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  • The Quad Alliance: A Strategic Minilateral in a Multipolar World

    The Quad Alliance: A Strategic Minilateral in a Multipolar World

    Why this ?

    The 6th Quad Summit was recently held in Delaware, USA, marking another pivotal moment in global geopolitics, especially in the Indo-Pacific. We’ve compiled the key announcements from this year’s summit and then explored why the Quad is significant, the challenges it faces, and some real-world examples that illustrate these points. Since the Quad is an example of minilateral diplomacy, we’ve also taken a closer look at the rise of minilateralism and its growing impact on the global stage.

    GS 1
    Geography: Indo-Pacific Region
    Note4Students: Understand the geopolitical significance of the Indo-Pacific in global power dynamics and India’s strategic role through the Quad partnership. 

    Microtheme : Natural resources potential

    GS 2
    International Relations: India and Quad
    Note4Students: Explore how India’s Quad partnerships strengthen ties with global powers, addressing regional security and infrastructure challenges.
    Microtheme : Geo-politics affecting India’s Interest

    GS 3
    Economic Development, Security: Technology and Infrastructure
    Note4Students: Examine Quad’s role in strengthening cybersecurity, infrastructure development, and supply chain diversification in the Indo-Pacific. 

    Microtheme : Cyber Security

    GS 4

    Ethics: International Cooperation

    Note4Students: Analyze ethical considerations in India’s foreign policy decisions, focusing on transparency and strategic autonomy in Quad collaborations.

    Microtheme : Applied Ethics

    Announcements at QUAD 2024

    AnnouncementDescription
    Quad Cancer MoonshotA groundbreaking partnership to save lives in the Indo-Pacific region by combating cervical cancer.
    Maritime Initiative for Training in the Indo-Pacific (MAITRI)Enabling Indo-Pacific partners to maximize tools provided through IPMDA and other Quad initiatives.
    First-ever Quad-at-Sea Ship Observer Mission (2025)Improving interoperability and advancing maritime safety through the inaugural Quad-at-Sea mission in 2025.
    Quad Ports of the Future PartnershipHarnessing the Quad’s collective expertise to support sustainable and resilient port infrastructure development across the Indo-Pacific.
    Quad Principles for Development and Deployment of Digital Public InfrastructureEstablishing principles for the development and deployment of digital public infrastructure in the Indo-Pacific region and beyond.
    Semiconductor Supply Chains Contingency Network Memorandum of CooperationEnhancing the resilience of the Quad’s semiconductor supply chains through a memorandum of cooperation.
    Collective Quad Effort on Energy EfficiencyA collective Quad initiative to boost energy efficiency, including the deployment and manufacturing of high-efficiency affordable cooling systems in the Indo-Pacific.
    India’s Space-based Web Portal for MauritiusIndia’s establishment of a space-based web portal for Mauritius, supporting open science for monitoring extreme weather events and climate impacts.
    Quad STEM Fellowship Sub-categoryA new sub-category under the Quad STEM Fellowship, announced by India, for Indo-Pacific students to pursue a 4-year bachelor’s level engineering programme.

    About Quad

    CategoryDetails
    AboutQuad, or Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, is a diplomatic partnership among Australia, India, Japan, and the US, focused on promoting stability, prosperity, and an open, resilient Indo-Pacific environment.
    Objectives of QuadAddresses regional challenges such as health security, climate change, infrastructure, technology, cybersecurity, humanitarian assistance, maritime security, disinformation, and counter-terrorism.
    Origins of QuadOriginated in response to the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, providing humanitarian assistance. Formally established in 2007 by Japanese PM Shinzo Abe. Dormant after Australia withdrew in 2008, revived in 2017.
    Expansion Potential“Quad-plus” meetings with South Korea, New Zealand, and Vietnam suggest potential for future expansion.

    STRATEGIC SIGNIFICANCE FOR INDIA

    SignificanceDetailsExamples
    Strategic Counterbalance to ChinaThe QUAD provides India a platform to counterbalance China’s assertiveness in the Indo-Pacific. This is vital due to border tensions, such as the 2020-2021 Galwan Valley clashes.2023 Malabar exercises in Australia focused on anti-submarine warfare.
    Economic and Technological CooperationQUAD gives India access to advanced technologies and economic partnerships.The Quad Critical & Emerging Technology Forum focuses on AI, quantum computing, and biotechnology, aiding India’s National Quantum Mission.
    Infrastructure and ConnectivityQUAD infrastructure initiatives offer opportunities for India to enhance regional connectivity.The QUAD Infrastructure Coordination Group aligns members’ infrastructure efforts in the Indo-Pacific, complementing India’s International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC).
    Maritime Security and Freedom of NavigationQUAD reinforces India’s commitment to ensuring free and open sea lanes in the Indo-Pacific, crucial for its trade and energy security. Approximately 95% of the country’s trade by volume and 68% by value is moved through Maritime Transport.Indo-Pacific Maritime Domain Awareness (IPMDA) launched in 2022.
    Climate Change and Disaster ResponseQUAD provides India a platform to address climate change and disaster response, critical for a country vulnerable to climate impacts.The QUAD Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Package (Q-CHAMP) focuses on green shipping corridors, clean energy cooperation, and climate services.
    Cyber Security and Critical TechnologiesQUAD offers a framework for cooperation in cyber security and critical technologies.The QUAD Cybersecurity Partnership announced in 2023 focuses on improving cyber resilience and response.

