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Subject: Environment

  • Groundwater Extraction Shifts Earth’s Tilt Axis

    earth tilt

    Central Ideas

    • A recent study conducted by scientists at Seoul National University has revealed that the extraction of groundwater from the earth has caused a shift in the planet’s axis, tilting it nearly 80 cm to the east.
    • This phenomenon, along with the movement of water through melting ice caps and glaciers, has implications for both the earth’s rotation, sea-level rise, and the distribution of water resources.

    Earth’s Axis and Rotation

    • The Earth’s axis and rotation play significant roles in shaping our planet’s climate, seasons, and day-night cycles.
    • Here are some key points about Earth’s axis and rotation:
    1. Axis: The axis is an imaginary line that extends between the North Pole and the South Pole and is tilted at an angle of approximately 23.5 degrees relative to its orbital plane around the Sun. This tilt is responsible for Earth’s seasons.
    2. Rotation: Earth rotates on its axis from west to east, completing one full rotation in approximately 24 hours. This rotation is what gives us the cycle of day and night. The side of the Earth facing the Sun experiences daylight, while the opposite side experiences darkness, resulting in day and night.
    3. Polar Regions: The axis of the Earth is inclined with respect to its orbital plane. This inclination causes the Polar Regions to experience variations in daylight throughout the year. During the summer solstice (around June 21), the North Pole is tilted towards the Sun, resulting in 24 hours of continuous daylight in the Arctic Circle and 24 hours of darkness in the Antarctic Circle. The opposite occurs during the winter solstice (around December 21).
    4. Equator: The equator is an imaginary line equidistant from the poles and divides the Earth into the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere. The equator experiences relatively consistent day and night lengths throughout the year, with two equinoxes occurring when the Sun is directly above the equator. During the equinoxes (around March 21 and September 21), day and night are approximately equal in length worldwide.
    5. Precession (Cyclic Wobble): In addition to its axial tilt, Earth experiences a slow, cyclic wobble called precession. This wobble causes the orientation of Earth’s axis to change slightly over a period of approximately 26,000 years. Precession does not affect the tilt or the length of the seasons but does influence the positions of the celestial poles and the timing of Earth’s closest approach to the Sun (perihelion) and farthest point (aphelion).

    Why in news?

    • Unlike a stable rotating globe, the earth’s axis experiences a wobble due to various factors such as weather, seasonal changes, the molten core, and natural events like hurricanes.
    • Scientists track this motion relative to astronomical phenomena, but the role of water movement, including groundwater extraction, had not been fully considered until now.
    • The earth’s axis wobbles in a circular pattern several meters wide every year.

    Study Findings

    • Researchers at Seoul National University built a climate model linking the earth’s axis shift with water movement, including the melting of ice caps and glaciers.
    • Initially, the model did not match the observed drift of the axis until groundwater extraction was added to the equation.
    • Groundwater pumping accounted for the unexplained cause of the rotation pole drift.
    • The shift in the earth’s axis due to groundwater extraction was measured at nearly 80 cm tilt to the east.

    Implications for Sea-Level Rise

    • The study revealed that approximately 2,150 billion tonnes of groundwater were pumped and drained into the oceans between 1993 and 2010, contributing to a sea-level rise of 6.24 mm.
    • Groundwater depletion plays a significant role in the location and magnitude of the axis drift.
    • Mid-latitude regions, particularly northwest India and western North America, showed the most significant groundwater redistribution effects.

    Impact on Water Resources

    • Groundwater extraction for human activities, including irrigation, is affecting the distribution and availability of water resources.
    • Excessive groundwater pumping has led to a significant redistribution of water, altering the balance between surface water and groundwater reserves.

  • Miyawaki Technique of Urban Afforestation

    Central Idea: Prime Minister during his latest ‘Mann ki baat’ episode spoke about Miyawaki plantation, the Japanese method of creating dense urban forests in a small area.

    Try this question:

    Q.The Miyawaki Forests technique has to potential to revolutionize the concept of urban afforestation in India. Discuss.

    Miyawaki Method

    • Miyawaki method is a method of urban afforestation by turning backyards into mini-forests.
    • It includes planting trees as close as possible in the same area which not only saves space, but the planted saplings also support each other in growth and block sunlight from reaching the ground, thereby preventing the growth of weed.
    • Thus the saplings become maintenance-free (self-sustainable) after the first three years.
    • It helps to create a forest in just 20 to 30 years while through conventional methods it takes anywhere between 200 to 300 years.

    The technique

    miyawaki

    • The native trees of the region are identified and divided into four layers — shrub, sub-tree, tree, and canopy.
    • The quality of soil is analysed and biomass which would help enhance the perforation capacity, water retention capacity, and nutrients in it, is mixed with it.
    • A mound is built with the soil and the seeds are planted at a very high density — three to five sapling per square meter.
    • The ground is covered with a thick layer of mulch.

  • Climate Change: Urgent Action Needed for a Sustainable Future

    Climate

    Central Idea

    • The recent reports on the southwest monsoon in India have sparked concerns about the impact of climate change on weather patterns. The adverse consequences of extreme weather events, such as floods, droughts, and crop damage, highlight the urgent need to address the climate crisis. The World Meteorological Organisation’s alarming report on global temperatures crossing the 1.5 degrees Celsius mark underscores the severity of the climate emergency.

    How the Government Actions are Not Sufficient to Address the Climate Crisis?

    • Insufficient Emissions Reduction Targets: Many governments have set emissions reduction targets that are insufficient to meet the goals outlined in international agreements such as the Paris Agreement. These targets often fall short of what is required to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.
    • Slow Implementation of Renewable Energy Policies: Governments have been slow to implement and scale up policies and incentives to promote renewable energy sources. The transition to renewable energy is crucial for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, but many governments have not provided adequate support or created an enabling environment for renewable energy development.
    • Reliance on Fossil Fuels: Governments continue to subsidize and support the fossil fuel industry, which contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions. These subsidies impede the transition to cleaner energy sources and perpetuate the use of fossil fuels, despite their detrimental environmental impact.
    • Inadequate Climate Finance: The provision of climate finance, particularly from wealthier nations to developing countries, has fallen short of what is needed. The quantum of climate finance has not met the estimated requirements for adaptation and mitigation efforts outlined in international agreements like the Paris Agreement. This lack of financial support hinders developing countries’ ability to effectively address climate change.
    • Limited Investment in Sustainable Infrastructure: Governments have been slow to invest in sustainable infrastructure projects that promote low-carbon transportation, energy-efficient buildings, and resilient urban planning. Without substantial investment in sustainable infrastructure, the transition to a low-carbon economy becomes more challenging.
    • Weak Climate Policy Coordination: There is often a lack of coordination and collaboration between different government departments and agencies responsible for climate policy. This can lead to fragmented approaches and hinder the implementation of effective climate strategies.
    • Insufficient Climate Education and Public Awareness: Governments have not done enough to educate the public about the severity and urgency of the climate crisis. This lack of awareness can limit public support for climate action and impede the adoption of sustainable behaviours and practices.
    • Inadequate Preparedness for Climate Impacts: Governments have been slow to invest in measures to adapt to the impacts of climate change, such as building resilient infrastructure, implementing early warning systems, and developing climate-resilient agriculture practices. This leaves communities vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change.

