bank, and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
    • Timeline: Expected to conclude by August 2026.

    Why is this project necessary for India?

    • Zoonotic Disease Threat: About two-thirds of infectious diseases in humans are zoonotic (transmitted from animals), with recent examples including COVID-19. India’s large population of 536 million livestock makes it vulnerable to zoonotic outbreaks.
    • Public Health Impact: With five of the six major global public health emergencies in recent decades being zoonotic, the project is crucial for India’s pandemic prevention and public health security.
    • Vulnerable Population Protection: By addressing animal health threats, the project aims to protect the health, nutritional security, and livelihoods of vulnerable populations reliant on livestock.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Coordination Across Sectors: Enhance collaboration between animal health, public health, and environmental sectors to create an integrated response to zoonotic threats, ensuring swift data sharing and response mechanisms.
    • Sustain Capacity Building and Infrastructure Investments: Ensure continued investment in laboratory networks, vaccine production, and training to maintain preparedness, and bolster resilience against emerging animal-to-human diseases beyond the project’s timeline.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented devastation worldwide. However, technological advancements are being availed readily to win over the crisis. Give an account of how technology was sought to aid management of the pandemic. (UPSC IAS/2020)

  • India should be part of RCEP, CPTPP: NITI Aayog CEO

    Why in the News?

    According to NITI Aayog CEO, India should join the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) and the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP).

    What are the implications of India joining RCEP and CPTPP?

    • Enhanced Trade Opportunities: Joining RCEP and CPTPP could significantly boost India’s trade by providing access to larger markets, particularly in Asia-Pacific regions.
      • These agreements encompass a wide range of goods and services, potentially increasing India’s exports, especially from its Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), which account for 40% of exports.
    • Integration into Global Supply Chains: Participation in these trade blocs would facilitate India’s integration into global supply chains, allowing it to benefit from the ‘China plus one’ strategy that many countries are adopting to diversify their supply sources away from China.
      • This could enhance India’s manufacturing sector and attract foreign investment.
    • Regulatory Alignment: Being part of these agreements would necessitate aligning India’s regulatory frameworks with international standards, which could improve the business environment and attract more foreign direct investment (FDI).

    How does India’s current tariff structure affect its competitiveness in global trade?

    India’s current tariff structure is characterized by relatively high average tariffs compared to other major economies. For instance:

    • Average Tariffs: India has an average applied tariff of approximately 13.8%, which is higher than that of China (9.8%) and the U.S. (3.4%) but lower than some other countries when considering trade-weighted averages.
    • High Bound Tariffs: Many of India’s bound tariff rates on agricultural products are among the highest globally, ranging from 100% to 300%, creating significant barriers for foreign exporters.

    What are the risks associated with joining RCEP, particularly concerning competition with China?

    • Increased Competition with China: One of the primary risks of joining RCEP is the potential for increased competition with Chinese firms, which may have cost advantages due to economies of scale and established supply chains.
    • Pressure on Domestic Industries: Opening up to international competition might pressure local industries, particularly in sectors where they are less competitive compared to their counterparts in member countries.
      • This could lead to job losses and require significant adjustments within certain sectors.
    • Easy geopolitical Impact on the economy: Increased reliance on trade agreements may expose India to external economic fluctuations, particularly if global demand shifts or if geopolitical tensions impact trade dynamics within these blocs.

    Way forward: 

    • Selective Tariff Reductions and Safeguards for Sensitive Sectors: India should negotiate phased tariff reductions and secure safeguards for vulnerable sectors like agriculture and small manufacturing.
      • This approach would protect local industries while allowing gradual integration into RCEP and CPTPP markets.
    • Strengthening Domestic Industries and MSMEs: India can boost competitiveness by enhancing MSME support through targeted subsidies, infrastructure improvements, and technology upgrades. Strengthening these sectors will help India leverage new market access and build resilience against foreign competition.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Evaluate the economic and strategic dimensions of India’s Look East Policy in the context of the post-Cold War international scenario. (UPSC IAS/2016)

  • How climate change is bringing back the idea of Airships?