    PERSISTING CHALLENGES

    CategoryDetailsExamples
    Balancing Act with ChinaIndia faces the challenge of balancing QUAD participation with managing its complex relationship with China, as Beijing views QUAD as a containment strategy amid border tensions.In 2023, China-India border talks showed progress but still highlighted persistent tensions.
    Divergent Priorities within QUADQUAD members have differing priorities; the US and Australia focus on security, while India prefers a broader approach. Diverging views on Russia’s Ukraine invasion further highlight differences.India’s neutral stance on Russia contrasts with the US and Australia imposing sanctions.
    Resource and Capacity ConstraintsImplementing QUAD initiatives strains India’s resources, given its domestic development priorities. Participation in vaccine partnerships and emerging technologies faces financial and human resource constraints.India faced initial challenges in meeting domestic vaccine demands during the QUAD Vaccine Partnership.
    Potential Economic CostsRestructuring supply chains away from China may cause short-term economic costs for India, especially in its electronics industry, which relies on Chinese components.Bilateral trade between India and China hit a record USD 135.98 billion in 2022.
    Regional Perceptions and Diplomatic ChallengesIndia must manage regional perceptions of QUAD, especially from ASEAN, to avoid diplomatic isolation, while balancing its participation in groups like BRICS.India balances participation in QUAD and BRICS, which includes China and Russia.
    Operational and Interoperability ChallengesEnhancing QUAD interoperability is challenging for India due to its diverse military equipment, including Russian-origin systems, complicating defense cooperation and potential CAATSA sanctions concerns.India’s use of Russian S-400 missile systems led to concerns about US CAATSA sanctions.

    Way Forward

    1. Issue-based Alignment within QUAD: India should pursue a flexible, issue-based alignment within QUAD, focusing on areas of mutual interest without compromising on its core strategic interests.  

    2. Enhancing Domestic Capabilities: Investing in domestic capabilities, particularly in defense and technology sectors, can reduce external dependencies and strengthen India’s position within QUAD. 

    3. Proactive Agenda Setting: India should take a more proactive role in setting the QUAD agenda, focusing on areas where it has strengths and which align with its strategic interests.  

    4. Diversified Engagement Strategy: India should continue to engage with multiple regional and global forums alongside QUAD. This includes active participation in BRICS, SCO, and ASEAN-led mechanisms.  

    5. Balanced Infrastructure Development: India should leverage QUAD’s infrastructure initiatives while maintaining its own sovereign projects.

    6.     Selective Defense Cooperation: While engaging in QUAD defense initiatives, India should maintain selectivity in its military engagements.  The focus should be on enhancing interoperability and capacity building without entering into binding defense pacts.  

    MINILATERALISM

    Minilaterals refer to informal and more targeted initiatives intended to address specific threats, contingencies, or security issues with a small number of states (usually three or four) sharing the same interest in resolving it within a finite period.

    Reasons for the rise of Minilateralism

    ReasonDescriptionExample
    Challenges to MultilateralismThe evolving global order and inconsistent leadership, coupled with the rise of multipolarity, have reduced the effectiveness of multilateral organizations.WTO struggles to reach consensus due to diverse memberships.
    Geopolitical Rivalry & FlexibilityGeopolitical tensions, especially between the US and China, highlight the need for focused, flexible alliances.The Quad (US, India, Japan, and Australia) formed to counterbalance China’s influence in Indo-Pacific.
    Outdated Power StructuresInstitutions like the UN Security Council reflect outdated power structures, decreasing their effectiveness in modern geopolitics.The G7 excludes emerging powers, leading to the creation of alternative groupings like BRICS.
    Technological AdvancementsTechnological improvements have facilitated faster, more flexible communication and collaboration among smaller groups.The Arctic Council addresses region-specific environmental and security concerns among Arctic nations.
    Adaptability to Regional ProblemsMinilateral organizations can better address regional variations by providing more targeted solutions to specific local problems.ASEAN’s regional security and economic cooperation among Southeast Asian countries.
    Pandemic as a CatalystThe Covid-19 pandemic has driven the rise of strategic minilateral cooperation to tackle specific challenges like supply chains and public health.India’s SAARC Covid-19 platform for coordinating pandemic response in South Asia.

