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Subject: Agriculture

  • Kumbakonam Vetrilai Betel Leaf gets GI Tag

    Why in the News?

    The Kumbakonam Vetrilai (betel leaf or paan leaf) has received the Geographical Indication (GI) tag from the Government of India.

    About Kumbakonam Vetrilai

    • Cultivation: It is grown in the Thanjavur region, especially in Kumbakonam, Thiruvaiyaru, Papanasam, Thiruvidaimarudur, and Rajagiri.
    • Characteristics: The leaf is heart-shaped, dark to light green, with a strong aroma and pungent taste, thanks to the fertile Cauvery basin soil.
    • Cultural Importance: It is a main ingredient in paan, a popular post-meal chew in South Asia.
    • Harvest: The first-year yield, called maaruvethalai, produces the largest and longest-lasting leaves (6–7 days shelf life); Farmers hand-pick leaves, working from early morning until late night due to the labour-heavy process.

    Back2Basics: Geographical Indication (GI) Tag

    • A GI is a sign used on products that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities or a reputation that are due to that origin.
    • Nodal Agency: Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry
    • India, as a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), enacted the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 w.e.f. September 2003.
    • GIs have been defined under Article 22 (1) of the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement.
    • The tag stands valid for 10 years and can be renewed.

     

    [UPSC 2015] Which of the following has/have been accorded ‘Geographical Indication’ status?

    (1) Banaras Brocades and Sarees (2) Rajasthani Daal-Bati-Churma (3) Tirupathi Laddu

    Select the correct answer using the code given below.

    Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only* (d) 1, 2 and 3

     

  • State of the World’s Animal Health Report, 2025 by WOAH

    Why in the News?

    The World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) released the first-ever State of the World’s Animal Health report.

    Key Highlights of the Report:

    • India faces high risk from transboundary animal diseases, with 47% of global outbreaks between 2005–2023 being zoonotic, affecting both animals and humans.
    • African Swine Fever (ASF), which jumped 1,800 km to Sri Lanka in 2024, threatens India’s northeast pig-rearing regions already impacted in past years.
    • Avian Influenza (HPAI) saw outbreaks in non-poultry species surpass poultry in 2024; India’s dense poultry population makes cross-species transmission a growing concern.
    • Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), endemic in India, showed new serotype SAT 3 and SAT 1 activity in other countries, posing vaccine adaptation challenges.
    • Diseases like Lumpy Skin Disease and PPR, both reported in India earlier, are now spreading to new global regions, highlighting potential for reintroduction.
    • WOAH urges global action on vaccine equity, surveillance, and biosecurity, which align with India’s need to safeguard livelihoods, trade, and food security.

    About the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH):

    • Establishment: WOAH, formerly known as OIE, was founded in 1924 and is headquartered in Paris, France.
    • Membership: It has 183 member countries, including India, and operates independently from the United Nations.
    • Mandate: WOAH is the global authority on animal health, working to control animal epidemics (epizootics) and improve global animal welfare.
    • Key Functions:
      • Runs the World Animal Health Information System (WAHIS) to track disease outbreaks.
      • Sets international health standards for trade in animals and animal products.
      • Promotes science-based animal welfare policies and transparent disease reporting.
      • Offers technical support to countries, especially developing nations.
    • Global Cooperation: Works with over 70 global partners, including the FAO.
    • India’s Role: India is a member and an active participant through the World Assembly of Delegates.
    [UPSC 2005] Which one of the following diseases of milching animals are infectious?

    1. Foot and Mouth disease

    2. Anthrax

    3. Black Quarter

    4. Cowpox

    Select the correct answer using the codes given below.

    Options: (a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 2, 3 and 4 (c) 1 and 4 (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4*

     

  • Potato Cultivation in India

    Why in the News?

    India is likely to become the world’s largest potato producer, overtaking China, by 2050, according to experts from the International Potato Center (CIP) based in Peru.

    Back2Basics: International Potato Center (CIP)

    • The CIP is a research-for-development organisation founded in 1971, focused on improving potato, sweet potato, and Andean root and tuber crops.
    • Headquartered in Lima, Peru, CIP operates in over 20 countries across Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
    • It maintains the world’s largest Potato Gene Bank, safeguarding biodiversity for future use in research and breeding.

