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Subject: International Relations

  • [3rd June 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Strengthening the U.S.-India subsea cable agenda 

    PYQ Relevance:

    [UPSC 2024] The West is fostering India as an alternative to reduce dependence on China’s supply chain and as a strategic ally to counter China’s political and economic dominance.’ Explain this statement with examples.

    Linkage: The strategic imperative of countering China’s influence and building alternative supply chains and alliances, which is a primary reason why strengthening the U.S.-India subsea cable agenda is crucial.

     

    Mentor’s Comment:  The strategic and commercial engagement between India and the United States is being deepened, with subsea cables emerging as a frontline asset in this collaboration. Subsea cables, which carry over 95% of international data and form the backbone of global internet infrastructure, are being recognized for their critical geostrategic value. Efforts are being made by India to diversify its digital infrastructure under the proposed TRUST framework (Technology for Resilient, Open and Unified Security and Trust).

     Today’s editorial will discuss the problems related to subsea cable systems and the actions taken by the Indian Government. This information will be useful for GS Paper II (International Relations) and GS Paper III (Science & Technology).

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The urgency to secure and expand subsea cable systems is rising, particularly in light of disruptions like the Red Sea cable sabotage by Houthi rebels in 2024.

    Why are Subsea Cables crucial in India-U.S. strategic cooperation?

    • Foundation of Global Digital Connectivity: Subsea cables carry over 95% of international data traffic, forming the physical backbone of the internet and digital economy. Securing these is vital for protecting critical infrastructure and ensuring uninterrupted communication between nations. Eg: The U.S. and India are focusing on trusted subsea cable systems under the TRUST framework to reduce reliance on Chinese-controlled infrastructure.
    • Strategic Response to China’s Digital Expansion: China’s Digital Silk Road is rapidly laying subsea cables across the Indo-Pacific, posing geopolitical and cybersecurity concerns. India-U.S. cooperation on secure cable networks counters this influence and promotes trusted alternatives. Eg: The upcoming India-U.S. trade agreement includes provisions for enhancing digital infrastructure as a counter to China’s presence in the Indo-Pacific.
    • Enabling Regional Digital Resilience and Trade: Joint efforts in building resilient cable systems support broader technology cooperation and secure trade flows, particularly as India emerges as a digital hub in Asia. Eg: Meta’s investment in a 50,000-km undersea cable project connecting five continents is backed by U.S.-India cooperation, reinforcing digital ties and strategic alignment.

    What is the role of the TRUST framework in securing digital supply chains?

    • Promotes Resilient and Secure Digital Infrastructure: The TRUST (Technology for Resilient, Open and Unified Security and Trust) framework aims to build trusted digital ecosystems by reducing dependence on untrusted vendors and creating secure, interoperable technology supply chains. Eg: TRUST supports investments in secure subsea cables that avoid reliance on Chinese-controlled infrastructure.
    • Strengthens India’s Role as a Regional Security Provider: The framework acknowledges India’s potential as a net security provider in the Indo-Pacific, aligning with U.S. efforts to de-risk strategic technologies and build redundancy in digital connectivity. Eg: TRUST initiatives encourage India to lead regional subsea cable projects using trusted suppliers.
    • Facilitates U.S. Investment and Technical Cooperation: TRUST enables concessional finance, cybersecurity assistance, and encourages American companies to anchor digital infrastructure projects in India and the region. Eg: Under TRUST, Meta’s multi-year undersea cable investment project aligns with U.S.-India strategic digital cooperation.

    How can India become a regional hub for subsea connectivity?

    • Leverage Strategic Geographic Location: India is centrally positioned between Europe, Africa, and Southeast Asia, near key maritime choke points like the Strait of Hormuz, Strait of Malacca, and Bab-el-Mandeb, making it ideal for global cable routes. Eg: India can serve as a transit junction for Africa-Asia and Europe-Asia subsea cables.
    • Expand and Diversify Cable Landing Infrastructure: India must increase the number of landing stations beyond existing clusters to reduce regional risk and build redundancy in the network. Eg: Most of India’s 17 cables land in Mumbai; expanding to ports along the east and west coasts can distribute traffic load.
    • Streamline Regulatory and Clearance Processes: Simplifying India’s licensing regime and enabling faster cable repair operations will attract more international projects and reduce downtime risks. Eg: Reducing the current requirement of over 50 clearances can boost investor confidence and facilitate timely repairs.

    What challenges hinder India’s subsea cable infrastructure?

    • Complex and Burdensome Licensing Regime: Deploying subsea cables in India requires navigating a maze of over 50 clearances across multiple ministries, discouraging investment and delaying projects.
      Eg: Lengthy approvals from customs, naval authorities, and telecom departments hinder timely cable deployments.
    • Overconcentration of Landing Stations: Most cables land in a narrow stretch in Mumbai, making the network vulnerable to disruption from natural disasters or sabotage. Eg: 15 of 17 subsea cables land in Mumbai, despite India’s 11,098 km coastline, limiting redundancy and resilience.
    • Lack of Domestic Repair Capabilities: India depends on foreign-flagged ships for cable repairs, which take 3–5 months to respond due to long travel times and clearance delays. Eg: Repair vessels from Singapore or Dubai face delays due to India’s slow customs and naval permissions process.

    What are the steps taken by the Indian Government? 

    • Policy push for TRUST framework: India is partnering with the U.S. to implement the Technology for Resilient, Open and Unified Security and Trust (TRUST) framework, focusing on trusted digital infrastructure and secure supply chains. Eg: TRUST includes collaboration on regional subsea cable investments and cybersecurity standards.
    • Expansion of Subsea Cable Projects: The government has supported large-scale undersea cable initiatives to expand India’s role in global connectivity. Eg: The India-U.S. backed Meta project, spanning 50,000 km, aims to connect five continents, enhancing India’s digital footprint.

    Way forward: 

    • Accelerate Regulatory Reforms: Simplify and streamline the complex licensing and clearance processes to attract greater investments and enable faster deployment and repair of subsea cables.
    • Build Domestic Repair and Infrastructure Ecosystem: Develop Indian-flagged cable repair vessels and expand cable landing stations along the coast to enhance network resilience, reduce downtime, and establish India as a reliable regional connectivity hub.

  • Places in News: Zangezur Corridor

    Why in the News?

    The aftermath of Operation Sindoor highlights India’s strategic concerns over the proposed Zangezur Corridor in Armenia backed by Azerbaijan and Turkiye.

    Zangezur Corridor

    About the Zangezur Corridor:

    • What it is: The Zangezur Corridor is a proposed land route through Armenia’s Syunik Province that would connect Azerbaijan to its Nakhchivan region, cutting across Armenian land.
    • Who supports it: Azerbaijan and Turkiye back the project. They want a direct link without Armenian border checks or customs interference.
    • Route Details: The corridor would be about 43–44 km long and pass near the Iran-Armenia border, giving it high geopolitical value.
    • Why it’s controversial:
      • Azerbaijan sees it as a post-war right after its win in the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.
      • Armenia insists it must have full control and sovereignty over any transport through its territory.
    • Turkiye’s Interest: It wants to use this corridor as part of its Middle Corridor project to connect with Central Asia and Europe via land routes.
    • