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Subject: Indian Society

  • A case of people versus Population    

    Why in the news? 

    Since 1989, July 11 has been designated as World Population Day, marking the global population surpassing the five billion mark.

    About Malthus Theory of Population

    • Thomas Malthus’ Theory of Population, proposed in 1798, posited that population growth would outpace food production, leading to widespread famine and poverty.
    • He believed population grows exponentially while food production increases linearly. However, advancements in agriculture and technology have prevented the catastrophic outcomes he predicted.

    Present Scenario

    • Population Growth and Food Production: Despite significant population growth, currently estimated at 8.1 billion globally, advancements in technology and agriculture have enabled food production to keep pace. This disproves Malthus’ prediction of widespread famine due to population outstripping food supply.
    • India’s Demographics: India, the most populous nation with 1.44 billion people, has seen its annual population growth rate fall below 1%, with a total fertility rate (TFR) of 2, just below the replacement level. Economic growth has surged, with per capita GDP increasing sixfold from $400 to $2,400 over the past 27 years.
    • Poverty Reduction and Challenges: The percentage of Indians living below the poverty line has decreased from 43% to 11%. However, significant disparities persist, with certain states like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and Jharkhand accounting for 83% of the nation’s poverty. Climate change remains a critical challenge, disproportionately affecting poorer populations.

    Changes in India

    • Population : Population Growth has Increased from 1 billion to 1.44 billion (44% increase). The Annual population growth rate decreased from nearly 2% to below 1%. Total Fertility Rate (TFR) has declined from 3.4 to 2, below the replacement level of 2.1.
    • Economic Indicators: Per Capita GDP has rose sixfold from $400 to $2,400, signifying substantial economic growth. And percentage of people living below the multi-dimensional poverty line decreased from 43% to 11%.
    • Life Expectancy: Increased from 61 years to 70 years, indicating improvements in healthcare and living standards.

    Impact of Climate Change on Population

    • Increased Vulnerability of the Poor: Climate change disproportionately affects poorer populations in developing countries like India. Inadequate housing, infrastructure, and resources make these communities more susceptible to the adverse effects of extreme weather events, such as floods, droughts, and heatwaves.
    • Agricultural Disruption: Unpredictable weather patterns and extreme climate conditions disrupt agricultural productivity, leading to food insecurity. This particularly impacts rural populations who depend on farming for their livelihoods, exacerbating poverty and malnutrition.
    • Migration and Displacement: Climate change-induced events, such as rising sea levels and severe weather, force people to migrate from their homes. This internal displacement puts additional strain on urban areas and exacerbates existing social and economic challenges, leading to overcrowding and increased competition for resources.

    Agenda of Global South Population 

    • Economic Growth and Poverty Eradication: Developing nations in the Global South prioritize economic growth to reduce poverty and improve living standards. The focus is on sustainable development, ensuring that economic progress is not compromised while addressing the immediate needs of their populations. India’s aim to achieve zero poverty within the next decade exemplifies this priority.
    • Sustainable Development and Climate Responsibility: The Global South advocates for a balanced approach to climate change, emphasizing the need for developed countries (with higher historical emissions) to take greater responsibility. The G-20 New Delhi Declaration (2023) highlights the importance of the circular economy, resource efficiency, and extended producer responsibility in achieving sustainable development without hindering economic growth.

    A Pathway for the Most Populous Nation (Way Forward) 

    • Balancing Economic Growth and Environmental Sustainability: India must continue prioritizing economic growth to alleviate poverty and improve living standards while integrating sustainable practices. Emphasizing circular economy principles, resource efficiency, and extended producer responsibility can help decouple economic growth from environmental degradation.
    • Reducing Poverty and Inequality: Targeted efforts to address regional disparities and uplift impoverished populations are crucial. Programs focusing on education, healthcare, and infrastructure development, particularly in states with high poverty levels like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and Jharkhand, are essential to ensure inclusive growth.
    • Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation: India should implement strategies to mitigate climate change impacts, such as investing in renewable energy, enhancing disaster resilience, and promoting sustainable agriculture. While striving for net-zero emissions by 2070, India must ensure that climate actions do not compromise its economic growth and poverty eradication goals.

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q Critically examine whether growing population is the cause of poverty OR poverty is the mains cause of population increase in India. (UPSC IAS/2015)

  • [11th July 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: India’s Demographic journey of hits and misses

    PYQ Relevance:

    Mains: 

    Q) What are the salient features of the National Food Security Act, of 2013? How has the Food Security Bill helped in eliminating hunger and malnutrition in India? (UPSC IAS/2021)
    Q) Discuss the main objectives of Population Education and point out the measures to achieve them in India in detail.  (UPSC IAS/2020)

    Prelims:
    India is regarded as a country With a “Demographic Dividend” This is due to (UPSC IAS/2011)
    (a) Its high population in the age group below 15 years.
    (b) Its high population in the age group of 15-64 years.
    (c) Its high population in the age group above 65 years.
    (d) Its high total population.