    How climate change is bringing back the idea of Airships?

    Why in the News?

    Some companies have been working to solve the buoyancy challenge of Airships, a longstanding issue that has hindered their use for cargo transportation.

    What are Airships?

    • Airships are lighter-than-air aircraft capable of controlled powered flight.
    • They were the first aircraft to achieve this and were considered the future of travel in the early 20th century.
    • However, as aeroplane technology advanced, the popularity of airships declined due to their technological limitations.
    • Today, airships are used mainly for:
      • Advertising platforms
      • Aerial observation for research and military purposes
      • Tourism and scenic flights
    Note: Buoyancy is the force that makes things float. It acts in the opposite direction to gravity. When an object is placed in a fluid (like air or water), the fluid pushes up against the object, helping it to stay afloat.

    How do Airships work?

    • Airships achieve lift by using lighter-than-air gases within their structure, much like helium balloons.
    • Early airships used hydrogen due to its lightweight and low cost.
      • However, hydrogen is highly flammable, leading to tragic incidents such as the Hindenburg disaster of 1937, which damaged public trust in airships.
    • Most airships today use helium, a non-flammable gas that is safer than hydrogen.
    • However, helium is scarce and expensive, costing about $35 per cubic meter (enough to lift just 1 kg).
    • Challenge with varying Buoyancy:
      • Airships require the ability to vary their buoyancy to adjust for weight changes when picking up or dropping off loads.
      • Solutions such as releasing and refilling helium are impractical due to helium’s high cost and scarcity.

    How Airships are a Promising Solution?

    Airships hold potential as low-emission cargo vehicles due to their unique design:

    • Airships have a high lift-to-drag ratio, meaning they consume far less fuel than aeroplanes for moving the same load.
    • Companies are exploring the use of ballast to regulate airship buoyancy, a method common in hot air balloons and submarines.
    • A French company has created a 200-meter “flying crane” airship called LCA60T, which can pick up water as ballast mid-flight, avoiding the need for specialized ground infrastructure.
    • With concerns about climate change and the aviation industry’s carbon footprint, airships offer a less polluting alternative. They do not burn fossil fuels to lift, making them an eco-friendly choice.

    PYQ:

    [2017] Examine the development of Airports in India through joint ventures under Public–Private Partnership (PPP) model. What are the challenges faced by the authorities in this regard?

  • [pib] CARICOM (Caribbean Community)

    Why in the News?

    The second meeting of the India-CARICOM Joint Commission took place virtually on November 6. The first meeting was held in Georgetown, Guyana on June 2, 2015.

    About Caribbean Community (CARICOM):

    Details
    Establishment Established in 1973 under the Treaty of Chaguaramas.
    Main Objectives • Promote economic integration and cooperation among member states.
    • Ensure equitable sharing of integration benefits.
    • Coordinate foreign policy among member states.
    Membership 15 Full Members: Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago.
    Associate Members: Anguilla, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands.
    Observers: Aruba, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Venezuela.
    Leadership Chairmanship rotates every 6 months among the Heads of member states.
    Administrative Structure CARICOM Secretariat in Georgetown, Guyana, serves as the main administrative body, led by the Secretary-General.
    Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ) Established in 2007, the CCJ acts as the final appellate court for CARICOM members and addresses regional trade disputes.
    Key Initiatives • Single Market and Economy (CSME)
    • Coordination in foreign policy
    • Development cooperation
    • Cultural exchange and integration
    Significance CARICOM serves as a vital platform for regional collaboration, enhancing economic growth, political stability, and cultural unity among Caribbean nations.

  • Horn of Africa

    Horn of Africa

    Why in the News?

    According to a joint report by the UN and the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), at least 65 million people are food insecure in the Horn of Africa.

    Food Insecurity in Horn of Africa Region:

    Of the 65 million affected, 36 million reside in IGAD member states: Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, and Uganda.

    Main Causes:

    • Extreme weather and climate change are primary drivers of food insecurity, leading to severe conditions.
    • Conflict has also destroyed infrastructure and sources of food and income, worsening the situation.