    The Adverse Consequences of Extreme Weather Events Exacerbated by Climate Change

    • Loss of Human Lives: Extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, floods, heatwaves, and storms, can result in the loss of human lives. These events pose direct threats to individuals through injuries, drowning, and other hazards associated with severe weather conditions.
    • Physical Injuries and Health Impacts: Extreme weather events often lead to physical injuries, including cuts, fractures, and trauma. Additionally, they can have significant health impacts, such as heat-related illnesses, respiratory problems from air pollution, and waterborne diseases in the aftermath of floods.
    • Displacement and Homelessness: Severe weather events can displace large numbers of people from their homes. Flooding, hurricanes, and wildfires can destroy or severely damage houses, forcing individuals and communities to evacuate and seek temporary or long-term shelter.
    • Infrastructure Damage: Extreme weather events can cause substantial damage to infrastructure, including roads, bridges, buildings, and power lines. This damage hampers transportation, communication, and access to essential services, disrupting daily life and impeding recovery efforts.
    • Agricultural and Livelihood Losses: Droughts, floods, and storms can have devastating effects on agriculture and livelihoods. Crop failures, soil erosion, and livestock losses can result in food shortages, increased food prices, and economic instability for farmers and rural communities.
    • Economic Losses: Extreme weather events impose significant economic burdens on affected regions. Costs associated with repairing infrastructure, rebuilding homes, and restoring businesses can be substantial. Moreover, disruptions to industries such as tourism, agriculture, and manufacturing can lead to job losses and economic downturns.’
    • Ecological Impacts: Extreme weather events can cause ecological disruptions and harm biodiversity. For example, wildfires destroy habitats, leading to the loss of plant and animal species. Flooding can contaminate water bodies and disrupt aquatic ecosystems.
    • Social and Psychological Impact: The aftermath of extreme weather events can take a toll on individuals’ mental and emotional well-being. Displacement, loss of homes, and the challenges of recovery can lead to stress, anxiety, and trauma, both in the short and long term.

    Climate

    Responsibility of Wealthier Nations in Addressing the Climate Crisis

    • Historical Emissions: Wealthier nations, particularly industrialized countries, have historically been the largest contributors to global greenhouse gas emissions. Their extensive use of fossil fuels and industrial activities over the years has significantly contributed to the current climate crisis. As such, they bear a responsibility for their historical emissions and the consequent impacts on the climate.
    • Technological and Financial Capacity: Wealthier nations possess greater technological and financial resources to invest in clean energy technologies, adaptation measures, and climate mitigation strategies. Their capacity to support research and development, innovation, and the deployment of sustainable technologies can play a crucial role in addressing the climate crisis.
    • Climate Finance: Wealthier nations have an obligation to provide financial support to developing countries that are more vulnerable to climate change impacts but have fewer resources to address them. This includes fulfilling commitments under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to provide climate finance for adaptation and mitigation efforts in developing nations.
    • Net Carbon Imports: Wealthier nations often rely on imported goods and services produced in countries with lower labor and environmental standards. These nations have a responsibility to account for the carbon emissions associated with their consumption and work towards reducing the carbon footprint of their supply chains.
    • Technology Transfer and Capacity Building: Wealthier nations can facilitate the transfer of clean and sustainable technologies to developing countries, assisting them in their climate mitigation and adaptation efforts. Capacity building initiatives can empower developing nations to implement effective climate solutions and build resilience.

    Climate

    Scalable Solutions and Renewable Energy for sustainable Future

    • Utility-Scale Solar Power: Solar energy has become one of the most scalable and cost-effective sources of power. Large-scale solar installations, such as solar farms and solar parks, can generate significant amounts of electricity and contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
    • Wind Power: Wind farms, consisting of multiple wind turbines, can generate substantial amounts of electricity, particularly in regions with consistent wind patterns. Advances in wind turbine technology, including larger and more efficient turbines, have increased the capacity and scalability of wind power.
    • Global Growth of Renewable Energy: Renewable energy sources, including solar, wind, hydropower, and geothermal, have experienced significant global growth in recent years. In 2022, 90 percent of the world’s power sector growth came from renewables.
    • Falling Costs of Renewable Energy: The cost of renewable energy technologies, particularly solar and wind, has been steadily declining. This cost reduction has made renewable energy more economically attractive and scalable, even without subsidies. The decreasing costs of solar panels, wind turbines, and energy storage systems have contributed to the rapid growth of renewable energy installations worldwide.
    • Expansion of Renewable Energy Capacity: Many countries have reported significant expansions of their renewable energy capacity. By increasing investments in renewable energy infrastructure, such as solar and wind power plants, countries have been able to scale up their clean energy generation and reduce dependence on fossil fuels.
    • Renewable Energy in Developing Countries: Renewable energy is playing an increasingly important role in providing electricity access to developing countries. Off-grid solar power systems and mini-grids have allowed communities without access to centralized electricity grids to meet their energy needs sustainably. This decentralized approach to renewable energy deployment has facilitated scalability and expanded energy access.

    Way Ahead: Opportunities for the Fossil Fuel Industry

    • Expertise in Energy Technology: The fossil fuel industry possesses significant expertise in energy technology and infrastructure. This expertise can be leveraged to facilitate the development and deployment of renewable energy technologies. Fossil fuel companies can apply their engineering, project management, and operational skills to support the scaling up of renewable energy projects.
    • Investment in Renewable Energy: Fossil fuel companies have the financial resources to invest in renewable energy projects. By diversifying their portfolios and investing in renewable energy technologies, they can contribute to the growth and scalability of clean energy.
    • Offshore Capabilities: The offshore capabilities of the fossil fuel industry, particularly in areas such as offshore drilling and exploration, can be utilized in the development of offshore renewable energy sources. Offshore wind farms, for example, can benefit from the industry’s experience in offshore operations and infrastructure, facilitating the growth of this sector.
    • Clean Energy Retail: Fossil fuel companies can become providers of clean energy to support the growing demand for renewable energy. By incorporating renewable energy sources into their energy portfolios and retailing clean energy, they can play a significant role in accelerating the adoption of renewables and facilitating the energy transition.
    • Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS): The fossil fuel industry can invest in and develop carbon capture and storage technologies. CCS technologies capture and store carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel power plants and industrial processes, reducing their environmental impact. By implementing CCS technologies, the industry can mitigate its carbon emissions while continuing to utilize fossil fuels during the transition period.
    • Hydrogen Production: Fossil fuel companies can leverage their existing infrastructure and knowledge to participate in the production of clean hydrogen. Hydrogen produced through renewable energy sources, such as electrolysis, can be used as a low-carbon fuel or feedstock, providing an alternative to traditional fossil fuel-based processes.
    • Energy Transition Workforce: The fossil fuel industry can support the transition by retraining and transitioning its workforce to work in renewable energy sectors. This can help mitigate the potential negative impacts on jobs and livelihoods associated with the decline of the fossil fuel industry, ensuring a just transition for workers.

