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  • Assessing India’s Tuberculosis burden

    Why in the News?

    The Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 presented by WHO indicates that India recorded the highest burden of tuberculosis (TB) in 2023.

    Current Scope of Tuberculosis in India

    • High Burden: According to the Global Tuberculosis Report 2024, India accounts for 26% of all tuberculosis (TB) cases worldwide, making it the country with the highest TB burden. The report indicates that over 55.9% of global TB cases are concentrated in five countries: India, Indonesia, China, the Philippines, and Pakistan.
    • Mortality Rates: Although TB deaths in India have decreased from 580,000 in 2010 to 320,000 in 2023, the country still accounted for 26% of global TB deaths among people with and without HIV in 2023.
    • Incidence Trends: The incidence of TB has decreased from 275.7 cases per 100,000 population in 2010 to 194.9 cases in 2023. However, there has been a notable increase in notified TB relapse cases, reaching the highest level since 2010.
    • Risk Factors: Individuals with nutritional deficiencies, diabetes, and smoking habits are at the highest risk of contracting TB. The prevalence of TB infection among individuals aged 15 and older is reported at 31.4%, according to the National TB Prevalence Survey conducted from 2019-2021.
    • Preventive Treatment Uptake: The number of people receiving preventive treatment has been rising, indicating an increased focus on preventing TB progression among high-risk populations.

    Strategies and Programs Implemented by Govt to Reduce TB Incidence

    • National Tuberculosis Elimination Program (NTEP): This program aims to eliminate TB by 2025 through various strategies including early diagnosis, treatment support, and preventive measures.
    • TB Preventive Therapy (TPT): The introduction of TPT marks a significant shift in TB care in India. It focuses on providing preventive treatment to individuals at high risk of developing active TB.
    • Project Axshya Plus: Launched with support from the Global Fund, this project implements comprehensive interventions such as contact tracing, testing for infection, and managing latent TB infections.
    • Increased Funding: Domestic funding for TB prevention and treatment increased by 38% in 2023 to $253 million, although international funding has declined during the same period.
    • Community Engagement Initiatives: Programs like the Pradhan Mantri TB Mukt Bharat Abhiyan encourage community involvement in supporting TB patients through initiatives like Ni-kshay Mitras.
    • Digital Health Initiatives: The NTEP leverages digital platforms for monitoring patient progress and ensuring adherence to treatment protocols through tools like the Nikshay portal.
    • Awareness Campaigns: Public health campaigns aim to reduce stigma associated with TB and educate communities about prevention and treatment options.

    Challenges India Faces in Eliminating Tuberculosis by 2025

    • Funding and Infrastructure Gaps: Despite increases in domestic funding, overall financial resources remain lower than pre-COVID levels, impacting program implementation and outreach efforts.
      • Inadequate healthcare infrastructure, particularly in rural areas, hampers access to timely diagnosis and treatment for many patients.
      •  The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted TB services significantly, leading to a backlog of undiagnosed cases and impacting ongoing treatment programs.
    • Stigma and Discrimination: Stigma associated with TB continues to deter individuals from seeking diagnosis and treatment, which can lead to delayed care and increased transmission rates.
      • Social determinants such as poverty, malnutrition, and living conditions contribute to higher susceptibility to TB among vulnerable populations.
    • Drug Resistance Issues: The rise of drug-resistant strains of TB poses significant challenges for effective treatment and control strategies.
    • Multi-sectoral Coordination Challenges: Effective elimination requires collaboration across various sectors (healthcare, education, social services), which can be challenging due to bureaucratic hurdles.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthening Multi-Sectoral Coordination: There is a need to foster collaboration among healthcare, education, and social services to address the social determinants of TB.
    • Enhancing Accessibility and Outreach: Need to improve access to TB diagnosis and treatment in rural areas by investing in healthcare infrastructure, training local health workers, and implementing mobile health units.

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q Can overuse and free availability of antibiotics without Doctor’s prescription, be contributors to the emergence of drug-resistant diseases in India? What are the available mechanisms for monitoring and control? Critically discuss the various issues involved. (2014)

  • Airports where pilots could fear to land

    Why in the News?

    • The October 25, 2024, incident where a Qatar Airways Boeing 787’s landing gear sank into a collapsed ramp at Doha underscores the importance of runway safety concerns.
    • Similar risks exist in Chennai Airport’s expansion plans and the greenfield project at Parandur, where soil stability and structural integrity are critical issues that must not be overlooked.

    Background 

    • The Chennai airport expansion, initially proposed in 2007, faced design and safety issues, including unsuitable soil for a parallel runway and violations in bridge construction standards, raising concerns about infrastructure reliability and potential flooding risks in future projects.

    What are the specific challenges and risks pilots face when landing at these airports?