    About the Horn of Africa:

    Details
    Location A peninsula in northeastern Africa, extending into the Arabian Sea.
    Geographical Composition Comprises the countries of Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia.
    Population Approximately 115 million people.
    Area Covers about 2 million square kilometers.
    Geographical Features Includes mountains, plateaus, deserts, and coastlines. Significant areas include the Ethiopian Plateau, Ogaden Desert, and Eritrean and Somalian coasts.
    Historical Name Known as Bilad al Barbar or Berber Land in ancient times.
    Significance
    • Known for diverse landscapes and unique biodiversity.
    • Strategic importance due to proximity to oil-producing regions in the Middle East.
    Key Bodies of Water
    • Lies to the south of the Gulf of Aden and along the southern boundary of the Red Sea.
    • Grand Renaissance Dam: Under construction by Ethiopia on the Nile River, impacting regional water dynamics.
    Shipping Routes Major shipping routes pass through the Red Sea, with Djibouti serving as a critical maritime hub for international trade.
    Climate Characterized by a mix of arid, semi-arid, and temperate climates, influencing agriculture and livelihoods in the region.

    Geopolitical and strategic importance for India:

    • The Horn of Africa is located near the Middle East, a region vital for global oil production.
      • Around 40% of Middle Eastern oil flows through the Red Sea shipping lanes adjacent to the Horn, making it a critical point for energy security.
    • Djibouti and the surrounding areas control access to the Bab el Mandeb Strait, which links the Red Sea to the Gulf of Aden and is one of the world’s busiest maritime chokepoints.
    • Several countries, including the US, France, and China, have established military bases in Djibouti to secure their interests in this strategic region.
    • China’s presence in Djibouti and other Horn of Africa nations aligns with its “string of pearls” strategy, which aims to secure military and economic footholds around India.
    • The Horn region serves as a gateway to Africa for Indian investments in infrastructure, energy, and mining sectors.
    • The region, particularly Somalia, poses threats from Pirates and terrorist groups like Al-Shabaab.

    PYQ:

    [2016] Consider the following statements:

    1. The India-Africa Summit
    2. held in 2015 was the third such Summit
    3. was actually initiated by Jawaharlal Nehru in 1951

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only
    (b) 2 only
    (c) Both 1 and 2
    (d) Neither 1 nor 2

  • PM-Vidyalaxmi Scheme

    Why in the News?

    The Union Cabinet has approved a new Central Sector Scheme named PM Vidyalaxmi to provide financial assistance to meritorious students pursuing higher education.

    About the PM Vidyalaxmi Scheme:

    Details
    Objective To provide financial assistance to meritorious students pursuing higher education in quality institutions.
    Eligible Students Students gaining admission to the top 860 Quality Higher Education Institutions (QHEIs), including government and private institutions.
    Annual Family Income Criteria Up to ₹8 lakh for students who do not qualify for other government scholarships or interest subsidies.
    Eligibility Based on NIRF Rankings • Top 100 institutions in overall, category-specific, and domain-specific NIRF lists.
    • State government-run institutions ranked 101-200.
    • All Central government-governed institutions.
    Loan Amounts • Loans up to ₹7.5 lakh with a 75% credit guarantee.
    • For loans up to ₹10 lakh, 3% interest subvention during the moratorium period.
    Target Beneficiaries Approximately 1 lakh students each year, with preference for students in technical or professional courses from government institutions.
    Financial Outlay ₹3,600 crore for the period from 2024-25 to 2030-31.
    Expected Impact Benefit for 7 lakh new students through interest subvention during the scheme’s duration.
    Application Process Applications can be submitted via the PM-Vidyalaxmi portal for loans and interest benefits.
    Payment Processing Interest support payments through e-vouchers and Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) wallets.
    Significance Aims to enhance access to higher education for meritorious students, reducing financial barriers.

     

    PYQ:

    [2016] Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana is aimed at:

    (a) bringing the small entrepreneurs into formal financial system
    (b) providing loans to poor farmers for cultivating particular crops
    (c) providing pensions to old and destitute persons
    (d) funding the voluntary organizations involved in the promotion of skill development and employment generation
  • Demographic Dividend and Automation: Is India’s Workforce Ready for the Future?