    Potato Cultivation in India:

    • About: Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is known as the “King of Vegetables” and is India’s fourth most important food crop after rice, wheat, and maize.
    • Origin: Introduced to India by Portuguese traders in the 17th century.
    • Geographic Spread: Grown in 23 states, but 85% of production comes from the Indo-Gangetic plains in North India.
    • Top Producing States:
      • Uttar Pradesh: ~30% of total output
      • West Bengal: ~23.5%
      • Bihar: ~17%
      • Other contributors: Punjab, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh
    • Climate Needs: Potato is a cool-season crop.
      • Ideal growth temp: 24°C
      • Ideal tuber formation temp: 20°C
    • Soil Requirements: Prefers well-drained, fertile soils with moisture retention.
    • Planting Seasons:
      • Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand: Spring (Jan–Feb), Summer (May)
      • Punjab, Haryana, UP, Bihar, Bengal: Main crop in October
      • MP, Maharashtra, Karnataka: Both kharif and rabi seasons
    • Seed Management: Use disease-free, sprouted seeds (30–50g);
    • Popular varieties: Kufri Jyoti, Kufri Bahar, Kufri Pukhraj, and Kufri Chandramukhi.
    • Fertilization & Irrigation: Apply balanced nutrients, especially phosphorus and potassium; drip irrigation is recommended.
    • Harvesting: Ready in 90–120 days, harvested manually or mechanically.

    Global Comparison and Future Outlook:

    • Global Rank: India is the second-largest producer after China.
    • Production Volume: Over 50 million tonnes/year currently; projected to reach 100 million tonnes by 2050 (CIP experts).
    • Growth Drivers: Expansion is due to large cultivation area, strong domestic demand, and government support.
    • Tuber Crop Potential: Promoting crops like sweet potato can improve nutrition, livelihoods, and climate resilience.

    Policy measure for Potato Farmers: Operation Greens

    • It is a scheme launched by the GoI in 2018, modelled after Operation Flood, with the aim to stabilize the supply and prices of Tomato, Onion, and Potato (TOP) crops.
    • The scheme is implemented by the Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI) and was initially allocated a budget of ₹500 crore.
    • Objectives:
      • Stabilize the supply and prices of potatoes (along with tomato and onion) to protect both farmers and consumers from extreme price fluctuations.
      • Reduce post-harvest losses of potatoes by improving storage, processing, and logistics infrastructure

     

    [UPSC 2014] In India, cluster bean (Guar) is traditionally used as a vegetable or animal feed, but recently the cultivation of this has assumed significance.

    Which one of the following statements is correct in this context?

    Options: (a) The oil extracted from seeds is used in the manufacture of biodegradable plastics. (b) The gum made from its seeds is used in the extraction of shale gas.* (c) The leaf extract of this plant has the properties of antihistamines. (d) It is a source of high quality biodiesel.

     

  • Explained: Why farmers prefer growing rice and wheat

    Why in the News?

    The combination of assured government support and scientific advancements in breeding technologies has made rice and wheat the most preferred crops among Indian farmers, while other crops lag due to lack of similar incentives and innovations.

    Why do farmers prefer rice and wheat?

    • Assured Procurement at MSP: The government provides near-guaranteed purchases of rice and wheat at Minimum Support Prices (MSP), reducing market risk. Eg: In Punjab, rice area increased from 29.8 lakh hectares in 2015-16 to 32.4 lakh hectares in 2024-25 due to consistent MSP support.
    • Lower Yield Risk Due to Irrigation and Research Support: Rice and wheat are mostly grown under irrigated conditions and benefit from superior public research, leading to more stable yields. Eg: Wheat variety HD-3385, released in 2023, offers 6 tonnes/hectare yield with resistance to rust diseases and adaptability to different sowing times.
    • Continuous Breeding Innovations and Higher Returns: These crops have seen regular improvements through breeding, enhancing productivity, stress tolerance, and input efficiency. Eg: Genetically-edited rice variety Kamala yields up to 9 tonnes/hectare and matures faster, saving water and fertilizer costs.

