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  • The Invisible Care Economy: Does Budget 2025 Recognize the its Contribution?

    N4S: This article dives deep into the care economy, exploring how unpaid care work -mostly done by women – shapes the economy but remains invisible in GDP calculations. It also evaluates Budget 2025 to see if it addresses these concerns.

    UPSC has explored questions on budget provisions, economic structures and social issues, often in an interlinked manner. Questions like “How can care economy be brought into the monetized economy?” (PYQ 2023) test both conceptual clarity and real-world application. Aspirants often falter in such topics by either missing data-driven arguments (like the NSSO Time Use Survey, which shows women spend 3x more time on unpaid work than men) or failing to connect theoretical frameworks to practical solutions (e.g., how investing in care services could create 11 million jobs in India).

    This article directly addresses these gaps by not only explaining what the care economy is but also linking it to policy action. It discusses the impact of unpaid care work on GDP (₹22.7 lakh crore contribution, yet unrecognized), evaluates Budget 2025’s indirect wins (like investments in Anganwadis and gig worker welfare), and highlights missed opportunities (lack of formal recognition for unpaid care work). One standout feature of this piece is its structured “Back2Basics” section, which analyses the impact of care economy of Female Labour Force participation to give you a broader picture.

    PYQ Anchoring

    1. GS 3: Distinguish between ‘care economy’ and ‘monetized economy’. How can care economy be brought into monetized economy through women empowerment? [2023]
    2. GS 3: One of the intended objectives of Union Budget 2017-18 is to ‘transform, ener gize and clean India’. Analyse the measures proposed in the Budget 2017-18 to achieve the objective. [2017]

    Microtheme: Care X Monetized Economy, Current Budget

    While hearing a case on insurance compensation for a deceased couple – where the man was a professional and the woman a homemaker – the Supreme Court ruled that the notional income of a homemaker should account not just for her work but also her sacrifices. This wasn’t the first time. 

    Back in 2021, Kamal Haasan’s Makkal Needhi Maiam (MNM) party brought the conversation into the political mainstream by proposing “due recognition” for unpaid housework in its election manifesto. While paying women for housework within the current system may seem far-fetched, even assigning a notional income helps push the conversation forward—acknowledging housework as work and its place in the economy.

    According to NSSO’s Time Use Survey 2019, a staggering 92% of women (aged 15-59) reported doing daily housework, compared to just 29% of men. Women also spend three times more time on domestic chores than men (299 minutes vs. 97 minutes daily). 

    To make things worse, many working women face the double burden of both professional and domestic responsibilities, often at the cost of their productivity and career growth. The International Labour Organization (ILO) estimates that unpaid care work contributes 9% to the global economy, yet remains largely unmonetized and invisible.

    So, where do we go from here? From productivity losses to GDP calculations, the care economy plays a crucial yet overlooked role in shaping national and global economies. Understanding its impact could change the way we view economic growth itself.  

    Impact of Care Economy on GDP

    ParameterContribution to GDP & Economy
    Unpaid Care Work– Unpaid care work contributes 15%-17% of GDP (based on 2019 Time Use Survey).
    – Using minimum wage method: 15% of GDP.
    – Using weighted average wage method: 17% of GDP.
    Total Unpaid Work– SBI Report (2023) estimates unpaid work contributes ₹22.7 lakh crore (7.5% of GDP).
    Impact of Gender Disparities– Reducing gender gaps in unpaid work could boost India’s GDP by 27%.
    Job Creation in Paid Care Sector– Investing in care services could create 11 million jobs in India.
    – Globally, care sector growth could generate 475 million jobs by 2030 (ILO data).
    Broader Economic Benefits– Expanding the care economy can increase female labor participation, boosting overall economic growth.
    – Strengthening care services fosters women-led businesses and entrepreneurship opportunities.

    India’s care economy is already a major but undervalued contributor to GDP. Investing in care services and reducing gender inequalities can unlock massive economic growth and job opportunities.

    Does Budget 2025 Address the Needs of India’s Care Economy?

    Budget 2025 partially addresses the care economy through indirect measures, but it lacks a direct, structured approach to solving core issues like unpaid care work, formalizing care jobs, and large-scale care infrastructure investment.

    Budget 2025: Indirect Wins for the Care Economy

    Positive ImpactHow Budget 2025 HelpsSubstantiation (Data/Examples)
    Support for Women (Nari Focus)Women’s empowerment initiatives could benefit those engaged in unpaid care work.Women in India perform 312 minutes of unpaid care work per day compared to men’s 31 minutes (OECD, 2019). Recognizing this through targeted policies would help bridge this gap.
    Childcare & Nutrition (Anganwadis & Poshan 2.0)Strengthening Saksham Anganwadi & Poshan 2.0 could improve early childhood care and nutrition.India has 1.37 million Anganwadi centers, but many lack proper infrastructure. More investment is needed to improve accessibility (MoWCD Report, 2022).
    Healthcare Expansion (Medical Education & Cancer Day Care Centers)More doctors, hospitals, and specialized cancer care centers indirectly benefit the care economy.India has 1 doctor per 1,511 people, below the WHO standard of 1:1,000. Expanding medical education could improve this (NMC, 2023).
    Welfare for Gig & Platform Workers (e-Shram Portal & PM-JAY Healthcare)If care workers (e.g., home nurses, elderly caregivers) are included, they may receive healthcare benefits.The e-Shram portal has registered 29.8 crore unorganized workers, but formal recognition of care workers remains unclear (MoLE, 2023).
    MSME & Entrepreneurship SupportWomen-led care businesses (daycares, elderly care services) could benefit from easier credit access.98% of women entrepreneurs in India operate micro-enterprises, many in caregiving sectors, yet face difficulty securing loans (IFC, 2022).
    Skill Development InitiativesMore National Skill Centers could improve the training of care workers.India needs 2 million additional eldercare workers by 2050 due to a rapidly aging population (UNFPA, 2021).
    State-Level Capital Investments50-year interest-free loans to states could fund care infrastructure if prioritized.Kerala has state-funded elderly care schemes, but most states lack structured care investments (Economic Review, 2023).