    • Runway Integrity: Pilots may encounter challenges if the runway or taxiways have structural weaknesses or are poorly designed, such as in the case of Doha, where the ground beneath collapsed under the aircraft’s weight.
    • Crosswinds and Weather Conditions: Airports located near water bodies or in regions with extreme weather may present challenges during landing, such as turbulence from crosswinds or sudden weather changes, increasing the risk of hard landings or runway excursions.
    • Ground Handling: The condition of the ground infrastructure, including taxiways and ramps, is critical. Pilots must be cautious of soft spots or areas not properly constructed to withstand aircraft weight, which can lead to accidents.
    • Limited Runway Width and Length: Airports with insufficient runway dimensions may restrict landing and takeoff performance for larger aircraft, posing risks during adverse conditions where longer stopping distances are required.
    • Inadequate Visual Aids: Poorly designed lighting and navigational aids can impair a pilot’s ability to assess runway conditions, especially in low visibility scenarios.
    • Safety Compliance: Non-compliance with international aviation standards during the design and construction phases may lead to operational hazards that pilots must navigate.

    How do airport design and infrastructure impact aviation safety?

    • Structural Reliability: The strength and reliability of runway surfaces directly affect safety. Insufficient ground support may lead to structural failures under heavy loads, as seen in the Doha incident.
    • Drainage Systems: Effective drainage systems are vital for preventing water accumulation on runways, which can lead to hydroplaning and loss of control during landings.
    • Environmental Considerations: The placement of airports in flood-prone areas without adequate flood management strategies can compromise safety during heavy rainfall, as experienced in Chennai.
    • Design Standards: Compliance with International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) standards is crucial for ensuring that airports are capable of safely accommodating various aircraft types.
    • Construction Quality: The choice of construction materials and techniques directly impacts the longevity and safety of airport infrastructure. Cost-cutting measures may lead to substandard designs.

    What measures are being taken to enhance pilot training and operational procedures at these high-risk airports? (Way forward) 

    • Enhanced Simulation Training: Pilots receive advanced simulation training to handle specific challenges associated with landing at high-risk airports, including crosswind landings and emergencies on compromised runways.
    • Regular Safety Audits: Conduct audits and inspections of airport facilities and infrastructure to ensure compliance with safety standards and identify potential hazards.
    • Real-time Weather Updates: Implementation of systems that provide pilots with real-time updates on weather conditions and runway status, helping them make informed decisions during landings.
    • Collaboration with Engineers: Continuous collaboration between pilots and airport engineers during the planning and construction phases to address potential safety issues upfront.
    • Training on Emergency Protocols: Training programs that include scenarios specific to airports with known risks, ensuring pilots are prepared for emergencies related to runway or taxiway failures.

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q Examine the development of Airports in India through joint ventures under Public – Private Partnership (PPP) model. What are the challenges faced by the authorities in this regard. (2017)

  • UPSC Law Optional Syllabus 2024

    UPSC has optional papers in the UPSC mains, in Papers VI & VII. There are 48 optional subjects for aspirants to choose from and law is one among them. It is one of the most selected subjects for Civils after sociology. Particularly, people with a law degree find it advantageous. However, anyone can choose the subject based on their interest. Law as a subject also makes for an interesting topic due to its scope in the real world and case studies. 

    If you’re on the run towards UPSC 2024-2025, knowing the UPSC law optional syllabus is imperative. You can expectt no changes in the original law optional syllabus. Whether you have been already preparing or set to begin the journey, check out the UPSC law optional syllabus 2024 below.

    UPSC Law Optional Syllabus: Overview

    Paper IPaper II
    Constitutional Law (9 Topics)Law of Crimes (16 Topics)
    Administrative Law (5 Topics)Law of Torts (13 Topics)
    International Law (15 Topics)Law of Contracts and Mercantile Law (13 Topics)
    Contemporary Legal Developments (8 Topics)

    Detailed UPSC Law Optional Syllabus 2024

    The syllabus for Law optional UPSC 2024 contains a total of 79 topics, combining Papers I & II. While Paper I shares 29 topics, Paper II shares 50 topics. Each Paper carries 250 marks in total, holding significant weightage in one’s success in the UPSC exam and interview. 

    Paper I

    Constitutional Law

    1. Constitution and Constitutionalism: The distinctive features of the Constitution. 
    2. Fundamental Rights—Public interest litigation; Legal Aid; Legal services authority. 
    3. Relationship between Fundamental rights, Directive principles and Fundamental duties. 
    4. Constitutional Position of the President and Relation with the Council of Ministers. 
    5. Governor and his powers. 
    6. Supreme Court and the High Courts:
      1. Appointments and transfer. 
      2. Powers, functions and jurisdiction. 
    7. Centre, States and local bodies:
      1. Distribution of Legislative Powers between the union and the states
      2. Administrative relationship among Union, State and Local Bodies.
      3. Eminent domain- State property community property.
    8. Legislative powers, privileges and immunities. 
    9. Services under the Union and the States:
      1. Recruitment and conditions of services; Constitutional safeguards; Administrative tribunals. 
      2. Union Public Service Commission and State Public Service Commissions—Power and functions. 
      3. Election Commission—Power and functions.
    10. Emergency provisions. 
    11. Amendment of the Constitution.

    Administrative Law

    1. Principle of Natural Justice—Emerging trends and judicial approach. 
    2. Delegated legislation and its constitutionality. 
    3. Separation of powers and constitutional governance. 
    4. Judicial review of administrative action. 
    5. Ombudsman: Lokayukta, Lokpal etc.

    International Law

    1. Nature and Definition of International Law. 
    2. Relationship between International Law and Municipal Law. 
    3. State Recognition and State Succession. 
    4. Law of the sea: Inland Waters, Territorial Sea, Contiguous Zone, Continental Shelf, Exclusive Economic Zone and High Seas. 
    5. Individuals: Nationality, statelessness; Human Rights and procedures available for their enforcement. 
    6. Territorial jurisdiction of States, Extradition and Asylum. 
    7. Treaties: Formation, application, termination and reservation. 
    8. United Nations: Its principal organs, powers and functions and reform. 
    9. Peaceful settlement of disputes—different modes. 
    10. Lawful recourse to force: aggression, self-defense, intervention.
    11. Fundamental principles of international humanitarian law—International conventions and contemporary developments. 
    12. Legality of the use of nuclear weapons; ban on testing of nuclear weapons; Nuclear non-proliferation treaty, CTST. 
    13. International Terrorism, State-sponsored terrorism, Hijacking, International Criminal Court. 
    14. New International Economic Order and Monetary Law: WTO, TRIPS, GATT, IMF, World Bank. 
    15. Protection and Improvement of the Human Environment: International Efforts. 

    Paper II

    Law of Crimes

    1. General principles of Criminal liability: mens rea and actus reus, mens rea in statutory offences. 
    2. Kinds of punishment and emerging trends as to abolition of capital punishment. 
    3. Preparations and criminal attempts.
    4. General exceptions. 
    5. Joint and constructive liability. 
    6. Abetment.
    7. Criminal conspiracy. 
    8. Offenses against the State. 
    9. Offences against public tranquillity. 
    10. Offences against the human body. 
    11. Offences against property. 
    12. Offences against women. 
    13. Defamation. 
    14. Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988. 
    15. Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 and subsequent legislative developments. 
    16. Plea bargaining. 

    Law of Torts

    1. Nature and definition. 
    2. Liability based upon fault and strict liability; Absolute liability. 
    3. Vicarious liability including State Liability. 
    4. General defenses. 
    5. Joint tort lessors.
    6. Remedies.
    7. Negligence. 
    8. Defamation.
    9. Nuisance.
    10. Conspiracy.
    11. False imprisonment.
    12. Malicious prosecution.
    13. Consumer Protection Act

    Law of Contracts and Mercantile Law

    1. Nature and formation of contract/E-contract.
    2. Factors vitiating free consent.
    3. Void, voidable, illegal and unenforceable agreements.
    4. Performance and discharge of contracts.
    5. Quasi-contracts.
    6. Consequences of breach of contract.
    7. Contract of indemnity, guarantee and insurance.
    8. Contract of agency.
    9. Sale of goods and hire purchase.
    10. Formation and dissolution of a partnership.
    11. Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881.
    12. Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996.
    13. Standard form contracts. 

    Contemporary Legal Developments

    1. Public Interest Litigation. 
    2. Intellectual property rights—Concept, types/prospects. 
    3. Information Technology Law including Cyber Laws—Concept, purpose/prospects.
    4. Competition Law—Concept, purpose/prospects.
    5. Alternate Dispute Resolution—Concept, types/prospects.
    6. Major statutes concerning environmental law.
    7. Right to Information Act.
    8. Trial by media. 

    Download the official UPSC Law Optional Syllabus PDF.

    Law Optional Preparation Strategy for IAS

    Covering the Law optional syllabus requires a strategic approach. Keep in mind the following points:

    • Analyze and understand the UPSC law optional syllabus thoroughly. It represents the overview of topics covered in the real exam. A proper grasp of the syllabus allows you to set priorities in the subject.
    • Going through prominent case studies matters when studying the UPSC law optional syllabus. It helps you understand the subject more practically and intuitively.
    • Prepare yourself or retrieve UPSC Law Optional notes from toppers for continuous revision.
    • Go through previous UPSC Law optional question papers to comprehend patterns and the most asked topics.
    • Take as many mock tests as you can to check your preparation level regarding the UPSC law optional syllabus.
    • UPSC Mans is a predominantly descriptive exam. Ensure to practice answer-writing on a continuous basis to achieve effectiveness of presenting ideas. 

    What are the Important Topics in UPSC Law Optional Subject?

    A thorough analysis of previous UPSC law optional question papers reveals that certain topics carry more weight than others in the syllabus. However, it should be taken as a suggestion to reinforce your preparation strategy, rather than as blind law. What are they?

    1. Constitution and Constitutionalism
    2. Fundamental Rights
    3. Relationship between Fundamental rights, Directive principles, and Fundamental duties.
    4. Supreme Court and the High Courts
    5. Centre, States, and local bodies
    6. Services under the Union and the States
    7. Emergency provisions
    8. Principle of Natural Justice—Emerging Trends and Judicial Approach
    9. Nature and Definition of International Law
    10. Law of the sea
    11. Territorial jurisdiction of States, Extradition and Asylum
    12. United Nations
    13. Fundamental principles of international humanitarian law
    14. New International Economic Order and Monetary Law
    15. General principles of Criminal Liability
    16. Preparations and criminal attempt
    17. Offenses against the State
    18. Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988
    19. Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955
    20. Law of Torts – Nature and definition
    21. Consumer Protection Act, 1986
    22. Law of Contracts and Mercantile Law
    23. Public Interest Litigation
    24. Competition Law
    25. Alternate Dispute Resolution
    26. Right to Information Act
    27. Trial by media

    Best UPSC Law Optional Books for Aspirants

    1. Indian Constitutional Law by MP Jain
    2. Administrative Law by IP Massey
    3. International Law by Malcolm Shaw
    4. International Law by SK Kapoor
    5. Starke’s International Law by JG Starke
    6. Textbook on IPC by KD Gaur
    7. Law of Torts by RK Bangia
    8. Law of Contract & Specific Relief by Avtar Singh
    9. The Constitution of India (Bare Act) by PM Bakshi
    10. Jurisprudence (Legal Theory) by B.N. Mani Tripathi
    11. Bare Acts

    For More Preparation

    Consider starting a case law diary to document landmark judgments and their implications, particularly focusing on recent Supreme Court verdicts that could impact multiple topics across the UPSC law optional syllabus. Additionally, follow legal news websites and Law Commission reports for contemporary examples for your answers. Participating in moot courts or legal debates can sharpen your analytical skills and help you develop a lawyer’s perspective—crucial for tackling law optional questions effectively.

    FAQs

    Where can I get the UPSC law optional Syllabus 2024 PDF?

    You can download the official UPSC Law optional syllabus from UPSC website. 

    Is Law optional difficult in UPSC?

    It is generally thought that Law is a difficult subject to choose in the UPSC. But toppers and success rates prove that wrong. Several UPSC reports point out that Law is one of the most consistent optional chosen by aspirants. If you can study with passion and dedication, Law optional is not a difficult UPSC subject.

    What is the success rate of Law optional in UPSC?

    Law as an optional subject in UPSC Mains has a success rate of around 16%. The secret lies in covering the UPSC law optional syllabus thoroughly.

    Can I choose Law optional in UPSC without a law degree?

    Yes, you can choose Law as optional subject for UPSC even without a law degree. In fact, every UPSC aspirant has the choice to select one of the 48 optional subjects.

  • The Gompertz Model

    Why in the News?

    Indian researchers have developed a predictive model based on the Gompertz Model to estimate a newborn’s birth weight using routine pregnancy scans.

    What is the Gompertz Model?

    • It is a mathematical model developed by English mathematician Benjamin Gompertz in the early 19th century.
      • It was originally designed to model population growth in a constrained environment, such as a specific geographic region.
      • The model uses an S-shaped (sigmoid) curve to represent growth patterns that start slowly, accelerate, and then slow again as they approach a plateau.
    • Applications:
      • Biology: The Gompertz Model is used to study tumor growth and cell population dynamics, reflecting constrained growth in biological systems.
      • Epidemiology: Applied in predicting the spread of infectious diseases like COVID-19, capturing how transmission rates slow with interventions.
      • Ecology: Useful for modelling species population growth in habitats with limited resources, aiding conservation and ecosystem management.
      • Healthcare: Recently adapted to predict foetal birth weight, helping identify potential risks associated with low or high birth weight.
      • Aging Research: Employed to analyze mortality rates and lifespan patterns, contributing to studies on aging and longevity.

    Recent Research and Significance

    • Recent research has applied the Gompertz Model in predicting foetal birth weight using routine scans, as shown by researchers from IISER Pune and IMSc Chennai, offering a non-invasive alternative for maternal health.
    • The model is used in tumor growth studies, allowing researchers to understand and predict cancer progression.
    • Its predictive accuracy under constrained conditions makes it useful for biological systems, including population growth and cell dynamics.
    • In healthcare, it supports early detection and intervention for conditions impacted by growth patterns, such as low or high birth weight risks.

  • Glacial Lakes rise as glaciers retreat

    Why in the News?

    Since 1977, the South Lhonak Lake, a glacial lake in Sikkim has expanded significantly, growing from 17 hectares to 167 hectares by 2023.