    What drives yield growth in these crops?

    • Genetic Improvements and Breeding Innovations: Continuous breeding has led to development of high-yielding, stress-resistant varieties. Eg: Wheat variety HD-3385, released in 2023 by ICAR, yields an average of 6 tonnes/hectare with a potential of 7.3 tonnes, and is resistant to all three major rusts (yellow, brown, and black).
    • Improved Agronomic Practices and Technology Adoption: Advanced farming practices like early sowing, use of fertiliser-responsive varieties, and direct seeding have boosted productivity. Eg: Direct-Seeded Rice (DSR) technology eliminates the need for nursery and transplanting, saving water and labour, and supporting yield levels up to 10 tonnes/hectare in some hybrid varieties.
    • Public Research and Extension Support: Rice and wheat receive consistent support from government research institutions, unlike many other crops. Eg: The CRISPR-Cas edited rice variety Kamala, developed by ICAR in 2024, produces 450-500 grains per panicle (vs. 200-250 in parent variety), yields up to 9 tonnes/hectare, matures 15-20 days earlier, and requires less fertiliser and water.

    How has government policy influenced the cropping patterns in states?

    • Minimum Support Price (MSP) and Procurement Assurances: Farmers prefer crops with assured government procurement at MSP, reducing market risk. Eg: In Punjab, rice area increased from 29.8 lakh hectares in 2015-16 to 32.4 lh in 2024-25 due to near-guaranteed MSP procurement, while cotton area declined from 3.4 lh to 1 lh.
    • Skewed Research and Input Support: Rice and wheat have received consistent research and extension support, unlike pulses or oilseeds. Eg: ICAR has developed multiple improved wheat and rice varieties (e.g., HD-3385, Kamala), while no major breakthrough has happened in cotton since Bt cotton (2002-06).
    • Irrigation Infrastructure Bias: Government investment in irrigation has favoured crops like rice and wheat, making them less yield-risk prone. Eg: In Madhya Pradesh, wheat area rose from 59.1 lh to 78.1 lh and rice from 20.2 lh to 38.7 lh, as irrigation expansion supported these water-reliant crops.

    Which innovations improved rice varieties?

    • Semi-Dwarf and High-Yielding Varieties: Introduction of semi-dwarf varieties reduced lodging and increased fertiliser response and yields. Eg: IR-8, released in 1966, was the first semi-dwarf rice variety, yielding 4.5–5 tonnes/hectare in just 130 days, compared to 1–3 tonnes in traditional varieties over 160–180 days.
    • Gene Editing using CRISPR-Cas Technology: Advanced gene-editing allows precision improvements in yield and stress tolerance. Eg: Kamala, a GE mutant of Samba Mahsuri developed by ICAR in 2024, yields up to 9 tonnes/hectare, matures earlier, and has 450–500 grains per panicle (vs. 200–250 in the original).
    • Abiotic Stress Tolerance Breeding: Development of varieties tolerant to drought, salinity, and heat stress for resilience in changing climates. Eg: Pusa DST Rice 1, a GE version of Cottondora Sannalu, with edited DST gene, shows improved tolerance to drought and salt stress, enabling cultivation in marginal soils.

    Way forward: 

    • Diversify MSP and R&D Focus: Extend assured procurement and research support to pulses, oilseeds, and millets to reduce over-reliance on rice and wheat.
    • Promote Sustainable Practices: Encourage water-saving technologies like direct-seeded rice, crop rotation, and climate-resilient varieties to ensure long-term agricultural sustainability.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2024] What are the major challenges faced by Indian irrigation system in recent times? State the measures taken by the government for efficient irrigation management.

    Linkage: Farmers prefer rice and wheat partly because of access to irrigation which reduces yield risk. Challenges and management of irrigation systems directly impact this aspect of their decision-making.

  • Centre hikes Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP) of Sugarcane for 2025-26

    Why in the News?

    The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs has approved an increase in the Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP) of sugarcane for the 2025-26 sugar season, raising it from ₹340 per quintal to ₹355 per quintal.