    Budget 2025: Missed Opportunities for the Care Economy

    Missing AreaWhat’s Lacking in Budget 2025Substantiation (Data/Examples)
    No Recognition of Unpaid Care WorkThe budget does not propose policies to reduce, redistribute, or recognize unpaid care work.Women’s unpaid labor contributes $10 trillion globally, yet remains unrecognized in GDP calculations (ILO, 2018).
    Limited Focus on Care Jobs & WagesNo provisions for minimum wages, job security, or benefits for domestic workers and caregivers.India has 4 million domestic workers, many of whom lack legal protections and social security (PLFS, 2022).
    No Large-Scale Care Infrastructure InvestmentNo direct funding for daycares, eldercare homes, or disability care centers.Only 0.3% of India’s GDP is spent on care-related infrastructure, compared to 2% in OECD countries (World Bank, 2022).
    No Private Sector Incentives for Care ServicesNo tax breaks or subsidies for private investments in the care sector.Japan offers tax incentives for elderly care businesses, leading to 50% growth in eldercare services (Japan Care Economy Report, 2021).
    No Data Collection on Care WorkNo new initiatives for tracking unpaid and paid care work trends.India’s Time Use Survey (2019) was the first in 20 years to measure unpaid care work, but needs continuous updates for policy action.

    Way Forward

    Acknowledging unpaid care work is important, but the real challenge lies in translating recognition into policy and economic reform. Governments and institutions need to explore solutions like care credits, paid family leave, social security benefits, and workforce inclusion policies to ensure women’s labor—both paid and unpaid—is valued. Some of such policies are: 

    Policy PillarKey FocusRecommendations
    1. Leave PoliciesHelping people balance work and caregiving– Support maternity leave costs for small businesses
    – Introduce parental leave for both parents
    – Encourage employers to offer care-related leave and flexible work options
    2. Subsidies for Care ServicesMaking care services more affordable– Provide financial support to Self-Help Groups (SHGs) for childcare and elder care
    – Offer tax benefits to women-led small businesses in the care sector
    – Expand government-backed childcare schemes like Palna
    3. Investment in Care InfrastructureBuilding more care facilities– Increase funding for childcare centers
    – Develop government-supported care homes for elderly, disabled, and long-term care
    – Attract private investment through Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs)
    4. Skill Training for Care WorkersImproving the quality of care services– Create structured training and certification programs
    – Encourage private institutes to offer care-related training
    – Partner with international organizations to enhance training quality
    5. Quality Assurance & RegulationEnsuring high standards in care services– Set up national and state-level monitoring systems
    – Collect gender-based data on paid and unpaid care work
    – Establish a Care Sector Skill Council to regulate training and service quality

    #BACK2BASICS: IMPACT OF CARE ECONOMY ON FEMALE LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION

    Comparison of Time Spent on Unpaid Work by Gender in India

    There is a stark gender disparity in the time spent on unpaid work in India, with women shouldering a significantly heavier burden than men. 

    Women Spend More Time on Unpaid Work

    • Women of working age (15-59 years) spend an average of 5.6 hours daily on unpaid household work, whereas men in the same age group contribute only 30 minutes.
    • Employed women dedicate 5.8 hours to unpaid tasks, significantly more than employed men, who spend just 2.7 hours.
    • Unemployed men spend under four hours on unpaid work, still far less than the seven hours spent by women in the same category.

    Rural vs. Urban Divide

    • The gender gap is more pronounced in urban areas, where women spend 9.6 times more time on unpaid care work than men.
    • In rural areas, the disparity is slightly lower but still substantial, with women spending 8.2 times more than men.

    Weekly and Overall Impact

    • On a weekly basis, women spend 36 hours on unpaid tasks, compared to just 16 hours for men.
    • 93% of working women perform unpaid domestic services for their families, while only 31% of working men do the same.
    • Women outside the labour force undertake 11.5 times more unpaid work than their male counterparts.

    This persistent gender gap not only reinforces traditional gender roles but also limits women’s participation in the formal economy, ultimately impacting India’s economic growth. Addressing this imbalance could significantly improve women’s access to paid employment and contribute to the country’s GDP.

    Impact of Unpaid Care Work on Female Labour Force Participation

    Key ImpactExplanationSupporting Data/Examples
    Primary Barrier to Workforce EntryUnpaid care work limits women’s time and energy for formal employment.ILO Report: Unpaid care work is a major barrier preventing women from entering the labor force.
    Declining Female Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR)Caregiving responsibilities contribute to low LFPR in India.PLFS 2022-23: Female LFPR in India rose to 37% (from 23.3% in 2017-18), but mainly in self-employment, not formal jobs.
    Underemployment & Labour UnderutilizationWomen often take up low-paying, part-time jobs due to caregiving duties.ILO 2018: Women are overrepresented in informal, part-time, and unpaid family work.
    “Double Burden” of WorkEmployed women also handle most domestic care work, increasing stress and limiting career growth.ILO 2018: Employed women spend 6x more time on unpaid care than men.
    “Time Poverty” Reduces ProductivityExcessive unpaid work restricts women’s ability to engage in paid labor and skill-building.2019 Time Use Survey: Working-age women spend 7 hours/day on unpaid work.
    Reinforces Gender NormsCultural expectations push women toward care work, limiting career choices.ILO 2022: Women’s workforce participation is higher in countries with strong caregiving support systems.
    Lack of Support SystemsInsufficient childcare and eldercare services increase women’s unpaid workload.World Bank 2022: India spends only 0.3% of GDP on care-related infrastructure (OECD average: 2%).

    Unpaid care work directly limits women’s workforce participation, pushing them into informal jobs, reducing work hours, and reinforcing gender inequality. Policy interventions like subsidized childcare, parental leave, and flexible work arrangements are essential for boosting female employment.

  • Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (CGRFA)

    Why in the News?

    The 20th meeting of the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (CGRFA-20) is currently underway in Rome.

    About Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (CGRFA)

    • The CGRFA is the only permanent intergovernmental body addressing all components of biodiversity-related to food and agriculture.
    • It was established in 1983 as the Commission on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.
    • It operates under the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations.
    • It aims to create international consensus on managing biodiversity in food systems and ensuring the fair and equitable sharing of benefits from these genetic resources.
    • Membership: 179 countries (including India) and the European Union
    • Focus: Coordinates global efforts on biodiversity affecting agriculture, forestry, livestock, and aquatic species, including pollinators, soil organisms, and other vital species for food production.

    Structure and Mandate

    • Structure:
      • Governed by a biennial session where member countries discuss and make decisions.
      • A bureau, elected by member states, guides the Commission’s work.
      • The CGRFA Secretariat, hosted by FAO, offers technical and logistical support.
    • Mandate:
      • Policy Formulation: Develops global action plans, codes of conduct, and policy instruments for sustainable use and conservation of genetic resources for food and agriculture.
      • Global Assessments: Guides preparation of periodic assessments to monitor the status and trends of genetic resources and biodiversity.
      • Sustainable Use of Biodiversity: Promotes biodiversity use for food security, sustainable agriculture, and climate adaptation.
      • Fair and Equitable Benefit Sharing: Ensures fair distribution of benefits from genetic resources, especially plant materials under international treaties.
    • Achievements:
      • International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA): Adopted in 2001, it recognizes farmers’ contributions to crop diversity and provides a global system for accessing plant genetic materials for breeders, farmers, and scientists.
    [UPSC 2014] Consider the following international agreements:

    1. The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture

    2. The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

    3. The World Heritage Convention

    Which of the above has / have a bearing on the biodiversity?

