The India Status Report on Road Safety 2024 highlights India’s slow progress in reducing road fatalities and stresses the need for tailored approaches to improve road safety.
What does the ‘India Status Report on Road Safety 2024’ state?
The report highlights India’s limited success in reducing road accident fatalities, despite the country’s efforts in other sectors. The report stresses that most Indian States are not on track to meet the UN Decade of Action for Road Safety goal to halve traffic deaths by 2030.
It emphasizes the connection between road construction, mobility, and safety,
Road traffic injuries remain a significant public health challenge. In 2021, these injuries were the 13th leading cause of death and the 12th leading cause of health loss (measured in Disability-Adjusted Life Years or DALYs).
The report reveals significant disparities in road traffic death rates across Indian States, with vulnerable groups such as motorcyclists and truck-involved crashes being particularly high.
Note: The report used FIR data from six States and audits of State compliance with Supreme Court directives on road safety.
Which States have the lowest rates of road accident deaths?
West Bengal and Bihar have the lowest rates of road accident deaths, with 5.9 per 1,00,000 people in 2021
What is a crash surveillance system?
A crash surveillance system is a national-level database that records detailed data on road accidents, including specific variables like the mode of transport of victims.
India lacks such a system, with current data being aggregated from police station records, limiting the depth of analysis and effectiveness of interventions.
Implementing this system would enhance road safety management and allow for better evaluation of policy interventions.
Way forward:
Establish a National Crash Surveillance System: Implement a comprehensive database for road accidents to enable detailed analysis and improve targeted interventions for road safety. This would enhance data accuracy and guide more effective policies.
Prioritize State-Specific Road Safety Strategies: Tailor interventions to the unique challenges of each State, focusing on vulnerable road users like motorcyclists and improving safety infrastructure, such as helmet usage, traffic calming, and trauma care facilities.
The 54th GST Council meeting, chaired by Union Finance Minister was held recently.
Recommendations from the 54th GST Council Meeting:
GST Rate Changes for Goods
Namkeens and Savory Products
GST on extruded/expanded savoury products reduced from 18% to 12%; 5% GST on un-fried or uncooked snack pellets continues.
Cancer Drugs
GST on cancer drugs like Trastuzumab Deruxtecan, Osimertinib, and Durvalumab reduced from 12% to 5%.
Metal Scrap
Reverse Charge Mechanism (RCM) introduced for metal scrap supplies by unregistered persons; 2% TDS applied on B2B metal scrap supplies by registered persons.
RMPU Air Conditioning Machines
RMPU air conditioning machines for railways classified under HSN 8415, attracting a 28% GST rate.
Car and Motorcycle Seats
GST on car seats (HSN 9401) increased from 18% to 28%, aligning with the rate for motorcycle seats.
GST Rate Changes for Services
Life and Health Insurance
Group of Ministers (GoM) to be constituted to study GST issues related to life and health insurance. Report expected by October 2024.
Transport by Helicopters
GST on passenger transport by helicopters (seat share basis) set at 5%; 18% GST continues for charter helicopter services.
Flying Training Courses
DGCA-approved flying training courses conducted by Flying Training Organizations (FTOs) will be exempt from GST.
Preferential Location Charges
Preferential Location Charges (PLC) in construction services to be taxed as composite supply.
Affiliation Services
Affiliation services provided by boards like CBSE taxable; services provided to government schools by state/central boards will be exempt.
Import of Services by Branches
Import of services by foreign airlines’ branch offices from related persons will be exempt from GST if made without consideration.
Compliance Measures
B2C E-invoicing
Pilot project for B2C e-invoicing introduced to improve business efficiency and environmental sustainability.
Invoice Management System (IMS)
Invoice Management System to allow taxpayers to accept, reject, or keep invoices pending for claiming Input Tax Credit (ITC).
Waiver of Interest/Penalty
Special procedure to waive interest/penalty for tax demands from FY 2017-18, 2018-19, and 2019-20 under section 73 of CGST Act.
Clarifications via Circulars
Clarifications on place of supply for advertising services, ITC on demo vehicles, and place of supply for data hosting services to be issued.
