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Subject: International Relations

  • [27 May 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The spectre of nuclear conflict, once again

    [27 May 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The spectre of nuclear conflict, once again

    PYQ Relevance:

    Mains: 

    Q) With growing energy needs should India keep on expanding its nuclear energy programme? Discuss the facts and fears associated with nuclear energy. (250 Words, 15 Marks) (UPSC CSE 2018)
    Q) In what ways would the ongoing US-Iran Nuclear Pact Controversy affect the national interest of India? How should India respond to its situation? (250 Words, 15 Marks) (UPSC CSE 2018)

    Prelims
    Consider the following countries (UPSC CSE 2015)
    1) China
    2) France
    3) India
    4) Israel
    5) Pakistan
    Which among the countries given above are Nuclear Weapons States as recognized by the Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons, commonly known as the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)?
    (a) 1 and 2 only.
    (b) 1, 3, 4 and 5 only
    (c) 2, 4 and 5 only
    (d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

    Note4Students: 

    Prelims: Global Issues; Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT);

    Mains: Global Security Issues; Nuclear Policies;

    Mentor comment: When each country pursues its security without regard for others, we create global insecurity that threatens us all. Almost eight decades after the incineration of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, nuclear weapons still represent a clear danger to global peace and security, growing in power, range, and stealth.  States possessing them are absent from the negotiating table, and some statements have raised the prospect of unleashing nuclear hell — “threats that we must all denounce with clarity and force.” Moreover, emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and cyber and outer space domains have created new risks. We must find a way back to the negotiating table to fully implement the New Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms or START Treaty.

    Let’s learn.

    –

    Why in the News?

    The leaders of France and Russia have raised alarm bells globally with tensions rising between major powers and the threat of nuclear weapons being used.

    Background:

    French President Macron has warned of an “apocalyptic vision” and the danger of nuclear “annihilation” due to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. He plans to raise the nuclear aspect at an upcoming European meeting.

    Russian President Putin has stated that Russia’s nuclear forces are always on alert and that Moscow will not tolerate Western threats. Russia has also revoked its ratification of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty.

    These statements reflect rising nuclear tensions between Russia and the West over the war in Ukraine. The international community has expressed concern over Russia’s nuclear posturing.

    How does the specter of Nuclear conflict raise a Global concern?

    • Firstly, the absence of influential global leaders on the brink of a potential nuclear threat of war.
      • Russia is “ready for nuclear war” and would use such weapons if its sovereignty is threatened.
      • China has recently completed sea trials for an aircraft carrier fitted with electromagnetic catapults and is well on its way to building a fourth carrier.
    • Secondly, the prevailing economic turmoil across many regions in the world has exacerbated the situation, making the prospect of nuclear war more alarming.

    The potential consequences of a nuclear war are catastrophic and far-reaching:

    • Immediate Effects
      • Incinerate cities: Intense heat and radiation would incinerate cities within the blast radius leaving millions would suffer fatal burns, blindness, internal injuries, and radiation poisoning.
      • Burden on Healthcare services: Hospitals and emergency services would be overwhelmed and unable to respond to the massive number of casualties.
    • Long-Term Effects
    • Economic Collapse: Radioactive fallout would expose survivors to dangerous radiation levels. Electromagnetic pulses could cripple electrical grids and modern technology.
    • Potential human extinction: Nuclear winter caused by soot and debris in the atmosphere could lead to global famine, killing billions of people.
    • Environmental Devastation: Large parts of the Earth could become uninhabitable due to radiation and climate changes. Contaminated Oceans and the extinction of much of Earth’s biological life are some of the long-lasting consequences.
    BACK2BASICS

    About the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT):

    The CTBT is a multilateral treaty aimed at prohibiting all nuclear explosions, whether for civilian or military purposes, in all environments. It was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1996 but has not yet entered into force.

    The treaty requires ratification by eight key nations, including China, India, Pakistan, North Korea, Israel, Iran, Egypt, Russia, and the United States, which still need to ratify it for it to become effective.

    India avoids the signing of CTBT as it would undermine its National security and Strategic Autonomy, as it would constrain its ability to conduct nuclear tests.

    The CTBT establishes a global monitoring system to verify compliance and allows for on-site inspections of suspicious events to ensure adherence to its provisions.The treaty’s primary goal is to end nuclear weapon test explosions and promote nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation efforts globally.

    The Recent Discussion at the Hoover Institution:

    • The discussion focused on the U.S.-India civil nuclear deal (2005-08) and its impact on bilateral relations, despite the current nuclear tensions in Europe.
    • The deal brought a fundamental change in U.S.-India relations, with relevance to resolving current disputes.
    • India and the U.S. made significant concessions to negotiate the deal:
      • India agreed to separate its nuclear program and accept safeguards, export controls, and a testing moratorium.
      • The U.S. amended laws, obtained NSG approval, and helped India get an IAEA safeguards agreement.
    • The deal lifted roadblocks preventing India from joining the global nuclear regime, giving it a status similar to a nuclear weapon state under the NPT.