    Demographic Dividend and Automation: Is India’s Workforce Ready for the Future?

    Why This ?

    In today’s hustle economy, balancing India’s demographic dividend with the rise of automation is becoming super critical. The big question for aspirants? How can India make the most of its youth boom while AI takes over jobs? We’ve broken down 4 key challenges you need to know to ace the specific challenges associated with this. Plus, we’ve dug into how skilling plays a huge role in turning these challenges into opportunities, helping you handle any curveballs UPSC throws at you!

    GS 1
    Indian Society: Population and Social Empowerment
    Note4Students: Analyze the demographic dividend and the challenges of an aging population. Explore the role of skilling in promoting social empowerment.

    Microthemes: Population and associated issues

    GS 2
    Governance, Polity, Social Justice: Government Policies and Development
    Note4Students: Gain insights into labor reforms, skilling initiatives, and public-private partnerships for economic growth.

    Microthemes: Human Resources

    GS 3
    Economic Development, Technology, Environment: Growth, Employment, and Automation
    Note4Students: Assess challenges in labor-intensive sectors and the impact of AI on jobs. Examine fiscal roles in skilling programs and budgeting.

    Microthemes: Innovative Technologies

    GS 4

    Ethics, Integrity & Aptitude: Economic Growth and Corporate Responsibility

    Note4Students: Reflect on the ethical implications of automation and the corporate responsibility in reskilling efforts for equitable labor opportunities.

    Microthemes: Applied Ethics

    What is the demographic dividend?

    The UNFPA defines the demographic dividend as the potential for economic growth that occurs when a larger portion of the population is of working age (15 to 64), compared to the younger (under 15) and older (65 and above) population who are not working.

    Challenges in Leveraging India’s Demographic Sweet Spot

    India is on the brink of harnessing its demographic dividend, yet several challenges hinder its ability to fully capitalize on this potential. Below are key factors that create obstacles in the current service-led growth model and employment landscape:

    CHALLENGE 1 : SYSTEMIC CHALLENGES

     1. Inefficient Capital and Labour Ratios

    The Economic Survey 2023-24 highlighted 2 key issues: a declining capital-to-output ratio and an increasing capital-to-labour ratio. This imbalance signals inefficiencies in how capital is allocated and utilized, which undermines the potential for sustained economic growth.

    2. Misalignment of Labour Abundance

    Arvind Panagariya, Chairman of the 16th Finance Commission, noted that India’s surplus labour is not being effectively leveraged. The reliance on capital-led economic growth is ill-suited for a nation with abundant labour resources, indicating a need for a shift in growth strategies.

    3. Challenges for MSMEs

    Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) face significant hurdles due to outdated labour laws and excessive compliance burdens. These barriers discourage MSMEs from scaling, stifling their growth potential and the overall contribution to the economy.

    4. Delayed Labour Code Implementation

    Despite Parliament approving new labour codes, their delayed implementation sends negative signals to investors. This uncertainty complicates the growth landscape and impedes progress in creating a more conducive environment for investment.

    CHALLENGE 2 : Employment in Labour-Intensive Sectors

    To effectively utilize its demographic dividend, India must also address employment challenges in labour-intensive sectors:

    1. Low Contribution of Agriculture

    With 45% of the workforce engaged in agriculture, which contributes only 18% to GDP, there is a pressing need to diversify employment opportunities and boost manufacturing to enhance economic stability.

    2. Focus on the Unorganised Sector

    The unorganised and non-agricultural sectors employ 19% of the workforce but require focused attention to improve job quality and stability. Addressing these areas is vital for sustainable economic growth.

    3. Unlocking High-Growth Sectors

    Sectors like toys, apparel, tourism, and logistics present significant opportunities for labour-intensive employment. By prioritizing these industries, India can enhance job availability and stimulate economic activity.

    4. Need for Enhanced Skilling

    To support workers in transitioning to better-paying jobs, it is crucial to upgrade skills in these sectors. Skilling initiatives can enable workers to move up the value chain, fostering economic stability.