    Options: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

     

  • 50 Years of Farakka Barrage

    Why in the News?

    It was nearly 50 years ago, that India had completed the construction of the Farakka Barrage.

    About Farakka Barrage

    • The Farakka Barrage is located on the Ganges River in Murshidabad District, West Bengal, India, about 18 km from the Bangladesh border.
    • The barrage measures 2,304 meters (7,559 feet) in length.
    • Its construction began in 1962 and was completed in 1970 at a cost of 1 billion dollars. It became operational on April 21, 1975.
    • The Feeder Canal is approximately 42 km long, connecting the barrage to the Hooghly River.
    • Purpose:
      • It diverts water to the Hooghly River to maintain the navigability of Kolkata Port and to flush out sediment from the river.
      • It diverts 1,800 cubic meters per second of water from the Ganges.
    • Construction Details:
      • Built by Hindustan Construction Company, it consists of 109 gates, with 108 over the river and one over low-lying land as a precaution.
      • Supports the Farakka Super Thermal Power Station.
    • The 1996 Ganges Water Sharing Treaty ensured fair water distribution:
      • 70,000 cusecs or less: 50% to both India and Bangladesh.
      • 70,000 – 75,000 cusecs: India gets 35,000 cusecs, Bangladesh the balance.
      • 75,000 cusecs or more: India receives 40,000 cusecs, Bangladesh gets the remainder.

    Significance in India-Bangladesh Water Sharing:

    • The Farakka Barrage is crucial for irrigation in West Bengal, supporting agriculture during the dry season.
    • Bangladesh, particularly Mongla and Khulna, depends on the Ganges for water.
    • The diverted water has led to water scarcity, impacting agriculture, fisheries, and livelihoods in Bangladesh, causing diplomatic tensions.
    • This treaty ensures equitable distribution and guarantees a minimum flow for Bangladesh.
    • Issues: 
      • Water diversion has led to salinization and soil degradation in Bangladesh, affecting agriculture and freshwater supplies.
      • Biodiversity loss and damage to the Sundarbans mangrove forests have been significant environmental impacts.
    [UPSC 1997] The canal-carrying capacity of Farakka is:

    (a) 40,000 cusecs (b) 60,000 cusecs (c) 80,000 cusecs (d) 100,000 cusecs

     

  • Exercise ‘AIKEYME’

    Why in the News?

    India is set to strengthen its military and maritime ties with African nations through two significant initiatives—Exercise Aikeyme (Africa-India Key Maritime Engagement) and IOS Sagar (Indian Ocean Ship Sagar).

    About Exercise Aikeyme 

    • Aikeyme is India’s first-ever multilateral naval exercise with 10 African nations, aimed at improving maritime cooperation, enhancing maritime security, and addressing regional threats.
    • It will be held off Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania, from April 13 to 18, 2025.
    • The nations taking part include Tanzania (co-host), Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Seychelles, and South Africa.
    • It is aimed at increasing interoperability between the Indian Navy and African navies, with a focus on combating common threats like piracy and drug trafficking.
    • The goal is to make this exercise a biennial event and expand participation in future editions to include West African nations.
    • Key Features:
      • Visit Board Search and Seizure (VBSS) drills.
      • Arms firing exercises.
      • Helicopter operations.
      • Search and rescue missions.
      • Table-top and command post exercises on anti-piracy operations and information-sharing.

    IOS Sagar (Indian Ocean Ship) Initiative

    • The IOS Sagar initiative focuses on deepening India’s maritime cooperation with IOR countries.
    • It involves the deployment of the Indian Navy’s INS Sunayna, which will be manned by a combined crew of Indian sailors and 44 personnel from nine African countries.
    • The initiative will take place from April 5 to May 8, 2025.
    • Key Participating Countries: Sri Lanka, Maldives, Mauritius, Comoros, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Seychelles, and South Africa.
    • Activities:
      • The ship will undertake port calls at Dar-es-Salaam, Nacala, Port Louis, Port Victoria, and Male.
      • The ship will also engage in joint surveillance of the Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) of Tanzania, Mozambique, Mauritius, and Seychelles.
      • The personnel will undergo two-week training capsules at Kochi, including sea training, watchkeeping, and other professional naval activities.

  • Lapis Lazuli and its Ancient Significance

    Why in the News?

    This newscard is an excerpt from the original article published in ‘The Hindu’.

    Lapis Lazuli and its Ancient Significance

    About Lapis Lazuli

    • Lapis lazuli is a deep-blue metamorphic rock prized for its vibrant colour, often used in jewellery and decorative items.
    • It is composed mainly of lazurite, with other minerals like calcite and pyrite, which give it its characteristic golden specks.
    • It is mainly found in Afghanistan’s Badakhshan province, though it is also present in Chile, Russia, and the US.
    • It has been valued since ancient times, particularly in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Greece, and is known for its use in making pigments, especially ultramarine.

    Lapis Lazuli and its Ancient Significance

    Lapis Lazuli in Indus Valley Civilization (IVC):

    • The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) (3300-1900 BC) had extensive trade with Mesopotamia and Afghanistan, where lapis lazuli was imported.
    • It was used for beads and ornaments found at Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, underscoring its value in Indus jewellery.
    • It was a sacred stone, often used in beads, pendants, and amulets, symbolizing spirituality and high social status.
    • It was likely associated with religious ceremonies and used to represent the gods.
    • The Indus people were skilled at bead-making, often combining lapis lazuli with other stones, such as gold.
    • The intricate designs, including incised or painted beads, reflect their technical expertise.

    Other Semi-Precious Stones Found in IVC:

    Several semi-precious stones were used by the IVC to create jewellery and ornaments:

    • Carnelian beads were made into pendants and rings, valued for their reddish-orange hue and durability.
    • Amethyst beads, a purple quartz variety, were also used, likely imported from other regions.
    • Jasper, a chalcedony variety, was used for beads and pendants, valued for its earthy tones.
    • Turquoise was used in beads, often combined with lapis lazuli and carnelian.
    • Steatite (Soapstone) was used for seals and beads, often engraved with animal motifs or symbols.
    • Crystal and quartz were used for translucent beads, adding a mystical quality to jewelry.
    • Gold, combined with semi-precious stones like lapis lazuli, carnelian, and turquoise, was extensively used in necklaces, bracelets, and earrings.