    Note4Students: 

    Prelims: World Population Day; Demographic Dividend;

    Mains:  Demographic Dividend; Poverty; Mortality; Food Security;

    Mentor comment: Over the decades, the world has seen significant demographic changes, with declining fertility rates and increasing life expectancy globally. India has also made notable progress, with fertility rates falling below replacement level and improvements in maternal and child health indicators. However, population dynamics continue to pose challenges that require attention and proactive measures. As the world approaches the 2030 target for the Sustainable Development Goals, understanding a country’s population trends is crucial to tailoring solutions and driving progress.

    Let’s learn!

    __

    Why in the news? 

    The day July 11, was established by the United Nations as the ‘World Population Day’ in 1989, to raise awareness about global population issues and their impact on development, the environment, and individual well-being.

    World Population – Then and Now:
    1. The decades of the 1960s and 1970s were scary as the global population was growing at a yearly rate of 2%. 
    2. The Total Fertility Rate of the world has dropped from around five children per woman in 1950, to 2.3 children per woman in 2023. 

    About Malthus Theory of Population
    1. Thomas Malthus’ Theory of Population, proposed in 1798, posited that population growth would outpace food production, leading to widespread famine and poverty.
    2. He believed population grows exponentially while food production increases linearly. However, advancements in agriculture and technology have prevented the catastrophic outcomes he predicted.

    India’s population dynamics – The main components:

    • Fertility: According to the National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-5, India’s total fertility rate (TFR) decreased from 3.4 to 2 between 1992 and 2021, dropping below the replacement level of 2.1. 
    • Mortality: There has been a significant drop in the mortality rate as well. The average life expectancy of Indians has also increased over time.
    • Aging Population:  India is experiencing a demographic shift, towards an aging population. According to the 2011 Census, individuals aged 60 years and above constituted 8.6% of the total population. The figure is projected to rise to 19.5% by 2050. 
    • Migration: 
      • Urbanization: Rapid Rural-to-Urban migration is straining urban infrastructure.
      • Gender Equality: Women’s labor force participation and political representation are crucial for sustainable development
    But what do these changing dynamics signify?

    India’s population dynamics are intertwined with its ‘development’ scenario. The reduction in fertility signifies a transition toward smaller family norms.  It has many implications for the Social Development as follows:

    • Demographic Dividend: A smaller dependent population can lead to a larger working-age population, potentially boosting economic growth.
    • Healthcare and Living Standards: Declining mortality rates and increasing life expectancy indicate improvements in healthcare and living standards.
    • Population Ageing: Requires long-term planning for geriatric care and social security benefits.
    • Gender Equality: Women’s labour force participation, which is straggling, their notable absence from Political representation, and their unending plight within society. Ensuring women’s rights and participation is essential for sustainable development.

    India’s Journey towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

    • Poverty Reduction (SDG 1)
      • The population living below the poverty line reduced from 48% to 10% between 1990 and 2019.
      • Government Initiatives:
      • Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) was critical in addressing rural poverty.
      • Janani Suraksha Yojana (2005) increased institutional deliveries and reduced health expenditures for poor families.
    • Food Security and Nutrition (SDG 2)
      • India became self-sufficient in crop production after the Green Revolution hence, the proportion of the population suffering from hunger reduced from 18.3% in 2001 to 16.6% in 2021. However, India still contributes a third of the global burden of malnutrition.
      • Government Initiative:
      • POSHAN Abhiyaan (2018) aims to improve nutrition, but achieving ‘Zero Hunger’ by 2030 remains challenging.
    • Health Improvements (SDG3)
      • Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) decreased from 384.4 in 2000 to 102.7 in 2020.
      • Under-five mortality rate and infant mortality rate significantly reduced post-2000s. Improvements in quality and coverage of healthcare, but still need to reach targets.

    What needs looking into?

    • Population Dynamics: India needs to harness demographic dividend by creating job opportunities for the youth by addressing the rising burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and strengthening social safety nets.
    • Nutrition: The government needs to increase budgetary allocation for health and nutrition sectors and strengthen nutrition programs to address malnutrition.
    • Gender Equality: Empowering socio-economically the section of vulnerable women and adopting a gender-equal approach in policy and development initiatives.
    • Collaborative Approach: Encouraging a multi-sectoral collaboration and ensuring a strong political will to drive progress efficiently.

  • The share of women in the unincorporated sector is highest in the south   

    Why in the News? 

    Recently the Annual Survey of Unincorporated Sector 2022-23 revealed higher shares of women owners and workers in southern and some eastern states, and lower in western, northern, and central states.

    Gender disparity in India concerning working-owners and unpaid family workers:

    • Prevalence of Women in Unpaid Family Worker Roles: Data from the Annual Survey of Unincorporated Sector 2022-23 reveals that women are predominantly represented as unpaid family workers.
      • For instance, in Telangana, while 43% of working owners are women, a substantial 59% are unpaid family workers, illustrating a significant gender disparity.
    • Lower Representation of Women as Working Owners: Across India, the proportion of women in working-owner roles is considerably lower compared to men. 
      • For example, in Telangana, women constitute 43% of working owners, reflecting a gender gap where men are more likely to own and operate businesses.
    • Regional Trends Highlighting Gender Disparities: The southern states, such as Telangana, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu, display a relatively higher share of women in both working-owner and unpaid family worker roles. 
      • Despite this, the overall pattern shows more men in ownership positions and more women in unpaid roles, reinforcing the gender imbalance.
    • Sector-Specific Disparities: In the manufacturing sector, women’s representation as working-owners and hired workers is lower than in unpaid family roles. 
      • For example, in Telangana, women constitute 52% of formal hired workers but only 26% of informal hired workers, indicating a disparity in employment types and compensation.
    • National Overview of Gender Roles: On a national level, the survey indicates that the share of women in unincorporated enterprises varies by state and job type. 
      • While women play a significant role in unpaid family work, their representation as working owners remains limited. 
      • This trend is consistent across different regions, with southern states showing relatively better but still imbalanced gender representation in the workforce.

    The reason behind these issues: 

    • Cultural and Societal Norms: Traditional gender roles in India often assign women the responsibility of unpaid domestic and family work, limiting their opportunities for paid employment and entrepreneurship.
    • Access to Resources and Opportunities: Women often have less access to financial resources, credit, and capital needed to start and run businesses compared to men. This financial barrier restricts their ability to become working-owners.
    • Work-Life Balance and Family Responsibilities: Women typically bear a disproportionate share of caregiving and household responsibilities, limiting their availability for formal employment and entrepreneurial activities.
    • Network and Mentorship Gaps: Women often have fewer professional networks and mentorship opportunities, which are crucial for business growth and career advancement.

    Steps taken by the Indian Government: 

    Scheme/Initiative Year Objective Key Features
    Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP) 2015 Address declining child sex ratio and empower girls through education ·         Awareness and advocacy campaigns

    ·         Enforcement of PC&PNDT Act

    ·         Improving enrolment of girls in schools
    One Stop Centres (OSC) 2015 Provide integrated support and assistance to women affected by violence ·         Medical aid

    ·         Police assistance

    ·         Legal aid

    ·         Psycho-social counseling

    ·         Temporary shelter
    Ujjwala Yojana 2016 Provide LPG connections to women from BPL households to safeguard their health ·         Clean cooking fuel

    ·         Reduce health hazards associated with unclean fuels
    Mahila Shakti Kendra (MSK) 2017 Empower rural women through community participation ·         Interface for rural women to approach government

    ·         Skill development training at grassroots level
    Nari Shakti Puraskar 2015 Recognize exceptional work in empowering women and promoting gender equality ·         Highest civilian honors for women

    ·         Conferred by the President of India on International Women’s Day

     

    Way forward: 

    • Enhance Access to Financial Resources and Training: Implement targeted financial programs to provide women with easier access to credit, grants, and capital needed to start and grow businesses. This can include microfinance initiatives, low-interest loans, and financial literacy training.
    • Strengthen Legal and Social Support Systems: Enforce and improve existing gender equality laws and policies to ensure women’s rights in the workforce and in business ownership. This includes better implementation of anti-discrimination laws and providing legal support to women entrepreneurs.

    Mains question for practice: 

    Q Despite various government initiatives and policies aimed at promoting gender equality, significant gender disparities persist in the ownership and workforce participation in unincorporated enterprises across different regions of India. Discuss the reasons behind these disparities and suggest measures to address them.15M

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q “Though women in post-Independent India have excelled in various fields, the social attitude towards women and feminist movement has been patriarchal.” Apart from women education and women empowerment schemes, what interventions can help change this milieu? (UPSC IAS/2021)

  • Education ‘remains the most effective contraceptive

    Why in the news? 

    India’s current population of 1.4 billion is projected to peak at 1.7 billion by 2064, then stabilize at 1.53 billion by 2100, as fertility rates decline below replacement level.

    What does the United Nations speak on Indian demographics?

    • India overtook China as the world’s most populous country. UN estimates project India’s population to peak at 1.7 billion around 2064, then settle at 1.53 billion by 2100.
    • Population growth is slowing, with the total fertility rate dipping below the replacement level of 2.1.

    What do the National Family Health Surveys (NFHS) observed recently?

    • Association with Education: There is a significant correlation between levels of education and unmet needs for family planning among married women in India, highlighting the importance of education in addressing reproductive health issues.
    • High Demand for Family Planning: There remains a notable demand for family planning services, particularly among young women aged 15-24, indicating ongoing challenges in meeting reproductive health needs effectively across different age groups.