    Hello,

    We have a confession: we’re here to compete with your notes! Burning Issues magazine is your go-to resource as your exam approaches, designed to help you through the anxiety and overwhelm of preparing for the Civil Services Examination.

    Many aspirants struggle despite reading current affairs for a year. This often happens because they interpret current affairs as merely news. As a UPSC aspirant, it’s essential to analyze these topics from the perspectives of General Studies 1, 2, 3, and 4, and that’s exactly what Elevate does.

    This magazine features two sections: Burning Issues and Prelims Tidbits. Burning Issues covers current affairs that may appear in your Mains papers and teaches you how to think about these topics from different GS perspectives in just two pages.

    Prelims Tidbits simplifies your Prelims preparation by distilling key facts, data, and concepts into easy-to-recall points framed around basic questions: What? Who? How? When?

    So, dive in! Every page is crafted to enhance your UPSC prep. With consistency and this magazine, you’re not just preparing; you’re mastering the exam. The journey is about understanding and applying your knowledge effectively.

    Download Burning Issues Sep’24 Edition

    Download Burning Issues Oct’24 Edition

  • [11th November 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: States and the Centre’s fetter of ‘net borrowing ceiling’

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) What changes has the Union Government recently introduced in the domain of Centre-State relations? Suggest measures to be adopted to build the trust between the Centre and the States and to strengthen federalism. (UPSC CSE 2024)
    Q) The jurisdiction of the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) regarding lodging an FIR and conducting a probe within a particular State is being questioned by various States. However, the power of the States to withhold consent to the CBI is not absolute. Explain with special reference to the federal character of India. (UPSC CSE 2021)
    Q) Though the federal principle is dominant in our Constitution and that principle is one of its basic features, it is equally true that federalism under the Indian Constitution leans in favour of a strong Centre, a feature that militates against the concept of strong federalism. (UPSC CSE 2014)

    Prelims:

    Which one of the following in Indian polity is an essential feature that indicates that it is federal in character?​  (UPSC CSE 2021)
    a) The independence of the judiciary is safeguarded.​
    b) The Union Legislature has elected representatives from constituent units.​
    c) The Union Cabinet can have elected representatives from regional parties.​
    d) The Fundamental Rights are enforceable by Courts of Law.

    Mentor’s Comment:  Kerala filed an original suit under Article 131 of the Constitution, which allows the Supreme Court to resolve disputes between state and central governments. The state claims that the Net Borrowing Ceiling (NBC), set at 3% of its Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) for FY2023-24, arbitrarily restricts its ability to borrow funds, thereby threatening its financial stability. 

    Today’s editorial discusses the implications of the NBC imposed by the central government on state governments, particularly focusing on Kerala’s situation. The article also highlights Constitutional provisions, Fiscal decentralization, and the ongoing legal challenges regarding borrowing powers.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The Supreme Court of India is currently reviewing a case brought by the Kerala government challenging the Net Borrowing Ceiling (NBC) imposed by the central government.

    • This case raises significant questions about federalism and fiscal autonomy in India, particularly regarding the borrowing powers of state governments.

    What is Net Borrowing Ceiling (NBC) imposed by the Central government on the states?

    • It is a fiscal policy tool imposed by the Indian central government to regulate the borrowing capacity of state governments where the NBC is set at 3% for FY 2023-24 from the projected Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) for each state (recommended by the Fifteenth Finance Commission).
    • This ceiling encompasses all forms of borrowing, including loans from financial institutions, open market borrowings, and liabilities from the public accounts of the states.
    • The NBC includes not only direct borrowings by state governments but also extends to borrowings by state-owned enterprises (SOEs) that are serviced through state budgets, which aims to prevent states from bypassing borrowing limits through SOEs.
    Constitutional Provisions:

    The Constitution of India outlines borrowing powers under Chapter II of Part XII:
    • Article 266(2): This article provides that all money received by the government should be credited to the Consolidated Fund of India or the Consolidated Fund of the State. It implies that funds not part of these consolidated accounts can be managed separately, suggesting that certain state revenues should not be included in calculations for borrowing limits.
    • Article 292 allows the central government to borrow against the Consolidated Fund of India.
    • Article 293 empowers state governments to borrow against their own Consolidated Funds but requires prior consent from the central government if previous loans are outstanding.
    • Entry 43 of the State List: This entry allows states to legislate on matters concerning public debt, indicating that states have a degree of autonomy over their financial affairs.