PYQ:
[2018] Consider the following items:
1. Cereal grains hulled
2. Chicken eggs cooked
3. Fish processed and canned
4. Newspapers containing advertising material
Which of the above items is/are exempted under GST (Goods and Services Tax)?
Q Can the strategy of regional-resource-based manufacturing help in promoting employment in India?(UPSC IAS/2019)
Q “Success of the ‘Make in India’ program depends on the success of the ‘Skill India’ programme and radical labour reforms.” Discuss with logical arguments. (UPSC IAS/2015)
Q “While we flaunt India’s demographic dividend, we ignore the dropping rates of employability.” What are we missing while doing so? Where will the jobs that India desperately needs come from? Explain (UPSC IAS/2014)
Prelims: Priority Sector Lending by banks in India constitutes the lending to: (UPSC IAS/2013) (a) Agriculture (b) Micro and small enterprises (c) Weaker sections (d) All of the above
Mentor comment: Chinese smartphone companies dominate the Indian market, holding over 50% share by 2023. Now, the Indian government aims to balance local manufacturing and Chinese investments. However, there are challenges which include the lack of a robust supply chain and ancillary industries in India. To solve this issue at this point in the geopolitical situation, complete self-reliance on smartphones is difficult in the short term period for India. On the same note, today’s editorial discusses the complex relationship between India and Chinese companies, particularly in the context of the “Make in India” initiative.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
The Indian government is considering allowing certain Chinese investments in high-tech electronics on a case-by-case basis, especially in areas like compressors, display panels, and semiconductors.
According to the International Data Corporation’s WorldwideQuarterly Mobile Phone Tracker, four of the top five best-selling smartphone brands were Chinese at the end of 2023.
The dilemma between ‘Make in India’ and China’s presence:
About ‘Make in India’ Initiative: ◉ The Make in India initiative was launched in 2014 to promote India as a global manufacturing destination. ◉ The initiative aims to increase India’s manufacturing sector’s contribution to GDP to 25% by 2025.
The ‘Make in India’ aimed to represent India’s strength in manufacturing and National pride, but the Chinese smartphone companies have emerged as significant beneficiaries of this initiative, becoming dominant players over the past decade.
The widespread use of Android smartphones in India, with a market share of about 70%, has favored Chinese brands, increasing their consumer base.
Chinese companies have navigated fluctuations in India-China relations, maintaining their market presence until the Galwan Valley incident in 2020.
Initiatives Taken for Indianization in the Economy:
By Private Players: As a contract manufacturer, Tata Electronics has emerged as a key player in the Indian smartphone manufacturing landscape by replacing Wistron (Taiwanese suppliers for Apple).
The company also aims to develop local capabilities and reduce dependency on imports by creating high-precision machinery for smartphone components.
Adaptation of Chinese Companies: Chinese smartphone companies are adapting by complying with Indian government regulations, introducing Indian distributors, and streamlining their operations.
They are teaming up with domestic manufacturers to benefit from the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme and increasingly seeking equity partners to strengthen their presence in India.
Production Linked Incentive Scheme:
◉ It is a form of performance-linked incentive to give companies incentives on incremental sales from products manufactured in domestic units. It is aimed at boosting the manufacturing sector and to reduce imports. ◉ In 2021, the Government announced the PLI scheme for 13 key sectors:Auto components, Automobile, Aviation, Chemicals, Electronic systems, Food processing, Medical devices, Metals & mining, Pharmaceuticals, Renewable energy, Telecom, Textiles & apparel, and white goods. ◉ In Budget 2024-25, these incentives were extended to more sectors, such as the small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) sector to participate in the global market. A portion of incentives could be allocated for skill training and capacity building.
Challenges for complete Indianisation:
Need for Infrastructure Development: Manufacturing all smartphone components in India requires a robust supplier network, technological knowledge-sharing clusters, and improvements in power supply and workforce conditions.
Current Limitations: India currently lacks the necessary infrastructure at scale to support complete local manufacturing of smartphone components.
Technology Sharing Reluctance: Chinese companies are hesitant to share technology without clear equity arrangements, complicating the Indianisation efforts.