    Challenges faced by a deprived section of society                           

    • Limited Access to Family Planning Services: Women from disadvantaged backgrounds often face barriers in accessing contraceptives and family planning services due to social norms, lack of education, and cultural taboos surrounding contraception.
    • Teenage Pregnancies and Early Marriages: High rates of teenage pregnancies and early marriages contribute to health risks for young women, exacerbated by limited awareness about sexual and reproductive health rights and options.
    • Social Stigma and Cultural Norms: Deep-rooted societal attitudes and stigmas surrounding sexual activity, contraception, and abortion hinder open discussions and access to comprehensive sexual education and healthcare services, particularly for unmarried individuals.

    What can India do to improve social conditions?

    • Enhancing Education and Awareness: Increase access to comprehensive sex education in schools and communities to empower young people with knowledge about contraception, family planning, and reproductive health rights.
    • Addressing Cultural Norms and Stigma: Challenge societal taboos and misconceptions surrounding contraception and sexual activity through culturally sensitive communication and advocacy efforts.
    • Expanding Healthcare Access: Ensure equitable access to affordable and quality healthcare services, including reproductive health services, particularly in rural and underserved areas.
    • Reforming Legal Frameworks: Reform laws and policies related to reproductive rights and access to safe abortion services to ensure women have autonomy over their reproductive decisions and can access safe and legal abortion services without unnecessary restrictions.

    Steps taken by the government related to health: 

    • Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB PM-JAY): This scheme aims to provide health coverage to over 500 million people, offering a cover of Rs. 5 lakh per family per year for secondary and tertiary care hospitalization. Over 4.68 crore cards have been issued under the scheme.
    • Comprehensive Primary Health Care (CPHC) through Ayushman Bharat-Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs): Launched in February 2018, this initiative aims to provide an expanded range of services closer to the community, including care for non-communicable diseases, palliative and rehabilitative care, oral, eye and ENT care, and mental health services.
    • Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana (PMSSY): This scheme, launched in 2003, aims to correct regional imbalances in the availability of affordable/reliable tertiary healthcare services and also to augment facilities for quality medical education in the country. Under this, new AIIMS are being set up and existing medical colleges are being upgraded

    Way forward: 

    • Integrated Approach to Education and Healthcare: Implement integrated programs that combine comprehensive sex education in schools with improved access to healthcare services, ensuring young people are empowered with knowledge and resources for reproductive health.
    • Community Engagement and Advocacy: Foster community dialogues and advocacy campaigns to challenge cultural norms and stigma around reproductive health, promoting open discussions and awareness-building initiatives across all demographics.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Demographic Dividend in India will remain only theoretical unless our manpower becomes more educated, aware, skilled and creative.” What measures have been taken by the government to enhance the capacity of our population to be more productive and employable? (UPSC IAS/2016)

  • [5th July 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Computer literacy in India needs a reboot 

    PYQ Relevance:

    Mains: 
    Q) National Education Policy 2020 isin conformity with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient education system in India. Critically examine the statement. (UPSC CSE 2020) 
    Q) “Demographic Dividend in India will remain only theoretical unless our manpower becomes more educated, aware, skilled and creative.” What measures have been taken by the government to enhance the capacity of our population to be more productive and employable? (UPSC CSE 2016) 

    Prelims:

    Q) Consider the following statements: (UPSC CSE 2018) 
    1. As per the Right to Education (RTE) Act, to be eligible for appointment as a teacher in a State, a person would be required to possess the minimum qualification laid down by the concerned State Council of Teacher Education.
    2. As per the RTE Act, for teaching primary classes, a candidate is required to pass a Teacher Eligibility Test conducted in accordance with the National Council of Teacher Education guidelines.
    3. In India, more than 90% of teacher -5 education institutions are directly under the State Governments.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    (a) 1 and 2
    (b) 2 only
    (c) 1 and 3
    (d) 3 only

    Note4Students: 

    Prelims: National Education Policy 2020; Digital India Campaign of 2015;

    Mains: Social Issues and Justice; Education; Population; Literacy Rate;

    Mentors Comment: Digital literacy is essential for full participation in India’s rapidly digitizing society and economy. As critical services like banking, healthcare, and government services have become increasingly digitized, the ability to effectively use computers and technology is crucial for accessing these essential services and enhancing quality of life. The COVID-19 pandemic further highlighted the importance of digital skills, from online education to managing financial and medical needs remotely. However, India’s computer literacy rate stands at just 24.7%, with wide disparities between urban and rural areas as well as across age groups and socioeconomic status. Unless serious efforts are made to universalize digital literacy, a significant portion of the population, especially in rural and marginalized communities, will face exclusion from the digital economy and public services. 

    Let’s learn. 

    —

    Why in the News?

    According to the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) and National Statistical Office, India still has lower levels of literacy than many other nations, though.