    Formation of Glacial Lakes:

    • When a glacier melts and retreats, the hollow left behind often fills with water, creating a glacial lake.
    • The rocky moraine at the glacier’s end can act as a natural dam, holding the water to form the lake.
    • Glacial lakes act as hydrological buffers, regulating water flow from melting ice, which can sometimes pose challenges to downstream communities.
    • Glacial lakes often have a vivid blue color, similar to swimming pools, due to the scattering of light by fine rock particles (rock flour) in the water.
    • There are several types of glacial lakes, each formed by specific processes and glacier dynamics:
      • Moraine-Dammed Lakes: Formed when moraine debris piles up at the end of a glacier and traps meltwater behind it. These are common and pose risks of outburst flooding.
      • Kettle Lakes: This was created when a chunk of glacier ice is buried in the moraine and eventually melts, leaving a depression filled with water.
      • Cirque Lakes: Formed in circular basins (cirques) carved by glaciers at high elevations. These lakes are often small and located at the glacier’s original head.
      • Pro-glacial Lakes: Situated in front of the glacier, between the ice and the moraine dam. These lakes are sometimes formed when the glacier’s snout melts and deposits water in the valley.
      • Tarn Lakes: Formed in depressions left behind in the cirques or basins after the glacier has completely melted.

    Major Glacial Lakes in India

    India’s Himalayan region is home to numerous glacial lakes, each with unique characteristics:

    • Gurudongmar Lake (Sikkim): One of the highest lakes in the world at 5,430 meters above sea level, fed by glacial melt and known for its religious significance.
    • Chandra Taal (Himachal Pradesh): A stunning crescent-shaped lake in the Lahaul-Spiti region at 4,300 meters. It is surrounded by snow-capped mountains and fed by glacier melt.
    • Samiti Lake (Sikkim): Located along the trek to Kanchenjunga and known for its clear blue waters and reflective quality.
    • Satopanth Tal (Uttarakhand): Found in the Garhwal Himalayas, this lake lies close to Satopanth Glacier and is considered sacred by locals.
    • South Lhonak Lake (Sikkim): A growing lake fed by three glaciers, expanding rapidly due to climate change and posing risks of glacial lake outburst floods.

    PYQ:

    [2019]  Consider the following pairs:

    Glacier: River

    1. Bandarpunch: Yamuna
    2. Bara Shigri: Chenab
    3. Milam: Mandakini
    4. Siachen: Nubra
    5. Zemu: Manas

    Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched?
    (a) 1, 2 and 4 only
    (b) 1, 3 and 4 only
    (c) 2 and 5 only
    (d) 3 and 5 only

  • Sleep Apnea contributes to Dementia in older adults

    Why in the News?

    A recent study from Michigan Medicine found that Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA), a common sleep disorder, increases the risk of dementia (loss of cognitive functioning) in adults, especially in women.

    What is Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)?

    • OSA is a sleep disorder where breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep due to blocked airways.
    • It is marked by episodes of disrupted or restricted breathing, leading to brief awakenings throughout the night.
    • Symptoms include loud snoring, gasping for air, morning headaches, and daytime drowsiness.
    • Risk Factors: Common in individuals who are overweight, have large tonsils or suffer from nasal congestion.
      • In India, approximately 10.4 lakh people are reported to suffer from OSA, as per government data.
      • Untreated OSA is associated with various health risks, including heart disease, diabetes, and cognitive decline.

    Recent Findings on OSA and Dementia Risk

    • A study from Michigan Medicine found a link between OSA and increased dementia risk, especially in older adults over 50.
      • Women with known or suspected OSA were found to have a higher likelihood of developing dementia compared to men, with dementia diagnoses increasing as women age.
    • Another study by NIMHANS focused on the link between stroke and OSA.
      • 105 stroke patients over the age of 50 were studied using polysomnography (PSG), which tracks brain waves and sleep breathing patterns.
      • Results showed that 88% of stroke patients had sleep apnea soon after their stroke, with 38% having severe OSA.

  • Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR)

    Why in the news?

    Employees of the Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) institutions have expressed concerns over the delay in revising their pay scales.

    About the Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR):

    Details
    Establishment It was established as an Autonomous organization, in 1969 on the recommendation of Prof. V. K. R. V. Rao Committee (National Income Committee).
    Nodal Ministry Operates under the Ministry of Education.
    Function Promote, fund, and support social science research in India.
    Objectives • Encourage social science research
    • Fund and coordinate research in various branches
    • Collaborate with international research organizations
    • Provide policy recommendations based on research
    Organizational Structure It is governed by a Council of eminent scholars and policymakers, supported by 24 research institutes and 6 regional centers.
    Research Institutes Funds institutes such as:
    • Centre for Development Studies (CDS), Thiruvananthapuram
    • Institute for Social and Economic Change (ISEC), Bengaluru
    • Centre for Studies in Social Sciences (CSSS), Kolkata
    • Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics (GIPE), Pune
    Key Programs and Initiatives • ICSSR Data Service: National repository for social science data
    • NASSDOC: Documentation and library services
    • Workshops and conferences to enhance research capabilities
    International Collaboration Collaborates with organizations like UNESCO and the Indian Council of World Affairs for joint projects and scholar exchanges.