    What are the arguments presented?
    • Kerala’s Position: The imposition of NBC violates principles of fiscal federalism and undermines its Constitutional autonomy. The ability to determine borrowing limits should reside with individual states, allowing them to address their unique financial situations effectively.
    • Union Government’s Defense: The borrowing limits are based on recommendations from Finance Commissions and are applied uniformly across all states. Kerala’s financial difficulties are attributed to its fiscal mismanagement over two decades. Allowing Kerala to exceed its borrowing limits could set a dangerous precedent that might encourage other states to disregard fiscal discipline.
    • Supreme Court’s Interim Ruling: On April 1, 2024, the SC declined to grant interim relief to Kerala, stating that any financial hardship faced by the state could not be attributed solely to the NBC. The Court emphasized that providing additional funds could have broader implications for national fiscal health. It noted that Kerala had already received substantial relief from the Centre during its financial crisis.

    Restrictions imposed by the NBC and their implications on the States:

    • Financial Constraints: States may find it challenging to meet essential expenditures such as pensions and welfare schemes due to limited borrowing capacity.
    • Impact on Development: The ceiling restricts states’ ability to invest in infrastructure and developmental projects, potentially stunting economic growth and public service delivery
    • Legal Challenges: The ongoing legal disputes highlight tensions between state autonomy and central control over fiscal policies, raising questions about the balance of power in India’s federal structure.

    How do these borrowing restrictions affect Fiscal Federalism in India?

    • Constraints on State Autonomy: The NBC limits states’ ability to borrow, undermining their financial independence and capacity to manage their own budgets. States struggle to finance essential services and infrastructure projects, which can hinder economic development and public welfare initiatives.
      • For Example, Kerala’s ability to finance initiatives through the Kerala Infrastructure Investment Fund Board (KIIFB) is hampered, leading to delays in development activities crucial for economic growth.
    • Erosion of Cooperative Federalism: The imposition of NBC reflects a shift towards central control, potentially eroding the principles of cooperative federalism that empower states to address local needs.
      • Legal challenges, like Kerala’s case against the NBC, highlight conflicts between state rights and central authority, raising questions about the balance of power in fiscal governance.
    • Implications for Fiscal Responsibility: While the Centre argues that NBC promotes fiscal discipline, states contend that it infringes on their constitutional rights, creating tension between maintaining national fiscal health and respecting state autonomy.

    Need for the Reform:

    • Article 293 needs to be strengthened to enhance cooperative federalism. Proposed reforms include:
      • Establishing a commission similar to the Finance Commission to address loan approvals based on states’ financial conditions.
      • Implementing guidelines for transparency and equitable treatment in borrowing decisions made by the Centre.
      • Ensuring that restrictions do not excessively hinder states’ fiscal management capabilities.

    Way Forward: Without reforming the current borrowing framework, states like Kerala may face severe financial constraints, hampering their ability to meet essential expenditures. The ongoing legal discourse around NBC reflects broader concerns about fiscal decentralization and the balance of power between state and central governments in India that needs to be addressed soon.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/net-borrowing-ceiling-as-a-financial-fetter-on-states/article68853078.ece

  • Can India get rich before growing old?

    Why in the News?

    Since liberalization opened up new opportunities, there has been a lot of excitement about India’s demographic dividend, which is the advantage of having a large working-age population but there are major challenges like the middle-income trap.

    Can India leverage its sustained economic growth?

    • Harnessing the Demographic Dividend: With a large working-age population, India has a potential advantage, but it must ensure that this workforce is employed in productive sectors, particularly by shifting labor from low-productivity agriculture to higher-productivity manufacturing and services.
    • Strengthening the Manufacturing Sector: The manufacturing sector, especially labor-intensive industries like textiles, has the potential to create millions of jobs. By addressing barriers such as complex regulations, high tariffs, and infrastructure constraints, India can boost manufacturing growth, empower women, and drive economic mobility.
    • Reforming Infrastructure and Business Environment: Improving ease of doing business, simplifying trade and labor regulations, and increasing investment in infrastructure are critical for unlocking India’s potential for sustained growth. These reforms will enable large-scale job creation and enhance India’s global competitiveness.