    Conclusion: The discussions at the Hoover Institution seemed to be that the deal had even more significance than merely an arrangement about revising India’s nuclear status. From India’s standpoint, the India-U.S. nuclear deal originated from India’s desire to obtain high-grade uranium from outside to complement its energy requirements, the deal confirms that nuclear energy could be a major resource for peaceful purposes.

  • How Europe’s AI convention balances innovation and human rights | Explained

    Why in the News?

    Global AI governance is becoming increasingly intricate, with countries employing diverse approaches. This shows that the Global treaties may face significant challenges despite widespread support.

    About the Council of Europe (COE)

    • The COE is an intergovernmental organization established in 1949. It currently has 46 member states, including the Holy See, Japan, and the U.S., alongside EU countries.
    • Aim: To uphold human rights, democracy, and the rule of law in Europe.

    What is Europe’s AI convention?

    • Europe’s AI convention, officially known as the Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law, represents a significant milestone in AI governance.
    • Adopted by the Council of Europe (COE) on May 17, this convention addresses the pressing need for comprehensive regulation of AI, particularly concerning its impact on human rights, democracy, and the rule of law.

    The scope of the Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy, and the Rule of Law encompasses:

    • It ensures that activities throughout the lifecycle of Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems align fully with Human Rights, Democracy, and the Rule of Law.
    • Consistent with the EU AI Act and the OECD’s definition, an AI system is defined as a machine-based system that generates outputs based on input to influence physical or virtual environments.

    Coverage:

    • Application by Parties: The convention applies to activities involving AI systems conducted by both public authorities and private actors acting on their behalf.
    • Addressing Risks: Parties are required to address risks and impacts from AI systems activities by private actors that are not covered under (a) in a manner consistent with the convention’s objectives.

    Difference Between a Framework Convention and a Protocol

    • Framework Convention: A legally binding treaty specifying broad commitments and objectives.Allows parties discretion in achieving objectives, adapting to their capacities and priorities.Example: Convention on Biological Diversity.
    • Protocol: Specific agreements are negotiated under a framework convention. Sets specific targets or detailed measures to achieve the broader objectives of the framework convention.Example: Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety under the Convention on Biological Diversity.

    Addressing National Security in the AI Convention

    • Exemptions for National Security: Articles 3.2, 3.3, and 3.4 provide broad exemptions for national security interests, research, development, testing, and national defense, excluding military AI applications from the convention’s scope.
    • Balancing Flexibility and Regulation: Article 3(b) allows parties some flexibility in applying the convention to the private sector, preventing total exemption but accommodating national security needs.
    • General Obligations: Articles 4 and 5 ensure the protection of human rights, democratic integrity, and the rule of law, requiring parties to address disinformation and deep fakes as part of their national security measures.
    • Scope for Further Action: Article 22 allows parties to exceed specified commitments, enabling additional measures to address national security concerns related to AI.

    Conclusion: The AI convention is essential because it reinforces existing human and fundamental rights within the context of AI applications, rather than creating new rights. It emphasizes the need for governments to uphold these rights and implement effective remedies and procedural safeguards.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q “The emergence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Digital Revolution) has initiated e-Governance as an integral part of government”. Discuss.(UPSC IAS/2020)

  • India fighting pressure at WTO to allow ‘plurilateral pact’ on investment facilitation

    Why in the News?

    An official stated on Tuesday that India opposes a China-led proposal on investment facilitation at the WTO, arguing that it is a ‘non-trade’ issue beyond the global trade body’s mandate.

    About Plurilateral Agreement/Pact:

    • A plurilateral agreement is a trade agreement between more than two countries, but not necessarily encompass all members of a larger organization such as the World Trade Organization (WTO).
    • These agreements are binding only on the signatories and not on the entire membership of the organization under annexure-4 of the WTO.
    • They allow for deeper integration among interested parties without requiring full consensus, which can be difficult to achieve in larger multilateral frameworks.

    What is the China-led Investment Facilitation for Development Agreement (IFD)?

    • The IIFD Agreement is a proposed pact by China, with support from other countries, to streamline and facilitate foreign investment.
    • The main objectives of the IFD Agreement include:
      • Enhancing transparency of investment measures.
      • Streamlining and speeding up investment-related authorization procedures.
      • Promoting international cooperation, information sharing, and exchange of best practices.
      • Encouraging sustainable investment practices.
    • The proponents of the IFD argue that it would bring benefits to all WTO members, especially developing and least-developed countries, by creating a more predictable and transparent investment climate.