     

    [UPSC 2023] Lothal, a significant site of the Indus Valley Civilization, was particularly well-known as a:

    (a) major agricultural centre

    (b) centre for textile production

    (c) major trade hub for beads, gems, and ornaments

    (d) site with extensive fire altars

     

  • [ 24th March 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: The need for universal and equitable health coverage

    PYQ Relevance:

    Question: Besides being a moral imperative of a Welfare State, primary health structure is a necessary precondition for sustainable development.’ Analyse (UPSC IAS 2021)

    Reason:  A strong primary health structure, as highlighted in this question, is fundamental for achieving equitable access to healthcare. It serves as the first point of contact and helps in early detection and management of health issues across all sections of society.

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC usually focuses on the primary health structure in 2021 and Public healthcare system in 2024.

    India has made significant progress in TB care by expanding rapid molecular testing, introducing the shorter all-oral BPaLM regimen, increasing Ni-kshay Poshan Yojana support to ₹1,000 per month, and strengthening community involvement. These efforts led to a 17.7% drop in TB incidence and a 21.4% decline in TB deaths between 2015 and 2023.

    Today’s editorial highlights significant advancements in tuberculosis (TB) care and their impact. This information is valuable for GS Paper 2 and 3 in UPSC Mains answer writing.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Integrating TB services into the public health system is essential for ensuring fair and universal healthcare for everyone in India.

    What are the key advancements India has made in tuberculosis (TB) care?

    • Expansion of Molecular Testing for Rapid Detection: India has significantly expanded molecular testing, enabling faster and more accurate diagnosis of TB and drug-resistant TB. Example: Introduction of CBNAAT (Cartridge-Based Nucleic Acid Amplification Test) and TrueNat machines in primary health centers for early detection.
    • Improved Drug Regimens & Shorter Treatment Duration: Newer drug combinations have reduced treatment duration for drug-resistant TB, increasing patient compliance. Example: The shorter BPaL regimen (Bedaquiline, Pretomanid, and Linezolid) has improved MDR-TB cure rates and reduced mortality.
    • Better Access to Free & Effective Treatment: Government programs like the National TB Elimination Programme (NTEP) provide free TB medicines, improving adherence and reducing deaths. Example: MDR-TB patients receiving Bedaquiline and Delamanid have better survival rates compared to traditional toxic injectable treatments.
    • Enhanced Nutritional and Financial Support: The Ni-kshay Poshan Yojana (NPY) doubled financial assistance from ₹500 to ₹1,000 per month for TB patients to ensure proper nutrition. Example: Over 40 lakh patients have benefited from direct benefit transfers under this scheme.
    • Integration of TB Services with Primary Healthcare: TB care is now incorporated into the Ayushman Bharat scheme, linking it with Health and Wellness Centres (Ayushman Arogya Mandirs). Example: These centers serve as sputum collection points and treatment hubs, improving accessibility for rural and urban populations.
    • Community Engagement and Preventive Strategies: Expansion of TB preventive therapy and involvement of TB survivors as “TB Champions” to promote awareness and early detection. Example: The “100 Days” campaign aims to improve case detection and ensure early intervention for high-risk populations.

    How have these advancements contributed to a decline in TB incidence and mortality rates?

    • Decline in TB Incidence: In 2015, TB incidence in India was 237 per lakh population. By 2022, it had dropped to below 200 per lakh, showing a 16% decline. Example: If 237 people per lakh had TB in 2015, now fewer than 200 per lakh are affected.
    • Reduction in TB Mortality: TB mortality declined from higher levels in 2015 to 23 per lakh population in 2022. This represents an 18% decline in TB-related deaths. Example: If 100,000 people were affected, 23 would die from TB in 2022 compared to a higher number in 2015.

    Who are the most vulnerable groups affected by TB?

    • People with Weakened Immune Systems: Individuals with HIV/AIDS, diabetes, malnutrition, or chronic illnesses are more susceptible due to weaker immunity. Example: TB is the leading cause of death among people with HIV, as their immune system cannot effectively fight the infection.
    • Low-Income & Undernourished Populations: Malnutrition and poverty increase TB risk by weakening immunity and limiting access to healthcare. Example: In India, undernourished populations, especially in tribal and slum areas, have higher TB incidence due to poor living conditions.
    • Migrants, Prisoners, and Urban Slum Dwellers: Overcrowded and poorly ventilated environments increase TB transmission. Example: Migrant workers living in congested dormitories or prison inmates are at a higher risk of infection due to close contact with infected individuals.

    Gender & Tuberculosis: Challenges, Data, and Solutions

    Category Challenges Data & Examples Solutions
    Women & TB Social Stigma and Fear of Isolation 60% of women diagnosed with TB in India face stigma (REACH, 2022). Community awareness campaigns like “TB Mukt Mahila” in Uttar Pradesh.
    Misdiagnosis & Underreporting Only 34% of TB cases in women are officially diagnosed (WHO, 2019). Gender-sensitive diagnostic protocols in PHCs. Routine TB screening during maternal health checkups (Rajasthan model).
    Limited Healthcare Access 50% of rural women delay TB treatment due to financial dependence (Global TB Report, 2023). Example: Bihar’s ASHA workers report women refusing solo hospital visits, delaying treatment. Mobile TB clinics and door-to-door screenings.
    Higher Risk of Malnutrition 45% of women with TB suffer from malnutrition (NFHS, 2023). Example: 80% of TB-infected women in Jharkhand lack protein-rich diets, increasing dropout rates. Ni-kshay Poshan Yojana benefits for women, with an extra ₹500 allowance in Madhya Pradesh.
    Children & TB Non-Specific Symptoms & Misdiagnosis 60% of childhood TB cases present with fever and weight loss, not cough (IAP, 2022). AI-based diagnostic tools like Bihar’s AI-assisted TB detection, which increased early diagnosis by 28%.
    Sputum Test Ineffectiveness 40-50% of children’s TB cases are undetectable using standard sputum tests (WHO, 2023). Example: Delhi’s AIIMS introduced stool-based PCR testing, increasing childhood TB detection by 25%. Nationwide adoption of stool-based PCR tests.
    Late Detection in Infants 30% of TB meningitis cases in infants are fatal due to delayed screening. Routine TB screening during childhood immunizations.
    Malnutrition & Weak Immunity Malnourished children are six times more likely to develop TB (WHO, 2023). Example: 90% of TB-infected children in Jharkhand were also undernourished. Integrate TB screening with anganwadi nutrition programs.
    Exposure to Household TB 50% of children living with TB-infected adults develop latent TB, but only 15% receive preventive therapy (Nikshay Portal, 2023). Example: Kerala’s preventive therapy program reduced childhood TB cases by 40%. Preventive therapy for all children in TB-affected households.
    Lack of Awareness Among Parents 70% of parents believe TB only affects adults (UP survey, 2023). Example: Schools in Gujarat introduced annual TB screening camps, improving early detection. Mandatory TB screening in schools and anganwadis. Maharashtra’s “TB-Free Schools” program detected 5,000 hidden cases in 2023.