    CHALLENGE 3 : The Importance of Skilling

    Skilling is pivotal for enhancing workforce productivity and ensuring India maximizes its demographic dividend:

    1. Low Formal Skill Levels

    Currently, only 4.4% of the workforce aged 15-29 is formally skilled, underscoring the urgent need for targeted training initiatives to boost productivity.

    2. Role of Public-Private Partnerships

    Public-private partnerships are essential for developing relevant curricula and providing on-the-job training that aligns with industry needs. Collaboration can help bridge the skills gap in the workforce.

    3. Lifelong Learning Approach

    Skilling should be a lifelong endeavor, with flexible learning systems that allow workers to adapt to changing job requirements, rather than a one-time intervention.

    4. New Education Policy (NEP) 2020

    While the NEP 2020 emphasizes foundational and cognitive skills, it must be regularly reviewed to remain relevant in a fast-evolving job market.

    CHALLENGE 4 : Impact of AI and Machine Learning

    Finally, the emergence of AI and machine learning presents both challenges and opportunities for the Indian workforce:

    1. Job Threats and Opportunities

    AI and ML pose risks to low-skill, repetitive jobs but also create demand for skilled workers who can manage and utilize these technologies effectively. Addressing this shift is crucial for workforce adaptation.

    2. Need for a Regulatory Framework

    Establishing an appropriate regulatory framework for AI and ML is essential to ensure economic growth while protecting worker interests and promoting innovation.

    3. Market Growth Potential

    The AI/ML market is projected to grow nearly nine times by 2030, reaching $826.73 billion globally. This growth offers new employment avenues and innovation opportunities that India must capitalize on.

    Way Forward 

    • Sustaining Growth: Reforms are essential to sustain India’s growth trajectory and create new opportunities. 
    • Policy Focus: Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman emphasized the need for improving productivity and making markets more efficient in her 2023 Budget speech. 
    • State-Level Reforms: While the central government has improved the ease of doing business, state-level reforms are crucial as states are where most economic activities occur. Collaboration: Both the Centre and States must collaborate to broaden and deepen reforms for sustained economic growth.

    Skilling in the Age of Automation

    In 2019, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) predicted that automation could eliminate 14% of jobs globally and transform 32% within 15-20 years, impacting over a billion people. This underscores the urgent need for reskilling in the age of automation.

    ChallengesWay Forward
    Changing Skill Demands: Automation and AI are handling both manual and complex tasks. Skills now have an average half-life of less than 5 years, and as low as 2.5 years in tech fields.Continuous learning and reskilling must be prioritized. Governments and organizations should promote lifelong learning.
    Job Displacement: Many workers will see their jobs transformed by AI, potentially shifting them into new roles.Comprehensive reskilling programs are needed to help workers transition into new roles or industries.
    Upskilling Investment: Companies are investing up to 1.5% of their budgets in upskilling, but millions will need full reskilling, according to OECD.Large-scale reskilling programs are required to prepare workers for entirely new roles.
    Limited Impact of Current Efforts: Reskilling programs are often small-scale and not enough to address widespread automation impacts.Companies must expand and collaborate on reskilling, with support from governments and educational institutions.
    New Approaches in Reskilling: Companies are rethinking when, why, and how to reskill to adapt to AI and automation.Adopt flexible, innovative reskilling strategies like real-time assessments and adaptive learning programs.

    Hello,

    We have a confession: we’re here to compete with your notes! Burning Issues magazine is your go-to resource as your exam approaches, designed to help you through the anxiety and overwhelm of preparing for the Civil Services Examination.

    Many aspirants struggle despite reading current affairs for a year. This often happens because they interpret current affairs as merely news. As a UPSC aspirant, it’s essential to analyze these topics from the perspectives of General Studies 1, 2, 3, and 4, and that’s exactly what Elevate does.

    This magazine features two sections: Burning Issues and Prelims Tidbits. Burning Issues covers current affairs that may appear in your Mains papers and teaches you how to think about these topics from different GS perspectives in just two pages.