    India’s Strong Stand against the IFD at WTO MC13

    India has taken a firm stance against the inclusion of the IFD Agreement in the WTO framework for several reasons:

    • Investment is Not a Trade Issue: India argues that investment does not fall within the traditional purview of the WTO, which primarily focuses on trade issues. It points out that past Ministerial decisions have explicitly kept investment outside the WTO’s scope.
    • Sovereignty Concerns: A significant concern for India is the potential impact on its policy space. The IFD Agreement includes provisions that would require the government to consult with investors on policy matters, which India fears could undermine its ability to make sovereign decisions.
    • Lack of Consensus: India, along with South Africa, has highlighted the absence of a unanimous consensus among WTO members regarding the inclusion of the IFD as a plurilateral agreement. They argue that without exclusive consensus, it should not be brought onto the formal agenda.
    • Policy Autonomy: India is wary that the IFD Agreement’s requirements could constrain its autonomy in regulating investments to align with national development priorities and strategies.
    • Procedural Concerns: India contends that the issue should not have been part of the MC13 agenda and instead, should be discussed at the General Council, given the divisive nature of the proposal among WTO members.

    Conclusion: India’s opposition to the IFD Agreement at the WTO stems from a combination of concerns about preserving national sovereignty, adhering to established WTO boundaries regarding trade versus investment issues, and ensuring that any significant changes in the WTO framework are backed by broad-based consensus.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q The broader aims and objectives of WTO are to manage and promote international trade in the era of globalisation. But the Doha round of negotiations seems doomed due to differences between the developed and the developing countries.” Discuss in the Indian perspective. (UPSC IAS/2016)

  • Arab League demands UN Peacekeepers in Palestine

    Why in the News?

    The Arab League called for UN peacekeeping forces in the Palestinian territories during a summit in Bahrain’s Manama. The “Manama Declaration” issued by the league sought UNPKF in the occupied Palestinian territories” until a two-state solution is implemented.

    Back2Basics: United Nations Peacekeeping

    • UN Peacekeeping is a collective effort by the international community, led by the United Nations, to maintain peace and security in regions affected by conflict.
    • UN peacekeepers are often referred to as Blue Berets or Blue Helmets because of their light blue berets or helmets) can include soldiers, police officers, and civilian personnel.

    History:

    • The concept of UN peacekeeping emerged in the aftermath of World War II, with the establishment of the United Nations in 1945.
    • The first UN peacekeeping mission was established in 1948, following the Arab-Israeli War, to monitor the ceasefire between Israel and its Arab neighbours.
      • This mission, known as the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO), set the precedent for future peacekeeping operations.
    • Since then, the scope and complexity of UN peacekeeping have evolved significantly, with operations conducted across the globe in regions affected by conflict, civil war, and humanitarian crises.

    Operations:

    • UN Peacekeeping is guided by three basic principles:
    1. Consent of the parties
    2. Impartiality
    3. Non-use of force except in self-defence and defence of the mandate
    • UN peacekeeping operations are deployed with the consent of the main parties to the conflict. It can be deployed at the request of the parties involved in a conflict or with the authorisation of the UN Security Council.
    • The objectives may vary depending on the specific context but often include monitoring ceasefires, disarming combatants, facilitating the delivery of humanitarian aid, promoting human rights, and supporting the establishment of democratic governance structures.
    • UN peacekeeping operations operate under the principles of impartiality, consent of the parties, and non-use of force except in self-defence and defence of the mandate.

    India’s Role:

    • India has been one of the largest contributors to UN peacekeeping operations since their inception.
    • India has contributed nearly 195,000 troops, the largest number from any country, and participated in more than 49 missions and 168 supreme sacrifices while serving in UN missions.

    About Arab League

    Details
    Establishment Founded on March 22, 1945, in Cairo, Egypt.
    Founding Members Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria.
    Objective Promote economic, cultural, political, and military cooperation among member states. Safeguard independence and sovereignty.
    Functions 
    1. Operates on consensus among member states. Decisions are made through consultations and discussions.
    2. Regular meetings among Arab leaders to address regional issues, formulate policies, and coordinate actions.
    3. Specialised committees and councils address specific areas of cooperation, such as economic affairs, social affairs, and defence.
    Member States Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Kuwait, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Somalia, Sudan, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.
    Observer Nations
    • Non-Arab countries with observer status include Brazil, Eritrea, India, Venezuela, and others.
    • No voting rights are accorded to Observer nations.
    Important Achievements
    • Proposal of the Arab Peace Initiative in 2002.
    • Coordination of military efforts in various conflicts.
    • Promotion of economic cooperation through initiatives such as the Arab Free Trade Area.
    • Facilitation of cultural and educational exchange programs among member states.
    Challenges Internal divisions, Differences of opinion over the Palestinian-Israeli conflict etc.