Way Forward:
Address Skill Gaps: Collaborate with educational institutions to ensure that the workforce is equipped with relevant skills in engineering, electronics, and automation.
Streamline Regulatory Processes: Provide clear regulatory guidelines to create a business-friendly environment that encourages investment.
Enhance Local Manufacturing Capabilities: Foster innovation and support startups in the electronics sector to create a diverse manufacturing ecosystem and reduce dependency on imports and enhance value addition in smartphone manufacturing.
Attract Foreign Investments: Continue offering incentives, subsidies, and tax breaks to attract foreign smartphone manufacturers to set up operations in India.
Q What were the reasons for the introduction of Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act, 2013? Discuss critically its salient features and their effectiveness. (UPSC IAS/2018)
Q The public expenditure management is a challenge to the Government of India in the context of budget making during the post-liberalization period. Clarify it. (UPSC IAS/2019)
Q How have the recommendations of the 14th Finance Commission of India enabled the States to improve their fiscal position? (UPSC IAS/2021)
Mentor comment: Fiscal deficit is considered a problem in India because it leads to increased government borrowing, which can raise public debt to unsustainable levels. This borrowing often crowds out private investment by driving up interest rates, making it more expensive for businesses to borrow. Additionally, financing the deficit by printing money can lead to inflation, eroding consumers’ purchasing power. It also places a burden on future generations, who will have to pay off the debt. In today’s editorial, we will be having a look on how the high fiscal deficits can undermine investor confidence, potentially resulting in credit downgrades and higher borrowing costs.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
The FM in the Union Budget of 2024-25 stated that, from 2026-27 onwards, Indian govt will focus to reduce the fiscal deficit each year to ensure that the debt declines as a percentage of GDP.
The speech also says that the Centre’s fiscal deficit would be reduced to 4.5% of GDP in 2025-26 from its budgeted level of 4.9% in 2024-25.
About the Fiscal Deficit: • Fiscal Deficit is excess of total budget expenditure over total budget receipts excluding borrowings during a fiscal year. • Fiscal Deficit = Total Expenditure – (Revenue Receipts + Non-Debt Creating Capital Receipts).
What is the National Debt? • The national debt is the total amount of money that the government owes to its lenders at a particular point in time. It is different from the fiscal deficit. • In simple, it is the amount of debt that has accumulated by the government over many years of running fiscal deficits and borrowing to bridge the deficits.
What are the implications of the Fiscal deficit?
Negative Implications:
Inflationary Pressure: When a country’s government runs a persistently high fiscal deficit, this can eventually lead to higher inflation as the government will be forced to use fresh money issued by the central bank to fund its fiscal deficit.
It also eventually leads to a higher ratio of interest payments to revenue receipts. Hence there will be lower shares for financing non-interest expenditures.
Crowding Out effect: When the government borrows a large portion of available funds from financial markets to finance its deficit, it crowds out private investment with reduced access to credit for businesses and individuals.
This can hinder economic growth and productivity.
Reduced Fiscal Space: A high fiscal deficit limits the government’s ability to respond to economic shocks or crises.
With limited fiscal space, the government may be unable to implement countercyclical fiscal policies such as increased spending or tax cuts to stimulate economic growth during downturns.
Difficulty in borrowing: As a government’s finances worsen, demand for the government’s bonds begins to drop, forcing the government to offer to pay a higher interest rate to lenders.
Positive Implications of Lower Fiscal Deficit:
Improve Credit Ratings: Higher credit ratings make it cheaper for India to borrow in global markets, reducing the cost of external debt.
Enhance the space for development: Less money is diverted to debt servicing while the fiscal deficit is lower, which leaves more funds for development projectslike infrastructure, education, and healthcare.
This can enhance investor confidence,leading to increased foreign and domestic investment.
Improve the Balance of Payment: Lower deficits will be reducing the reliance on foreign borrowing. It will help in stabilizing the exchange rateand the overall current account.
What are the reforms needed?
Infrastructure Finance Reforms: Improving mechanisms for financing infrastructure projects by involving the private sector through public-private partnerships (PPP), infrastructure bonds, and development of finance institutions.
Recommendations: The NK Singh committee in 2017proposed a draft Debt Management and Fiscal Responsibility Bill, 2017 which need to be implemented comprehensively.
Incentivizing Financial Savings: Promoting higher household financial savings through tax incentives on financial products, improving returns on long-term savings schemes, and enhancing financial literacy.
The Public Accounts Committee (PAC) has included a review of SEBI’s performance, amid political controversy surrounding chairperson Madhabi Puri Buch following Hindenburg Research’s allegations.
What are the allegations against SEBI?
Conflict of Interest: SEBI chairperson Madhabi Puri Buch faces conflict of interest allegations due to her past ICICI Bank role amid Adani investigations.
Toxic Work Environment: Reports have surfaced from approximately 500 SEBI employees claiming that the work culture at the regulatory body is “toxic and fearful.” This has led to demands for an impartial inquiry into the alleged workplace issues and the overall management of SEBI.
Response to Allegations: Buch and SEBI have denied wrongdoing, asserting that all necessary disclosures and recusal norms have been followed diligently.
Significance and Functions of the Public Accounts Committee (PAC)
The PAC was introduced in 1921 after its first mention in the Government of India Act, 1919 (Montford Reforms).
Oversight Role: The PAC serves as a parliamentary watchdog for government spending, ensuring accountability and transparency in the use of public funds. It plays a crucial role in auditing the revenue and expenditure of the government.
Review of Regulatory Bodies: The PAC has the authority to review the performance of regulatory bodies established by the Act of Parliament.
Suo-motu subjects: The PAC can select subjects for in-depth examination beyond the standard audit reports, allowing it to address pressing issues that may arise in the public interest, such as the allegations against SEBI’s chairperson.
Advisory Role: While the PAC can make recommendations based on its findings, it does not have the authority to enforce compliance. Its recommendations are advisory in nature.
How SEBI can improve its regulation considering recent challenges? (Way forward)
Enhanced Disclosure Regulations: SEBI has already made progress with the SEBI (Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2023, but further refinement is needed.
It should focus on clarifying the scope of disclosures required from companies, particularly regarding financial irregularities and conflicts of interest.
Bolstering Whistleblower Protections: SEBI should strengthen its whistleblower protection framework to encourage the reporting of internal issues or malpractices, ensuring accountability and protection for informants.
Improving Internal Governance and Work Culture: SEBI can address concerns about a toxic work environment by conducting independent reviews of its internal governance, improving employee welfare, and fostering a transparent, positive work culture.
Collaborating with Global Regulatory Bodies: SEBI can work more closely with global financial regulators to align with international best practices and enhance cross-border market oversight, ensuring that India’s markets remain resilient and transparent.
The Union Ministry of Textiles has launched India’s first fashion forecasting initiative ‘VisioNxt’.
AboutVisioNxt Initiative
Details
Launched By
National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT) in collaboration with the Ministry of Textiles, Government of India.
Objective
To provide India-specific fashion trend insights and reduce dependence on global forecasting agencies.
Significance
India’s first initiative to integrate Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Emotional Intelligence (EI) to forecast fashion trends.
Key Features
Delivers localized fashion trend insights tailored for Indian designers, manufacturers, and retailers.
Provides forecasts reflecting India’s cultural diversity and socio-economic nuances.
Designed to support the Indian fashion and retail market with consumer-focused trend data.
AI Model Used
“DeepVision” – AI-based model that decodes Indian fashion patterns, analyzing attributes like style, color, and regional influences.
Accessibility
Bilingual resources (Hindi and English) through a web portal, making the insights accessible to a broader range of stakeholders in the Indian fashion industry.
Goal
To empower Indian fashion professionals with India-specific data, reducing reliance on international forecasting systems.
PYQ:
[2019] What makes the Indian society unique in sustaining its culture? Discuss.
The financial relationship between the Union and State governments in India is imbalanced, similar to other nations with a federal constitutional structure.
What is Vertical Fiscal Imbalance (VFI)?
Vertical fiscal imbalance (VFI) refers to the mismatch between the revenue-raising powers and expenditure responsibilities of different levels of government (between the Center and state) within a country.
