Subject: EIA

Why in the News

The Supreme Court of India delivered its judgment in Vanashakti vs Union of India on 29 July 2026, on the fate of projects that began construction or operation without obtaining prior Environmental Clearance (EC). The ruling shuts the executive routes to regularisation while holding that the statutory power to create a fresh one survives, which moves the question of legacy violations from administrative discretion to statutory law making.

What is prior Environmental Clearance under the Environment Impact Assessment Notification, 2006?

1. The requirement: Prior Environmental Clearance is the approval a project proponent must obtain before commencing construction or operation of a listed project, based on an assessment of the project's likely environmental consequences.
2. The legal source: It is mandated by the Environment Impact Assessment Notification, 2006. That notification is issued under Section 3 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, the provision empowering the central government to take measures to protect and improve environmental quality.
3. Coverage: It applies to listed sectors including mining, thermal power, infrastructure, construction and building projects above notified thresholds, and to real estate developments above specified built up area.
4. Why the word prior matters: The clearance is a precondition for starting work, so an approval granted after work has begun cannot perform the function the law assigns it, which is to shape the project before its impact occurs.

What is an ex post facto environmental clearance?

1. Definition: An ex post facto environmental clearance is an approval granted to a project that has already commenced construction or operation without clearance, regularising the completed activity after the fact.

What is an Office Memorandum in environmental regulation?

1. Definition: An Office Memorandum is an internal executive communication issued by a ministry to set out an administrative procedure, and it carries no independent statutory force of its own.
2. Its limit: It cannot create an exception to a requirement imposed by a statutory notification, since an administrative instrument cannot override the instrument that ranks above it.

What did the Supreme Court hold on the 2017 Notification and the 2021 Standard Operating Procedure?

1. Prior clearance reaffirmed as mandatory: The Court firmly reiterated that obtaining prior Environmental Clearance is a mandatory legal requirement under the Environment Impact Assessment Notification, 2006.
2. The 2017 window is closed: Project proponents who commenced construction or operations without prior clearance and did not apply under the earlier violation mechanisms cannot now seek regularisation under the 2017 Notification.
3. The 2021 Standard Operating Procedure struck down: The 2021 Standard Operating Procedure, issued as an Office Memorandum, was held legally unsustainable because an administrative memorandum cannot override the requirement of prior clearance.
4. No fresh applications: Both mechanisms are no longer available for fresh cases, so the immediate operative message to project developers, industries and infrastructure agencies is that no fresh application can be made under them.
5. What survives: The central government retains its Section 3 power to frame a fresh statutory mechanism for violation cases, if it considers this necessary in the larger public interest.

Why did so many projects proceed without prior environmental clearance?

1. Regulatory uncertainty: Some projects proceeded because the applicable regime was unsettled at the time work began, and the proponent could not identify with certainty which approval its category required.
2. Incorrect interpretation of the law: Others proceeded on a mistaken reading of the requirement, treating a clearance as inapplicable to their category or their scale of activity.
3. Failure to obtain approvals: A third set simply failed to obtain the necessary approvals before commencement, without any question of ambiguity in the law.

Why does the distinction between an administrative memorandum and a statutory notification decide the outcome?

1. Source of authority: A statutory notification draws its force directly from Section 3. An Office Memorandum draws only on the executive's power to instruct its own officials.
2. Capacity to modify a legal requirement: Only an instrument of equal statutory standing can qualify a requirement imposed by the Environment Impact Assessment Notification, 2006, which is why the 2021 memorandum failed and a fresh notification would not.
3. Procedural discipline: A statutory notification must be published, is open to legislative and judicial scrutiny in the form it takes, and cannot be varied by an internal circular.
4. The practical consequence: The Court has not foreclosed relief for legacy violations, it has relocated the power to grant that relief from the ministry's administrative desk to a formal statutory instrument.
5. A limit on the executive's own convenience: The distinction removes the option of granting case by case relief through evolving internal procedure, which is the mechanism through which the earlier windows expanded.

Does barring post facto regularisation protect the environment or only strand completed projects?