    Conclusion

    • Climate change poses a grave threat to our planet and demands immediate and determined action from governments, corporations, and individuals. The reports of subpar southwest monsoon rains in India serve as a reminder of the increasing variability caused by climate change. The time for transformative change is now, and by adopting a long-term commitment to reducing emissions and investing in sustainable technologies, we can pave the way to a better and more resilient future

    Also read:

    Climate Change and the role of Panchayat Raj Institutes (PRI’s)

     

  • Inclusive Climate Leadership: Engaging All Parties for a Sustainable Future

    Climate

    Central Idea

    • In recent weeks, a growing movement has emerged to remove Minister Sultan Al Jaber, the President-Designate of COP28 and CEO of the Abu Dhabi National Oil Company, from his position. As representatives of climate-vulnerable developing nations like Bangladesh and the Maldives and as the leaders of the Climate Vulnerable Forum, underscore the urgency of the climate challenge. They argue that their economies have suffered staggering climate-related losses, amounting to $500 billion in the last two decades alone.

    Campaign to Unseat the President-Designate of COP28

    • CEO of Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC): Sultan Al Jaber serves as the CEO of ADNOC, which is a national oil company. Critics argue that his role in an oil company creates a conflict of interest, as the fossil fuel industry is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change.
    • Concerns about Clean Energy Transition: Some argue that as the CEO of ADNOC, Sultan Al Jaber may not prioritize or advocate for a rapid and ambitious transition away from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources. They believe that his leadership in COP28 could hinder progress in achieving global climate goals.
    • Advocacy for Inclusive Approach: Those calling for his removal argue for a more inclusive approach to COP28 leadership, with a focus on engaging a broader range of stakeholders, including voices from climate-vulnerable countries and civil society, to ensure a more balanced representation and decision-making process.
    • Conflict of Interest and Lack of Impartiality: The campaign contends that Sultan Al Jaber’s position as the head of ADNOC raises concerns about conflicts of interest and impartiality in decision-making regarding climate policy and the transition to clean energy.

    Sultan Al-Jaber’s Contributions in Advancing Clean Energy Solutions

    • Leadership in Renewable Energy: Sultan Al-Jaber has played a pivotal role in leading Masdar, a renewable energy company that has made substantial investments in solar and wind projects. Through Masdar’s initiatives, significant progress has been made in expanding renewable energy capacity and reducing dependence on fossil fuels.
    • Barakah Nuclear Power Plant: As part of the UAE’s clean energy efforts, Sultan Al-Jaber oversaw the opening of the Barakah nuclear power plant. This facility generates 6 gigawatts of clean power, further diversifying the country’s energy mix and reducing carbon emissions.
    • Tripling Global Renewable Energy Capacity: Sultan Al-Jaber, in collaboration with the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), has championed the goal of tripling global renewable energy capacity by 2030. This ambitious target demonstrates his commitment to advancing the transition to clean energy on a global scale.
    • Practical Solutions for Clean Energy: Under Sultan Al-Jaber’s guidance, Masdar and IRENA have signed an agreement aimed at tripling global renewable energy capacity. This partnership focuses on implementing practical solutions and driving tangible results in clean energy deployment.
    • Advocacy for Clean Energy Investments: Sultan Al-Jaber has been an advocate for attracting investments in clean energy infrastructure. By promoting partnerships with sovereign wealth funds and multilateral development banks, he has sought to secure the necessary financial support for scaling up clean energy projects worldwide.
    • Vision for the Abu Dhabi National Oil Company: Sultan Al-Jaber envisions transforming the Abu Dhabi National Oil Company into the Abu Dhabi Clean Energy and Grid Company by 2030. This transition highlights his commitment to steering a fossil fuel-dependent economy towards a cleaner and more sustainable energy future.
    • Global Financial Reform: Sultan Al-Jaber has voiced support for global financial reform, including reforms within the International Monetary Fund. His advocacy underscores the recognition that financial systems must align with the goals of combating climate change and promoting sustainable development.

    How Debt is posing As a Significant Impediment?

    • Unsustainable Debt Burden: Many developing nations, including those represented by Bangladesh and the Maldives, face significant debt burdens that hinder their ability to invest in clean energy infrastructure and climate adaptation measures. These debts often become increasingly unpayable, exacerbated by climate damages caused by emissions originating from other countries.
    • Financial Instability: The burden of unsustainable debt creates financial instability, limiting the fiscal capacity of developing nations to allocate resources towards climate-related initiatives. This instability further undermines their ability to attract investments in clean energy and impairs their overall economic development.
    • Limited Access to Finance: High levels of debt restrict developing countries’ access to affordable financing for clean energy projects. International financial institutions and private lenders may be hesitant to provide loans or invest in these countries due to their precarious debt situations, leading to a lack of financial resources necessary for transitioning to renewable energy sources.
    • Risk Perception: Unsustainable debt levels increase the perception of risk associated with investing in clean energy projects within these countries. Potential investors may view such projects as financially unstable or uncertain, further deterring crucial investment in renewable energy infrastructure.
    • Inability to Prioritize Climate Adaptation: Mounting debt obligations divert limited resources away from crucial climate adaptation efforts. Developing countries, particularly those most vulnerable to climate change, struggle to allocate sufficient funding to build resilient infrastructure, enhance disaster preparedness, and implement necessary adaptation measures.
    • Need for Collective Approach: The debt problem and its implications for clean energy investment and climate adaptation require a collective approach. Addressing the debt issue at a global level is essential to ensure that developing nations have the necessary financial support and space to prioritize sustainable development and climate action.
    • De-risking and Insurance Solutions: Sovereign wealth funds and multilateral development banks (MDBs) can play a significant role in de-risking restructured debts and insuring climate bonds. By providing financial mechanisms that reduce the perceived risk associated with investing in debt-ridden countries, these institutions can unlock clean energy investments and facilitate climate adaptation efforts.
    • Global Financial Reform: Tackling the debt impediment also necessitates global financial reform. Reforming international financial systems, including initiatives within institutions like the International Monetary Fund, can address the structural barriers that perpetuate unsustainable debt burdens and hinder sustainable development efforts.