Why should Vertical Fiscal Imbalance (VFI) be reduced?
Decentralization of Expenditure: States are responsible for 61% of the revenue expenditure, focusing on crucial sectors like health, education, and infrastructure, but they generate only 38% of the revenue.
This imbalance creates a dependency on central transfers, limiting the States’ fiscal autonomy.
Need Efficiency in Spending: Reducing VFI would provide states with more resources, allowing them to respond better to local needs and improve governance efficiency.
Need to strengthen Fiscal Federalism: A reduction in VFI promotes a healthier system of cooperative federalism, ensuring that states have adequate resources to carry out their constitutional responsibilities and meet the demands of their populations.
Need Preparedness for crises: VFI becomes more pronounced during crises (e.g., COVID-19), leading to fiscal stress for States. A more balanced fiscal arrangement ensures better crisis management at the sub-national level.
Present Scenario of VFI and Tax Devolution in India
VFI Extent: The 15th Finance Commission noted that despite States‘ heavy spending responsibilities, their revenue-raising powers are limited.
Tax Devolution Rates: The 14th and 15th FC recommended devolving 42% and 41%, however, estimates suggest that an average share of 48.94% was necessary between 2015-2023 to eliminate the VFI.
Exclusion of Cesses and Surcharges: The exclusion of cesses and surcharges from the divisible pool of taxes shortens the net proceeds. States argue this limits the resources available to them to meet their expenditure responsibilities.
Fiscal Responsibility: Despite the constraints, states have largely adhered to borrowing limits under fiscal responsibility legislation. However, states still struggle to meet their expenditure responsibilities, highlighting the need for greater financial support from the Centre.
Note: The Sixteenth Finance Commission was constituted on December 31 2023 with Dr. Arvind Panagariya as the Chairman. The 16th FC has been requested to make its report available by the 31st day of October 2025 covering 5 years commencing on the 1st day of April, 2026.
What should be the role objective of the 16th FC?
Increase Tax Devolution: Many States demand that tax devolution from the Union’s net proceeds should be raised to 50%. The 16th Finance Commission must consider raising the devolution rate to around 49% to address the VFI and ensure sufficient untied funds for States.
Address Cesses and Surcharges: The 16th Finance Commission should evaluate the exclusion of cesses and surcharges from the divisible pool.
Empower States with Fiscal Autonomy: The Commission’s objective should be to empower States with greater fiscal autonomy by ensuring adequate resources for them to perform their constitutional duties without undue dependence on the Centre.
Support Local Priorities: The Commission should aim to provide States with untied resources, enabling them to cater to jurisdictional needs and set priorities that align with their specific developmental challenges, ensuring a more responsive governance system.
Before the pandemic, the U.S. and India reduced corporate taxes to boost growth but we now we can evaluate their effects.
Case Study on the Effects of Tax Cuts in the U.S.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA), enacted in December 2017, significantly reduced the corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%. A recent analysis by economists Gabriel Chodorow-Reich, Owen Zidar, and Eric Zwick highlights several key findings:
Investment Increase: The TCJA led to an estimated increase in investment of approximately 8% to 14%.
GDP Growth: The long-term increase in GDP is projected to be modest, around 0.9%, which is substantially lower than initial expectations.
Wage Impact: The increase in annual wages due to the tax cuts was less than $1,000 per worker, contrasting sharply with earlier claims of increases between $4,000 and $9,000.
Tax Revenue Decline: The TCJA is expected to result in a long-term reduction in tax revenue of nearly 41%, raising concerns about the fiscal health of the U.S. economy.
Tax Cuts in India
In September 2019, India also implemented corporate tax cuts, reducing the rate for existing companies from 30% to 22% and for new companies from 25% to 15%. The primary reason for this move was to stimulate economic growth and attract investment, particularly in the manufacturing sector.
Impact of the Tax cuts:
Revenue Loss: The tax cuts resulted in a revenue loss of approximately ₹1 lakh crore in 2020-21.
Gig workers (insecure forms of work): Although unemployment has decreased since the pandemic, much of the new employment is in insecure forms of work.
Decline in Regular Employment: According to the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) in India, the share of regular wage employment fell from 22.8% in 2017-18 to 20.9% in 2022-23.