     

    PYQ:

    [2013] Which of the following bodies is/are not mentioned in the Indian Constitution?

    1. National Development Council

    2. Planning Commission

    3. Zonal Councils

    Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

    (a) 1 and 2 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) 1 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

  • [2nd November 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The Nilgiris as a shared wilderness

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) How does biodiversity vary in India? How is the Biological Diversity Act,2002 helpful in conservation of flora and fauna? (UPSC CSE 2018)

    Q) How can the mountain ecosystem be restored from the negative impact of development initiatives and tourism? (UPSC CSE 2019)

    Q) Examine the status of forest resources of India and its resultant impact on climate change. (UPSC CSE 2020)

    Mentor’s Comment:  The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, a region in southern India, is celebrated for its rich biodiversity and unique ecosystems. However, it faces significant environmental challenges that threaten its ecological balance and the livelihoods of local communities. 

    Today’s editorial explores the pressing issues surrounding the Nilgiris as a shared wilderness, emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and community involvement in conservation efforts.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Experts at a recent conference emphasized the urgent need for community involvement in restoration efforts within the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (NBR).

    • They highlighted threats such as invasive species, unregulated tourism, and land use changes that have disrupted the ecological balance.
    About the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (NBR):

    • Located in the Western Ghats of southern India, it is a critical ecological zone renowned for its rich biodiversity and unique ecosystems.
    • Established in 1986, it was the first biosphere reserve in India and is recognized under UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere Programme.
    • The NBR spans parts of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Karnataka, making it a significant area for conservation efforts.

    Significance:
    • The diverse vegetation types, ranging from tropical evergreen forests to montane sholas and grasslands, contribute to the region’s ecological richness.
    • It supports many endangered species like the Nilgiri Tahr and Lion-tailed Macaque.
    • The region’s forests are crucial for watershed management, helping to regulate water flow and maintain water quality for millions of people living downstream.
    • The forests within the NBR act as carbon sinks, absorbing CO2 from the atmosphere and helping mitigate climate change effects.

    What are the ecological challenges facing the Nilgiris?

    • Habitat Loss: Non-native plants like Lantana and Eucalyptus are taking over, outcompeting local flora and harming wildlife habitats.
      • Urbanization and agricultural expansion (like tea and coffee plantations) are destroying natural landscapes, leading to fragmentation of wildlife habitats.
    • Climate Change: Altered weather patterns are affecting plant and animal distributions, causing shifts in biodiversity and increasing soil erosion.
    • Unregulated Tourism: Increased tourist activity is causing littering and habitat disturbance, putting pressure on sensitive ecosystems.
      • As humans expand into wildlife areas, Human-animal conflicts arise, especially with elephants raiding crops, leading to retaliatory actions.
    • Illegal Activities: Poaching and illegal logging threaten the region’s biodiversity, particularly valuable species like sandalwood.

    How do indigenous communities interact with and contribute to the conservation of the Nilgiris?

    • Traditional Knowledge: Indigenous peoples have deep knowledge about local plants and animals, helping them manage resources sustainably.
      • For example, Their traditional farming methods, such as rotational agriculture, promote ecological balance and help maintain wildlife habitats.
    • Sustainable Practices: Many rely on non-timber forest products (like honey and medicinal plants) and practice eco-friendly agriculture, which supports both their livelihoods and biodiversity.
      • Indigenous groups actively participate in conservation projects, such as restoring degraded areas and managing invasive species.
    • Advocacy: Indigenous leaders advocate for their rights to land and resources, emphasizing their role as protectors of the environment.
      • They pass down traditional knowledge to younger generations through workshops, ensuring that conservation practices continue.

    What policies or initiatives are necessary to balance development and conservation in the Nilgiris?

    • Carbon Neutral Initiatives: Need to encourage eco-friendly tourism practices, such as cycling tours and car-free pathways, to reduce vehicular traffic and pollution.
    • Community Involvement: Facilitate the development of sustainable livelihoods that align with conservation goals, such as harvesting non-timber forest products. Their traditional knowledge can guide sustainable practices and restoration activities.
    • Regulation of Development Activities: State governments needs to enforce stringent regulations on construction activities to prevent encroachments and protect wetlands and other sensitive areas.
    • Restoration Projects: Need to develop programs that focus on restoring degraded habitats, such as montane grasslands and shola forests, which are critical for biodiversity.
    • Water Resource Protection: Need to implement measures to safeguard water bodies from pollution and encroachment, recognizing that the Nilgiris are vital water sources for surrounding regions.
      •  For example, restoring wetland areas that have been converted for agriculture or development, enhancing their capacity to retain water and support biodiversity.