    • The literacy rate is 77.70%, with literate males at 84.70% and literate females at 70.30%,

    Context:

    • The latest NSS survey shows computer literacy in India stands at only 24.7% among individuals aged 15 and above, with rural areas lagging behind at 18.1%. This digital divide puts a significant portion of the population at risk of exclusion from digital public services.
    • The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of computer and internet access for everyday tasks.
    • Unless serious measures are taken to universalize digital literacy, rural India’s population, which is nearly 70%, will face significant disadvantages in accessing critical services.
    Initiatives taken up by government:

    Digital India campaign in 2015:
    The Digital India campaign launched by the Indian government in 2015 has had a mixed impact on computer literacy rates in the country.
    The campaign aimed to transform India into a digitally empowered society and improve digital infrastructure and services.

    National Education Policy (2020):

    The NEP 2020 lays emphasis on the use of technology to provide high-quality education to students, irrespective of their geographical location.
    Digital education will be an integral part of the curriculum, with a focus on developing digital literacy, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills.

    Present Scenario: Progress of Digital India campaign and present literacy rates in India:

    The Digital India campaign launched by the Indian government in 2015 has had a mixed impact on computer literacy rates in the country:

    • Limited Success: The latest National Sample Survey (NSS) data shows that computer literacy in India remains low at just 24.7% among individuals aged 15 and above .
      • While this represents an increase from 18.4% in 2017-18, the figures still highlight a significant digital divide.
      • In rural areas, computer literacy stands at only 18.1%, compared to 39.6% in urban areas.
      • Nearly 70% living in rural areas, remain excluded from accessing digital services and public amenities.
    • Cohort Effect:
      • Computer literacy peaks at 45.9% among 20-24 year olds, but drops to just 4.4% for 65-69 year olds.
      • Even among younger working-age cohorts (20-39 years), computer literacy is only 34.8% on average.
    • Variations in computer literacy across Indian states:
      • Economically disadvantaged states like Assam, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh have very low rates (under 30%). Prosperous states like Kerala have much higher rates (72.7%)
      • Bridging the digital divide requires sustained efforts by government, private sector and civil society.

    Understanding the Causes:

    • Lack of infrastructure and qualified teachers in schools/colleges for adequate computer training limits job prospects and employment opportunities. It creates a digital divide and skill gap in the job market.
    • Gaps in access and quality of computer education in the formal education system leads to social isolation and financial exclusion from online services.
    • Lack of motivation and access to learning resources among older age groups restricts access to information and resources in the digital age.

    Way Forward: There are some focus areas where we can concentrate:

    • For School level: School education should ensure that all graduating students possess computer literacy skills, as this is crucial to bridge the digital divide. The government should allocate resources towards the training of computer personnel and ensure sufficient staffing levels. 
    • For Old-aged people: For the older population outside the formal education system, targeted programmes are essential.
      • These should involve various institutions, including local governing bodies such as panchayats and non-governmental organisations, to effectively reach and empower older individuals with computer literacy skills. 
    • Quality Control and Monitoring: The government should also conduct a thorough review of such computer literacy and develop strategies to achieve higher literacy and reduce disparities in the coming years. 
  • [2nd July 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Glossing over unemployment, its high electoral price

    [2nd July 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Glossing over unemployment, its high electoral price

    PYQ Relevance:
    Q Define potential GDP and explain its determinants. What are the factors that have been inhibiting India from realizing its potential GDP? (UPSC IAS/2020)
    Q Besides the welfare schemes, India needs deft management of inflation and unemployment to serve the poor and the underprivileged sections of society. Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2022)

    Mentor comment: The Indian economy needs to generate over 25 million jobs in the next five years to employ all the currently unemployed. Despite the Narendra Modi government’s claim of an 8% GDP growth rate last year, job creation has not kept pace. Although the unemployment rate for those aged 15 and above decreased from 4.2% in 2021 to 3.1% in 2023, this improvement is insufficient. In the 2024 general election, the Bharatiya Janata Party lost its majority, forming a coalition with parties holding different economic views due to the job market setback.

    Let’s Learn!

    __

    Why in the news?

    The Modi government claimed 8% GDP growth last year, but this has not translated into adequate job creation, as shown by current unemployment rates.

    Inequality gap is widening

    • Rising Wealth Inequality: In the past two decades, the gap between the rich and the poor has significantly widened. Official statistics reveal that 1% of India’s population now owns 40% of the country’s wealth.
    • K-shaped Economic Inequality: The term “K-shaped” inequality describes the phenomenon where income and consumption for a few are rising, while for the majority, it is declining.This has been particularly evident over the past decade under BJP central rule.
    • Income Inequality: The World Inequality Report 2022 highlights that India is one of the most unequal countries globally, with the top 10% and top 1% of the population earning 57% and 22% of the national income, respectively. Meanwhile, the bottom 50% see their share reduced to 13%.
    • Tax Burden on the Poor: About 64% of the total Goods and Services Tax (GST) revenue in India is contributed by the bottom 50% of the population, whereas only 4% comes from the top 10%.
    • Healthcare as a Luxury: Many Indians struggle to access necessary healthcare, with 63 million people (nearly two every second) pushed into poverty each year due to healthcare costs.
    • Food Security and Nutrition: According to “The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World, 2023,” around 74% of India’s population cannot afford a healthy diet, and 39% fall short of a nutrient-adequate diet.
    • Global Hunger Index 2023: India’s 2023 Global Hunger Index score is 28.7, categorized as “serious” on the GHI Severity of Hunger Scale.