    Climate

    Facts for prelims

    Major Positive Outcomes of COP27 Summary of COP26
    • Agreement on the establishment of a loss and damage fund
    • Reaffirmation of the commitment to increase funding for adaptation
    • Launch of the first report by the High-Level Expert Group on the Net-Zero Emissions Commitments of Non-State Entities
    • Introduction of the Executive Action Plan for the Early Warnings for All initiative
    • Presentation of master plans to accelerate decarbonization in major sectors
    • Launch of the Food and Agriculture for Sustainable Transformation (FAST) initiative
    • Inadequate reduction commitments by developed countries
    • Exhaustion of a significant portion of the global carbon budget
    • Political disputes over the phasing out of coal
    • Doubts regarding developed countries’ ability to meet commitments

    The Crucial Role of Finance in Enabling Clean Energy Transitions

    • Scaling Up Clean Energy Infrastructure: Adequate financing is crucial for scaling up clean energy infrastructure in both developed and developing countries. Investment in renewable energy projects, such as solar and wind power plants, is essential to transition away from fossil fuels and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
    • Technology Development and Deployment: Finance plays a pivotal role in supporting the research, development, and deployment of innovative clean energy technologies. Investment in research institutions and initiatives facilitates the advancement of technologies like energy storage, carbon capture, and renewable energy integration into existing grids.
    • Access to Affordable Financing: Developing countries, in particular, require access to affordable financing options to facilitate their clean energy transitions. International financial institutions, governments, and private investors can contribute by providing loans, grants, and favorable investment conditions to ensure affordability and accessibility of clean energy technologies.
    • Climate Adaptation and Resilience: Financial resources are necessary for implementing climate adaptation measures and building resilience against climate change impacts. This includes developing climate-resilient infrastructure, improving disaster preparedness, and supporting vulnerable communities affected by climate-related events.
    • Capacity Building and Technical Assistance: Finance is crucial for capacity building initiatives and providing technical assistance to developing countries. This support helps enhance local expertise and knowledge in clean energy project development, management, and operation.
    • Mobilizing Climate Finance: Mobilizing climate finance is essential to fulfill the commitments made under international agreements like the Paris Agreement. Developed countries have committed to providing financial assistance to developing countries for mitigation and adaptation efforts, including the Green Climate Fund and other climate finance mechanisms.
    • Socially Responsible Investing: Finance plays a role in promoting socially responsible investing, where investors consider environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors in their investment decisions. By allocating funds to clean energy projects and divesting from fossil fuels, investors can contribute to the transition towards a low-carbon economy.

    Way ahead

    • Strengthen International Cooperation: Enhance collaboration and dialogue among nations, fostering a spirit of unity and shared responsibility in addressing the challenges of climate change. Strengthen international platforms like the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its Conference of Parties (COP) to facilitate meaningful discussions and decision-making.
    • Ambitious and Equitable Commitments: Encourage all nations to enhance their commitments to greenhouse gas emissions reduction in line with the goals of the Paris Agreement. Emphasize the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, ensuring that developed countries take the lead while providing support to developing nations for their clean energy transitions.
    • Mobilize Climate Finance: Scale up financial resources dedicated to climate change mitigation and adaptation, particularly in developing countries. Developed nations should fulfill their commitment to provide $100 billion per year in climate finance, while exploring innovative financing mechanisms and private sector engagement.
    • Technology Transfer and Capacity Building: Facilitate the transfer of clean energy technologies from developed to developing countries, accompanied by capacity-building initiatives to enhance local expertise. Encourage knowledge sharing, technology partnerships, and the establishment of research and development centers to foster innovation in clean energy solutions.
    • Support Vulnerable Communities: Prioritize the needs of vulnerable communities, particularly those in climate-sensitive regions, by allocating resources for climate adaptation and resilience-building efforts. Ensure that climate finance reaches those most affected and that local communities are actively involved in decision-making processes.
    • Mainstream Climate Considerations: Integrate climate considerations into policymaking across sectors, including energy, transportation, agriculture, and urban planning. Foster collaboration between governments, businesses, and civil society to develop and implement climate-friendly policies and practices.

    Climate

    Conclusion

    • The leaders representing the most climate vulnerable developing nations urge American and European parliamentarians to embrace inclusivity. Collaborative and united action, with finance at the core, is vital for a successful COP28. Together, we must work tirelessly to save our planet and secure a sustainable future for all.

    Also read:

    India’s Possible Role in facilitating Loss and Damage Fund

     

  • Places in news: Brahmani Natural Arch

    brahmani arch

    Central Idea

    • The Geological Survey of India (GSI) plans to declare the ‘Brahmani Natural Arch’ in Kanika range of Sundargarh forest division of Odisha as a Geo Heritage Site.
    • This natural arch is believed to date back to the Jurassic period and would be the largest natural arch in India with the Geo Heritage tag.

    Brahmani Natural Arch

    • The oval-shaped arch has a base length of 30 meters and a height of 12 meters.
    • The alcove of the arch has a maximum height of 7 meters and a width of 15 meters.
    • India currently has two other natural arches, located at Tirumala hills in Tirupati and Andaman and Nicobar, but both are smaller than the one in Sundargarh.

    Its formation

    • The natural arch is composed of ferruginous sandstone from the Upper Kamthi formation.
    • It dates back to the lower to middle Jurassic age, approximately 184 to 160 million years old.
    • Research on the geological significance of the site began in 2017 after its discovery during coal exploration in the district.

    Awareness and Preservation Efforts

    • The GSI state unit and Sundargarh forest division conducted an awareness drive in the district to promote the protection of the natural arch.
    • Steps are being taken to promote the proposed geo-heritage site as a cultural pride and potentially name it ‘Brahmani natural arch.’
    • The site could be promoted and preserved as an eco-tourism destination.