    Way Forward: By recognizing the interconnectedness of culture and ecology, there is potential to develop sustainable practices that honor both the natural environment and the rich heritage of its inhabitants. The path forward lies in fostering collaboration and promoting awareness about the importance of conserving this unique biosphere for future generations.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-nilgiris-as-a-shared-wilderness/article68820359.ece

  • [Beginner’s Webinar] By Eshani Anand, AIR 79 | 1.5-Year Plan to Clear UPSC 2026 in the First Attempt | Know the Topper’s Mindset | Join on 4th November 2024 at 7:00 PM

    [Beginner’s Webinar] By Eshani Anand, AIR 79 | 1.5-Year Plan to Clear UPSC 2026 in the First Attempt | Know the Topper’s Mindset | Join on 4th November 2024 at 7:00 PM

    Register Now!

    I will share a solid preparation roadmap & strategic blueprint for UPSC 2026—a no-nonsense, straight-to-the-point session.

    Eshani Anand, AIR 79, UPSC’23

    Register for the session to get preparation roadmap and strategy for UPSC-CSE 2026

    Register Now!
    IAS, UPSC, Civilsdaily, Metorship, UPSC Ranker

    Read about AIR-79′ Eshani Anand’s UPSC Preparation Journey

    “Hi, I’m Ishani, AIR 79 in UPSC 2023. My journey was as much about personal growth as academic preparation. Initially, I followed conventional methods, but after my first prelims attempt, I realised the exam demanded a deeper self-awareness. Inspired by my father’s work in bureaucracy, I prioritised emotional intelligence, empathy, and resilience. I developed my own strategies, like a ‘cookie jar’ of small achievements for motivation, and stayed grounded through supportive friends, journaling, and hobbies. This journey taught me that success comes from authenticity, adaptability, and continuous learning.”

    Join me for a Zoom session on Nov 04th, 2024, at 7:00 p.m. It’s for everyone, whether you’re new to UPSC or you’ve tried before but are targeting a Top 50 rank in UPSC 2026.

    Register Now!

    In the session, we will discuss how to start and strategize your prep for UPSC 2026. I will share a precise stepwise study plan and approach for a top 50 rank. I will also discuss the philosophy of UPSC prep, what UPSC expects, and how you should adapt to meet those expectations.

    We will deal with all the aspects for a comprehensive UPSC preparation.

    We’ll talk about starting with the basics, NCERTs that aren’t just textbooks but your foundation stones. You will have to complement this with a disciplined approach to reading newspapers and covering CA. It’s not about skimming through; it’s about understanding the world around you, which is crucial for both Prelims and Mains.

    Gradually how to progress to standard books, but do so with a strategy. You don’t just read; you analyze and understand. And here’s where the mindset plays a massive role. Transforming from an aspirant to a top ranker isn’t just about hard work but smart work, the right attitude, and persistence.

    Register Now!

    Focus on mastering answer writing should be from early on. Your notes should be concise, clear, and, most importantly, useful. You have to learn to weave current affairs with static portions seamlessly. This isn’t just preparation; it’s about building a habit, a discipline that will stand you in good stead for UPSC and life.

    I’ve talked to thousands of UPSC hopefuls on YouTube and through Civilsdaily. I know what you’re up against because I’ve been there. In this webinar, I’ll also share my notes with you.

    I genuinely believe std. resources and mock tests are not enough now to get a rank in UPSC CSE.

    One must consider the overall preparation strategy and how he/she will approach the exam.

    Now you need to define the exact plan.

    This thinking gives you an edge over others in the exam. You become relaxed and confident throughout the journey, which is otherwise filled with lots of daily anxiety, fear, and uncertainty.

    Register Now!

    This Sunday, I am coming to help you create your own preparation plan, especially if you are a beginner. You must attend this.

    My masterclass will be a reality check on modern-day UPSC prep. Not just my book list and strategy but also my inputs on your current strategy shared with you over our private Zoom meeting.”

    Join me on 04th Nov, at 7 PM, for an exclusive webinar on UPSC 2026 preparation roadmap and how to perform at the alpha level in your very first attempt.

    Register Now!

    It will be a practical webinar and here’s what we will be discussing:

    1. Micro Timetable for 2026 & How should an absolute beginner start his/ her UPSC 2026 prep? What are the high yielding areas that are quick to conquer and necessary to master.
    2. Important Micro-themes for GS Papers (Absolute negotiable for every beginner) – If you miss mastering these, forget your rank, you will risk even your mental health – so get them right
    3. Note-Making and Answer Writing & UPSC PYQs to show the difference between a beginner vs. a ranker’s attempt to the same question.
    Register Now!

    It will be a 45 minute webinar, post which we will open up the floor for all kinds of queries which a beginner must have. No questions are taboo and Eshani mam is known to be patiently solving all your doubts.