     

    PYQ:

    [2014] Recently, a series of uprisings of people referred to as ‘Arab Spring’ originally started from

    (a) Egypt

    (b) Lebanon

    (c) Syria

    (d) Tunisia
  • [25 May 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The missing links in IMEC, as shown by the Gaza war

    [25 May 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The missing links in IMEC, as shown by the Gaza war

    PYQ Relevance:

    Mains: 

    Q) The China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is viewed as a cardinal subset of China’s larger ‘One Belt One Road’ initiative. Give a brief description of CPEC and enumerate the reasons why India has distanced itself from the same. (150 Words, 10 Marks). (UPSC CSE 2018)

    Q) What introduces friction into the ties between India and the United States is that Washington is still unable to find for India a position in its global strategy, which would satisfy India’s National self-esteem. (UPSC CSE 2019)

    Prelims:

    ‘Belt and Road Initiative’ is sometimes mentioned in the news in the context of the affairs of (UPSC CSE 2016)
    (a) African Union
    (b) Brazil
    (c) European Union
    (d)China

    Note4Students: 

    Prelims: Global Issues; West Asia; East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC);

    Mains: Global Security Issues; West Asia; Trades;

    Mentor comment: In a world of shifting geopolitical landscapes, India embarked on a grand vision to reshape its economic and strategic ties with the world. At the heart of this vision lay the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC), a path-breaking initiative that promised to transform the way India engaged with its partners across the Eurasian landmass. The story began in September 2023, when India, along with the European Union, France, Germany, Italy, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and the United States, signed an agreement to bring IMEC to life. This ambitious project, designed under the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment (PGII), aimed to stimulate economic development through enhanced connectivity and integration between Asia, the Arabian Gulf, and Europe. For India, IMEC represented a strategic opportunity to assert its presence on the global stage and counter the growing influence of its rival, China.

    Let’s learn.

    –

    Why in the News?

    After India signed a landmark 10-year bilateral contract with Iran (Chabahar Port), the U.S. State Department has warned of potential sanctions for any entity considering business deals with Iran.

    • In the past, American sanctions had delayed the project, which was conceived in 2003.
    • Practically, the signing of a long-term agreement marks a significant milestone in India’s infrastructure and trade partnership with Iran. 
    • However, considering US sanctions, India also needs to focus on the next upcoming IMEC Project which is stalled due to West Asian tensions. 
    mundra port
    How IMEC is countering the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)?:

    IMEC has two corridors – the East corridor (India to Arabian Gulf) and the North corridor (Arabian Gulf to Europe).

    1. The East Corridor connects the Indian ports of Kandla, Mumbai, and Mundra to UAE’s ports like Fujairah, Jebel Ali, and Abu Dhabi by sea.
    2. The North Corridor link is the Railroad link through Saudi Arabia, and Jordan to European regions like Haifa, Marseille, Messina, and Piraeus.The Railway network for cross-border ship-to-rail transit is based on electricity, digital connectivity, and clean hydrogen export infrastructure.

    Significance of IMEC over BRI:
    It secures regional supply chains by overcoming Pakistan’s obstacle to overland access.

    It increases Trade Accessibility and Facilitation which will be effective in countering China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) as it will reduce time by 40% and cost by 30% of transporting goods from India to Europe. Hence, the U.S. is also a major stakeholder.

    What is the impact of the recent Gaza War on IMEC? (Challenges faced)

    • War in Gaza led to project stall; in fact, Iran is threatening to close the Strait of Hormuz.
      • For example, Adani Group’s plans for Haifa port expansion halted.
    • The present Gulf region is facing trade and security issues due to ‘Houthis’ blocking Red Sea access for Israel and its allies.
    • Due to increased shipping time and insurance costs (due to unsafe routes), the trade barriers and eventually inflation have also being increased.

    The Role of Oman and Egypt in Strengthening IMEC: (Way Forward)

    • Oman as an Alternative: Oman’s ports in the Arabian Sea, away from Iranian influence which is the closest and most direct link to Indian ports. Secondly, Oman also has good relations with all its stakeholders
    • Extending to Egypt: Egypt can act as an alternate spur through Egypt to Mediterranean ports in Europe. This will provide a safe and direct sea route to Europe. Secondly, Egypt’s inclusion balances regional dynamics and has good relations with Israel, Europe, and the U.S.

    Conclusion: Today, as the world watches with bated breath, IMEC stands as a testament to India’s vision and determination. It is a story of how a nation, once constrained by geography and politics, found a way to break free and forge its path in the global arena. And as the story continues to unfold, one thing is certain: IMEC will forever change the way India engages with the world, and the world engages with India.

  • BIMSTEC acquires ‘legal personality’ after charter comes into force

    Why in the News?

    The Ministry of External Affairs has announced that with the establishment of its inaugural charter on May 20th, the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) will now accept new members and observers.

    About BIMSTEC: 

    • The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) formed in 1997 is a multilateral regional organization comprising seven member states: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Thailand, Myanmar, and India.
    • Aim: To promote technical and economic cooperation among its member countries, particularly in sectors such as security, connectivity, trade, agriculture, environment, science and technology, and people-to-people contact.