    Back2Basics:

    Geological Heritage Sites in India
    Andhra Pradesh Mangampeta Volcanogenic bedded Barytes (Cuddapah Dist.), Eparchaean Unconformity (Chittor Dist.), Natural Geological Arch in Tirumala Hills (Chittor Dist.), Erra Matti Dibbalu located between Vishakhapatnam and Bhimunipatnam.
    Maharashtra Lonar Lake (Buldana Dist.)
    Kerala Laterite near Angadipuram PWD rest house premises (Malapuram Dist.), Varkala Cliff Section (Thiruvanatapuram Dist.)
    Chattisgarh Lower Permian Marine bed at Manendragarh (Surguja Dist.)
    Tamil Nadu Fossil wood near Tiruvakkarai (South Arcot Dist.), National fossil wood park in Sattanur (Tiruchirapalli Dist.), Charnockite in St. Thomas Mount (Madras), Badlands of Karai Formation with Cretaceous fossils along Karai – Kulakkalnattam Section (Perambalur District)
    Karnataka Columnar Lava in St. Mary Island (Udupi Dist.), Pillow lavas near Mardihalli (Chitradurga Dist.), Peninsular Gneiss in Lalbagh (Bangalore), Pyroclastics & Pillow lavas in Kolar Gold fields (Kolar Dist.)
    Gujarat Sedimentary Structures – Eddy Markings in Kadan Dam (Panch Mahals Dist.)
    Himachal Pradesh Siwalik Fossil Park (Saketi, Sirmur dt.)
    Rajasthan Sendra Granite (Pali Dist.), Barr Conglomerate (Pali Dist.), Stromatolite Fossil Park near Jharmarkotra Rock Phosphate deposit (Udaipur Dist.), Gossan in Rajpura-Dariba Mineralised belt (Udaipur Dist.), Akal Fossil Wood Park (Jaisalmer Dist.)
    Odisha Pillow Lava in iron ore belt at Nomira (Keonjhar dist.)
    Jharkhand Plant Fossil bearing Inter-trappean beds of Rajmahal Formation around Mandro (Sahibganj dist.)
    Nagaland Nagahill Ophiolite Site near Pungro
    Sikkim Stromatolite bearing Dolomite/Limestone of Buxa Formation at Mamley, near Namchi (South district), Stromatolite bearing Dolomite / Limestone of Buxa Formation, Sikkim

     

     

    https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bhubaneswar/2023/jun/11/gsi-proposes-geo-heritage-tag-for-jurassic-age-natural-arch-in-odisha-2583901.html

  • What is El Nino and How it impacts the Monsoon?

    el nino

    Central Idea

    • Delay in Monsoon: Any discussion on Indian monsoon delay these days invariably has references to the El Nino phenomenon.
    • Sudden rise of El Nino: This year’s monsoon is also progressing under the cloud of an El Nino in the Pacific Ocean.

    Understanding El Nino and La Nina

    • El Nino and La Nina are two opposite phases of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle.
    • ENSO is a naturally occurring phenomenon that involves the interaction between the ocean and atmosphere in the equatorial Pacific.

    Here is a detailed comparison of El Nino and La Nina

    El Nino La Nina
    Definition Warmer-than-normal sea surface temperatures Cooler-than-normal sea surface temperatures
    Frequency Every two to seven years Every two to seven years
    Duration Several months to a year or more Several months to a year or more
    Impact on winds Weakens trade winds, leading to changes in patterns Strengthens trade winds, leading to changes in patterns
    Impact on rains Reduces rainfall and can cause droughts Increases rainfall and can cause flooding
    Impact on temp. Warmer-than-average temperatures Colder-than-average temperatures
    Global effects Droughts in Asia and Africa, floods in Americas Floods in Asia and Africa, droughts in South America

     

    Impact on India

    El Nino La Nina
    Associated with weak monsoons and drought-like conditions in India Associated with above-normal rainfall and floods in India
    Sea surface temperature in the equatorial Pacific Ocean rises above normal levels Sea surface temperature in the equatorial Pacific Ocean drops below normal levels
    Changes in the atmospheric circulation patterns Changes in the atmospheric circulation patterns
    Shift in the location of the jet stream, affecting the strength and direction of the monsoon winds Increase in the strength of the monsoon winds, bringing more moisture and rainfall to India
    Results in reduced rainfall, dry spells, and heatwaves, leading to crop failures and water scarcity Excessive rainfall can also lead to floods and landslides, causing damage to crops and infrastructure

     

    El Nino and Indian Monsoon

    • El Nino and its impact on Indian monsoon: El Nino refers to abnormal warming of surface waters in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, which tends to suppress monsoon rainfall in India.
    • Phases of El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO): ENSO consists of three phases in the Pacific Ocean: El Nino, La Nina (abnormal cooling), and a neutral phase with sea surface temperatures close to long-term averages.
    • Ocean and atmospheric conditions: ENSO involves not only temperature abnormalities of sea surface waters but also atmospheric conditions, including differences in sea-level air pressure and wind strength and direction.
    • Southern oscillation and the role of winds: Southern Oscillation Index measures the difference in sea-level air pressure over the western and eastern sides of the Pacific Ocean, while wind patterns play a crucial role in ENSO.

    Factors triggering El Nino

    • Weakening trade winds: When the trade winds in the tropical Pacific weaken, it contributes to the occurrence of El Nino by reducing the movement of warm surface waters.
    • Changes in ocean currents: Alterations in the normal patterns of ocean currents can trigger El Nino events as they affect the distribution and accumulation of warm water in the central and eastern Pacific.
    • Variations in atmospheric pressure: Fluctuations in atmospheric pressure patterns disrupt the typical circulation associated with trade winds, which can initiate the onset of El Nino conditions.
    • Influence of oceanic Kelvin waves: The presence and behavior of oceanic Kelvin waves, large-scale waves that transport warm water eastward, play a role in the development and intensification of El Nino events.
    • Interactions with other climate modes: El Nino can be influenced by the interactions and connections with other climate phenomena such as the Indian Ocean Dipole and the Madden-Julian Oscillation, which can impact the oceanic and atmospheric conditions in the Pacific region.

    Measuring the Cycle

    (1) Oceanic Nino Index (ONI)

    • Measures the oceanic component of El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO).
    • Tracks the departure from average sea surface temperatures in the tropical Pacific Ocean.
    • Helps quantify the intensity and duration of El Nino or La Nina events.
    • Typically based on a rolling three-month average of sea surface temperature anomalies in specific regions.

    (2) Southern Oscillation Index (SOI)

    • Measures the atmospheric component of ENSO.
    • Quantifies the difference in air pressure between two locations: Tahiti and Darwin.
    • Positive SOI values indicate higher pressure in the eastern Pacific and lower pressure in the western Pacific.
    • Negative SOI values indicate lower pressure in the eastern Pacific and higher pressure in the western Pacific.
    • Reflects the strength and changes in the atmospheric circulation patterns associated with ENSO.
    • Used to assess the phase and strength of ENSO and its impact on global weather and climate patterns.

    Economic impact of El Nino on Indian Agriculture

    • Drought and reduced rainfall: El Nino events often lead to below-average monsoon rainfall in India, resulting in drought conditions in various regions.
    • Crop failure and lower yields: Lack of adequate water availability can lead to crop failure or lower yields for major crops such as rice, wheat, pulses, and oilseeds.
    • Increased input costs: During El Nino-induced droughts, farmers may need to invest in additional irrigation, water management, and supplementary feeding for livestock, leading to increased input costs.
    • Price fluctuations: Reduced crop production due to El Nino can affect market supply, leading to price fluctuations and potential inflation in food prices.
    • Livestock and fisheries: Water scarcity and changes in marine ecosystems can negatively affect animal husbandry and fishing activities, disrupting the livelihoods of those dependent on these sectors.
    • Rural livelihoods and migration: The economic stress created can impact rural livelihoods, leading to increased migration from rural to urban areas in search of alternative employment opportunities.