    Challenges arising due to the middle-income trap

    • Declining Demographic Dividend: The proportion of working-age individuals in India’s population is set to decline in the coming decade, marking the potential end of the demographic dividend. Fertility rates have dropped across various states, which means India may face an aging population sooner than expected.
    • Stagnation in Key Sectors: India has struggled to reduce its agricultural workforce in the same way China did after liberalisation, making it harder to transition people to higher-productivity industries. Despite some growth in the services sector, manufacturing has stagnated and failed to generate the necessary number of jobs, especially in labor-intensive industries.
    • Limited Economic Mobility: High levels of youth unemployment and the lack of opportunities for individuals to move up the economic ladder have hindered India’s economic progress. The country’s labor force participation rate (LFPR) remains low, particularly among women, and urban job creation has not been sufficient to absorb the growing population.
    • Infrastructure and Regulatory Bottlenecks: The business environment is constrained by complex regulations, high tariffs, cumbersome licensing procedures, and a lack of access to land, all of which prevent the manufacturing sector from thriving. India’s slow regulatory reforms have stifled growth in manufacturing, which is essential for absorbing the workforce.

    How the Manufacturing sector can help India grow?

    • Job Creation: Manufacturing, especially in labour-intensive sectors like textiles and apparel, can create large numbers of jobs. This is vital for absorbing the surplus labour from agriculture and providing employment opportunities for the youth.
      • For example, the textile and apparel industry employs 45 million people compared to just 5.5 million in IT-BPM, highlighting its potential for mass employment.
    • Women’s Empowerment: Manufacturing, particularly industries like textiles, offers significant employment to women (60-70% of factory workers), helping reduce gender disparities in the labour force.
    • Economic Mobility: By creating better job opportunities, manufacturing helps people transition from low-productivity agricultural jobs to higher-wage, more stable positions in the industrial and service sectors. This transition is key to achieving sustained economic growth and avoiding the middle-income trap.
    • Global Competitiveness: Reducing barriers to manufacturing — such as simplifying business licensing, lowering tariffs on inputs, improving access to land, and streamlining trade regulations — can help India increase its competitiveness globally. Expanding market access through free trade agreements and making the business environment more conducive to manufacturing can unlock the potential of this sector.

    Steps taken by the government: 

    • “Make in India” Initiative: Launched in 2014, this initiative aims to transform India into a global manufacturing hub by promoting domestic production, reducing regulatory hurdles, and attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) in key manufacturing sectors such as electronics, textiles, and automobiles.
    • Atmanirbhar Bharat (Self-reliant India): This program focuses on reducing dependence on imports by boosting local manufacturing, especially in strategic sectors like defense, electronics, and pharmaceuticals.
      • It includes initiatives such as the Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme, which offers incentives for manufacturing and exporting specific products like electronics, textiles, and solar panels.

    Way forward: 

    • Enhance Skill Development and Workforce Transition: India must invest in targeted skill development programs to equip its labor force, particularly those transitioning from agriculture, with the necessary skills for higher-productivity manufacturing and services sectors.
    • Accelerate Regulatory and Infrastructure Reforms: To unlock the full potential of the manufacturing sector, India should expedite regulatory reforms, simplify land acquisition processes, and enhance infrastructure.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Can the strategy of regional-resource-based manufacturing help in promoting employment in India? (UPSC IAS/2019)

  • What are the costs of population decline?

    Why in the News?

    The Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu have recently voiced concerns over the low fertility rates in their states.

    What is the current demographic situation, especially in the southern States?

    • Falling Fertility Rates: Southern states like Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Kerala have fertility rates below the replacement level of 2.1.
      • For instance, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal recorded fertility rates of 1.4 (2019-21), and Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Kerala at 1.5.
    • Ageing Population: These states face an advanced demographic transition with an increasingly ageing population. The share of elderly in Kerala is expected to rise to 22.8% by 2036, in Tamil Nadu to 20.8%, and in Andhra Pradesh to 19%.
    • End of Demographic Dividend: With a rising old age dependency ratio — Kerala (26.1), Tamil Nadu (20.5), and Andhra Pradesh (18.5) in 2021 — the demographic window for leveraging a young workforce is closing or has already closed in these states.

    What is the likely economic impact?

    • Rising Healthcare Costs: The elderly demographic is likely to increase healthcare costs. Southern states, comprising one-fifth of India’s population, accounted for 32% of out-of-pocket cardiovascular healthcare expenditure in 2017-18.
    • Reduced Economic Growth Potential: A declining working-age population means a lower potential to reap economic benefits from a young labor force. This demographic shift may impact productivity and economic growth.
    • Impact on Women’s Labor Force Participation: Pro-natalist policies to increase fertility may lead to a reduction in women’s participation in the labor force, hindering economic growth further.

    What are the political implications?

    • Federal Representation Changes: With the 2026 delimitation, seats in Parliament are expected to be adjusted based on population. Southern states could lose representation due to slower population growth, with Tamil Nadu potentially losing nine seats, Kerala six, and Andhra Pradesh five, while northern states like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Rajasthan may gain seats.
    • Resource Allocation: Slower-growing southern states contribute more tax revenue yet may receive a smaller share of resources from the central pool, as allocation formulas often consider population.