    Adoption of the Charter:

    • After years of deliberation, the BIMSTEC leaders adopted the organization’s first charter during their 5th summit.
    • This charter provides a legal framework for the group, granting it a “legal personality” and enabling the structured diplomatic dialogue with other countries and regional groupings.
    • In the context of international organizations like BIMSTEC, obtaining legal personality means that the organization is recognized as a legal entity in its own right, separate from its member states.

    Significance of BIMSTEC for all member countries:

    The charter’s implementation enhances cooperation and deeper integration within the Bay of Bengal region, benefiting all member states economically and strategically.

    • Enhanced Cooperation: With the charter in place, member countries can engage in more structured and organized cooperation across various sectors such as security, connectivity, trade, agriculture, environment, science and technology, and people-to-people contact.
    • Strengthened Regional Integration: The charter facilitates deeper integration within the Bay of Bengal region. By establishing common goals and mechanisms for cooperation, it promotes economic growth, social development, and cultural exchange among member countries.
    • Diplomatic Dialogue: The charter enables BIMSTEC to enter into structured diplomatic dialogue with other countries and regional groupings. This opens up avenues for broader engagement and partnership, enhancing the geopolitical significance of the BIMSTEC platform.

    Challenges in the present world context: 

    • Historical Discord: Long-standing historical discord between member states, such as Bangladesh and Myanmar, presents a challenge to cohesive cooperation within BIMSTEC. These tensions can hinder progress on joint initiatives and impede the organization’s effectiveness.
    • Geopolitical Complexities: Geopolitical complexities, exacerbated by events like the Rohingya refugee crisis and the coup in Myanmar, add layers of complexity to regional dynamics.
      • These complexities can strain relationships between member states and complicate efforts to foster collaboration and integration within BIMSTEC.
    • Stagnation of SAARC: While BIMSTEC offers an alternative platform for regional cooperation, the near stagnation of SAARC underscores the challenges faced by regional organizations in fostering meaningful collaboration.

    Way forward:

    • Need a Conflict Resolution Mechanisms: Implement effective conflict resolution mechanisms to address historical discord and tensions between member states.
    • High Diplomatic Engagement: Encourage regular diplomatic engagement and dialogue between member states to address geopolitical complexities and build trust.

    Mains PYQ

    Q Do you think that BIMSTEC is a parallel organization like the SAARC? What are the similarities and dissimilarities between the two? How are Indian foreign policy objectives realized by forming this new organization? (UPSC IAS/2022)

  • Expert Explains: Why the ICC Prosecutor has asked for an arrest warrant against Netanyahu, and what could happen now

    Why in the News?

    On 20 May 2024, the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC) requested arrest warrants against leaders of Hamas and Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu of Israel about the events of October 7, 2023, and the conflict in Palestine.

    What is the International Criminal Court?

    • The International Criminal Court formed in 2002, is an Intergovernmental Organization and International Tribunal seated in the Hague, Netherlands.
    • It deals with the most serious crimes of concern to the international community, including genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and crimes of aggression.
    • Unlike the international tribunals, the International Criminal Court is a permanent body.

    Against whom has the Prosecutor requested warrants of arrest?

    Specifically, warrants have been sought for senior Hamas leaders Yahya Sinwar, Mohammed Deif, and Ismail Haniyeh, along with Netanyahu and Israel’s Minister of Defence Yoav Gallant.

    The process of ICC decision-making and the scope of the present case:

    • ICC decisions are binding, but they rely on the cooperation of member states for support.
      • A panel of judges at the ICC must decide on the Prosecutor’s application for arrest warrants.
      • If approved, all State Parties are obligated to cooperate, including arresting and extraditing the accused individuals to The Hague.
      • This could restrict international travel for Netanyahu and Gallant, affecting visits to countries that are State Parties to the Rome Statute.
    • Israel is not a Party to the Rome Statute. However, the ICC does have jurisdiction over crimes committed by nationals of both State Parties  (such as Palestine) and Non-state Parties (such as Israel) on the territory of a State Party (such as Palestine).