    Why is the integration of TB services within the broader public health system crucial for achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC) in India?

    • Ensures Comprehensive and Equitable Healthcare Access: Integrating TB services into primary healthcare allows early detection and treatment for all, especially marginalized populations. Example: Including TB screening in Ayushman Bharat-Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs) improves outreach in rural areas.
    • Reduces Financial Burden on Patients: Universal Health Coverage (UHC) aims to provide affordable treatment and minimize out-of-pocket expenses for TB care. Example: Linking TB care with PM-JAY (Ayushman Bharat) ensures free diagnostic and treatment services, reducing financial distress.
    • Improves Early Detection and Treatment Outcomes: Strengthening public health infrastructure with integrated screening programs improves early diagnosis and treatment adherence. Example: Nikshay Poshan Yojana provides nutritional support to TB patients, improving recovery and treatment success rates.
    • Addresses Co-Morbidities and Holistic Patient Care: TB patients often suffer from HIV, diabetes, or malnutrition; integration helps manage co-existing diseases efficiently. Example: Co-treatment of TB and HIV in ART (Antiretroviral Therapy) centers ensures better health outcomes.
    • Strengthens Disease Surveillance and Data Management: A unified health system enhances TB monitoring, tracking drug resistance, and controlling outbreaks. Example: The Nikshay portal helps track patient progress and ensures adherence to treatment regimens.

    How does the Ayushman Bharat scheme contribute to decentralizing TB care?

    • Expansion of Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs): Primary healthcare centres (PHCs) and HWCs under Ayushman Bharat provide TB screening, diagnosis, and treatment at the grassroots level, reducing dependency on tertiary hospitals. Example: A TB patient in a remote village can access free CBNAAT/Truenat testing at a nearby HWC, ensuring early detection.
    • Financial Protection through PM-JAY: The Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY) covers TB treatment costs, reducing the financial burden on poor and vulnerable groups. Example: A migrant laborer diagnosed with drug-resistant TB can avail free hospitalization and medication under PM-JAY without financial hardship.
    • Community-Based TB Care and Awareness: Health workers (ASHA, ANMs) are trained to provide TB awareness, medication adherence support, and nutritional aid at the community level. Example: An ASHA worker monitors a TB patient’s medicine intake and nutrition under the Nikshay Poshan Yojana, preventing treatment dropout.

    What are Ayushman Arogya Mandirs (AAMs)?

    • Ayushman Arogya Mandirs (AAMs) are upgraded Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs) under the Ayushman Bharat scheme, aimed at strengthening primary healthcare across India.
    • These centers provide comprehensive healthcare services at the community level, integrating preventive, promotive, curative, and diagnostic care.

    What role do Ayushman Arogya Mandirs (AAMs) play in this process?

    • Strengthening TB Screening and Early Detection: Ayushman Arogya Mandirs (AAMs) serve as first-contact healthcare facilities offering free TB screening and diagnostic services, improving early detection. Example: A person with persistent cough visiting an AAM in a rural area can get an immediate sputum test, preventing delayed diagnosis.
    • Ensuring Free and Continuous TB Treatment: AAMs provide directly observed treatment (DOTS) services, ensuring uninterrupted access to TB medicines and better adherence to treatment. Example: A TB patient enrolled at an AAM receives daily monitored medication, reducing the risk of drug resistance and treatment dropout.
    • Community Engagement and Nutritional Support: AAMs facilitate awareness programs, counseling, and nutritional support through schemes like Nikshay Poshan Yojana to enhance treatment outcomes. Example: A malnourished TB patient visiting an AAM is linked to a nutrition support program, improving overall recovery and immunity.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Multi-Sectoral Collaboration: Enhancing partnerships between healthcare, nutrition, and social welfare sectors can ensure a holistic approach to TB care. Example: Expanding Nikshay Poshan Yojana with additional dietary interventions can improve patient recovery.
    • Leverage Technology for TB Surveillance & Treatment: Expanding AI-driven diagnostic tools and digital adherence tracking can improve early detection and treatment success. Example: Scaling up the use of AI-based X-ray screening in rural areas can enhance case detection rates.

  • Not the only path: On acting against the Maoists

    Why in the News?

    On March 20, 2025, security forces carried out two missions in Bastar, Chhattisgarh, and killed 30 Maoist people. This made the total number of Maoists killed this year more than 100.

    What were the key reasons behind the decline of the Maoist insurgency in India?

    • Strong Counter-Insurgency Operations: Security forces, including CRPF’s elite COBRA (Commando Battalion for Resolute Action) unit and state police forces, have conducted targeted operations against Maoist strongholds. Example: Operation Prahar in Chhattisgarh led to the elimination of top Maoist leaders and disrupted their logistical networks.
    • Improved Governance and Development Initiatives: Infrastructure projects like roads, electrification, and mobile connectivity have reduced Maoist influence by increasing state presence. Example: The Aspirational Districts Programme has focused on healthcare, education, and employment in Maoist-affected regions.
    • Erosion of Support Base: Maoists have lost support due to their violent tactics, including forced recruitment, extortion, and attacks on civilians. Example: The killing of Madvi Hidma, a local tribal leader, by Maoists in Bastar led to mass protests by villagers against them.
    • Surrender and Rehabilitation Policies: Government schemes like the ‘Surrender and Rehabilitation Policy’ offer financial aid, skill training, and housing to former Maoists. Example: Over 600 Maoists surrendered in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh after the government provided rehabilitation and employment opportunities.
    • Internal Divisions and Leadership Crisis: The Maoist movement has suffered from ideological splits, a lack of new leadership, and desertions. Example: The death of Kishenji (Maoist leader) in 2011 and the arrest of several senior cadres have weakened organizational unity.

    Why is a purely militaristic approach insufficient in tackling the Maoist insurgency?