    Join us for a Zoom session on 04th Nov 2024 at 7:00 p.m. This session is a must-attend for you If you are attempting UPSC for the first time or have attempted earlier and now preparing for next year, then it is going to be a valuable session for you too.

    We will deal with all the aspects for a comprehensive UPSC Preparation. We’ll talk about starting with the basics, and move to advanced level.

    See you in the session”

    Register for the session for a focussed UPSC 2026 Prep

    Register Now!

    In this masterclass, you will get:

    1. A 45-minute deep dive on how to plan your UPSC strategy from the start to the end.
    2. How do first-attempt IAS Rankers get the most out of their one year prep?
    3. Insider tips that only the top IAS and IPS rankers know and apply to get rank.

    By the end, you’ll have razor-sharp clarity and a clear path to crack UPSC with confidence and near-perfect certainty. 

    Join UPSC session on 04th Nov 2024, 7:00 pm

    Register Now!

    (Don’t wait—the next webinar won’t be until Dec 24)

    These masterclasses are packed with value. They are conducted in private with a closed community. We rarely open these webinars for everyone for free. This time we are keeping it for 300 seats only.

    Ready to attend the UPSC Webinar?

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    Not sure yet?

    We recommend you register here. It takes less than 10 seconds to register.

    • No spam! Once in a while, we’ll only send you high-quality exam-related content. 
    • We will inform you about the upcoming Masterclasses that might benefit you.
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  • How remote sensing system LiDAR helped discover a lost Mayan city?

    Why in the News?

    Scientists have used LiDAR technology to find an ancient Mayan city hidden for centuries under a thick jungle in Mexico.

    What is LiDAR?

    • LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is a remote sensing technology that uses laser light pulses to measure distances between a sensor (often airborne) and Earth’s surface.
    • It produces high-resolution, 3D models of ground elevation with up to 10 cm vertical accuracy, as per the US Geological Survey.

    How Does LiDAR Work?

    • LiDAR Setup: Includes a laser, a scanner, and a GPS receiver. The laser emits rapid pulses of light that reflect off surfaces on the ground, including natural features and man-made structures.
    • Data Collection: The reflected light returns to the sensor, and the LiDAR system calculates the two-way travel time to determine the distance to each point on Earth’s surface.
    • Data Processing: GPS and Inertial Measurement System (IMS) data are used to create accurate maps. The initial data forms a “point cloud” representing surfaces like vegetation, buildings, and terrain.
    • “Bare Earth” Model: By filtering out structures and vegetation, LiDAR can create a Digital Elevation Model that shows just the ground terrain.

    Applications of LiDAR

    • Geography and Mapping: Creates precise 3D information for topographic mapping.
    • Urban Planning and Infrastructure: Used in planning transportation routes, assessing flood risk, and managing natural resources.
    • Conservation: Helps monitor forest health, manage habitats, and detect environmental changes.
    • Engineering and Policy: Provides data for infrastructure design, environmental policy making, and land-use planning.

    Why is LiDAR Useful for Archaeologists?

    • Large-Area Surveying: LiDAR enables archaeologists to study extensive areas quickly, bypassing the need for labor-intensive, on-ground exploration.
    • Vegetation Penetration: LiDAR can “see through” dense tree canopies by using the reflections that pass through gaps, allowing mapping of hidden structures and terrain.
    • Detailed Site Mapping: With “bare earth” models, archaeologists can strip away vegetation layers to reveal hidden archaeological sites.
    • Case Study – Maya Civilization: Archaeologists discovered the lost Mayan city of Valeriana in Mexico by analyzing publicly available LiDAR data, uncovering plazas, temple pyramids, a ballcourt, and other features indicative of a Classic Maya capital.

    Where is the Indian Government using LiDAR ?

    • High-Speed Rail Projects: NHSRCL (National High-Speed Rail Corporation Limited) uses aerial LiDAR surveys for the Delhi-Varanasi High-Speed Rail Corridor, reducing survey time from 10-12 months to 3-4 months by capturing detailed topographical data within a 300-meter corridor.
    • National Highways: NHAI mandates Mobile LiDAR for feasibility studies and project reports, enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of highway surveys across extensive networks.
    • Forest Mapping: The Ministry of Environment is piloting LiDAR-based forest mapping across states to improve forest management and accurately monitor forest cover changes.
    • Water Resource Management: WAPCOS is using LiDAR to identify groundwater recharge zones, aiding water resource management and mitigating human-animal conflicts in forested areas.
    • Urban Planning: Chandigarh and Gujarat are using LiDAR for GIS mapping and drone-based surveys, respectively, supporting detailed city models, urban planning, and infrastructure mapping.

    Conclusion: LiDAR technology has revolutionized fields from archaeology to urban planning by providing precise 3D mapping. In India, it’s enhancing infrastructure projects, environmental monitoring, and urban planning, proving invaluable for efficient, large-scale data collection and analysis.

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