    Prelims Tidbits simplifies your Prelims preparation by distilling key facts, data, and concepts into easy-to-recall points framed around basic questions: What? Who? How? When?

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  • Know About the IAS Training Period at LBSNAA (Salary Included)

    The IAS training period in India is a transformative journey that shapes India’s future administrators with a blend of academic rigor, field experiences, and cultural immersion. Beyond the structured curriculum, it’s a phase filled with moments that build resilience, adaptability, and a spirit of service. Every IAS aspirant must know what goes into the IAS training period at LBSNAA and how it is structured, and what each phase entails for them. 

    In a nutshell, the duration of IAS training period is 2 years. The training goes beyond textbooks, preparing officers to handle diverse on-ground challenges with confidence. But there’s much more to it.

    What is LBSNAA

    LBSNAA is the premier institution in Indian to train civil service officers in India. LBSNAA full form is Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration. It was formerly known as the National Academy of Administration, which was established in 1959. Later, the name was changed to commemorate the India’s second Prime Minister, Lal Bahdur Sastry. Every year, new batch of IAS, IPS, IFS, IRS, and IFoS officers are trained at the LBSNAA. It is mainly known as the IAS training centre.

    IAS Training Period at LBSNAA: Overview

    Training PhaseDuration (Approx.)
    Foundation Course15 Weeks
    Phase-I22 weeks
    District Training52 Weeks
    Phase-II6 Weeks
    Assistant Secretary-ship9 Weeks

    Foundation Course

    The Foundation Course marks the start of LBSNAA IAS training period for new recruits from the All India Services, including IAS, IPS, and Indian Forest Services, among others. This 15-week course typically runs from September to December and covers a comprehensive understanding of India’s political, social, economic, and administrative landscape. 

    The course is designed to develop essential skills and instill the perspective needed to handle public service responsibilities effectively. New officers explore Indian polity, economics, history, and current affairs, gaining the knowledge necessary to address the diverse challenges of civil service. 

    The course also focuses on holistic growth, aiming to cultivate moral, intellectual, physical, and creative capacities in trainees. By nurturing camaraderie and teamwork, it builds a cohesive spirit among officers from various services, laying a solid foundation for their future roles.

    LBSNAA Training Period for IAS Phase–I

    Following the Foundation Course, IAS Officer Trainees advance to Phase-I of IAS training period. It is a comprehensive program focused on equipping them for diverse roles in their early years of service. The emphasis is on the understanding public systems and effective management practices. 

    Happening from December-May, Phase-I includes 12 weeks of academic instruction, a 7-week Winter Study Tour, and a 1-week block leave. 

    At the end of the IAS training period Phase–I, an officer trainy is expect to:

    1. Acquire a pan-India perspective of emerging socio-economic and politico-legal trends, an understanding of the emerging role of the IAS and its shared administrative responsibilities with other services.

    2. Acquire knowledge and skills needed to discharge administrative responsibilities in the first decade of their career in the following areas:

    • Law and legal instruments
    • Administrative rules, procedures and programme guidelines
    • Modern management tools, and
    • Economic analysis

    3. Demonstrate proficiency in the regional language of the allotted State to better appreciate its administrative and cultural ethos.

    4. Acquire an understanding on the cultural and socio-economic background of the State they are allotted.

    5. Demonstrate effective written/ oral communication skills both in interpersonal and organizational context.

    6. Exhibit right values and attitudes.

    7. Maintain physical fitness.

    8. Adhere to the spirit of ‘Sheelam Param Bhushanam’.

    Winter Study Tour

    In Phase I training, IAS Officer Trainees first go on Bharat Darshan, a 6-7 week Winter Study Tour. It is about exploring India’s diversity by visiting the armed forces, government bodies, NGOs, tribal areas, and more. 

    After traveling about 20,000 kilometers, they start the academic module, covering 400 hours of subjects like Law, Economics, Political Science, Management, and Public Administration, along with ICT and regional language training.

    Beyond academics, Phase I of the IAS training period includes co-curricular activities like treks, cultural fests, theater, film events, and major gatherings like the Inter Services Meet, fostering well-rounded personal growth.