    What are the solutions being considered? (Way forward)

    • Pro-natalist Incentives: Some southern leaders advocate incentivizing families to have more children. However, international experiences show limited success with pro-natalist incentives.
    • Gender Equity and Family Policies: Policies such as paid maternity/paternity leave, accessible childcare, and employment protections can support sustainable fertility rates without economically disadvantaging women.
    • Increasing Working Age and Migrant Inclusion: Extending working lifespans and better integrating economic migrants in social security and political representation can help mitigate the impact of an ageing population.
    • Balancing Migration Needs: Southern states, which attract many economic migrants, face challenges as these migrants are still counted in their home states, impacting political representation and resource distribution in the host states.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Critically examine whether growing population is the cause of poverty OR poverty is the mains cause of population increase in India. (UPSC IAS/2015)

  • Calling out exploitative labour dynamics on platforms 

    Why in the News?

    Amid the ongoing evolution of the “gig worker” concept, India recently witnessed a groundbreaking movement a nationwide digital strike organized by women gig workers this Deepavali.

    What are the specific exploitative practices faced by gig workers?

    • Wage Theft and High Commissions: Many gig workers receive only a fraction of their earnings after substantial deductions for company commissions, which can range from 10% to 35% of their total income. This often leaves them with minimal take-home pay, insufficient to meet basic living expenses.
    • Forced Purchases and Costs: Workers are often required to buy product kits at full retail prices from their employers, which further erodes their earnings. This practice restricts their ability to purchase necessary supplies at more affordable wholesale rates.
    • Job Insecurity and Rating Systems: Gig workers are subjected to biased rating systems that can lead to job insecurity. If they refuse “auto-assigned” jobs or fail to meet performance metrics, they risk being blocked from the platform or terminated without recourse.
    • Lack of Social Security: Gig workers are excluded from essential benefits such as minimum wages, health protections, and social security rights, leaving them vulnerable in times of need.

    How do platform dynamics contribute to labour exploitation?

    • Misclassification of Workers: Gig workers are often classified as independent contractors rather than employees, which denies them access to fundamental labour rights and protections. This legal loophole allows companies to evade responsibilities related to wages and benefits.
    • Algorithmic Control: Companies utilize complex algorithms to manage worker assignments and ratings, creating a system where workers are constantly monitored and evaluated based on performance metrics that may not accurately reflect their work quality.
    • Patriarchal Structures: The gig economy perpetuates existing patriarchal norms by relegating women to traditionally female roles such as beauticians and housekeepers, limiting their job options and negotiating power within the labour market.

    What measures can address and combat labour exploitation in this sector? (Way forward)

    • Legal Recognition as Employees: Governments should legislate the recognition of gig workers as employees rather than independent contractors, thereby extending labour rights such as minimum wage laws and social security benefits.
    • Regulatory Frameworks: Establishing comprehensive labour laws specific to the gig economy would help protect workers’ rights. This includes mechanisms for grievance redressal, ensuring fair treatment and accountability from platform companies.
    • Collective Bargaining Rights: Supporting unionization efforts like those of the Gig and Platform Services Workers Union (GIPSWU) can empower workers to negotiate better wages and working conditions collectively. This grassroots organizing is crucial for achieving meaningful change in labour practices within the sector

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Examine the role of ‘Gig Economy’ in the process of empowerment of women in India.  (UPSC IAS/2021)

  • LignoSat: the First Wooden Satellite launched into space

    Lignosat: the First Wooden Satellite launched into space

    Why in the News?

    The world’s first wood-panelled satellite, LignoSat, was recently launched to test the use of timber as a renewable material for future space missions.

    About LignoSat Satellite:

    Details
    Purpose To test the potential of wood as a renewable building material in space applications.
    Developed By Kyoto University and Sumitomo Forestry of Japan.
    Launch Details Launched on November 5 aboard a SpaceX Dragon cargo capsule.
    Mission Duration Spend a month at the International Space Station (ISS) before being deployed into Earth’s orbit for six months to test its performance.
    Size and Weight Measures 4 inches (10 cm) per side and weighs 900 grams.
    Material Built with magnolia wood panels, using a traditional Japanese technique that avoids screws and glue.
    Construction Combines wood-panel casings with aluminium structures and standard electronic components.
    Durability Testing Designed to withstand extreme temperature fluctuations in space, ranging from -100 to 100 degrees Celsius every 45 minutes.

    LignoSat as a Renewable Solution for Space Construction

    • Reduced Environmental Impact: Unlike conventional aluminium-based satellites, LignoSat reduces pollutants like aluminium oxides that damage the ozone layer upon re-entry.
    • Sustainable Material: Wood is a renewable, lightweight, and corrosion-resistant material in space, as there is no water or oxygen to accelerate degradation.
    • Long-Term Vision: The satellite could pave the way for sustainable space construction, with future plans to use wood in building structures on the Moon and Mars.
    • Mitigating Orbital Congestion: As satellite constellations grow, sustainable materials like wood could help reduce space debris and pollution in Earth’s orbit.