    International Criminal Court (ICC) Vs. International Court of Justice (ICJ) 
    ICC ICJ
    Relationship with the UN ICC is an independent organization not part of the United Nations ICJ is an integral part of the UN and acts as its primary judicial branch
    Members ICC has around 105 members, focusing on prosecuting individuals for crimes. ICJ has all 193 UN member countries as its members, primarily resolving disputes between states
    Derivation of Authority ICC derives its authority from the Rome Statute, focusing on prosecuting individuals for crimes against humanity, war crimes, genocide, and crimes of aggression. ICJ derives its authority from the Charter of the United Nations, settling disputes between countries based on international law
    Funding It mainly functions on contributions made by state parties to the Rome Statute and voluntary contributions Its funding sources differ based on its status as an organ of the United Nations

     

    Way forward:

    • Need Enhanced Cooperation: Encouraging greater cooperation between the ICC and the UN to strengthen their effectiveness in addressing international crimes.
    • Need Wider Membership: Advocating for more countries to become State Parties to the Rome Statute to broaden the ICC’s jurisdiction and reach.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q India’s relations with Israel have, of late, acquired a depth and diversity, which cannot be rolled back.” Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2018)

  • [23 May 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: A ‘No-Limit’ bromance that is not just a bilateral matter

    PYQ Relevance:
    Mains: 
    Q) What is the significance of Indo-US defense deals over Indo-Russian defense deals? Discuss with reference to stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (UPSC CSE 2020)

    Q) The new tri-nation partnership AUKUS is aimed at countering China’s ambitions in the Indo-Pacific region. Is it going to supersede the existing partnerships in the region? Discuss the strength and impact of AUKUS in the present scenario. (UPSC CSE 2021)

    Prelims:

    With reference to the ‘Trans-Pacific Partnership’, consider the following statements:  (UPSC CSE 2016)
    1. It is an agreement among all the Pacific Rim countries except China and Russia.
    2. It is a strategic alliance for the purpose of maritime security only.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
    (a) 1 only
    (b) 2 only
    (c) Both 1 and 2
    (d) Neither 1 nor 2

    Note4Students: 

    Prelims: Global Issues;

    Mains: Global Issues; Multipolar World; Russia-China Relations;

    Mentor comment: The article discusses the present “no-limits” friendship declared between Russian President Vladimir Putin and Chinese President Xi Jinping, and how it is a defining feature of the emerging multipolar world order. During World War II, the world was divided into – Allied (UK, USSR, US, and China)  and Axis (Germany, Italy, and Japan). Eventually after WW II, there was again a division between the US and the USSR which came to be known as the ‘Cold War’ where India adopted its Non-aligned stand. Taking today’s article view i.e. the Russia-China Friendship, the relations between both countries date back to the 17th century, with historical conflicts and territorial disputes. However, the relationship improved significantly after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, leading to the establishment of diplomatic relations and the signing of the Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation in 2001. In the present context, we need to study what impact it will have on World order and of course our India also.

    Let’s learn.

    –

    Why in the News?

    Chinese President Xi Jinping and Russian President Vladimir Putin declared their ‘no-limits’ friendship just days before the Ukraine war began.

    • Putin, who was sworn in for his new term recently, will spend two days in China.
    • The Putin-Xi bromance is not just a bilateral affair, but a harbinger of a new world order. 

    What are the common grounds for ‘no limits’ friendship?

    • A Shared Anti-West Sentiment: Both leaders believe the West is trying to hold them back and undermine their influence. This shared grievance has brought them closer together, with Putin and Xi presenting a united front against what they see as a hostile Western world.
    • Military Cooperation: The two leaders have celebrated military cooperation, particularly during times of heightened tensions such as the US-China trade war. It includes security cooperation, emphasizing their mutual opposition to the Washington-led global consensus.
    • Economy and Trades: The structure of their bilateral trade shows that Russia mainly supplies raw materials, such as oil, natural gas, and coal, while importing manufacturing and technological products from China.
      • Russia has also been receiving loans and export credits, with the yuan’s share in the Russian central bank’s foreign currency reserves increasing significantly.
    • Strategic Partnership: The friendship between Putin and Xi is strategic, aiming to counterbalance U.S. global influence.
      • The two leaders have been attempting to put economics at the center of their strategic partnership, with Xi’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and Putin’s Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) aiming to create a single market among Russia, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan. 

    Limitations on their ‘no limit’ friendship:

    • A Relationship of Unequals: Despite aiming for equal friendship, China’s growing economic and technological might dwarf Russia’s. This power imbalance could create tension in the relationship, especially as China’s dominance continues to grow in Central and West Asia.
      • Russia may struggle to maintain its status as an equal partner, potentially leading to friction in the alliance.
    • A Delicate Balance: Beijing may face pressure from its trading countries and internal critics to distance itself from Moscow, especially if Russia’s actions continue to attract international condemnation.

    What does it mean for the rest of the world?

    • New Multipolar System and Geoplotical Risks: Russia has recently shifted its Nuclers Policies making it questionable for European and other Western countries. This shift in power dynamics (Russia-China) could lead to a more fragmented and unstable world, with the West facing a united front from two of its most powerful adversaries. 
    • Potential Risks to Global Energy Security: Russia’s growing dependence on China as an energy export market could give China more leverage over Russia and influence global energy prices and supply.
      • Expanded Russia-China energy cooperation may undermine Western efforts to isolate Russia economically and limit its ability to wage war in Ukraine.
    • Implications for Global Gas Markets: If the power of the Siberia pipeline is completed, it could reshape global gas markets by providing a new major source of supply to China and reducing Russia’s dependence on European gas exports.
      • However, the fate of the pipeline remains uncertain, as China has refrained from committing to it so far, likely because it currently benefits from keeping the project in Limbo.