1. The deterrence claim: Environmental law cannot encourage deliberate violations by allowing routine post facto approvals, since a proponent who knows regularisation is available has no reason to wait for clearance.
2. The proportionality claim: Indiscriminate closure or demolition of every violation project does not necessarily serve environmental protection or the larger public interest, particularly where the project is otherwise environmentally acceptable.
3. The sunk investment problem: Numerous industrial units, commercial developments, infrastructure projects and public utility projects across India are in violation, and substantial investments have already been made in them.
4. The pathway vacuum: Many such projects never applied under the earlier violation windows, so the closure of the 2017 scheme and the striking down of the 2021 memorandum leaves them with no legal pathway at all.
5. How the judgment resolves the tension: It preserves the mandatory character of prior clearance while acknowledging the practical reality, refusing to convert the acknowledgement into a direction that the government must act.

What safeguards must any future one time regularisation scheme carry?

1. No permanent amnesty: Any future scheme cannot become a permanent violate first and regularise later mechanism, which is the specific design failure the Court guarded against.
2. Strictly one time: The opportunity must be one time and confined to specified categories of violation projects, rather than a standing window that renews itself.
3. Statutory authority: It must be issued as a notification under Section 3 and not as an administrative memorandum.
4. Environmental damage assessment: The scheme must require an assessment of the environmental damage that the unauthorised commencement has already caused.
5. Remediation and compensation: It must attach remediation measures and environmental compensation to the assessed damage, so that regularisation carries a cost proportionate to the harm.
6. Strict compliance conditions: It must impose strict compliance conditions on the regularised project going forward, and be carefully designed within the framework of environmental law.
7. No judicial direction to create it: The Court did not direct the central government to introduce such a scheme, it clarified that the government may do so if it considers it necessary in the larger public interest.

Challenges to implementing the Vanashakti verdict

1. Projects left without any pathway: Legacy violators outside the earlier windows now have no forum to approach until the government chooses to act, and inaction is a permissible outcome under the judgment. Eg. Real estate developments that exceeded their approved built up area before the 2017 window opened have no application route once the 2021 memorandum stands struck down.
2. Capacity to assess environmental damage: Damage assessment for an already operating project requires baseline data that was never collected, because the baseline study is precisely what a prior clearance would have produced. Eg. State Pollution Control Boards in several States function with vacant technical posts and rely on proponent submitted monitoring data.
3. Defining specified categories: Any future notification must draw a line between the proponent who acted in genuine regulatory uncertainty and the one who simply avoided approval, and the source material offers no test for that line. Eg. The 2017 Notification's six month window was criticised for treating a small unit's procedural lapse and a large mining expansion on identical terms.
4. Fresh litigation risk: A one time notification will itself be challenged, so relief through this route is not quick relief. Eg. The 2021 Standard Operating Procedure survived for close to five years before it was set aside in the present judgment.
5. Lender and contractual exposure: Projects with no clearance pathway carry impaired security for the banks that financed them, and the exposure does not sit with the proponent alone. Eg. Infrastructure projects halted for want of clearance have previously moved into stressed asset classification with their lending consortia.
6. Enforcement against operating violators: Closure of the regularisation route does not by itself produce enforcement action, and the Court has not directed any. Eg. Show cause proceedings against units operating without clearance have historically ended in continued operation under interim orders.

Conclusion

The judgment settles that ex post facto regularisation cannot be granted by administrative memorandum while holding that Section 3 still permits a carefully framed statutory route. What it changes is the instrument, not the availability of relief, and it attaches damage assessment, remediation and compensation as the price of any such relief. What remains unresolved is whether the central government will exercise that power at all, since the Court has left the decision entirely to it. Until it does, thousands of legacy violation projects sit outside any legal pathway.