    About Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP):

    • The FRP for sugarcane is set under the Sugarcane Control Order, 1966.
    • It replaced the Statutory Minimum Price (SMP) in 2009-10 to better align with economic conditions and improve farmers’ welfare.
    • It represents the minimum price sugar mills must pay to farmers for sugarcane.
    • It is determined by the central government based on Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP) recommendations, with discussions involving state authorities and sugar industry associations.
    • Factors Influencing FRP:
      1. Cost of production: ₹173 per quintal for 2025-26.
      2. Return from alternative crops: Comparison of potential earnings from other crops.
      3. Consumer sugar prices: Affects sugar production costs.
      4. Sale price of sugar: Influences the FRP.
      5. Sugarcane-to-sugar recovery rate: Efficiency of conversion.
      6. Income from by-products: Including molasses and bagasse.
      7. Profit margins for farmers: Ensures financial viability.
    • State Agreed Price (SAP): States can set SAP, often higher than the FRP, based on local conditions.
    • Minimum Selling Price (MSP) for sugar was introduced in 2018 to protect farmers, including FRP and conversion costs.

    Sugarcane Cultivation in India:

    • Sugarcane is India’s highest production-value crop, key for producing sugar, jaggery, and khan sari.
    • Major states: Uttar Pradesh (contributes 50% of total production), Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh.  
    • Sugarcane thrives in a tropical climate (21°C – 27°C), with 75cm-150cm rainfall. It needs well-drained soil and a cool, dry winter for ripening.
    • India has the largest global sugarcane cultivation area after Brazil.
    • The ratooning method reduces costs by allowing a second crop from the same roots.
    [UPSC 2015] The Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP) of sugarcane is approved by the:

    Options: (a) Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs* (b) Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (c) Directorate of Marketing and Inspection, Ministry of Agriculture (d) Agricultural Produce Market Committee

     

  • High temperatures and mango production

    Why in the News?

    There has been a decrease in mango harvests. Mangoes don’t taste as sweet as before. They are also getting more expensive. Mangoes are arriving in the market too early. Mango pickles aren’t lasting the whole year. The mango trees are flowering earlier than usual. These are some of the common concerns people have been talking about regarding mangoes in India recently.

    What are the observed effects of rising temperatures on mango production and quality in India?

    • Early Flowering and Fruiting: Rising temperatures cause mango trees to flower earlier than usual, disrupting natural growth cycles. Eg: Farmers report mangoes arriving too early in the market, affecting planned harvest timelines and market dynamics.
    • Reduced Sweetness and Shelf Life: Heat stress can reduce sugar accumulation in fruits, making them less sweet, and also affect pickle shelf life. Eg: Anecdotal reports mention that mango pickles don’t last through the year and mangoes don’t taste as sweet.
    • Fruit Drop and Uneven Ripening: High temperatures lead to premature fruit drop and uneven ripening, lowering fruit quality. Eg: In varieties like Alphonso, issues like spongy tissue disorder are increasingly observed.
    • Sun Scalding and Physical Damage: Intense heat can cause sunburn-like damage on mango skins, reducing market value. Eg: Farmers note sun scalding of mangoes during heatwaves, making them less visually appealing.
    • Disruption of Pollination and Budding Cycles: Extreme weather events (dry spells, heavy rains, hail) disrupt budding, pollination, and fruit setting. Eg: Farmers report fluctuating weather is altering the timing of flowering, which negatively impacts yield consistency.

    Why is there a contrast between anecdotal reports and official productivity data regarding mango yields?