    • Deep-Rooted Socio-Economic Issues Drive Insurgency: Maoism thrives in areas with poverty, land alienation, and lack of governance. Military force alone does not address the core grievances of tribal communities. Example: The displacement of tribals due to mining projects in Dantewada, Chhattisgarh, has fueled resentment, making them vulnerable to Maoist influence.
    • Risk of Civilian Casualties and Alienation: Excessive military action can lead to civilian deaths, human rights violations, and loss of trust in the state, pushing locals towards Maoists instead of the government. Example: The Salwa Judum campaign (2005-2011), a state-backed militia to counter Maoists, led to severe human rights abuses, ultimately worsening the conflict.
    • Failure to Provide a Long-Term Solution: Military operations can weaken Maoists but do not offer a sustainable path for peace and rehabilitation. A mix of governance, dialogue, and development is needed. Example: The Nepali Maoists transitioned into mainstream politics through a negotiated peace process, showing that engagement can be a more effective long-term strategy.

     

    Where are the remaining strongholds of Maoist influence in India?

    • Southern Chhattisgarh (Bastar Region): Dense forests, difficult terrain, and historical neglect in governance make it a Maoist stronghold. Example: Dantewada, Sukma, and Bijapur districts frequently witness Maoist ambushes on security forces.
    • Border Regions of Jharkhand, Odisha, and Telangana: The tri-junction of these states provides a strategic corridor for Maoist movement and arms supply. Example: Latehar (Jharkhand), Malkangiri (Odisha), and Bhadradri-Kothagudem (Telangana) remain active insurgent zones.
    • Gadchiroli District (Maharashtra): Proximity to Chhattisgarh’s Maoist belt and forested terrain offer a safe haven for Maoist cadres. Example: The Jambhulkheda encounter  saw security forces eliminate top Maoist leaders in this region.

    Who are the primary stakeholders in resolving the Maoist issue peacefully?

    • Government (Union and State Governments): Responsible for policy-making, law enforcement, and development initiatives in affected regions. Example: The Surrender and Rehabilitation Policy offers incentives for Maoists to reintegrate into society.
    • Security Forces (Police, Paramilitary, and Intelligence Agencies): Play a crucial role in counterinsurgency operations and maintaining law and order. Example: The Greyhounds (Telangana), CoBRA (CRPF), and District Reserve Guard (Chhattisgarh) specialise in anti-Maoist operations.
    • Tribal Communities and Local Populations: Often caught in the crossfire, they need protection, development, and inclusion in governance. Example: The PESA Act (1996) empowers tribal self-governance to address their grievances.
    • Civil Society and NGOs: Mediate peace talks, advocate for human rights, and support socio-economic development. Example: Swami Agnivesh’s peace efforts attempted negotiations between Maoists and the government.
    • Former Maoists and Rehabilitation Advocates: It can influence insurgents to surrender and integrate into mainstream society. Example: Former Maoist leader Gopanna Markam, who surrendered and helped bring others into the fold.

    How can lessons from international experiences, such as FARC in Colombia or Nepali Maoists? (Way forward)

    • Negotiation and Political Integration: Offering insurgents a political pathway can encourage them to abandon violence. Example: Nepali Maoists transitioned from armed struggle to mainstream politics through the 2006 Comprehensive Peace Agreement, leading to their participation in democratic governance.
    • Rehabilitation and Reintegration Programs: Providing economic and social reintegration opportunities reduces the chances of re-radicalization. Example: Colombia’s peace deal with FARC (2016) included land reforms, financial aid, and skill development programs for former rebels.
    • Addressing Root Causes through Development: Long-term peace requires addressing socio-economic grievances that fuel insurgencies. Example: Colombia’s rural development programs aimed to improve infrastructure, education, and healthcare in former conflict zones to prevent a resurgence of violence.

    Mains PYQ:

    Question: “Naxalism is a social, economic and developmental issue manifesting as a violent internal security threat. In this context, discuss the emerging issues and suggest a multilayered strategy to tackle the menace of Naxalism.” (2022)

    Reason: This question directly addresses Naxalism (Maoist insurgency) as more than just a security problem, aligning with this article. It also asks for a multilayered strategy, hinting at the need for more than just security measures, such as addressing social and economic issues.

  • TB treatment success rates are improving gradually in India

    Why in the News?

    Tuberculosis cases in India dropped from over 237 per lakh people in 2015 to below 200 per lakh in 2022, showing a 16% decrease.

    tb

    What has been the percentage decline in TB incidence and mortality in India since 2015?

    • Decline in TB Incidence: In 2015, TB incidence in India was 237 per lakh population. By 2022, it had dropped to below 200 per lakh, showing a 16% decline. Example: If 237 people per lakh had TB in 2015, now fewer than 200 per lakh are affected.
    • Reduction in TB Mortality: TB mortality declined from higher levels in 2015 to 23 per lakh population in 2022. This represents an 18% decline in TB-related deaths. Example: If 100,000 people were affected, 23 would die from TB in 2022 compared to a higher number in 2015.

    What factors led to a decline in TB incidence and mortality?

    • Improved Diagnosis and Treatment: The decline is attributed to better TB detection, newer diagnostic methods, and improved healthcare access. Example: The use of rapid molecular testing like CBNAAT and TrueNat has increased early detection rates.
    • Government Initiatives and Free Treatment Programs: Schemes like Nikshay Poshan Yojana, which provides nutritional support to TB patients, have played a role. Example: Free TB treatment under Revised National TB Control Programme (RNTCP) and National TB Elimination Programme (NTEP) has improved patient outcomes.
    • Targeted Approach for Drug-Resistant TB: Specialized treatment centers and newer drugs like Bedaquiline and Delamanid have improved survival rates for MDR-TB and XDR-TB patients.
      Example: The expansion of Drug-Resistant TB Centers (DR-TBCs) across India has ensured timely and quality treatment for resistant cases.
    • Active Case Finding and Surveillance: The government and NGOs have been proactively identifying TB cases, even among asymptomatic individuals, through door-to-door screening and community outreach programs. Example: The “Active Case Finding” (ACF) initiative.
      • The “Aashwasan” program is a large-scale ACF campaign successfully implemented across 174 tribal districts of India in 2022, focusing on TB among tribal communities.

    Note: Despite progress, drug-resistant TB (MDR-TB, XDR-TB) remains a major issue, with low treatment success rates. Example: While overall TB mortality is declining, severely drug-resistant TB still has a treatment success rate of only 45% in India (2021).

    Why is the treatment success rate for severely drug-resistant TB lower than other forms of TB?