Environmental Impact Assessment in India

1. What it is: Environmental Impact Assessment is the process of predicting, evaluating and mitigating the environmental consequences of a proposed project before a decision on approval is taken.
2. When it became mandatory: It was made legally mandatory in India by the Environment Impact Assessment Notification of 27 January 1994, which was superseded by the Environment Impact Assessment Notification, 2006.
3. Project categorisation: Category A projects are appraised at the central level by the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change on the recommendation of an Expert Appraisal Committee, while Category B projects are appraised by the State Environment Impact Assessment Authority.
4. The B1 and B2 split: Category B projects are further divided into B1, which require a full impact assessment report, and B2, which are exempted from that requirement.
5. The four stages: The process runs through screening, scoping, public consultation and appraisal, with public consultation comprising a public hearing at the site and written responses from concerned persons.
6. The 2020 draft: A draft Environment Impact Assessment Notification was published in 2020 for public comment and was never notified.

Constitutional Framework Governing Environmental Protection

1. Article 21: Guarantees the right to life, judicially read to include the right to a clean and healthy environment.
2. Article 48A: Directs the State to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country.
3. Article 51A(g): Places a fundamental duty on every citizen to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife.
4. Article 253: Empowers Parliament to legislate for the whole or part of India to implement international agreements, the provision under which the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 was enacted.
5. Seventh Schedule, Concurrent List Entry 17A: Places forests in the Concurrent List, moved there from the State List by the Forty second Constitutional Amendment.
6. Seventh Schedule, Concurrent List Entry 17B: Places protection of wild animals and birds in the Concurrent List.

Laws and Rules Governing Environmental Clearance

1. Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974: Establishes the Central and State Pollution Control Boards and requires consent to establish and consent to operate for discharging effluent.
2. Amended by the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Amendment Act, 2024, which replaced imprisonment with monetary penalties for several contraventions.
3. Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981: Empowers the Boards to declare air pollution control areas and to regulate emissions from industrial plants.
4. Environment (Protection) Act, 1986: The umbrella statute empowering the central government to take all measures necessary to protect and improve the quality of the environment.
5. Section 5 empowers the central government to issue directions including closure, prohibition or regulation of any industry.
6. Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986: Prescribe emission and effluent standards and the procedure for issuing directions under the parent Act.
7. Environment Impact Assessment Notification, 2006: Lists the projects requiring prior clearance and fixes the appraisal procedure and the authorities at each level.
8. Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980: Requires prior approval of the central government for diversion of forest land to non forest use.
9. Renamed the Van (Sanrakshan Evam Samvardhan) Adhiniyam, 1980 by the amendment of 2023, which introduced exemptions for specified categories of land.
10. Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 2019: Regulates construction and industrial activity in the coastal stretches and the intertidal zone.
11. National Green Tribunal Act, 2010: Constitutes a specialised tribunal for effective and expeditious disposal of cases relating to environmental protection and enforcement of legal rights relating to environment.
12. Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991: Requires owners handling hazardous substances to hold insurance for immediate relief to persons affected by accidents.

Government Initiatives for Environmental Regulation

1. PARIVESH portal: A single window online hub for submission, monitoring and management of environment, forest, wildlife and coastal regulation zone clearance proposals, upgraded to its second version in 2023.
2. National Clean Air Programme: A time bound national framework launched in 2019 to reduce particulate matter concentrations in identified non attainment cities.
3. Extended Producer Responsibility portals: Digital registration and credit trading platforms for plastic, battery, tyre and electronic waste producers under the respective waste management rules.
4. Green Credit Programme: A market mechanism notified in 2023 that awards tradable credits for voluntary environmental actions such as plantation and water conservation.
5. Mission LiFE: A behaviour focused initiative launched in 2022 to shift individual and community consumption patterns towards sustainable practice.
6. National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change: A central fund supporting State level adaptation projects in vulnerable sectors and regions.

Key Facts about Environmental Regulation in India

1. World Environment Day: Observed on 5 June, marking the opening of the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment at Stockholm.
2. National Pollution Control Day: Observed on 2 December in memory of those who died in the 1984 Bhopal gas disaster.
3. A dedicated environment court: The establishment of the National Green Tribunal in 2010 made India the third country in the world, after Australia and New Zealand, to set up a specialised environmental court.
4. Public hearing notice: The Environment Impact Assessment Notification, 2006 requires a minimum notice period of 30 days for the public hearing stage.
5. Consultant accreditation: Impact assessment consultants are accredited through the National Accreditation Board for Education and Training under the Quality Council of India.
6. Central Pollution Control Board: Constituted in 1974 under the Water Act, it functions as the technical apex body for pollution monitoring and standards.