    • Regional Variations in Climate Impact: While official productivity data presents a national average, anecdotal reports come from specific regions that may have experienced harsher climate conditions. Eg: A farmer in Uttar Pradesh may experience fruit drop due to untimely rains, whereas other regions may report normal or high yields, balancing the national figures.
    • Difference in Measuring Parameters: Official data focuses on total output in tonnes per hectare, whereas farmers often talk about quality—taste, sweetness, shelf life, or physical appearance. Eg: Mangoes may appear in large quantities, but may not taste sweet or store well, leading to dissatisfaction among consumers and producers alike.
    • Time Lag in Reporting: Anecdotal reports are immediate and reflect real-time experiences during flowering or harvesting, while official data is compiled and released after the season. Eg: Farmers might report poor flowering due to early summer heat, but yield data may still show good figures after accounting for recovery measures.
    • Improved Farming Practices Masking Stress: Advancements like drip irrigation, better grafting, and fertilizers may help maintain or even boost yields despite climate-related stress. Eg: A farmer using hybrid varieties may achieve good productivity even during erratic weather, skewing overall data upward.
    • Sampling and Data Limitations: Official data often relies on sampling or estimates that may not fully capture smaller orchards or severely affected areas. Eg: Small-scale mango growers hit by hailstorms might not be reflected in state-level yield reports that depend on broad sampling zones.

    What does research suggest about the resilience and adaptability of mango trees in the face of global warming?

    • High Genetic Diversity Enables Adaptation: Mango trees exhibit significant genetic variation across different cultivars, which enhances their capacity to survive under changing climatic conditions. Eg: Varieties like Dasheri and Banganapalli show better resilience to heat stress compared to others like Alphonso.
    • Physiological Mechanisms Support Stress Tolerance: Mango trees possess physiological traits—such as deep root systems and efficient water usage—that help them cope with drought and high temperatures. Eg: In regions like Telangana, mango trees withstand prolonged dry spells better than other fruit crops.
    • Compatibility with Heat and Drought Conditions: Mangoes can thrive in tropical climates with long dry seasons, making them naturally suited to certain aspects of climate change. Eg: Research from Egypt and India shows mango cultivation persists even as rainfall becomes erratic.
    • Potential for Climate-Resilient Breeding: The genetic resources available in mangoes make them a strong candidate for breeding programs to develop climate-resilient varieties. Eg: Scientists are working on cross-breeding varieties that combine drought tolerance with disease resistance.
    • Long Lifespan and Adaptive Growth Patterns: As perennial trees, mango plants can adjust flowering and fruiting cycles over time in response to climatic shifts. Eg: In some regions, trees are now flowering earlier, and though it affects timing, it shows their capacity to adapt development stages.

    What are the steps taken by the Indian government? 

    • Promotion of Climate-Resilient Agricultural Practices: The Indian government promotes the adoption of climate-smart agricultural practices through schemes like the National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA). This includes water-efficient irrigation methods like drip irrigation and rainwater harvesting, which help mango farmers cope with erratic weather and water scarcity.
    • Support for Agro-Weather Advisory and Early Warning Systems: The Indian government has implemented agro-weather advisory services through the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) and state-level agricultural departments.
    • Research and Development for Climate-Resilient Varieties: The government supports research through agencies like the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) to develop heat-resistant and drought-tolerant mango varieties.

    Way forward: 

    • Develop Climate-Resilient Mango Varieties: Focus on breeding heat-resistant and drought-tolerant mango varieties to ensure consistent yield and quality under changing climate conditions.
    • Promote Climate-Smart Agricultural Practices: Expand the use of efficient irrigation systems, water conservation techniques, and post-harvest infrastructure to improve resilience and reduce losses.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2023] Discuss the consequences of climate change on the food security in tropical countries.

    Linkage: The anecdotal observations about mangoes to higher temperatures and climate change. Mangoes are a tropical crop, and changes in their productivity and characteristics due to rising temperatures are a direct consequence of climate change potentially impacting food security in tropical regions like India.

  • Bio-Input Resource Centres (BRCs) to Promote Natural Farming

    Why in the News?

    The Union Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare has come up with the guidelines for setting up of bio-input resource centres (BRC) under the National Mission on Natural Farming (NMNF).

    What are Bio-Input Resource Centres (BRCs)?