    • Limited Effective Drugs & High Toxicity: Severely drug-resistant TB is resistant to isoniazid, rifampicin, fluoroquinolones, and at least one second-line injectable drug. This leaves fewer treatment options, and the available drugs often have severe side effects like organ damage. Example: Patients with Pre-XDR-TB (resistant to fluoroquinolones) have a success rate of only 68%, while MDR-TB (less resistant) has a success rate of 74%.
    • Longer & More Complex Treatment Regimens: Treatment can take 18-24 months with a combination of multiple drugs. Many patients fail to complete treatment due to the high cost, side effects, or lack of adherence. Example: A patient with XDR-TB (extensively drug-resistant TB) may require daily injections and strong antibiotics, leading to dropout and failure.
    • Weaker Immunity & Higher Mortality Risk: Severely drug-resistant TB is harder to treat in patients with weaker immune systems, such as those with HIV, diabetes, or malnutrition. Example: In India, a significant number of TB patients suffer from poor nutrition, making them more vulnerable to severe drug-resistant TB and treatment failure.

    Where does India rank among lower-middle-income countries in terms of catastrophic health expenditure due to TB?

    • Third Highest Among Lower-Middle-Income Countries: Over 10% of India’s population faces catastrophic health expenditure due to TB. Catastrophic health spending is defined as exceeding 10% of a household’s income or consumption. Example: Among 14 lower-middle-income countries with a high TB burden, India ranks third in terms of the population facing financial strain due to TB treatment.
    • Despite High Health Coverage, Costs Remain High: Around 60% of India’s population has some form of health coverage, making it the third highest among these countries. However, out-of-pocket expenses remain high, leading to significant financial distress for many TB patients. Example: Even with government schemes like PM-JAY (Ayushman Bharat), many TB patients still bear steep medical and non-medical costs (e.g., travel, and nutrition).

    Who are the top-performing and bottom-performing states in India’s fight against TB according to the TB index?

    • Top-Performing States: Among major states, Himachal Pradesh, Odisha, and Gujarat rank highest in the TB index. Example: These states have shown better TB detection rates, improved treatment success rates, and stronger healthcare interventions to combat TB effectively.
    • Bottom-Performing States: Punjab, Bihar, and Karnataka rank lowest in the TB index among major states. Example: These states struggle with weaker TB surveillance, lower treatment adherence, and higher financial burden on patients, impacting overall TB control efforts.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Drug-Resistant TB Management: Expand access to newer, effective TB drugs (e.g., Bedaquiline, Pretomanid) and ensure adherence through shorter, less toxic treatment regimens. Example: Scaling up all-oral MDR-TB regimens can improve treatment success rates.
    • Reduce Financial Burden on TB Patients: Enhance direct benefit transfers for nutrition and support under schemes like Nikshay Poshan Yojana and integrate TB care with Ayushman Bharat for full cost coverage. Example: Covering non-medical costs (e.g., travel, nutrition) can reduce catastrophic health expenditure.

    Mains PYQ:

    Question: “In a crucial domain like the public healthcare system, the Indian State should play a vital role to contain the adverse impact of marketisation of the system. Suggest some measures through which the State can enhance the reach of public healthcare at the grassroots level” (2024)

    Reason: This question relates to strengthening the public health system, which is crucial for TB control and treatment success.

  • Need for Judicial Code of Conduct

    PYQs Anchoring:

    • GS 2: Discuss the desirability of greater representation to women in the higher judiciary to ensure diversity, equity and inclusiveness. 2021 
    • GS 2: Starting from inventing the ‘basic structure’ doctrine, the judiciary has played a highly proactive role in ensuring that India develops into a thriving democracy. In light of the statement, evaluate the role played by judicial activism in achieving the ideals of democracy. 2014 
    • GS 2:  Explain the reasons for the growth of public interest litigation in India. As a result of it, has the Indian Supreme Court emerged as the world’s most powerful judiciary? 2024

    Microthemes: Judiciary

    Justice Yashwant Varma, a sitting judge of the Delhi High Court, was allegedly found with a pile of unaccounted cash at his residence on March 14, 2025.

    Key Ethical Principles for Judges: Code of Conduct

    PrincipleDescriptionExampleImplication
    ImpartialityJudges must ensure fairness and remain neutral, avoiding any bias based on religion, race, or personal beliefs.Justice Abhay Thipsay criticized for commenting publicly on the 2002 Gujarat riots case, which was seen as biased.Undermines judicial neutrality, casting doubt on the fairness of the judiciary.
    IntegrityUpholding the highest moral standards and avoiding actions or comments that harm public trust in the judiciary.Justice C.S. Karnan’s controversial public accusations against fellow judges in 2017, leading to contempt proceedings.Erodes public confidence in the judiciary’s credibility and internal integrity.
    Respect for DiversityAcknowledging and respecting the cultural, religious, and social diversity of the population while delivering justice.Justice Yadav’s statements comparing Hindu and Muslim values, suggesting one is superior to the other.Perceptions of discrimination arise, harming the judiciary’s image of inclusivity and fairness.
    AccountabilityJudges should be accountable for their words and actions, ensuring they align with ethical and legal standards.The Campaign for Judicial Accountability and Reforms (CJAR) called for an inquiry into Justice Yadav’s controversial remarks.Demonstrates the judiciary’s commitment to upholding ethical and professional conduct.
    Avoidance of ControversyJudges must refrain from making statements or actions that could lead to unnecessary public or political controversies.Justice Markandey Katju’s blog posts criticizing political leaders and social issues, which often sparked controversies.Generates public backlash and questions the judiciary’s independence and focus on its constitutional role.

    How do codes of conduct vary across different jurisdictions and judicial systems? 

    • United States: The American Bar Association has established Model Rules of Professional Conduct which emphasize independence, integrity, and impartiality.
      • Example- In Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co. (2009), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that a judge’s failure to recuse himself due to significant campaign contributions from a party involved in the case violated the Due Process Clause. 
    • United Kingdom: The Judicial Conduct Investigations Office oversees judicial behavior, with a focus on maintaining public confidence in the judiciary.
      • Example- In 2015, His Honour Judge Dodds faced an investigation by the Judicial Conduct Investigations Office after being described as “gratuitously rude” by the Court of Appeal. 
    •  India: The Restatement of Values of Judicial Life serves as a guiding document for judges, emphasizing the need for impartiality and respect for constitutional values.
      • Example- Justice P.D. Dinakaran faced impeachment proceedings in 2011 over allegations of corruption and land-grabbing, highlighting breaches of ethical and constitutional principles.

    What are the consequences for judges who violate the code of conduct? 

    •  In-House Procedures: Many jurisdictions have internal mechanisms allowing for complaints against judges to be investigated without public embarrassment. 
    • Impeachment: In severe cases, judges can be impeached for misconduct, requiring a significant legislative majority to proceed.
    • Public Reprimand or Suspension: Depending on the severity of the violation, judges may receive reprimands or temporary suspensions from their duties. 