    Try this PYQ:

    La Nina is suspected to have caused recent floods in Australia. How is La Nina different from El Nino?

    1. La Nina is characterized by unusually cold ocean temperature in equatorial Indian Ocean whereas El Nino is characterized by unusually warm ocean temperature in the equatorial Pacific Ocean.
    2. El Nino has an adverse effect on south-west monsoon of India, but La Nina has no effect on monsoon climate.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) Only 1

    (b) Only 2

    (c) Both 1 and 2

    (d) Neither 1 nor 2

     

    [wpdiscuz-feedback id=”2c11bi6xlo” question=”Please leave a feedback on this” opened=”1″]Post your answers here.[/wpdiscuz-feedback]

  • Cyclone Biparjoy and its Naming

    Cyclone Biparjoy
    PC: windy.com

    Central Idea: A cyclonic storm, named Biparjoy, has developed in the Arabian Sea.

    Cyclone Biparjoy

    • It was stationed about 850 km west of Goa and 900 km southwest of Mumbai.
    • The cyclone is predicted to gain in strength over the next three days and develop into a very severe cyclonic storm by June 13.
    • It would result in squally weather with wind speeds reaching 35-45 kmph along the coastline of Karnataka, Goa, and Maharashtra
    • The IMD has not yet predicted any major impact on countries adjoining the Arabian Sea, including India, Oman, Iran, and Pakistan.

    How it was named?

    • Origin of Cyclone Biparjoy’s Name: ‘Biparjoy’ was suggested by Bangladesh and the word means ‘disaster’ or ‘calamity’ in Bengali. The next cyclone after Biparjoy will be named ‘Tej’ based on India’s suggestion.
    • Rotational Basis for Naming: The naming of cyclones is done by countries on a rotational basis, following certain existing guidelines.
    • Responsibilities of RSMCs and TCWCs: Worldwide, there are six regional specialized meteorological centers (RSMCs) and five regional Tropical Cyclone Warning Centers (TCWCs) mandated for issuing advisories and naming of tropical cyclones.
    • IMD’s Role: IMD is one of the six RSMCs providing tropical cyclone and storm surge advisories to 13 member countries under the WMO/Economic and Social Commission for Asia-Pacific (ESCAP) Panel.
    • Naming Authority of IMD: RSMC, New Delhi, is also mandated to name the tropical cyclones developing over the north Indian Ocean, including the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea.
    • Guidelines for Naming: Some rules are to be followed while naming cyclones, such as being neutral to politics, religious beliefs, cultures, and gender, avoiding offensive or cruel names, and keeping the name short and easy to pronounce.
    • Next Cyclone Name: After Bangladesh, the next cyclone will be named ‘Tej’ based on India’s suggestion.

    Cyclones in the Arabian Sea: A quick recap

    • Frequency of Cyclones: It is not rare for cyclones to develop in the Arabian Sea. There are fewer cyclones compared to the Bay of Bengal, but it is not uncommon.
    • Favorable Months: June is one of the favorable months for the formation of cyclones in the Arabian Sea.
    • Factors Influencing Cyclone Formation: Cyclones form due to low-pressure systems over warm waters. The Bay of Bengal is slightly warmer, but the Arabian Sea is also getting warmer due to climate change, leading to an increase in cyclones.
    • Coriolis Effect and Weather Systems: In a depression or low-pressure situation, the air blows in an anticlockwise direction in the northern hemisphere, influenced by the Coriolis Effect.

    Role of Climate Change

    • Historical data indicates that the frequency of extremely severe cyclonic storms has increased over the Arabian Sea since 1990, while it has remained the same over the Bay of Bengal.
    • A 2021 study highlighted the increasing intensity, frequency, and duration of cyclonic storms in the Arabian Sea.
    • The warming is indicated by the nearly tripled accumulated cyclone energy, reflecting the extent of warming in recent years.

    Back2Basics:

    Tropical Cyclones
    Definition Intense circular storm over warm oceans with low pressure, high winds, and heavy rain.
    Formation Conditions Warm sea surface temperatures, anticlockwise rotation of low-level air, favorable atmospheric conditions.
    Conducive Periods April-May and October-December.
    Movement and Moisture Cyclones move northwest, gather moist air, and intensify.
    Requirements for Cyclogenesis Warm sea temperatures, atmospheric instability, high humidity, Coriolis force, low-level disturbance, low vertical wind shear.
    Sea temperatures Temperature of at least 28°C.
    Atmospheric instability Allows vertical air movement.
    Role of Coriolis Force Required for low-pressure center formation.
    Low vertical wind shear Maintains cyclone structure.

     

  • 50th anniversary of World Environment Day

    world environment day plastic

    Central Idea

    • Plastics have become an integral part of human life, despite their adverse environmental impact.
    • World Environment Day (5th June) serves as a reminder of our responsibility to address plastic pollution.

    Why in news?

    • 50th Anniversary of World Environment Day: The day, led by UNEP since 1973, marks its 50th anniversary this year.
    • Global Platform for Environmental Outreach: World Environment Day has grown into the largest global platform for environmental outreach.
    • Theme- #BeatPlasticPollution: This year’s World Environment Day focuses on the urgent need to combat plastic pollution.

    World Environment Day 2023
    Date June 5th
    Theme (2023) Ecosystem Restoration
    Host Country (2023) Pakistan
    Established World Environment Day was established in 1972 by the United Nations at the Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment
    Purpose To raise awareness and promote action for environmental protection
    Importance Platform for global environmental campaigns and initiatives
    Activities Various activities are organized worldwide, such as tree planting, clean-up drives, and educational programs
    Previous Themes Previous themes have focused on topics like biodiversity, air pollution, plastic pollution, and more
    Organized by United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

    Plastic pollution and the need for Solutions

    • Plastic pollution is a pressing global issue that requires immediate attention.
    • Over 400 million tonnes of plastic are produced annually, with less than 10% being recycled.
    • Plastic pollution negatively affects ecosystems and poses risks to human health.

    Understanding Plastic Pollution

    platic environment day

    • Versatile Nature of Plastics: Plastics are synthetic materials capable of being shaped and molded according to requirements.
    • Types of Plastics: Commodity plastics, such as PET, HDPE, PVC, LDPE, PP, and PS, dominate global production.
    • Identification Codes and Different Properties: Plastics can be identified by their resin identification codes (RIC) and possess distinct properties.