    • BRCs are part of the National Mission on Natural Farming (NMNF), aimed at promoting chemical-free and sustainable agriculture.
    • BRCs will produce, store, and supply bio-inputs like Jeevamrit, Beejamrit, and Neemastra using local livestock by-products and plant-based materials.
    • Key Functions:
      1. Local Production: Ensures availability of bio-fertilizers and bio-pesticides, reducing dependency on synthetic inputs.
      2. Training: Provides training on bio-input preparation and natural farming techniques.
      3. Entrepreneurship: Promotes local entrepreneurship, empowering self-help groups (SHGs) and farmers.
      4. Affordability: Aims to make sustainable farming practices accessible to small and marginal farmers.
    • Financial support of Rs 1 lakh per BRC are provided in two tranches of Rs 50,000, though experts raise concerns about its adequacy for infrastructure.

    Back2Basics: National Mission on Natural Farming (NMNF):

    • NMNF is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme was launched on November 2024 under the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare, promoting chemical-free farming.
    • Objectives:
      • Focus on eco-friendly practices and organic methods.
      • Reduce input costs by minimizing chemical usage.
      • Restore soil health, promote biodiversity, and improve climate resilience.
    • Implementation Strategy:
      • Establish 15,000 clusters across Gram Panchayats.
      • Train 1 crore farmers and implement practices on 7.5 lakh hectares.
      • Establish 10,000 BRCs for bio-input accessibility.
      • Deploy 30,000 Krishi Sakhis for mobilization.
    • Financial Outlay: ₹2,481 crore until 2025-26.
    [UPSC 2021] How is permaculture farming different from conventional chemical farming?

    1.Permaculture farming discourages monocultural practices, but in conventional chemical farming, monoculture practices are predominant. 2.Conventional chemical farming can cause an increase in soil salinity, but this phenomenon is not observed in permaculture farming. 3.Conventional chemical farming is easily possible in semi-arid regions, but permaculture farming is not so easily possible in such regions. 4.The practice of mulching is very important in permaculture farming but not necessarily so in conventional chemical farming.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    Options: (a) 1 and 3  (b) 1, 2, and 4* (c) 4 only (d) 2 and 3

     

  • Food prices may remain low if IMD’s prediction holds true

    Why in the News?

    According to the India Meteorological Department’s first forecast for 2025, the country may receive around 105% of the average rainfall, with a possible variation of 5% more or less.

    What is the India Meteorological Department’s (IMD) forecast for the 2025 monsoon?

    • Above Normal Rainfall Predicted: IMD forecasts 105% of the Long Period Average (LPA) rainfall for 2025, with a margin of ±5%. Eg: In 2024, India received 108% of LPA, which was categorized as ‘above normal’ rainfall.
    • LPA Reference and Classification: The LPA for the period 1971–2020 is 87 cm. Based on this, rainfall is classified as: Above Normal: 105–110% of LPA. Eg: If the rainfall is 105% of LPA, it falls within the ‘above normal’ range.
    • Improved Forecasting Methodology: Since 2021, IMD uses a multi-model ensemble system, combining global climate models with IMD’s own models, improving forecasting accuracy. Eg: Forecasts since the adoption of this system have shown improved accuracy, reducing error margins from previous years.

    Why is rainfall distribution crucial for agriculture?

    • Impact on Crop Growth: Uneven or poor rainfall distribution can lead to crop stress or failure. Plants depend on consistent water supply during different growth stages. Eg: In 2024, excess rainfall in Maharashtra led to the destruction of onion crops, while deficient rainfall in Punjab delayed paddy sowing, driving up food costs.
    • Effect on Water Availability: Proper rainfall distribution ensures water availability throughout the growing season, which is essential for irrigation systems and groundwater recharge. Eg: If regions like Tamil Nadu receive excess rainfall while other areas like Uttar Pradesh experience drought, it can disrupt the balance, making water management challenging.
    • Geographical Variability and Crop Suitability: Different crops require specific rainfall amounts at different times, so spatial distribution of rainfall is essential for crop selection and yield maximization. Eg: In 2023, Telangana and Puducherry received excess rainfall, benefiting crops like rice, but Bihar faced a below-normal monsoon, impacting food grain production.

    When did IMD improve its forecasting model, and what changed?