Challenges in Environmental Impact Assessment in India

1. Proponent funded assessment: The impact assessment report is commissioned and paid for by the project proponent, which places the assessor in a client relationship with the party being assessed. Eg. Accreditation of consultants through the National Accreditation Board for Education and Training was introduced after assessment reports were found to carry copied ecological baseline chapters.
2. Weak public consultation: Hearings are held at short notice, in venues distant from affected habitations and in a language the affected population does not read the documents in. Eg. Public hearings for coal block expansions in central India have been challenged before the National Green Tribunal on grounds of inadequate local language disclosure.
3. Expanding exemption categories: Successive amendments have moved project categories out of the assessment requirement or into the B2 exempt class, shrinking the regime's coverage. Eg. Building and construction projects above notified built up area thresholds have repeatedly been shifted between assessment categories through amendment notifications.
4. Absence of cumulative impact assessment: Each project is appraised in isolation, so the combined load of several projects on the same river basin or airshed is never assessed. Eg. Hydropower projects in the Himalayan river basins have been cleared individually without an assessment of the cumulative effect on downstream flow.
5. Post clearance compliance monitoring: Half yearly compliance reports are self submitted by proponents and rarely verified through independent field inspection. Eg. Regional offices of the Union environment ministry cover several States each with a small inspection staff, which makes physical verification of every cleared project impossible.
6. State appraisal authority capacity: State Environment Impact Assessment Authorities carry the bulk of the caseload with limited technical staff and periodic vacancies in their expert committees. Eg. Clearances issued by State authorities during periods when their expert appraisal committees stood unconstituted have been set aside by the National Green Tribunal.

Back2Basics: Environment (Protection) Act, 1986

1. Enactment context: It was enacted in the aftermath of the Bhopal gas disaster of December 1984, which exposed the absence of a general statute covering all forms of environmental harm.
2. Constitutional basis: It was enacted under Article 253 to implement the decisions taken at the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment at Stockholm.
3. Character: It is umbrella legislation, giving the central government general powers over environmental quality rather than regulating a single medium such as air or water.
4. Commencement: It came into force on 19 November 1986.
5. Definition of environment: The Act defines environment to include water, air and land and the interrelationship existing among and between them and human beings, other living creatures, plants, micro organisms and property.
6. Penalty regime: Section 15 provided for imprisonment and fine for contravention, and was amended by the Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Act, 2023 to substitute monetary penalties adjudicated by an appointed authority for several offences.
7. Administering ministry: It is administered by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.

Way Forward

1. Frame the statutory notification with a hard sunset: Issue any one time mechanism as a notification under the parent Act with a fixed closing date written into the instrument itself, so it cannot be extended by circular.
2. Define eligible categories by test, not by sector: Set an objective test distinguishing genuine regulatory uncertainty from avoidance, so that the scheme does not become a general amnesty by default.
3. Make damage assessment independent: Require the environmental damage assessment for each applicant to be conducted by an accredited third party appointed by the regulator, not commissioned by the proponent.
4. Link compensation to assessed harm: Calibrate environmental compensation to the damage assessed and the period of unauthorised operation, rather than to a flat percentage of project cost.
5. Fund and staff the State authorities: Fill technical vacancies in State Environment Impact Assessment Authorities and Pollution Control Boards before loading them with damage assessment for legacy cases.
6. Digitise post clearance compliance: Route compliance reporting through the PARIVESH platform with automated flagging and mandatory random field verification of a fixed share of cleared projects.
7. Publish the pending violation inventory: Compile and publish a sector wise and State wise inventory of projects operating without clearance, so that any future scheme is designed against a known caseload.

Matching Previous Year Question

“[2020, GS3, 10] How does the draft Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, 2020 differ from the existing EIA Notification, 2006?”