    Cause of inequality:

    • Structural economic factors: India has struggled to shift its large agricultural workforce towards more productive and better-paying jobs in the formal economy. The economic boom has primarily benefited the top 10-20% while leaving the poor behind.
    • Policy shocks disproportionately impacting the informal sector:  Demonetization, GST implementation, and COVID-19 lockdowns have severely disrupted livelihoods and employment for India’s large informal economy, exacerbating inequality
    • Uneven distribution of wealth and income:  The richest 1% of Indians now own over 40% of the country’s wealth, while the bottom 50% possess only 3% of the wealth. This wealth concentration at the top has accelerated in recent decades.
    • Lack of effective wealth redistribution: Measures like wealth taxes on the super-rich and greater investment in social welfare, healthcare, and education have been lacking, perpetuating the inequality cycle.

    Growth could slip because of 

    • Heavy Reliance on Government Expenditure: The recent GDP growth has been driven significantly by a large Budget deficit and massive government capital expenditure rather than structural investments in key sectors like industry, agriculture, and services.
    • Lack of Structural Investments: Structural investments in the industrial, agricultural, and service sectors are crucial for sustainable economic growth. The absence of significant investments in these sectors means that the foundational aspects of the economy remain weak, potentially hindering long-term growth.
    • Historical GDP Growth Decline: The GDP growth rate has shown significant declines in the past, such as falling from 8% to 3.8% in the fourth quarter of 2019-20. This trend indicates a vulnerability in maintaining high growth rates, especially without addressing underlying economic issues.
    • Fiscal Deficit Concerns: A significantly large Budget deficit to fund government expenditure can lead to concerns about fiscal sustainability.
    • Global Economic Conditions: The global economic environment, including factors such as inflation, interest rates, and geopolitical tensions, can impact India’s growth prospects.Any adverse changes in the global economy could further strain India’s growth trajectory.
    • Sectoral Weaknesses: Weaknesses in key sectors such as manufacturing, agriculture, and services can drag down overall economic growth.

    Way forward: 

    • Support for SMEs and Informal Sector: Given that 92% of jobs in agriculture and 73% of jobs in industry and services are in the unorganised sector, policies aimed at supporting small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and the informal sector are crucial. 
    • Agricultural Reforms and Rural Development: Focusing on modernising agriculture through technology, better irrigation, crop diversification, and improving rural infrastructure can boost productivity and incomes in rural areas. 
    • Education and Skill Development: Investing in education and skill development is essential to equip the workforce with the necessary skills for the evolving job market. 

  • At the end of Pride Month, assessing the LGBTQIA+ communities’ rights   

    Why in the news? 

    Every June, Pride Month is celebrated globally to honour the contributions of LGBTQIA+ community members and to promote love, diversity, and acceptance.

    Varying rights and status of LGBTQIA+ communities across the world:

    • Legalization and Criminalization of Same-Sex Acts: The legal status of same-sex acts varies significantly while 37 countries have fully legalized same-sex marriage, 59 countries still penalize any expression of queerness, with severe punishments in some regions.
    • Marriage Rights: Same-sex marriage is legal in 37 countries, banned in 79 countries, and in some places, same-sex couples can only opt for civil unions, leaving their status partially recognized.
    • Employee Protections: Legal protections for queer employees are inconsistent. While 27 countries offer legal aid based on sexual orientation, 90 countries lack any legal protections for queer employees. India and three other countries provide legal aid based on gender identity, including transgender persons.
    • Adoption Rights: Adoption rights for same-sex couples also vary. In 39 countries, same-sex parents can adopt children, while 45 countries ban this practice. In 100 countries, single parents can adopt under certain conditions, similar to India’s laws.
    • Social and Legal Challenges: Despite legal advancements in some areas, LGBTQIA+ individuals globally continue to face significant social and legal challenges, including discrimination, harassment, and exclusion, with varying levels of legal aid and recognition depending on the country.

    Indian Scenario

    • Decriminalization of Homosexuality: In 2018, the Supreme Court of India partially struck down Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, decriminalizing homosexuality. Same-sex couples have the right to cohabitation but not to legal marriage or unions.
    • Discrimination and Harassment: Queer individuals in India still face significant discrimination, harassment, and exclusion.
    • Legal Protections for Transgender and Intersex Individuals: The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019, prohibits unfair treatment in employment, education, healthcare, public facilities, and residence. Legal recourse is available for discrimination based on gender identity but not sexual orientation.
    • Adoption Rights: Same-sex couples cannot be recognized as co-parents to an adopted child. Single prospective adoptive parents, regardless of marital status, are allowed to adopt under the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015.

