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Subject: Governance

Important aspects of Society

  • Gaps in Aadhaar-enabled Payment System (AePS) abused by Cybercriminals

    aadhaar

    Central Idea

    • Scammers are using silicone thumbs to operate biometric POS devices and ATMs, draining users’ bank accounts.
    • Incidents of Aadhaar-linked fingerprint misuse and unauthorized withdrawals have been reported.

    What is AePS?

    Details
    What is it? Enables online financial transactions using Aadhaar authentication, eliminating the need for OTPs and other details.
    Supported transactions Cash deposit, withdrawal, balance inquiry, and fund transfer can be done with just the bank name, Aadhaar number, and fingerprint.
    Default activation AePS may be enabled by default for most bank account holders when Aadhaar is linked to their account.
    Mandatory linking for benefits and subsidies Users seeking benefits or subsidies under Aadhaar Act schemes must link their Aadhaar number with their bank account.

    Issues AePS

    • Data breaches: These have been reported, although UIDAI denies breaching Aadhaar data.
    • Information Leak: Criminals can obtain Aadhaar numbers from photocopies and soft copies, using Aadhaar-enabled payment systems to breach user information.

    Securing Aadhaar

    • Regulation: UIDAI proposes regulations to prevent sharing of Aadhaar details without redaction.
    • New two-factor authentication: This combines finger minutiae and image capture for fingerprint liveness.
    • Locking Aadhaar Online: Aadhaar can be locked using the UIDAI website or the myAadhaar app. Locking generates a 16-digit VID code needed for unlocking.
    • Zero Liability: Customers’ entitlement to zero liability arises if unauthorized transactions are reported to the bank within three working days.

    Way forward

    • Immediately lock Aadhaar biometric information if suspicious activity occurs.
    • Inform banks and authorities promptly to initiate necessary actions.
    • Timely reporting ensures the possibility of returning money transferred fraudulently.
    • Regularly check bank accounts for any suspicious activity and inform the banking institution promptly.

     

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  • [pib] Meri LiFE Mera Swachh Shehar Campaign launched

    life

    Central Idea: The Union Ministry for Housing and Urban Affairs has launched the ‘Meri LiFE, Mera Swachh Shehar’ campaign.

    Meri LiFE Mera Swachh Shehar

    • The campaign focuses on waste management and promotes the principles of Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle (RRR).
    • It aims to create awareness and encourage individuals to adopt sustainable daily habits for environmental protection.
    • The campaign strengthens citizens’ commitment to reducing, reusing, and recycling under Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban 2.0.
    • It aligns with Mission LiFE’s objective of adopting sustainable daily habits for environmental conservation.

    Objectives of the Campaign

    • The campaign involves setting up RRR Centres where citizens can contribute items such as clothes, shoes, books, toys, and plastic for reuse or recycling.
    • The collected items will be refurbished or transformed into new products, aligning with the vision of a circular economy.
    • The RRR approach empowers craftsmen, recyclers, Self Help Groups, entrepreneurs, and startups to convert waste into various products.

    Key initiatives: RRR Centres and Circular Economy

    • The RRR Centres to be launched nationwide will serve as one-stop collection centers for various unused or used items.
    • Citizens, institutions, and commercial enterprises can deposit plastic items, clothes, shoes, books, and toys at these centers.
    • The collected items will be refurbished for reuse or transformed into new products, promoting the government’s vision of a circular economy.

    Back2Basics: Lifestyle for the Environment (LiFE)

    • The LiFE movement was introduced by India during the 26th United Nations Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP26) in Glasgow in 2021.
    • It aims to promote an environmentally conscious lifestyle that emphasizes mindful and deliberate utilization rather than mindless and wasteful consumption.
    • The movement seeks to replace the prevailing “use-and-dispose” economy with a circular economy characterized by conscious and deliberate consumption.
    • The objective of the LiFE Movement is to leverage the power of social networks to influence social norms related to climate change.
    • It plans to create and nurture a global network of individuals known as ‘Pro-Planet People’ (P3) who are committed to adopting and promoting environmentally friendly lifestyles.
    • Through the P3 community, the mission aims to establish an ecosystem that supports and sustains environmentally friendly behaviours.

     

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  • India’s G20 Presidency: Strengthening Global Health Governance for Safer and Equitable World

    Health

    Central Idea

    • India’s G20 presidency is gaining momentum, with a focus on harnessing shared responsibilities and collaborative governance to enhance global safety from pandemics. It seeks to bridge the gap between the Global North and Global South, recognizing the inclusive memberships of G20 and other plurilateral arrangements that span the global community.