    District Training

    Since 1969, IAS Officer Trainees have participated in a one-year district training within their assigned state cadre, following a hands-on ‘sandwich pattern’ of learning. During this time, they manage independent responsibilities, observing and practicing key aspects of government functions. 

    They study departmental roles, relevant laws, office procedures, budgeting, and auditing processes. Trainees also learn how programs are implemented and monitored, gaining insight into departmental challenges and areas for improvement.

    IAS Traning Period Phase-II

    The IAS Professional Course, Phase-II at LBSNAA spans six weeks, from mid-May to June. This phase of IAS training period in India consolidates theoretical knowledge from earlier courses with practical district-level experiences, encouraging trainees to share insights on effective administrative practices, strengths, and weaknesses in governance. 

    Interactive learning is enhanced with sessions by distinguished experts, and seminars focused on roles like SDO, Zilla Parishad CEO, Municipal Commissioner, and District Magistrate. These discussions involve small groups for in-depth cadre-based learning.

    Physical fitness remains essential with mandatory morning routines and adventure sports on weekends. A highlight of Phase-II is the week-long Foreign Study Tour, where Officer Trainees observe international practices and propose adaptable solutions for India.

    Upon completion of two-year induction training, IAS Officer Trainees earn a Master’s Degree in Public Management (in collaboration with Jawaharlal Nehru University), completing a 64-credit curriculum over four semesters combining academic and field-based learning.

    Assistant Secretary-Ship

    The Assistant Secretary program, introduced in 2015 for IAS officers starting from the 2013 batch. The aim of this IAS training period is to provide valuable insights into the workings of the Government of India. 

    New recruits can engage closely with central operations, improving their understanding of policy implementation and administrative processes. Each probationer receives the designation of Assistant Secretary, working under the mentorship of Joint Secretaries for a few months. 

    This hands-on experience at the Central Secretariat equips them with a deeper understanding of national-level governance. The IAS probationers also present key findings and innovative ideas to India’s Prime Minister. It is a significant part of their initial exposure to central government functions.

    IAS Training Period Salary

    The IAS training period salary consists of a fixed stipend plus certain perks. While the actual amount of salary paid is ₹56100/Month, it doesn’t include food and lodging allowances, e.g. mess or hostel charges. So, the actual stipend received would be around ₹35,000-₹40,000 per month, after deducting the expenses. 

    Except that, the LBSNAA training period salary is just the same as the starting salary of an IAS officer, which is ₹56,100/Month. For IAS officers, in addition to the salary, additional allowances will also be there. 

    In the End

    The IAS training journey at LBSNAA is more than structured modules and on-field learning—it also nurtures enduring connections. Trainees build lifelong friendships and networks with peers and mentors across services, creating a support system that lasts well beyond their training years. These bonds often let officers collaborate in diverse fields, working collectively towards India’s development and addressing the nation’s evolving administrative challenges.

    FAQs

    How long is the IAS training at LBSNAA?

    The IAS training period at LBSNAA is for 2 years.

    In which month does IAS training start?

    IAS training usually begins in September every year, kicking off the foundational phase for newly selected UPSC candidates. The total duration is 2 years. This IAS training period introduces trainees to their initial sessions.

    What is the LBSNAA training period salary for IAS trainee officers?

    IAS trainee officers at LBSNAA receive a monthly salary of INR 56,100. After deductions for food and lodging, they take home around INR 35,000 to INR 40,000 each month during training.

    Is there any IAS officer who was not able to clear his training at LBSNAA?

    Yes, IAS probationers at LBSNAA may be discharged if they fail to pass a re-exam, are found ineligible by the government, or intentionally neglect their studies or probationary responsibilities. But the cases are very rare.

    Will there be holidays during IAS training at LBSNAA?

    Yes, IAS trainees at LBSNAA do have holidays and weekends, which are often dedicated to various extracurricular activities. These include community service, adventure sports like rock climbing and river rafting, short treks, cultural programs, horse riding, and cross-country runs, allowing trainees a balanced experience beyond academics.

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