    Way forward: 

    • Expand Legal Recognition: Countries should work towards fully recognizing same-sex marriages and providing comprehensive legal protections against discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity.
    • Education and Awareness: Implement nationwide educational programs to raise awareness about LGBTQIA+ issues, combat stereotypes, and promote understanding and acceptance. This can involve incorporating LGBTQIA+ history and rights into school curriculums and conducting public awareness campaigns.
    • Economic Opportunities: Ensure equal opportunities in the workplace by promoting diversity and inclusion policies, providing sensitivity training for employers, and supporting LGBTQIA+ entrepreneurs. Governments and organizations can offer grants, mentorship programs, and other resources to empower LGBTQIA+ individuals economically.

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q ‘Women’s movement in India has not addressed the issues of women of lower social strata.’ Substantiate your view. (UPSC 2018)

  • A story of displacement to one of empowerment

    Why in the news?

    Over 45% of Sri Lankan Tamils in Tamil Nadu’s rehabilitation camps were born in India, per a recent interim report by a State government panel.

    Causes of Tamilian Displacement

    • Ethnocentric Violence: The primary cause of displacement was the ethnocentric violence in Sri Lanka, particularly against the Tamil population. The violence led to significant loss of life and property, forcing Tamils to flee for their safety.
    • Proximity and Linguistic Commonality: Many Tamils chose India, particularly Tamil Nadu, due to its geographical proximity and the shared Tamil language, making it a more accessible and familiar refuge.

    Government Initiatives

    • Provision of Basic Amenities: Refugees receive free housing, electricity, water, and monthly food rations. Additionally, they get a monthly cash dole.
    • Educational Support: Access to government schools is provided, along with a monthly stipend of ₹1,000 for those pursuing higher education. One-time educational support includes ₹12,000 for arts and science students and ₹50,000 for engineering students.
    • Welfare Schemes: Refugees are eligible for various welfare schemes available to the people of Tamil Nadu, including the women’s rights scheme providing ₹1,000 per month.
    • New Housing: Recently, the Government of Tamil Nadu has constructed new homes for about 5,000 Sri Lankan Tamils.
    • Renaming Camps: In an effort to destigmatise, the refugee camps were renamed as Sri Lankan Tamil Rehabilitation Camps in a government order dated October 28, 2021.

    Bringing Back Dignity

    • Educational Achievements: The welfare schemes have led to 100% school enrollment and over 4,500 graduates from the camps.
    • Breaking Caste Barriers: As refugees, Sri Lankan Tamils are categorized under the Refugee category, which has helped in break free from caste barriers.
    • Government Recognition: The renaming of refugee camps to Sri Lankan Tamil Rehabilitation Camps is a step towards restoring the dignity of the displaced population.
    • Advocacy and Support: Continuous advocacy by organizations like OfERR, support from donors, and political parties have facilitated the patronage extended by the Government of Tamil Nadu and the Government of India.
    • Potential for Future Contribution: The transformation of refugees into resource persons capable of contributing to nation-building when they return to Sri Lanka.

    Current Challenges

    • Legal Limitations: Indian laws currently do not permit local integration by granting citizenship to Sri Lankan refugees.
    • Economic and Health Crises: The COVID-19 pandemic and the economic crisis in Sri Lanka have slowed down the process of refugees returning to their homeland.
    • Uncertain Future: Despite the improvements in their living conditions and dignity, Sri Lankan Tamils in India continue to live with uncertainty about their long-term future.

    Way forward:

    • Amend Legal Frameworks: Advocate for amendments in Indian laws to allow for local integration and citizenship for long-term refugees, providing them with a secure legal status and equal rights.
    • Strengthen Economic Opportunities: Develop targeted economic empowerment programs, including vocational training and employment initiatives, to enhance self-sufficiency and reduce dependency on state support, ensuring a sustainable livelihood for the refugees.

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q ‘India is an age-old friend of Sri Lanka.’ Discuss India’s role in the recent crisis in Sri Lanka in the light of the preceding statement. (UPSC IAS/2022)

  • Thailand to become third Asian country to legalize Same-sex Marriage  

    Why in the News?

    On Tuesday, June 18, the Marriage Equality Bill was approved by the Thai Senate, the upper house of Thailand’s National Assembly, with overwhelming support.

    What does the Bill entail? 

    • Gender-Neutral Language: The bill replaces gender-specific terms such as “husbands” and “wives” in Thai marriage laws with gender-neutral terms like “spouse” and “person”. This change allows any two individuals, regardless of their gender, to marry each other.
    • Equal Rights: Same-sex couples will have the same rights as heterosexual couples in various legal and practical aspects, including:
      • Adoption rights: Same-sex couples can adopt children.
      • Inheritance rights: They are entitled to inherit property from their spouses.
      • Tax benefits: They will receive similar tax benefits as heterosexual married couples.
      • Legal decision-making: They can make legal decisions on behalf of their spouses, such as consenting to medical treatment.
    • Recognition and Protection: The bill ensures that same-sex marriages are legally recognised and protected, providing stability and legal security to LGBTQ+ couples in Thailand.
    • Public Support: The bill’s passage reflects growing societal acceptance and support for LGBTQ+ rights in Thailand. Public opinion has been largely positive, with significant cross-party support in the Thai Senate and lower house of the National Assembly.