    Environmental impact of plastics

    • Plastics have revolutionized various industries but raise significant environmental concerns.
    • Plastics have a slow decomposition rate, leading to the persistence of plastic waste.
    • Microplastics, including primary and secondary types, accumulate in various environments.

    Health risks and toxic chemicals

    • Microplastics contain toxic chemicals that pose risks to human health.
    • Bisphenol A (BPA) in microplastics can have detrimental effects on human health.

    Worst examples of Plastic Pollution

    • The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is a vast collection of plastic and microplastic waste.
    • It was formed due to converging ocean currents and is situated in the North Pacific Ocean.
    • It covers a surface area of 1.6 million sq km, with smaller patches in other oceans.

    Actions against Plastic Pollution

    • Urgency for Collective Action: Plastic pollution necessitates collective efforts and immediate action.
    • World Environment Day’s Reminder of Responsibility: World Environment Day serves as a reminder of our responsibility to address plastic pollution.

    Way forward

    • Plastic Recycling: Advanced recycling technologies offer new ways to efficiently recycle plastic waste.
    • Promoting Circular Economy Models: Embracing circular economy principles can reduce plastic waste and promote sustainable resource usage.
    • Education and Awareness Campaigns: Spreading awareness and educating the public about the impact of plastic pollution can drive behavioral change.
    • Collaboration between Industries and Governments: Cooperation between industries and governments is essential to develop comprehensive strategies for tackling plastic pollution.

  • Role of Evapotranspiration in Earth’s Dynamic Processes

     

    evapotranspiration

    Central Idea:  Evapotranspiration is a key process in Earth’s dynamic systems, impacting the movement of water and nutrients, influencing the water cycle, and providing crucial information for farmers to manage irrigation and water resources effectively.

    Understanding Evapotranspiration

    • Definition: Evapotranspiration refers to the movement of water from terrestrial surfaces into the atmosphere and is a crucial part of the planet-wide water cycle.
    • Water cycle and its connection to evapotranspiration: Evapotranspiration is an amalgamation of evaporation (water loss from soil) and transpiration (water movement and loss by plants), both of which contribute to the overall movement of water in the water cycle.
    • Breakdown of the term: Evapotranspiration encompasses the movement of water upward through plants and its subsequent loss into the air from exposed plant parts.

    Factors affecting Evapotranspiration

    • Rate of evapotranspiration: Several factors impact the rate of evapotranspiration, including solar radiation, day length, soil moisture levels, ambient temperature, wind conditions, and the amount of water vapour already present in the air.
    • Insolation and its effect: The intensity of solar radiation directly affects the rate of evapotranspiration, as it provides the energy needed to evaporate water from terrestrial surfaces.
    • Role of day length: The length of the day, soil moisture content, ambient temperature, wind patterns, and the moisture content of the air all contribute to the rate at which evapotranspiration occurs.

    Historical significance of evapotranspiration

    • Origin and age of the term: The term “evapotranspiration” has been in use for at least 86 years and was initially published with a hyphenated form.
    • Contribution of Charles Warren Thornthwaite in 1944: Thornthwaite, an American climatologist, defined and popularized the term “evapotranspiration” in 1944.
    • Relevance for farmers in estimating water needs for crops: Even today, evapotranspiration remains significant for farmers who utilize it to estimate the amount of water required to irrigate their crops effectively.

    Back2Basics: Water Cycle

    • The water cycle, also known as the hydrological cycle, is the continuous movement and circulation of water on, above, and below the Earth’s surface.
    • Stages of the Water Cycle include:
    1. Evaporation: The process by which water changes from a liquid state to a gaseous state, rising into the atmosphere.
    2. Condensation: The cooling of water vapor in the atmosphere, causing it to change from a gaseous state back to a liquid state, forming clouds.
    3. Precipitation: When condensed water droplets combine and fall from the atmosphere as rain, snow, sleet, or hail.
    4. Runoff: The movement of water on the Earth’s surface, flowing into streams, rivers, lakes, and eventually into the oceans.
    5. Infiltration: The process by which water seeps into the ground and becomes groundwater.
    6. Transpiration: The release of water vapor from plant surfaces into the atmosphere.

     

  • Mainstreaming Biodiversity: A Pivotal Step Towards a Sustainable Future

    Biodiversity

    Central Idea

    • The observance of International Biodiversity Day on May 22 serves as a powerful reminder of the critical role our natural world plays in addressing the climate change crisis and the threat to our future posed by declining biodiversity. Preserving and enhancing biodiversity emerges as a cost-effective approach to sequester carbon dioxide and mitigate climate change.

    What is Biodiversity?

    • Biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms found on Earth, including plants, animals, microorganisms, and their interactions within ecosystems. It encompasses the diversity of species, genetic diversity within species, and the diversity of ecosystems.
    • Biodiversity is not limited to specific areas but exists everywhere, from terrestrial habitats like forests, grasslands, and deserts to aquatic environments such as rivers, lakes, and oceans.
    • It also includes the diversity of habitats, ecological processes, and the complex web of relationships between organisms and their environment.
    • Biodiversity is crucial for the functioning of ecosystems and provides numerous benefits to humans. It supports essential ecosystem services, such as pollination, nutrient cycling, soil formation, and water purification.
    • Biodiversity also contributes to food security by providing a variety of crops, livestock, and wild foods. Additionally, it plays a vital role in medicine, as many pharmaceuticals are derived from natural sources.

    Biodiversity

    The Decline of Biodiversity: key contributing factors

    • Habitat Loss: The conversion of natural habitats into agricultural lands, urban areas, and industrial zones is a primary driver of biodiversity loss. Deforestation, land degradation, and habitat fragmentation disrupt ecosystems and displace numerous species.
    • Climate Change: Rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events associated with climate change have a profound impact on biodiversity. Species may struggle to adapt or migrate quickly enough, leading to population declines and even extinction.
    • Pollution: Pollution, including air and water pollution, poses a severe threat to biodiversity. Chemical contaminants, such as pesticides, herbicides, and industrial pollutants, can accumulate in ecosystems and harm both flora and fauna.
    • Overexploitation: Unsustainable harvesting of wildlife, overfishing, and illegal wildlife trade put immense pressure on species populations. This overexploitation disrupts ecological balance and can lead to the collapse of ecosystems.
    • Invasive Species: Non-native species introduced into new environments can outcompete native species, disrupt ecological interactions, and cause harm to local ecosystems. Invasive species often lack natural predators or controls, allowing them to multiply rapidly.
    • Agricultural Practices: Intensive agricultural practices, including the use of chemical inputs, monoculture farming, and the destruction of natural habitats for agriculture, contribute to the loss of biodiversity. This impacts both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
    • Disease and Pathogens: The spread of diseases and pathogens, both natural and human-mediated, can have devastating effects on wildlife populations. Diseases can cause mass die-offs and population declines, leading to decreased biodiversity.
    • Inadequate Conservation Efforts: Inadequate conservation measures, weak enforcement of protective laws, and insufficient funding for conservation initiatives contribute to the decline of biodiversity. Conservation efforts are often fragmented and not prioritized, further exacerbating the problem.
    • Lack of Public Awareness and Engagement: Limited awareness among the general public about the importance of biodiversity and the consequences of its decline hinders collective action. Engaging communities and fostering a sense of responsibility towards biodiversity is crucial for effective conservation.