Tax Burden Shift: There has been a notable shift in the tax burden from corporate taxes to individual income taxes. The share of corporate taxes in gross tax revenues fell from about 32% in 2017-18 to 26.5% in 2024-25.
What must be the next step? ( Way forward)
Focus on Future Investment: Policymakers should consider implementing high taxes on existing profits while providing incentives for future investments to stimulate economic activity.
Addressing Income Inequality: Tax policies should be designed to ensure that the benefits of tax cuts do not disproportionately favour wealthier individuals or corporations at the expense of wage earners.
Evaluating Economic Conditions: Need to evaluate the tax cuts to ensure they are not merely providing short-term benefits without addressing long-term growth and fiscal stability.
Mains PYQ:
Q Enumerate the indirect taxes which have been subsumed in the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India. Also, comment on the revenue implications of the GST introduced in India since July 2017. (UPSC IAS/2019)
The Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT), under the Ministry of Commerce & Industry, has released the updated SCOMET (Special Chemicals, Organisms, Materials, Equipment, and Technologies) list for the year 2024.
What is the SCOMET List?
Details
Purpose
To regulate the export of dual-use items that can be used for both civilian and military applications, particularly those that could contribute to the development of weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) and their delivery systems.
Regulatory Authority
Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India.
Notification
Notified by DGFT under Appendix 3 to Schedule 2 of the ITC (HS) Classification of Export and Import Items.
Legal Framework
Governed by Chapter IVA of the Foreign Trade (Development & Regulation) Act, 1992, as amended in 2010.
This chapter provides the legal basis for export control of dual-use items and outlines penalties for non-compliance.
Policy and Procedures
Outlined in Chapter 10 of the Foreign Trade Policy (FTP) and the Handbook of Procedures (HBP) 2023.
These documents provide the detailed procedure for licensing, application, and compliance for exporting SCOMET items.
Categories
The SCOMET List includes multiple categories:
1. Category 0: Nuclear materials and nuclear-related dual-use items.
2. Category 1: Toxic chemical agents and precursors.
3. Category 2: Materials and materials processing equipment.
4. Category 3: Electronics.
5. Category 4: Computers.
6. Category 5: Telecommunications and information security.
7. Category 6: Sensors and lasers.
8. Category 7: Navigation and avionics.
9. Category 8: Marine.
10. Category 9: Aerospace and propulsion.
New Licensing Authority for Category 6
Department of Defence Production (DDP), Ministry of Defence is the new licensing authority for the export of items under Category 6 (Sensors and Lasers).
Export Licensing
Exporters must obtain a specific license from DGFT (or DDP for Category 6) to export SCOMET items.
The licensing process includes a comprehensive review to ensure that exports do not contribute to the proliferation of WMDs or unauthorized military use.
The Union Cabinet has approved the proposal by Kaynes Semicon Pvt Ltd to establish a semiconductor unit in Sanand, Gujarat. This is the 5th semiconductorunit to be approved under the India Semiconductor Mission (ISM).
About India’s Semiconductor Mission (ISM):
Details
Launch Year
2021
Financial Outlay
₹76,000 crore
Backing by
Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY)
Objective
Develop a sustainable semiconductor and display ecosystem in India.
Primary Goal
Provide financial support to companies investing in semiconductor and display manufacturing and design ecosystem.
Leadership
Envisioned to be led by global experts in the Semiconductor and Display industry.
Components
Scheme for Semiconductor Fabs: Fiscal support to set up semiconductor wafer fabrication facilities.
Scheme for Display Fabs: Fiscal support for setting up TFT LCD/AMOLED display fabrication facilities.
Scheme for Compound Semiconductors / Silicon Photonics / Sensors Fab and ATMP/OSAT: 30% fiscal support for setting up compound semiconductors, silicon photonics, sensors fabs, and ATMP/OSAT facilities.
Design Linked Incentive (DLI) Scheme: Financial incentives and design infrastructure support for semiconductor design for ICs, chipsets, SoCs, systems & IP cores.
Vision
To develop India into a global hub for semiconductor and display manufacturing and design.
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