    What about other Asian countries?

    • Criminalization: Many Asian countries, beyond those mentioned (Thailand, Taiwan, Nepal), still criminalize same-sex sexual activity. This includes countries like Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, where laws derived from colonial-era penal codes often penalize homosexuality with imprisonment or fines.
    • Lack of Legal Recognition: Most Asian nations do not legally recognize same-sex marriages or partnerships.
      • Even in countries where same-sex relations are not explicitly criminalized, there is often no legal framework for marriage or civil unions for LGBTQ+ individuals.
    • Legal Battles: In countries like India, legal battles continue as activists seek to overturn discriminatory laws and secure legal recognition for same-sex relationships, including marriage.
    • International Pressure: International human rights organizations and diplomatic efforts sometimes exert pressure on Asian governments to improve LGBTQ+ rights. However, progress is often slow and faces strong domestic resistance.

    Note: Currently, same-sex marriage is legal in 36 countries (not including Thailand) globally, according to LGBTQ+ rights advocacy Human Rights Campaign.

    Way forward: 

    • Legal Challenges and Reform: Support ongoing legal challenges in courts across Asia to overturn discriminatory laws and promote legal recognition of same-sex relationships. This includes advocating for legislative reforms that protect LGBTQ+ rights, including the recognition of same-sex marriages or civil unions.
    • International Pressure and Diplomacy: Encourage international human rights bodies, governments, and diplomatic missions to engage with Asian countries diplomatically, urging them to uphold international human rights standards, including LGBTQ+ rights.

  • An Ageing India: The Magnitude and the Multitude 

    Why in the News?

    The phenomenon of ageing stands out as one of the most significant developments of this century, characterized by notable advancements in human longevity alongside historically low reproduction rates.

    About the Magnitude and Multiplication of the aged population

    • The magnitude of Aging Population: The 21st century is witnessing a significant demographic shift marked by a notable increase in human longevity.
      • Improved healthcare and living conditions have contributed to a rise in life expectancy, leading to a larger elderly population. By mid-century, India is projected to have around 319 million elderly people, growing at a rate of approximately 3% annually.
    • Multiplication of Aging Phenomenon: Despite longevity gains, there is a simultaneous decline in fertility rates, leading to an ageing population with a lower proportion of younger generations.
      • This demographic shift poses challenges related to healthcare, social security, and economic sustainability. The elderly population is becoming increasingly feminized, with a higher prevalence of elderly women due to longer life expectancy and higher widowhood rates.

    Aged Population as per the 2011 Census:

    • According to the 2011 Census of India, the population of people aged 60 and older in India was 104 million, which is 8.6% of the total population. This is an increase from 5.6% in 1961.
    • The census also found that 53 million of the elderly population were female and 51 million were male, with a sex ratio of 1033. 71% of the elderly population lived in rural areas and 29% lived in urban areas. Additionally, 5.18% of the elderly population, or 53,76,619 people, had some disability

    Issues and Challenges

    • Vulnerabilities of the Elderly: Many elderly individuals in India face significant vulnerabilities, including limitations in activities of daily living (ADL), multi-morbidity, poverty, and lack of financial security.
      • A substantial proportion of the elderly report poor health conditions, with a high prevalence of chronic diseases such as diabetes and cancer.
      • Mental health issues, particularly depression, are also prevalent among the elderly population.
    • Social and Economic Insecurities: Food insecurity affects a notable percentage of the elderly, with reports of reduced portions or skipped meals due to economic constraints.
    • Lack of legal protection: Awareness and access to welfare measures and legal protections for the elderly are low, with limited knowledge about schemes like IGNOAPS, IGNWPS, and Annapurna.
    • Abuse and Neglect: Elder abuse is a significant concern, especially for elderly women in rural areas who often experience neglect and mistreatment within their families and communities.
      • Social exclusion and limited opportunities for productive engagement exacerbate feelings of insecurity and marginalization among the elderly.

    Way Forward:

    • Enhancing Social Support and Welfare Measures: Strengthening awareness and accessibility of welfare schemes and legal protections for the elderly. Implementing social security measures to ensure financial stability and improve quality of life for ageing populations.
    • Healthcare and Mental Well-being: Prioritizing healthcare interventions tailored to the needs of the elderly, including preventive measures against chronic diseases and mental health support. Promoting healthy ageing through lifestyle interventions and healthcare policies that address the unique challenges of an ageing population.
    • Empowerment and Social Inclusion: Fostering social inclusion through community engagement and initiatives that empower the elderly to contribute actively to society. Developing innovative institutional frameworks that value the elderly as assets and promote their participation in societal development.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q. Critically examine the effects of globalization on the aged population in India. (UPSC IAS/2013)