    Importance of Health as a global public good

    • Interconnectedness: In today’s interconnected world, diseases can quickly spread across borders, transcending geographical boundaries. The health of individuals and communities in one part of the world can have direct implications for others. Therefore, addressing health issues becomes a shared responsibility for all nations.
    • Impact on Global Stability: Health crises, such as pandemics, can have severe social, economic, and political consequences. They can disrupt economies, strain healthcare systems, and cause social unrest. By ensuring health as a global public good, we contribute to global stability, sustainable development, and peaceful coexistence.
    • Humanitarian Imperative: Health is a fundamental human right. Everyone deserves access to quality healthcare and the opportunity to lead a healthy life. Treating health as a global public good ensures equitable access to healthcare services, regardless of an individual’s nationality or socioeconomic status.
    • Economic Productivity: Healthy populations are essential for economic productivity and growth. By investing in health as a global public good, we can create conditions for individuals to thrive, contribute to their communities, and participate actively in economic activities.
    • Prevention and Preparedness: Addressing health as a global public good requires proactive measures to prevent and prepare for health emergencies. By investing in disease surveillance, research, and robust healthcare systems globally, we can better detect and respond to outbreaks, mitigating their impact and saving lives.
    • Collaboration and Knowledge Sharing: Recognizing health as a global public good encourages collaboration among nations. By sharing knowledge, best practices, and resources, countries can collectively work towards improving public health outcomes, fostering innovation, and finding solutions to complex health challenges.
    • Achieving Sustainable Development Goals: Health is intricately linked to several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including good health and well-being (SDG 3), poverty eradication (SDG 1), and gender equality (SDG 5). Treating health as a global public good support the achievement of these interconnected goals, leading to a more equitable and sustainable world.

    India’s response to Covid-19: Whole-of-society and whole-of-government approach

    • Early Measures and Nationwide Lockdown: India implemented one of the world’s largest and strictest nationwide lockdowns in March 2020 to contain the spread of the virus. This decision aimed to break the chain of transmission and provide time to strengthen healthcare infrastructure.
    • Testing and Surveillance: India significantly ramped up its testing capacity, expanding the network of testing laboratories across the country. The government implemented various testing strategies, including rapid antigen tests and RT-PCR tests, to detect and track Covid-19 cases.
    • Healthcare Infrastructure: To bolster healthcare infrastructure, the government initiated several measures such as establishing dedicated Covid-19 hospitals, increasing the number of ICU beds, ventilators, and oxygen supply, and mobilizing healthcare professionals to regions facing surges in cases.
    • Vaccine Development and Rollout: India played a crucial role in vaccine development, with its indigenous vaccine candidates receiving regulatory approval. The country launched an ambitious vaccination drive, prioritizing healthcare workers, frontline workers, and vulnerable populations. India also contributed to global vaccine supply through the export of vaccines under the Vaccine Maitri initiative.
    • Economic Relief Measures: Recognizing the socioeconomic impact of the pandemic, the government introduced economic relief measures, including financial assistance, direct benefit transfers, and welfare schemes to support vulnerable sections of society affected by lockdowns and job losses.
    • Collaborations and International Aid: India engaged in international collaborations, sharing its experiences and expertise, and cooperating with other countries in areas such as research, drug repurposing, and knowledge exchange. The country also received international assistance in the form of medical supplies and equipment.
    • Focus on Healthcare Infrastructure and Research: The government emphasized strengthening healthcare infrastructure, investing in research and development, and promoting indigenous manufacturing of medical equipment and supplies. Efforts were made to enhance testing capacity, develop innovative solutions, and support research on therapies and diagnostics.
    • Communication and Awareness: The government and health authorities prioritized public communication and awareness campaigns to disseminate accurate information, promote preventive measures, and combat misinformation related to the virus.

    Health

    What is Universal Health Coverage (UHC) by 2030?

    • UHC 2030 is a global movement and partnership that aims to accelerate progress towards achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC) by the year 2030.
    • UHC 2030 is a collaborative initiative led by multiple stakeholders, including governments, international organizations, civil society, and the private sector, with the goal of ensuring that all individuals and communities have access to essential healthcare services without suffering financial hardship.
    • UHC 2030 builds upon the commitment made by United Nations member states in 2015 through the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

    Challenges in achieving UHC by 2030?

    • Financing: Adequate and sustainable financing is crucial for UHC. Many countries struggle with limited healthcare budgets, inefficient resource allocation, and inadequate public financing. Mobilizing sufficient funds to cover the costs of expanding healthcare services and ensuring financial protection for all individuals can be a significant challenge.
    • Health Workforce: The availability, distribution, and quality of healthcare professionals pose challenges to UHC. Many countries face shortages of skilled healthcare workers, particularly in rural and remote areas. Strengthening the health workforce, ensuring equitable distribution, and improving their training and retention are critical for delivering quality healthcare services.
    • Health Infrastructure: Insufficient and inadequate healthcare infrastructure, including facilities, equipment, and technologies, can hinder the achievement of UHC. Many regions, especially in low-income countries, lack the necessary healthcare infrastructure to provide essential services to all populations. Investments in infrastructure development and strengthening are required to expand access and ensure quality care.
    • Inequities and Vulnerable Populations: UHC aims to address health inequities and reach vulnerable and marginalized populations. However, socioeconomic disparities, gender inequalities, and discrimination can hinder equitable access to healthcare services. Special attention is needed to address these inequities and ensure that UHC benefits all individuals, irrespective of their social or economic status.
    • Health Information Systems: Establishing robust health information systems is essential for effective UHC implementation. However, many countries face challenges in data collection, management, and utilization. Strengthening health information systems, including electronic health records and data analytics, is crucial for monitoring progress, making informed decisions, and improving service delivery.
    • Political Will and Governance: UHC requires strong political commitment and effective governance. Political will at the national level is necessary to prioritize UHC, allocate resources, and implement necessary policy reforms. Ensuring transparency, accountability, and efficient governance mechanisms are crucial to prevent corruption, ensure equitable service delivery, and maintain public trust.
    • Changing Disease Patterns: The evolving burden of diseases, including the rise of non-communicable diseases, poses challenges to UHC. Chronic conditions require long-term management and specialized care, placing additional strain on healthcare systems. Adapting healthcare delivery models and integrating prevention and control strategies for these diseases are essential components of UHC.
    • Global Health Security: Public health emergencies and global health security threats, as witnessed during the Covid-19 pandemic, can disrupt healthcare systems and hinder progress towards UHC. Strengthening health emergency preparedness and response capacities is vital to mitigate the impact of outbreaks and ensure continuity of healthcare services.