    What does it mean for India?

    • Strategic Concerns: Russia being a major supporter of the Indian defense system, India can face challenges in ensuring reliable defense supplies after the evolution of such “no limit” friendship and China-Russia cooperation.
    • Diplomatic Balancing: India aims to balance ties with Russia and West Asia to have a seamless connection with the European Union but faces challenges due to evolving Russia-China relations.
    • National Interests: India has always been a ‘big brother’ in the Asian region incorporating its Foreign Policies. Seeing the present context, India must navigate the changing geopolitical landscape, leveraging its diplomatic strengths and pursuing a clear long-term strategy.

    Conclusion: The economic interests and trade between Russia and China are critical components of their “no-limits” friendship. While their bilateral trade has grown significantly, the relationship is marked by an unequal dynamic, with China’s economic dominance over Russia growing. 

  • The risks of Russia’s nuclear posturing

     

    Why in the news?

    The Russia-Ukraine war persists with no end in sight. Russia’s nuclear drills and plans to station weapons in Belarus escalate Global tensions and are deeply concerning.

    What is the NPT and how does it address Russia’s actions?

    • The NPT (Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty) is a multilateral agreement aimed at limiting the spread of nuclear weapons through three pillars: non-proliferation, disarmament, and peaceful use of Nuclear energy.
    • It defines Nuclear Weapon States (NWS) as those that had manufactured and detonated a nuclear explosive device before 1967, with all other states considered non-nuclear weapon states (NNWS).

    The NPT has addressed Russia’s actions in several ways:

    • Russia, as a NWS, is obligated under Article VI to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to nuclear disarmament. However, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has increased the salience of nuclear weapons in ways that threaten to erode this bargain.
    • The NPT’s 2022 Review Conference specifically condemned overt nuclear threats, and the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) called for nuclear deterrence to be delegitimized.
    • The NPT requires NNWS to accept International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards on all nuclear materials on their territories. However, the IAEA has found several states, including Russia, in non-compliance with their safeguards agreements.
    • The NPT’s review process, where state parties convene every five years to review the implementation of the Treaty, has been unable to reach a consensus on condemning Russia’s nuclear threats due to Russia’s objections.

    The Shift in Nuclear Policy of Russia:

    • Criticism by Western countries:  The international community has expressed concern over Russia’s nuclear rhetoric, calling for accountability. Western states and allies condemn Russia’s actions and seek to address them through initiatives like the United Nations and the NPT (Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons) to uphold norms and deter irresponsible behaviour.
    • Changing Nuclear Threshold and Policy: Russia appears to be considering lowering the threshold for nuclear weapon use, which could set a dangerous precedent.
      • Traditionally, Nuclear Weapons were reserved for existential threats, but Russia is now signalling a potential first-use policy even for non-existent threats.
    • Erosion of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD): For decades, the principle of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) deterred the use of nuclear weapons. Russia’s current stance threatens this principle, suggesting that nuclear weapons could be used in conflicts that do not directly jeopardize National survival.

    What are the consequences of Russia’s nuclear rhetoric for Global Security?

    • It has raised the risk of nuclear escalation and use, as Russia has purposefully increased the level of risk to discourage Western support for Ukraine and instill fear. Russia’s actions may encourage other nuclear-armed states, like Iran and North Korea, to adopt similar tactics.
      • This undermines the long-standing separation between Conventional and Nuclear warfare.
    • Undermined Strategic Stability and the Global Nuclear Order:  Russia’s actions have broken down nuclear guidelines and norms, advocating for nuclear use against Ukraine and NATO. This has contributed to the return of nuclear arms competition on the global stage.
    • It has caused alarm and fear among Russia’s neighbors, who worry that if Russia is not stopped in Ukraine, it may turn aggression against other territories. Small countries like Moldova, Georgia, and even Russia’s allies like Kazakhstan fear becoming Putin’s next target.
    • It has required the international community to respond with strong deterrence and accountability measures. The West has emphasized that Russian nuclear use would have devastating consequences.
      • Holding Russia accountable through multilateral initiatives is crucial to upholding norms and deterring further irresponsible behaviour.

    Way forward:

    • Strengthen International Diplomatic Engagement: Initiate high-level dialogues involving all nuclear-armed states to reinforce commitments to non-proliferation treaties and discourage the lowering of nuclear use thresholds.
    • Revise and Reinforce Security Assurances: Provide renewed and clear security assurances to non-nuclear states to discourage them from pursuing nuclear weapons. Revisit agreements like the Budapest Memorandum to ensure their effectiveness and credibility.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q (UPSC IAS/2022) 

    (a): Russia and Ukraine war has been going on for the last seven months. Different countries have taken independent stands and actions keeping in view their own national interests. We are all aware that war has its own impact on the different aspects of society, including human tragedy. What are those ethical issues that are crucial to be considered while launching the war and its continuation so far? lllustrate with justification the ethical issues involved in the given state of affair.