    PYQ:

    [2016] With reference to ‘AstroSat’, the astronomical observatory launched by India, which of the following statements is/are correct?

    1. Other than USA and Russia, India is the only country to have launched a similar observatory into space.

    2. AstroSat is a 2000 kg satellite placed in an orbit at 1650 km above the surface of the Earth.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) Both 1 and 2

    (d) Neither 1 nor 2

  • APOBEC (Apolipoprotein B mRNA Editing Catalytic Polypeptide)

    Why in the News?

    Since smallpox was eradicated in 1980, research on mpox has highlighted how the virus mutates, particularly through the APOBEC family of immune system proteins.

    About APOBEC

    • APOBEC (Apolipoprotein B mRNA Editing Enzyme, Catalytic Polypeptide-Like) is a family of proteins involved in regulating the genetic material of viruses and cells.
    • They are part of the human immune system and play a crucial role in protecting against viral infections by editing RNA and DNA.
    • APOBEC consists of several enzymes, with APOBEC1, APOBEC3 family members being the most well-known.
    • There are 11 identified members of the APOBEC family, primarily named APOBEC1, APOBEC2, and APOBEC3, with APOBEC3 being the most studied due to its antiviral properties.
    • It has a Zinc Finger Domain, which is essential for their enzymatic activity and ability to bind to DNA or RNA.
    • APOBEC proteins are found in various tissues and cells, but they are notably present in the immune cells such as T-cells, B-cells, and macrophages.
    • Role in Immune Defense:
      • APOBEC proteins contribute to the innate immune response by editing viral genomes, preventing the replication of viruses, and reducing the ability of viruses to establish infections.
      • They are known to be cytosine deaminases, which means they modify cytosine bases in nucleic acids to uracil, leading to mutations that can prevent successful viral replication.
      • APOBEC proteins target the genomes of several viruses, including retroviruses (like HIV), hepatitis B virus, and poxviruses (such as mpox and smallpox).

    Functions of APOBEC Proteins:

    • DNA Editing: APOBEC proteins can deaminate cytosine bases in single-stranded DNA, converting them into uracil, which can lead to mutations.
      • This introduces errors in the viral genome and inhibits replication.
    • RNA Editing: Some APOBEC proteins, like APOBEC1, are involved in editing mRNA. In the case of APOBEC1, it helps edit the mRNA of apolipoprotein B, which is crucial for lipid metabolism.
    • Antiviral Activity: APOBEC3 proteins, particularly APOBEC3G, inhibit the replication of HIV and other retroviruses by editing viral DNA during reverse transcription.
      • They also reduce the replication of poxviruses (such as mpox), making them crucial in controlling infections caused by these viruses.
    • Cytosine Deamination in Viral RNA: APOBEC proteins induce mutations in viral RNA, reducing the virus’s ability to efficiently replicate and spread. This helps prevent viral evolution and adaptation.
    • Inhibition of Viral Resistance: By causing mutations in viral genomes, APOBEC proteins prevent viruses from easily developing resistance to the immune system’s defenses.
    • Interaction with Other Immune Mechanisms: APOBEC proteins work in concert with other immune mechanisms, like interferons, to enhance antiviral responses and limit infections.

    PYQ:

    [2016]  In the context of the developments in Bioinformatics, the term ‘transcriptome’, sometimes seen in the news, refers to:

    (a) a range of enzymes used in genome editing

    (b) the full range of mRNA molecules expressed by an organism

    (c) the description of the mechanism of gene expression

    (d) a mechanism of genetic mutations taking place in cells

  • Asia Tea Alliance not in favor of GM Tea

    Why in the News?

    • The Asia Tea Alliance (ATA) resolved to reject Genetically Modified (GM) Tea in response to climate challenges affecting global tea production.
      • With India’s tea production down by 10% this year due to climate change, certain companies have advocated for GM tea.

    About Asia Tea Alliance (ATA)

    • Founded: April 19, 2019, in Guizhou, China.
    • 5 Members: India, China, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Japan.
    • Goals: Enhance tea trade, cultural exchange, and globally promote tea.