    • Improvement Began in 2021: IMD improved its forecasting model by adopting a multi-model ensemble dynamical system in 2021. Eg: Prior to 2021, IMD primarily relied on statistical models, but the new system incorporates global climate models along with IMD’s own models for better accuracy.
    • Enhanced Accuracy with New Models: The introduction of the multi-model ensemble system improved forecast reliability, reducing errors in predictions. Eg: Forecasts post-2021 showed a significant improvement, with accurate predictions of rainfall in regions like Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu during the 2024 monsoon.
    • Reduction in Error Margins: The new approach resulted in reduced error margins, making the first forecasts closer to actual rainfall patterns. Eg: IMD’s first forecast for the 2024 monsoon had a relatively smaller error margin, improving the predictability of rainfall distribution across India compared to previous years.

    How do El Niño, La Niña, and IOD affect the monsoon?

    Weather Phenomenon Effect on Monsoon Example
    El Niño Weakens the monsoon due to warmer sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean. This leads to reduced rainfall. Eg: 2014, El Niño conditions led to below-normal rainfall, causing droughts and poor crop production in India.
    La Niña Strengthens the monsoon due to cooler sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean, which can lead to excessive rainfall in some areas. Eg: 2017, La Niña conditions contributed to above-normal rainfall, causing floods in some regions like Assam.
    Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) Positive IOD can enhance rainfall, while a negative IOD can lead to drought conditions, especially if combined with El Niño. Eg: 2019, a positive IOD helped in normal rainfall despite El Niño, while 2020 had a negative IOD, exacerbating the impact of weak monsoon rainfall.

    Which regions saw abnormal rainfall in 2023, and what was the impact?

    • North and Northwest India: Excessive Rainfall: Heavy rainfall led to flash floods, landslides, and infrastructure damage. Eg: In Himachal Pradesh, intense rainfall triggered landslides and flash floods, resulting in at least 72 deaths and significant infrastructure damage.
    • Northeast India: Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs): Sudden release of water from glacial lakes caused severe flooding, destruction of infrastructure, and loss of life. Eg: In Sikkim, a GLOF resulted in the deaths of at least 31 people, destruction of over 270 houses, and damage to 11 bridges.
    • Southern Peninsula: Deficient Rainfall: Reduced water availability affected agriculture, leading to crop stress and delayed sowing. Eg: In Tamil Nadu, deficient rainfall impacted the sowing of paddy, leading to concerns over food production.

    Way forward: 

    • Enhance Climate Resilience: Promote water management, drought-resistant crops, and crop diversification to mitigate impacts of uneven rainfall.
    • Improve Early Warning Systems: Strengthen forecasting and disaster preparedness to ensure timely responses to extreme weather events.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2024] What are the causes of persistent high food inflation in India? Comment on the effectiveness of the monetary policy of the RBI to control this type of inflation.

    Linakge:  If the IMD’s prediction is accurate, a good monsoon could mitigate one of the key drivers of food inflation – erratic rainfall and lower agricultural output. This question asks about the causes of high food inflation; a good monsoon would work against these causes.

  • [pib] Revised National Program for Dairy Development (NPDD)

    Why in the News?

    The Union Cabinet has approved the Revised National Programme for Dairy Development (NPDD), enhancing its scope and funding to modernize and expand the dairy sector across India.

    About the National Programme for Dairy Development (NPDD)

    • It is implemented by the Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying (DAHD).
    • The scheme has been operational since February 2014, initially targeting the development of dairy cooperatives and expanding infrastructure to support dairy activities.
      • In July 2021, the scheme was restructured to align with the goals of the 15th Finance Commission cycle (2021-2026), to run from 2021 to 2026 with an enhanced budget.
    • It focuses on providing technical and financial assistance to improve the dairy infrastructure in India, including enhancing milk procurement, processing, and marketing capabilities.
    • It also aims to provide training facilities for dairy farmers, improving their skills and fostering rural development.