    (b): Write short notes on the following in 30 words each:

    (i) Constitutional morality

    (ii) Conflict of interest

    (iii) Probity in public life

    (iv) Challanges of digitalization

    (v) Devotion to duty

  • After Ebrahim Raisi’s death, why India will be watching Iran’s succession plan unfold

    Why in the News?

    The sudden demise of Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi in a helicopter crash has sent shockwaves through the Islamic Republic, grappling with the implications for the country’s future leadership.

    • India is closely monitoring the unfolding of Iran’s succession plan, given the significant geopolitical and economic stakes involved.
    • India and Iran have recently signed a 10-year agreement to develop and operate a terminal at the strategic Chabahar Port, enhancing trade connections with Afghanistan and Central Asian countries.  

    BACK2BASICS: India-Iran Bilateral Relations:

      • Pre-Cold War Era:  India and Iran span centuries of relationship which is marked by meaningful interactions. Both countries shared a border till 1947 with several common features in their language, culture, and traditions. They established their diplomatic ties in March 1950.
    • Cold War Era (1950-1990): India followed its Non-alignment policy, but paralleling strong links with the Soviet Union (USSR), while Iran was an open member of the Western Bloc and enjoyed close ties with the United States.
        • Therefore, the relations between India and Iran suffered due to their differing political interests.
    • Post Cold-War Era:
        • Iran’s continuously supported Pakistan in the India–Pakistan border conflicts. This was also a major reason that India had expressed strong opposition to Iran’s Nuclear program.
        • India’s close relations with Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War greatly strained bilateral ties.
        • Oil Trade: In 2019, due to the sanctions imposed by the US on Iran, India stopped importing crude oil from the country. Before 2019, India was the second biggest buyer of oil from Iran.
        • During recent times in 2021, both countries continued to collaborate in supporting the broad-based anti-Taliban government until the Taliban recaptured Afghanistan.
    • Other Trades:
        • India-Iran bilateral trade during the FY 2020-21 was USD 2.1 billion, a decrease of 56 % as compared to USD 4.8 billion during FY 2019-20.
        • Our Exports to Iran: rice, tea, sugar, fresh fruits, drugs/pharmaceuticals, man-made staple fibers, electrical machinery, artificial jewelry etc.
        • Our Imports from Iran: dry fruits, inorganic/organic chemicals, glass and glassware, natural or cultured pearls, precious or semiprecious stones, leather, gypsum, etc.

    About Raisi’s Rise and Hardline Agenda:

    • Ebrahim Raisi, had politically risen through the ranks of Iran’s theocracy and was widely seen as a leading candidate to succeed.
    • His presidency was part of a broader consolidation of power by hardliners dedicated to shoring up the pillars of the Islamic Republic against dissent and external threats.
    • Raisi’s death poses significant challenges for the conservative hardliners who had backed him as a unifying figure loyal to the Supreme Leader.
    • Raisi’s demise opens the door for the ambitions of the powerful Iranian Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC), which has exploited its constitutionally mandated roles to expand its political and economic influence.
    • Raisi’s death introduces great uncertainty into the succession process, with various factions and figures vying for influence.

    What are the potential implications of Iran’s succession plan for India?

    • Trade ties: The death of President Raisi could impact India-Iran trade relations, which reached $2.33 billion in 2023-24 under Raisi’s policies.
    • Regional stability: India has enjoyed good ties with Iran and has been involved in key projects like the development of the Chabahar port, which serves as India’s gateway to Central Asia.
      • The succession plan in Iran could affect regional stability and India’s relation to energy security and connectivity.
    • Foreign policy alignment: Changes in Iran’s stance towards regional conflicts and international agreements could influence India’s foreign policy decisions in the Middle East.
    • Security concerns: Instability or changes in Iran’s approach to regional conflicts or its relations with other countries could impact India’s security calculations.

    Way Forward

    India needs to prioritize economic projects like the Chabahar Port, which are crucial for regional trade and India’s strategic interests, ensuring long-term agreements and investments. Further, maintaining a delicate balance between US relations and Iran ties by leveraging diplomatic channels to navigate sanctions can help.

     

    Mains PYQ:

    Q In what ways would the ongoing US-Iran Nuclear Pact Controversy affect the national interest of India? How should India respond to its situation? (UPSC IAS/2018)

    Q The question of India’s Energy Security constitutes the most important part of India’s economic progress. Analyze India’s energy policy cooperation with West Asian Countries. (UPSC IAS/2017)