    Reimagining Biodiversity Management: A holistic and inclusive approach

    • Multifunctional Landscapes: Moving beyond the traditional focus on forests, biodiversity management should encompass diverse ecosystems such as grasslands, savannas, alpine pastures, and deserts. Recognizing the value of multifunctional landscapes allows for the conservation and sustainable use of various ecological communities.
    • Community Engagement: Empowering local communities and indigenous groups in biodiversity management is crucial. Their traditional knowledge, practices, and direct involvement are valuable assets for effective conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. Establishing platforms such as gram sabhas and biodiversity management committees facilitates community participation and decision-making.
    • Mainstreaming Biodiversity: Biodiversity considerations should be integrated into all sectors and aspects of society. Development programs, government departments, public and private institutions, and industries should incorporate biodiversity conservation and sustainable practices as core principles.
    • Policy and Legal Frameworks: Ensuring effective implementation of regulations, enforcing laws against biodiversity crimes, and revisiting policies that hinder biodiversity protection are key steps. It is also important to support the rights of indigenous communities and local stakeholders through legal mechanisms.
    • Education and Awareness: Promoting biodiversity education and raising awareness about its importance among the general public, policymakers, and stakeholders is crucial. This includes integrating biodiversity topics into educational curricula, conducting awareness campaigns, and disseminating information about the benefits of biodiversity conservation.
    • Research and Science-Based Approaches: Investing in scientific research, monitoring, and data collection is vital for evidence-based decision-making and effective biodiversity management. This includes studying biodiversity patterns, understanding ecosystem dynamics, and identifying key species and habitats for conservation priorities.
    • Collaborative Partnerships: Building partnerships and collaborations among various stakeholders is essential. This includes government agencies, non-governmental organizations, research institutions, local communities, and private sectors. Collaboration fosters knowledge sharing, resource mobilization, and the implementation of joint initiatives for biodiversity conservation.
    • Sustainable Financing: Ensuring sustainable financing mechanisms for biodiversity conservation is crucial. This includes exploring innovative funding models, leveraging public-private partnerships, and integrating biodiversity into sustainable development financing frameworks.
    • International Cooperation: Collaborating at the global level is necessary to address transboundary biodiversity issues. Sharing best practices, knowledge exchange, and aligning efforts with international conventions and agreements such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) can strengthen biodiversity management.

    Facts for prelims

    What is biosphere reserve?

    • Protected area: A biosphere reserve is an area of land or water that is protected by law in order to support the conservation of ecosystems, as well as the sustainability of mankind’s impact on the environment.

    Current status of Biosphere reserves

    • Worldwide: There are 738 biosphere reserves in 134 countries, including 22 transboundary sites.
    • In India:
    • Presently, there are 18 notified biosphere reserves in India. Ten out of the eighteen biosphere reserves are a part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves, based on the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme list.
    • In India, the first biosphere reserve was designated by UNESCO in 2000, namely, the blue mountains of the Nilgiris stretching over Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Kerala.

    Our Role as Caretakers: key actions we can take as responsible stewards

    • Sustainable Land Use: Promoting sustainable land use practices is essential to minimize habitat loss and degradation. This includes supporting initiatives such as reforestation, afforestation, and sustainable agriculture that maintain ecosystem integrity.
    • Responsible Consumption: Making informed choices as consumers can have a significant impact on biodiversity. Supporting sustainable and ethically sourced products, reducing waste, and opting for environmentally friendly practices can reduce the demand for products that harm biodiversity.
    • Preservation of Natural Habitats: Protecting and preserving natural habitats, including forests, wetlands, and marine ecosystems, is critical. This involves advocating for the establishment and expansion of protected areas, national parks, and wildlife reserves.
    • Sustainable Fisheries: Supporting sustainable fishing practices, such as responsible fishing quotas, implementing fishing regulations, and avoiding overfishing, helps maintain healthy marine ecosystems and protect marine biodiversity.
    • Support Conservation Organizations: Contributing to and supporting conservation organizations and initiatives can make a significant difference. Donations, volunteering, and participation in citizen science projects can aid in research, conservation efforts, and advocacy for biodiversity protection.

    Biodiversity

    What is The National Mission on Biodiversity and Human Wellbeing?

    • Objective: The mission aims to integrate biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services into various sectors to address critical challenges related to climate change, regenerative agriculture, and ecosystem and public health.
    • Enhancing Human Wellbeing: The mission focuses on fostering human well-being by enhancing and conserving biodiversity. It aims to support the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals related to poverty alleviation, nutrition and health, and environmental protection.
    • People-Centric Approach: The mission recognizes the importance of active engagement and participation of all citizens in biodiversity conservation and sustainable use. It places people at the center of the mission’s activities.
    • Mainstreaming Biodiversity: The mission seeks to embed biodiversity considerations into development-oriented programs of both the public and private sectors. This ensures that biodiversity conservation becomes an integral part of decision-making processes and actions.
    • Education and Awareness: The mission aims to create awareness about the importance of biodiversity and foster curiosity about nature. It seeks to instill a sense of responsibility for safeguarding biodiversity in every child and student.
    • Nature-Based Solutions: The mission emphasizes the utilization of nature-based solutions to address challenges related to climate change, agriculture, and public health. It recognizes the value of ecosystems and biodiversity in providing sustainable solutions.
    • Traditional Knowledge and Community Participation: The mission promotes the integration of traditional knowledge and the active participation of local communities and indigenous groups in biodiversity management. It acknowledges their role in conservation efforts.
    • Sustainable Development Goals Alignment: The mission aligns with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, aiming to contribute to poverty alleviation, nutrition and health, and environmental protection.
    • Pending Implementation: Although the mission has received preliminary approval from the Prime Minister’s Science, Technology, and Innovation Council, it is still in the proposal stage and yet to be fully implemented.

    Biodiversity

    Conclusion

    • The mainstreaming of biodiversity represents a significant step toward securing a sustainable future. Recognizing the interconnectedness of all life forms and ecosystems, we must redefine our approach to biodiversity management. The proposed National Mission on Biodiversity and Human Wellbeing provides a roadmap and empowers all citizens to take part in safeguarding our precious natural heritage.