    About Indian Tea Industry: 

    • India is the second-largest tea producer and largest black tea producer after China, and also the fourth-largest tea exporter worldwide.
    • India is the largest consumer of black tea, accounting for 18% of global tea consumption.
    • The Indian tea industry directly employs 1.16 million workers, with an equal number indirectly associated.
    • It is governed by the Tea Board of India and under Union Government control by an Act of Parliament.
    • Geographical conditions:
      • Northeast India (including Assam), north Bengal (such as Darjeeling, Terai and the Dooars), and the Nilgiris in south India.
      • Tropical and subtropical climates, with regions concentrated in Asia, Africa, and South America favours tea cultivation.
      • It requires cool to warm temperatures (15–23°C) with at least 5 hours of sunlight daily; annual rainfall should be 150-200 cm.
    • Darjeeling Tea known as the “Champagne of teas,” for its aroma was the first to GI tag in 2004–05.

    PYQ:

    [2020] “The crop is subtropical in nature. A hard frost is injurious to it. It requires at least 210 frost-free days and 50 to 100 centimeters of rainfall for its growth. A light well-drained soil capable of retaining moisture is ideally suited for the cultivation of the crop.” Which one of the following is that crop?

    (a) Cotton

    (b) Jute

    (c) Sugarcane

    (d) Tea

  • Caterpillar fungus

    Why in the News?

    Recent research by scientists at the University of Nottingham’s has found that a chemical produced by a fungus growing on caterpillars may slow cancer cell growth.

    What is Caterpillar fungus?

    • Cordyceps militaris, also known as caterpillar fungus, is a parasitic fungus that primarily infects caterpillars and other insects.
    • Found in the Himalayan region and parts of Asia, it is valued in traditional Asian medicine for its health benefits, including immune support, anti-inflammatory properties, and energy enhancement.
    • It is considered a delicacy in some Asian cultures and has long been used for its purported wellness effects.

    How it can slow down growth of cancer cells?

    • Researchers from the University of Nottingham’s School of Pharmacy have identified cordycepin, a compound produced by Cordyceps militaris, as potentially effective in slowing cancer cell growth.
    • Cordycepin works by interrupting overactive cell growth signals in cancer cells, which prevents rapid multiplication and allows for more targeted treatment.
    • This approach may be less harmful to healthy tissues compared to conventional cancer treatments, offering a promising direction for targeted cancer therapies.

    Other observations and significance of the species

    • In addition to its traditional uses, Cordyceps militaris is significant for its role in ecological balance, helping control insect populations in forest ecosystems.
    • Advances in research have enabled large-scale studies on cordycepin’s effects, with future studies focusing on derivatives of cordycepin for potentially enhanced anti-cancer properties.
    • The fungus illustrates how natural compounds can contribute to sustainable medical practices, offering less toxic alternatives for disease treatment, especially in oncology.

    PYQ:

    [2019] Recently, there was a growing awareness in our country about the importance of Himalayan nettle (Girardinia diversifolia) because it is found to be a sustainable source of:

    (a) Anti-malarial drug

    (b) Biodiesel

    (c) Pulp for paper industry

    (d) Textile fibre

  • IDF working on new guidelines to treat Type 2 Diabetes

    Why in the News?

    • The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) is developing new Type 2 diabetes treatment guidelines in collaboration with a global expert panel.
      • These guidelines aim to integrate scientific evidence and clinical practice, adapted to the healthcare environment of specific countries.

    What is Type 2 Diabetes?

    • Type 2 Diabetes is a chronic condition where the body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn’t produce enough, leading to high blood sugar levels.
    • It is commonly linked to obesity, physical inactivity and poor diet.
    • Symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, and blurred vision.
    • Treatment involves lifestyle changes like a healthy diet, regular exercise, and weight management.
      • Medications such as Metformin help regulate blood sugar levels, and in some cases, insulin therapy may be required.

    About International Diabetes Federation (IDF):

    Details
    About
    • Established in 1950; Brussels, Belgium;
    • Members: Over 230 national diabetes associations in 170 countries and territories.
    • Collaborations: Partners with global organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO), UNICEF, and others for global health initiatives.
    • Led by an elected President with the support of a Board of Directors from member countries.
    • Regional offices: Operates regional offices in Africa, Europe, North America, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East.
    Aims and Objectives
    • To improve the care and lives of people with diabetes and promote its prevention worldwide.
    • Advocacy, research, education, and raising awareness to reduce the global burden of diabetes.
    Key Programs
    • World Diabetes Day (November 14)
    • Global Diabetes Atlas
    • Educational initiatives for healthcare professionals
    Diabetes Types Covered
    • Type 1 Diabetes: Primarily affects children and young adults, where the body’s immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.
    • Type 2 Diabetes: The most common form, often linked to lifestyle factors and obesity. It involves insulin resistance and eventually pancreas dysfunction.
    • Gestational Diabetes: A type of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy and increases the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later in life.
    • Other Forms: Covers genetic forms, latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), and MODY (Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young).

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