    health

    How India’s G20 presidency: Significant role in achieving UHC by 2030

    • Knowledge Sharing and Best Practices: As the G20 president, India can facilitate the sharing of knowledge and best practices among member countries. This includes sharing successful UHC models, innovative healthcare delivery approaches, and strategies to overcome challenges. By promoting knowledge exchange, countries can learn from each other’s experiences and accelerate progress towards UHC.
    • Advocacy for UHC: India can use its platform as G20 president to advocate for UHC as a global priority. Through diplomatic channels and international forums, India can emphasize the importance of UHC in achieving sustainable development and equitable healthcare access. This advocacy can encourage other G20 member countries to prioritize UHC and align their policies and actions accordingly.
    • Collaboration with Global Health Organizations: India’s G20 presidency can facilitate collaboration with global health organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO), World Bank, and other relevant entities. By working closely with these organizations, India can contribute to the development and implementation of strategies and initiatives that support UHC, including capacity building, technical assistance, and funding mechanisms.
    • Promoting Innovative Financing Mechanisms: India can explore and promote innovative financing mechanisms for UHC. This includes advocating for increased public investment in healthcare, exploring public-private partnerships, and encouraging the development of social health insurance schemes. By identifying and sharing successful financing models, India can provide valuable insights to other G20 countries on sustainable funding for UHC.
    • Strengthening Primary Healthcare Systems: India’s G20 presidency can focus on strengthening primary healthcare systems, which are integral to UHC. This involves enhancing access to quality primary healthcare services, addressing health workforce shortages, improving infrastructure, and promoting preventive and promotive healthcare measures. Sharing India’s experiences and initiatives in primary healthcare can inspire other countries to invest in this essential aspect of UHC.
    • Leveraging Digital Health Technologies: India has made significant strides in adopting digital health technologies, and its G20 presidency can highlight the potential of these technologies in advancing UHC. By sharing digital health success stories and facilitating collaborations in areas such as telemedicine, health information systems, and mobile health applications, India can accelerate the adoption of digital solutions for healthcare access and delivery.
    • South-South Cooperation: India’s G20 presidency can promote South-South cooperation and collaboration among G20 member countries and other nations from the Global South. By fostering partnerships, sharing experiences, and supporting capacity-building efforts, India can facilitate collective progress towards UHC in regions that face similar challenges.

    Conclusion

    • India’s G20 presidency aims to leverage collaborative governance and shared responsibilities to create a safer world from pandemics. India’s engagement with Japan’s G7 presidency and the focus on resilient, equitable, and sustainable UHC and global health architecture development further demonstrate shared responsibilities and the commitment to addressing public health emergencies. Through collective efforts, we can heal our planet, foster harmony within our global family, and offer hope for a better future.

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    Also Read:

    Digital healthcare Services

     

  • Declining Allocations for Welfare Schemes: Neglecting India’s Social Fabric

    Central Idea

    • The Union Budget of the current year has faced widespread criticism for its dwindling allocations towards welfare schemes, undermining the importance of social spending in the post-COVID-19 recovery phase. Over the years, central allocations for welfare schemes and sectors ensuring basic rights have steadily decreased as a proportion of GDP. This alarming trend raises concerns about the government’s commitment to addressing crucial issues such as child malnutrition, hunger, and education.

    Key Welfare Programs

    • Saksham Anganwadi and Poshan 2.0: These programs aim to address child malnutrition and hunger. Starting from 2021-22, the Anganwadi program (Integrated Child Development Services – ICDS) was merged with POSHAN Abhiyaan and a nutrition scheme for adolescent girls.
    • Mid-Day Meal (MDM) Scheme: The MDM scheme provides nutritious meals to approximately 12 crore children in schools. The program has shown positive outcomes, including improved attendance, learning outcomes, and reduced stunting among children.
    • Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA): MGNREGA guarantees 100 days of employment per rural household and plays a vital role in providing income support to rural households.
    • National Food Security Act (NFSA): NFSA aims to provide subsidized grains to over 80 crore people, ensuring food security.
    • National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP): NSAP provides pensions and monetary assistance to vulnerable sections such as the elderly, widows, and disabled individuals below the poverty line.
    • PM Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY): The scheme provides conditional cash transfers to women in the unorganized sector, aiming to cover all eligible women and births as per the NFSA mandate

    Concerns regarding their resource allocations

    • Saksham Anganwadi and Poshan 2.0: The allocation for these programs has decreased from 0.13% of GDP in 2014-15 to 0.07% in 2023-24. This decline in budgetary support raises concerns about the programs’ ability to effectively address child malnutrition and hunger.
    • MDM Scheme: The budget allocation for the MDM scheme has decreased by 50% as a share of GDP, from 0.08% in 2014-15 to 0.04% in 2023-24. This reduced allocation poses challenges in providing nutritious meals to children and improving their overall health outcomes.
    • MGNREGA: The MGNREGA expenditure as a share of GDP has declined from 0.26% in 2014-15 to 0.20% in 2023-24. This decrease in allocation raises concerns about the program’s ability to provide sufficient employment opportunities to rural households.
    • National Food Security Act : The expenditure on NFSA as a share of GDP has decreased from 0.94% in 2014-15 to 0.65% in 2023-24. This reduction in allocation poses challenges in ensuring food security for a significant population.
    • National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP): The allocation for NSAP as a share of GDP has declined from 0.06% in 2014-15 to 0.03% in 2023-24. This decrease raises concerns about the adequacy of pensions and monetary assistance provided to vulnerable sections.
    • PM Matru Vandana Yojana: The PMMVY budget falls significantly short of the required amount, hindering its effectiveness in providing adequate maternity benefits.

    Why these is distress among the working class?

    • Low Wages and Income Inequality: Many workers, particularly those in the informal sector, earn low wages that are insufficient to meet their basic needs. Income inequality further exacerbates the disparity between the wages of the working class and the higher-income groups, leading to financial distress.
    • Lack of Job Security: Many working-class individuals, especially those in the informal economy, face precarious employment conditions without job security or benefits. Uncertainty regarding employment continuity, lack of social protection, and limited access to formal labor rights contribute to their distress.
    • Limited Access to Social Protection: A significant portion of the working-class lacks access to adequate social protection mechanisms, such as health insurance, pension schemes, and unemployment benefits. This leaves them vulnerable to economic shocks and reduces their resilience in times of crises.
    • Declining Real Wages: Despite economic growth, the growth in real wages has not kept pace, resulting in stagnation or minimal growth in purchasing power for many workers. This phenomenon limits their ability to improve their living standards and contributes to distress.
    • Exploitative Working Conditions: The working class often faces exploitative working conditions, including long working hours, unsafe work environments, lack of breaks, and limited rights to collective bargaining. These conditions can negatively impact physical and mental well-being, contributing to distress.
    • Lack of Skill Development and Upward Mobility: Limited opportunities for skill development and upward mobility can trap workers in low-wage jobs with limited prospects for advancement. This lack of upward mobility can lead to frustration and distress among the working class.
    • Inadequate Social Services: Insufficient access to quality healthcare, education, and affordable housing places an additional burden on the working class. The lack of affordable and accessible services exacerbates their financial stress and limits their ability to meet essential needs.

    Way Ahead

    • Prioritize Social Spending: The government should prioritize social spending, especially in the post-COVID-19 recovery period, to ensure adequate resources for welfare schemes. Allocating sufficient funds to programs addressing child nutrition, working class welfare, social assistance, and education is essential to uplift vulnerable sections of society.
    • Increase Budget Allocations: The budget allocations for child nutrition and hunger programs, such as Saksham Anganwadi and Poshan 2.0, and the mid-day meal scheme need to be increased to effectively tackle malnutrition and improve children’s health outcomes. Adequate funding will ensure the successful implementation and expansion of these programs.
    • Strengthen MGNREGA and NFSA: Recognizing the importance of MGNREGA and NFSA in providing rural employment and food subsidies, the government should prioritize and enhance the budget allocations for these schemes. This will support the livelihoods of the rural population and alleviate poverty and distress.
    • Focus on Wage Growth: To address the distress among the working class, there should be a focus on policies that promote wage growth. This can be achieved through skill development programs, labor reforms, and measures to improve the employment ecosystem, ensuring better wages and improved livelihoods.
    • Enhance Social Security Programs: The government should consider increasing allocations for social security programs, such as the National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP), to provide adequate support to the elderly, widows, and disabled individuals. Raising the pension amounts and expanding the coverage will help alleviate financial hardships among vulnerable sections of society.
    • Allocate Sufficient Funds for Education and Healthcare: Given the importance of education and healthcare, the government should allocate adequate funds for school education and healthcare infrastructure. This will help improve access to quality education, reduce dropout rates, and ensure affordable and accessible healthcare for all.
    • Improve HDI and Social Indicators: To uplift India’s Human Development Index (HDI) rank and address rising malnutrition levels, it is crucial to increase social expenditure in proportion to the country’s GDP growth. This can be achieved by redirecting revenue foregone due to tax concessions and adopting efficient fiscal management practices.
    • Strengthen Monitoring and Evaluation: Effective monitoring and evaluation mechanisms should be put in place to ensure that allocated funds are utilized efficiently and reach the intended beneficiaries. Regular assessment of the impact and outcomes of welfare schemes will help identify areas of improvement and enable evidence-based policy decisions.

    Facts for prelims

    Prevalence of Iron deficiency anemia in India

    • Iron deficiency anemia is a significant public health concern in India. According to the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) conducted in 2019-2020, the prevalence of anemia among women aged 15-49 years is 53%, while among children aged 6-59 months, it is 41%.
    • Iron deficiency anemia affects both rural and urban populations, with higher rates observed in certain regions and vulnerable groups such as pregnant women and young children.

    What is Iron deficiency anemia?

    • It is a common type of anemia that occurs when there is a lack of iron in the body. Iron is an essential mineral needed for the production of hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to tissues throughout the body.
    • When iron levels are insufficient, the body is unable to produce enough healthy red blood cells, leading to a decrease in oxygen-carrying capacity and resulting in symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, pale skin, shortness of breath, and difficulty concentrating.
    • Iron deficiency anemia can be caused by inadequate dietary intake of iron, poor iron absorption, chronic blood loss, or certain medical conditions.

    Conclusion

    • The decline in allocations for welfare schemes in the Union Budget raises concerns about the government’s commitment to social development, impacting crucial areas such as child nutrition, working-class welfare, and access to education and healthcare. To foster inclusive growth, there is an urgent need to prioritize social expenditure, increase budget allocations, and address the pressing issues facing vulnerable sections of society.

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    Also read:

    A reality check on Nutrition programs

     

  • Early Childhood Care and Education through Anganwadis

    Central Idea: The Centre is planning to promote ‘Early Childhood Care and Education’ through anganwadi centres as part of the ‘Poshan Bhi, Padhai Bhi’ slogan announced by the Women and Child Development Minister.

    What is Anganwadi scheme?

    • The scheme was started in 1975 and aims at the holistic development of children and empowerment of mother.
    • It is a Centrally-Sponsored scheme. The scheme primarily runs through the Anganwadi centre.
    • The scheme is under the Ministry of Women and Child Development.

    Moto: Poshan Bhi, Padhai Bhi

    • The focus will be on both nutrition and early learning for children under 6 years, with a particular emphasis on those under 3 years.
    • Early learning has been neglected in the Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS) and seen as secondary to nutrition.
    • Anganwadi centres will be repositioned as pre-schools to provide early learning access to socially and educationally backward communities.

    Why such move?

    • Two emerging trends are noted: young children shifting to private pre-schools and under-age children being admitted to Class 1 in some states.
    • The quality of services provided at Anganwadi centres is perceived as inferior, leading to the shift to private nursery schools.

    Task Force and Recommendations

    • Rebranding anganwadis: The task force recommends a “mission-mode approach” to rebranding anganwadis, including infrastructure upgrades, materials, play equipment, etc.
    • Focus on volunteer support: It suggests involving panchayat raj institutions, women’s self-help groups, local NGOs, and college volunteers to enhance the learning environment.
    • Boost to Anganwadi sisters: The task force proposes re-designating anganwadi workers as anganwadi teachers and helpers as childcare workers.
    • Nutrition boost: Infrastructure improvements, additional nutrition supplements (such as eggs and milk), extended timings, creches, and day care services are recommended.
    • MGNREGS liasion: The task force suggests leveraging funds from the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS).

    Major target: Improve Child Nutrition

    • The task force highlights that over 35% of young children in India are stunted, according to the latest NFHS data.
    • Although there has been a reduction, India still has the largest population of stunted children globally.
    • Child stunting affects developmental outcomes and the ability to learn at school.
    • NFHS-5 reveals that only 11.3% of children below 2 years receive an adequate diet.
    • The task force recommends introducing eggs as an effective intervention for nutrition.

     

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  • Indian Sludge Shows High Fertilizer Potential: First Study Reveals

    Central Idea: The article discusses the results of an analysis of the sludge found in Indian sewage treatment plants (STP) that were set up to treat polluted water from the Ganga under National Mission for Clean Ganga.

    About National Mission for Clean Ganga

    Description
    Launch 2014
    Aim Cleaning and rejuvenating the Ganga river
    Interventions Development of sewage treatment infrastructure, riverfront development, and public awareness campaigns
    Approach River basin approach, identifying pollution hotspots and implementing targeted interventions
    Implementing Agency NMCG
    Responsibilities Coordinating efforts across stakeholders, including state governments, municipalities, and civil society organizations
    Objective Improve water quality and ensure ecological and socio-economic sustainability of the Ganga river

     

    Sludge classification

    • India doesn’t yet have standards classifying sludge as class A or B.
    • Treated sludge can be classified as class A or class B, as per the standards of the United States Environment Protection Agency.
    1. Class A sludge: It is safe to be disposed of in the open and useful as organic fertilizer.
    2. Class B sludge: It can be used in restricted agricultural applications, with the edible parts of the crop not exposed to the sludge-mixed soil, and animals and people not come into extensive contact.

    Current sludge disposal practices

    • Currently, those awarded contracts for developing and maintaining STPs under the Namami Ganga Mission are also apportioned land for disposing off sludge.
    • However, the sludge is rarely treated, and during rains, it often makes its way back into rivers and local water sources.

    Study’s findings

    • The sludge analysed after drying fell into the class B category.
    • Nitrogen and phosphorus levels were higher than those recommended by India’s fertilizer standards, but potassium levels of some sludges were less than recommended.
    • The degree of pathogens, as well as heavy metal contamination, was above the recommended fertilizer standards.
    • The calorific value of sludge ranged from 1,000-3,500 kcal/kg, which is lower than the average calorific value of Indian coal.

    Recommendations to improve sludge quality

    • The report recommends storing the sludge for at least three months to kill pathogens and blending it with cattle manure and husk or local soil to reduce heavy metal.
    • However, this would still put it in class B, and converting it into grade A sludge would require far more extensive treatment.

     

     

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  • Rebuilding the Idea and Reality of Manipur

    Manipur

    Central Idea

    • The recent communal riots in Manipur have led to unprecedented human displacement, loss of lives and property, and destruction of the geopolitical foundations of Manipur beyond any immediate repair. To secure future stability and peace, there is a need to confront the truth about the nature of these riots and their principal cause and take adequate measures to ensure institutional accountability, recognition, and accommodation of distinctive rights and identities.

    What is the principal cause?

    • The principal cause of the riots in Manipur is the failure of the state government to recognize and accommodate the territorial rights and identities of the different communities in the state.
    • The state’s aggressive integrationist project, which seeks to dissolve tribal land rights in the valley areas, has been a major source of tension between the Meitei and tribal communities.
    • Additionally, the lack of functional sub-state asymmetrical institutions and the weakness of the state-society model have contributed to the instability and ethnic security dilemma in the state.

    Who are the Meiteis?

    • Largest community: The Meiteis are the largest community in Manipur.
    • Community’s Language: They speak the Meitei language (officially called Manipuri), one of the 22 official languages of India and the sole official language of Manipur State.
    • Geographical Distribution: Manipur is geographically divided into the Imphal Valley and the surrounding hills. The Imphal Valley is dominated by the Meitei community, which accounts for more than 64% of the population. The hills, which comprise 90% of Manipur’s geographical area, are inhabited by more than 35% recognized tribes, which are largely Christians.
    • Major Festivals: festivals of meiteis are Lai Haraoba, Cheiraoba, Yaosang among others. Also, The Manipuri martial art Thang-ta had its origin in the Meitei knights during the king’s rule.

    Need for recognition and accommodation: Illustration

    • Recognition of territorial rights: The stability and integrity of a pillarized society like Manipur can only be secured through recognition of territorial rights and identities of all communities. This means recognizing the land rights and heritage of the Meiteis and the tribals in the hills.
    • Substantive accommodation: In addition to recognition, it is necessary to provide substantive accommodation to different communities. This can involve granting tribal communities more autonomy in decision-making and representation in government.
    • Genuine dialogue: Accommodation requires genuine dialogue between communities that is based on mutual respect and a willingness to compromise. This is crucial for building trust and reducing tensions.
    • End of aggressive integrationist projects: The idea that one community should dominate others must be replaced with a more inclusive approach that values diversity and recognizes the rights of all communities.
    • Working institutions: Accommodation requires that institutions function effectively and equitably. The weak state-society model in Manipur needs to be strengthened and institutional trust and legitimacy must be restored.
    • Respect for differences: Recognition and accommodation require a respect for differences and a commitment to finding common ground. This can be facilitated by an appreciation of the historical pedigree of extant sub-State constitutional asymmetry and a willingness to address the concerns of all communities.

    Way ahead: Steps to promote State-building

    • Strengthening state institutions: The state government should focus on building strong and effective institutions that can deliver basic services to citizens, maintain law and order, and protect the rights of all communities. This could involve reforming the police force, improving the efficiency of the bureaucracy, and strengthening the judiciary.
    • Promoting inclusivity: The state government should ensure that all communities, including tribal and non-tribal groups, have equal access to government services and are included in the political process. This could involve implementing affirmative action policies and promoting dialogue between different communities.
    • Improving infrastructure: The state government should invest in improving infrastructure, including roads, water supply, and electricity, to promote economic growth and development. This could help reduce poverty and inequality and improve the quality of life for all citizens.
    • Addressing grievances: The state government should address the grievances of different communities, including land rights issues, to build trust and promote peace. This could involve setting up a judicial commission to investigate past violence and ensure accountability for those responsible.
    • Building regional partnerships: The state government should work with other states in the region and the central government to promote regional cooperation and address common challenges. This could involve promoting trade and investment, sharing resources, and collaborating on regional security issues.

    Facts for prelims: Major tribes of Manipur

    • Naga Tribes: The Nagas are one of the largest and most prominent tribes in Manipur. They are primarily concentrated in the hill areas of the state, and are known for their distinct culture and traditions.
    • Kuki Tribes: The Kukis are another major tribe in Manipur, and are also primarily concentrated in the hill areas. They are known for their love of music and dance, and have a rich cultural heritage.
    • Meitei Tribe: The Meitei are the dominant community in the valley areas of Manipur, and have their own distinct language and culture. They are known for their love of traditional sports such as Thang Ta (a form of martial arts) and Sagol Kangjei (a game similar to polo).
    • Hmar Tribe: The Hmars are a smaller tribe in Manipur, but are still an important part of the state’s cultural fabric. They are known for their traditional dance forms, such as the Cheraw and Chheihlam
    • Zomi Tribe: The Zomis are another smaller tribe in Manipur, but are spread across several states in Northeast India. They are known for their love of music and dance, and have a rich cultural heritage.
    • Pangal Tribe: The Pangal tribe, also known as the Manipuri Muslims, is a minority community in Manipur. They have a distinct culture and language and are primarily concentrated in the valley region.
    • Anal Tribe: The Anal tribe is a smaller ethnic group in Manipur and is primarily concentrated in the hill areas. They have a unique culture and are known for their traditional dress, dance, and music.

    Conclusion

    • Serious and concerted inter-community reconciliation efforts must be initiated immediately if Manipur as an inclusive idea and a geopolitical space of accommodation were to be revived. Any prolonged conflagrations will be mutually destructive and self-defeating. The government must adopt even-handedness in its dealing with diverse communities and must not cave into the pressure of the majority in the future.

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    Also Read:

    Private: Manipur Ethnic Violence

  • All India Survey on Higher Education: A Wake-up Call for the Muslim Community

    Higher

    Central Idea

    • The recently released All India Survey on Higher Education 2020–21 has shown some alarming trends. While there have been improvements in the enrollment of certain communities in higher education, there has been a drastic drop in the enrollment of Muslim students. The survey provides a grim picture of the marginalisation of the Muslim community in higher education and the need for the government to take action to address.

    Findings of the survey

    1. Enrollment overview:
    • Enrollment of Dalits, Adivasis and OBCs in higher education increased by 4.2%, 11.9%, and 4% respectively compared to 2019-20.
    • The upper castes showed the highest growth rate of 13.6%, after declining with the implementation of Mandal II in the late 2000s.
    1. Enrollment of Muslim students:
    • The enrollment of Muslim students dropped by 8% from 2019-20, by 1,79,147 students. This level of absolute decline has never happened in the recent past for any group.
    • UP accounts for 36% of the total decline in Muslim enrollment, followed by Jammu and Kashmir (26%), Maharashtra (8.5%), Tamil Nadu (8.1%), Gujarat (6.1%), Bihar (5.7%) and Karnataka (3.7%).
    • Muslims constitute about 4.6% of total enrollment in higher education while they represent about 15% of society.
    • Among major states, in 2020-21, Muslims did not do better than Dalits except in Tamil Nadu, Telangana and Delhi. Kerala tops in the percentage of Muslim youth (43%) who are currently attending higher education.

    Factors behind declining enrollment of Muslim students

    • Lack of job opportunities: Muslim students face a high unemployment rate, which means that they may not see higher education as a path to a good job.
    • Discrimination: There is discrimination in the job market against Muslim candidates. Studies have shown that Muslim candidates are less likely to be invited to job interviews compared to candidates with Brahmin or Dalit names.
    • Economic factors: Muslim students may not have the financial means to pursue higher education, and may have to work to support themselves and their families. This can lead to a high dropout rate.
    • Violence and ghettoization: Violence against Muslims has increased, which has led to a sense of fear and insecurity, and has restricted their mobility. This has resulted in a trend towards ghettoization.
    • Discriminatory policies: Some state governments have stopped providing financial support to Muslim students pursuing higher education. This has made it more difficult for them to access higher education opportunities.

    All you need to know about Sachar Committee report, 2006

    • The Sachar Committee was commissioned by the Indian government in response to concerns about the social and economic status of Muslims in India.
    • The committee surveyed the status of Muslims across various parameters, including education, employment, and access to social services.
    • The report found that Muslims in India were disproportionately affected by poverty, illiteracy, and lack of access to basic services such as healthcare and sanitation.
    • The report highlighted the need for affirmative action policies to address the marginalization of Muslims, such as reservations in education and employment.
    • The report also recommended the establishment of an Equal Opportunities Commission to address discrimination against Muslims and other minority communities in India.
    • The Sachar Committee Report sparked a national debate about the social and economic status of Muslims in India and led to increased attention on the issue of affirmative action for marginalized communities.

    Policy recommendations to address low Muslim students enrollment

    • Initiate positive discrimination policies: The government could implement policies such as sub-quotas for Muslims within the OBC quota to improve their access to higher education opportunities.
    • Provide scholarships and fellowships: The government could provide greater financial support to minority students pursuing higher education, such as scholarships and fellowships, to help them overcome economic barriers.
    • Address discrimination in the job market: The government could work to create more job opportunities for Muslims and address discrimination in the job market to help improve their economic prospects.
    • Promote social and economic equality: The overall goal should be to promote greater social and economic equality for Muslims in India, which could involve a range of policies and initiatives focused on education, employment, and other areas.

    Conclusion

    • The All-India Survey on Higher Education highlights the deepening marginalisation of the Muslim community in higher education and the need for the government to take action to address the situation. Positive discrimination in favour of Muslims, as recommended by the Sachar Committee Report, is the need of the hour to ensure equitable access to higher education for all communities. Without such efforts, India will not be able to realise its potential and contribute to the harmonious development of society.

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    Also read:

    SC quota for Dalit Muslims and Christians

  • Misleading food ads and regulations to curtail them

    Central idea: Misleading claims

    • FSSAI flagged 32 cases of food business operators (FBOs) making misleading claims and advertisements in contravention of the Food Safety and Standards (Advertisements & Claims) Regulations, 2018.
    • The cumulative count of such offences has shot up to 170 in the last six months.
    • FBOs urged to avoid making unscientific and exaggerated claims for larger consumer interest.

    Regulations for tackling misleading ads and claims

    • Regulations include-
    1. FSSAI’s Food Safety and Standards (Advertisements & Claims) Regulations, 2018
    2. CCPA’s regulations, and Cable Television Network Rules, 1994.
    • FSSAI seeks truthful, unambiguous, meaningful, and scientifically substantiated claims.
    • Claims suggesting suitability for prevention, alleviation, treatment, or cure of a disease, disorder, or particular psychological condition prohibited unless permitted under the regulations of the FSS Act, 2006.

    Response of FSSAI

    • Scrutinized products in categories such as health supplements, organic products, fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) products, and staples endorsing certain health and product claims.
    • Alleged violators include manufacturers and/or marketers of nutraceutical products, refined oils, pulses, flours, millet products, and ghee.
    • Cases referred to concerned licensing authorities to issue notices and withdraw the misleading claims or scientifically substantiate them.
    • Failure to comply would invite penalties of up to Rs 10 lakh, suspension, or cancellation of licenses for repeated offenses.

    Recent observations in the food advertising ecosystem

    • Non-disclosure: Close to 788 ads processed against food advertising, about 299 related to non-disclosure by food influencers, and 490+ ads found to be misleading.
    • Fairly violative sector: Violations across different food categories and food.

    Definitions of various terms

    • Natural food product: A single food derived from a recognized natural source with no additives or chemicals.
    • Fresh: This reference is allowed only for products not processed except washing, peeling, chilling, trimming, cutting, or low-dose irradiation.
    • Pure: It is used for single-ingredient foods with nothing added and devoid of all avoidable contamination.

    Expectations from a consumer’s point of view

    • Clinical data: Companies need to provide clinical data about the outcomes pertaining to the control group, the administered group, and the observed period of the claimed outcomes.
    • Interpretable ads: Advertisements need to be modified in a way a consumer can interpret.

     

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  • Moving Beyond COVID-19: Need for Contextual Understanding

    COVID-19

    Central Idea

    • COVID-19 has transitioned from a population-level challenge to more of an individual health concern, and it is time for India to shift gears and apply the lessons learned from the pandemic.

    WHO Announcements on COVID-19

    • On January 30, 2020, COVID-19 was announced as a public health emergency of international concern.
    • On May 5, 2023, WHO declared that COVID-19 was no longer a public health emergency of international concern.

    Issues of misinformation during the second wave of COVID-19 in India

    • False claims about a third wave affecting children: In April-May 2021, there was a COVID-19 misinformation blitzkrieg that a third wave in India would affect children, leading to children being repeatedly asked to wear masks and deprived of schooling and learning.
    • Lack of scientific evidence: School closure and making masks mandatory for schoolchildren had their origin in nearly identical challenges of actions not being supported by scientific evidence.
    • Influencers’ impact on public discourse: Social media influencers, not necessarily subject experts, were shaping the public discourse, which was not effectively addressed by governments.
    • Disparate viewpoints: Disparate viewpoints existed among experts and influencers living in India and abroad, with the latter making more definitive and stronger arguments for school closure and mask wearing for children in India.
    • Failure to consider local context: The sub-groups of super-specialists and those staying abroad failed to factor in the local context while coming up with their opinions.
    • Dogmatic stands of self-proclaimed experts: Self-proclaimed experts and influencers have adopted a dogmatic stand and have been selectively and conveniently using emerging evidence and published literature to support their stand, often misguiding gullible followers.
    • COVID-foreverers: A group of disparate individuals and social media groups keep insisting on the enforcement of restrictions such as universal masking at ‘the drop of the hat’, often on frivolous grounds.

    What lessons were learned from the COVID-19 pandemic?

    • The importance of preparedness: The pandemic highlighted the importance of being prepared for future outbreaks and the need for robust public health infrastructure.
    • The role of misinformation: The pandemic showed how misinformation can spread rapidly and have serious consequences, highlighting the need for better education and awareness to combat misinformation.
    • The importance of local context: The pandemic demonstrated the importance of factoring in local context when making policy decisions, as different regions and countries may face different challenges and require different interventions.
    • The danger of dogmatic thinking: The pandemic showed how dogmatic thinking can be dangerous, and the need for an open-minded and evidence-based approach to decision-making.
    • The importance of nuance and context in epidemiology: The pandemic highlighted the need for nuanced understanding of epidemiology, and the importance of taking into account the broader context when interpreting scientific studies.
    • The need for a shift in focus: With COVID-19 transitioning from a population-level challenge to more of an individual health concern, there is a need to shift the focus from COVID-19 fixation to tackling other pressing health challenges.
    • The importance of integrating COVID-19 response with general health services: The pandemic showed the need for integration of COVID-19 response with general health services, and the importance of a balanced approach to public health.

    Way forward

    • Formal training courses on the principles and practice of epidemiology should be offered by the government to prepare India for more nuanced responses to outbreaks and epidemics and to curb misinformation.
    • The government needs to integrate the COVID-19 response to general health services.
    • India’s response to surges, outbreaks, and epidemics (of any infectious disease and not just COVID-19) should be guided by a nuanced understanding of epidemiology and not unduly derailed by social media influencers.
    • Schools should not be closed for a COVID-19 uptick, and wearing masks in order to attend school should never again be made mandatory, as children were never at risk from moderate to severe COVID-19.
    • It is time to drop the COVID-19 fixation and move on to tackle other more pressing health challenges in the country.

    Conclusion

    • The COVID-19 pandemic has presented numerous challenges and lessons for India and the world. The issues of misinformation and lack of context-based policy interventions have been major obstacles in effectively tackling the pandemic. It is time to apply the lessons learned and shift focus to other pressing health challenges while being prepared to respond to future outbreaks and epidemics with a nuanced understanding of epidemiology.

    Mains Question

    Q. During the COVID-19 pandemic, how did misinformation pose a significant challenge? Discuss what lessons have we learned from it?

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    Also Read:

    Covid is no longer an Emergency: what changes?