    Revised Components of NPDD Scheme:

    The Revised NPDD, a Central Sector Scheme, is designed with two primary components that focus on dairy infrastructure development and cooperative strengthening:

    Component A: Dairy Infrastructure Improvement

    • This component focuses on improving essential dairy infrastructure, such as the installation of milk chilling plants, advanced milk testing laboratories, and certification systems for quality assurance.
    • Special attention is given to the North Eastern Region (NER), hilly areas, and Union Territories (UTs), where support is provided for the formation of new dairy cooperative societies and the strengthening of milk procurement and processing systems.
    • Grant support will be provided for the formation of 2 Milk Producer Companies, ensuring a more efficient procurement system.

    Component B: Dairying through Cooperatives (DTC)

    • This component focuses on fostering dairy development through cooperative models in partnership with the Government of Japan and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).
    • It aims to sustainably develop dairy cooperatives, improve production, processing, and marketing infrastructure in 9 key states: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Telangana, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal.
    • This component seeks to introduce international best practices in cooperative management and dairy technologies.

    PYQ:

    [UPSC 2013] Which of the following grants direct credit assistance to the households?

    1. Regional Rural Banks

    2. National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development

    3. Land Development Banks

    Select the correct answer using codes given below.

    (a) 1 and 2 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) 1 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

     

  • Kisan Credit Card (KCC) Scheme

    Why in the News?

    According to the RBI, bad loans in the Kisan Credit Card (KCC) Scheme segment increased by 42% over the last four years, reaching ₹97,543 crore by December 2024, up from ₹68,547 crore in March 2021.

    About the Kisan Credit Card (KCC) Scheme

    • The KCC Scheme is a government-backed credit initiative designed to provide timely and adequate credit to farmers for agricultural and allied activities.
    • Launched in 1998 on the recommendation of NABARD (R.V. Gupta Committee), the scheme aims to ensure easy access to institutional credit, reducing farmers’ dependency on moneylenders and informal credit sources.
    • Purpose of KCC:
      • Provides short-term credit for crop cultivation and post-harvest needs.
      • Supports working capital requirements for farm mechanization, dairy, poultry, fisheries, and other allied agricultural activities.
      • Helps meet household consumption needs of farmers.
      • Allows credit access for investment in agriculture-related businesses.
    • Credit and Repayment System:
      • Farmers can avail collateral-free loans up to ₹2 lakh.
      • Interest rates start as low as 4% per annum (with government interest subvention for timely repayment).
      • The loan limit was increased from ₹3 lakh to ₹5 lakh in Budget 2025-26.
      • Revolving credit system allows farmers to withdraw and repay as needed within the sanctioned limit.
      • Repayment schedules are linked to the crop harvesting cycle, ensuring no undue financial burden.
    • Implementation: Commercial Banks; Regional Rural Banks (RRBs); Small Finance Banks; Cooperative Banks.
    • Additional Benefits:
      • Comes with insurance coverage under the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) to protect against crop loss.
      • Covers fisheries and animal husbandry farmers (since 2018-19).

    Successes and Limitations of the KCC Scheme:

    Successes Failures
    • Increased Financial Inclusion: 7.3 crore active accounts, reducing reliance on moneylenders.
    • Higher Agricultural Productivity:  Easy access to inputs like seeds, fertilizers, and machinery.
    • Increased Support: Interest subvention makes loans affordable; loan limit raised from ₹3 lakh to ₹5 lakh (Budget 2025-26).
    • Promoted Rural Development: Covers women farmers, Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs), and non-farm activities.
    • Rising NPAs:  Discussed above.
    • Loan Misuse: Funds diverted for non-agricultural expenses, increasing defaults.
    • Low Financial Literacy: Many farmers unaware of repayment terms, leading to debt traps.
    • High Credit Dependency: Continuous borrowing without income growth raises financial risks.

    PYQ:

    [2020] Under the Kisan Credit Card scheme, short-term credit support is given to farmers for which of the following purposes?

    1. Working capital for maintenance of farm assets
    2. Purchase of combine harvesters, tractors and mini trucks
    3. Consumption requirements of farm households
    4. Post-harvest expenses
    5. Construction of family house and setting up of village cold storage facility

    Select the correct answer:

    (a) 1, 2 and 5 only

    (b) 1, 3 and 4 only

    (c) 2, 3, 4 and 5 only

    (d) 1, 2, 4 and 5