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Accountability Mechanisms: Establish clearer and more transparent procedures for addressing judicial misconduct, including an independent body to investigate complaints and ensure timely action, thus preserving public trust in the judiciary. 
    • Promote Judicial Sensitivity and Training: Implement regular training programs on diversity, impartiality, and judges’ ethical responsibilities to reinforce the importance of maintaining neutrality and respect for all communities, both in and out of the courtroom.

    Impeachment Process for Judges in India

    AspectDetailsExamples
    OverviewParliamentary address to the President for judge removal, ensuring judicial independence by maintaining a high removal threshold.
    Constitutional Provisions– Article 124(4): Requires Presidential order post-majority vote in Parliament.– Article 218: Applies same rules to High Court judges.
    – Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968: Clarifies grounds for impeachment.
    Grounds for Impeachment– Proved misbehaviour: Includes misuse of office, grave offences, and constitutional violations.Justice Soumitra Sen (2011): Corruption charges led to resignation before impeachment.
    – Incapacity: Includes physical or mental incapacity.Justice C.V. Nagarjuna Reddy (2017): Financial misconduct and victimizing a Dalit judge; motion not pursued.
    Procedure– Initial Step: Requires 100 MP signatures (Lok Sabha) or 50 MP signatures (Rajya Sabha).
    – Committee Formation: Includes a Supreme Court judge, High Court Chief Justice, and a jurist.
    – Inquiry: Committee investigates charges and reports findings to the House.
    – Outcome: If guilty, findings lead to further action; if not guilty, motion is dismissed.
    Instances of Impeachment– Justice V. Ramaswami (1993): Financial impropriety; motion failed despite guilty finding.
    – Justice J.B. Pardiwala (2015): Controversial remarks on reservation; motion dropped after remarks were expunged.
    – Justice S.K. Gangele (2015): Cleared of sexual harassment charges in 2017.

    Back to Basics: the Judicial Code of Conduct

    What Is the Judicial Code of Conduct?

    A set of ethical principles and guidelines that govern the behavior of judges to ensure impartiality, integrity, and public trust in the judiciary.

    Core Principles:

    • Independence: Judges must remain free from external influences, including political or personal biases.
    • Impartiality: Decisions should be based solely on facts, evidence, and the law, without favor or prejudice.
    • Integrity: Upholding the highest ethical standards to foster public confidence in judicial proceedings.
    • Accountability: Adhering to constitutional values and being answerable for judicial conduct.

    Key Guidelines in India:

    • Restatement of Values of Judicial Life (1999): Lays down essential dos and don’ts for judges, emphasizing constitutional respect and personal integrity.
    • Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968: Provides mechanisms for addressing allegations of misconduct, including impeachment procedures.

    International Perspectives:

    • Bangalore Principles of Judicial Conduct: Recognized globally, it emphasizes six values: independence, impartiality, integrity, propriety, equality, and competence.

    Challenges in Enforcing Judicial Conduct:

    • Lack of a robust enforcement mechanism.
    • Ambiguities in defining “misbehavior” and “incapacity.”
    • Instances of judicial overreach and public skepticism about judicial accountability.

    Why It Matters:

    • The judiciary is a cornerstone of democracy, ensuring justice and upholding constitutional rights.
    • A strong judicial code of conduct safeguards the credibility and legitimacy of the judiciary.

  • Appointment and Removal of High Court Judges

    Why in the News?

    The Chief Justice of India (CJI) has set up a three-member panel to investigate the alleged discovery of a significant sum of money at the residence of a sitting Delhi High Court judge.

    Appointment Process of High Court Judges:

    • According to Article 217, the President of India appoints High Court judges after consulting with the CJI, the Governor of the respective state, and the Chief Justice of the High Court.
    • In the case of the appointment of a judge other than the Chief Justice, the Chief Justice of the High Court is consulted as well.
    • Consultation Process:
      • The process of appointing judges is handled by a Collegium, which includes the CJI and the two senior-most judges of the Supreme Court.
      • The Collegium System allows for a collaborative decision-making process where the Chief Justice of the High Court initiates the proposal, which is then forwarded to the Chief Minister.
      • The Chief Minister, in turn, advises the Governor, who submits the proposal to the Union Law Minister.
      • The Chief Justice of the High Court is appointed in accordance with a policy to ensure that Chief Justices are from outside the respective states.
    • Appointment and Transfer of Judges:
      • The CJI and the senior-most judges of the Supreme Court collectively decide on the appointment and transfer of judges, ensuring judicial independence and preventing executive interference.

    Removal of Judges in the Higher Judiciary:

    • Impeachment Process:
      • Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts can only be removed by impeachment, which requires a motion signed by 100 Lok Sabha MPs or 50 Rajya Sabha MPs.
      • The impeachment motion is investigated by a three-member judicial committee, and if the committee finds merit in the allegations, Parliament votes on the motion.
      • A 2/3rd majority is needed in both Houses for removal.
      • Parliament can, however, consider a motion to impeach a judge according to the procedure laid down in the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968.
    • In-House Inquiry Process:
      • The CJI can initiate an in-house inquiry in the event of serious allegations against a judge. This process involves the Chief Justice of the High Court submitting a report, and if the allegations are deemed serious, a three-member committee is constituted to investigate the matter.
      • If the committee recommends removal, the CJI may advise the judge to resign. If the judge refuses, their judicial work is withdrawn, and impeachment proceedings may be initiated.

    Historical Impeachment Efforts:

    • No judge has been impeached in India, though attempts have been made, including the failed motions against Justice V Ramaswami (1993) and Justice Soumitra Sen (2011).
    • Justice V Ramaswami (1993): Faced impeachment for financial misconduct, but the motion failed in the Lok Sabha.
    • Justice Soumitra Sen (2011): Resigned after impeachment proceedings for misappropriating funds.
    • Justice K Veeraswamy: Chief Justice of Madras HC, investigated for corruption but challenged the investigation. The case remained unresolved until his death in 2010.
    • Justice Shamit Mukherjee (2003), Justice Nirmal Yadav (2008), and Justice SN Shukla (2017): Faced criminal charges for corruption after in-house inquiries found substantial evidence against them.

     

    [UPSC 2019] Consider the following statements:
    1. The motion to impeach a Judge of the Supreme Court of India cannot be rejected by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha as per the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968.
    2. The Constitution of India defines and gives details of what Constitutes ‘incapacity and proved misbehaviour’ of the Judges of the Supreme Court of India.
    3. The details of the process of impeachment of the Judges of the Supreme Court of India are given in the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968.
    4. If the motion for the impeachment of a Judge is taken up for voting, the law requires the motion to be backed by each House of the Parliament and supported by a majority of total membership of that House and by not less than two-thirds of total members of that House present and voting.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    (a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2 only (c) 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 3 and 4

     

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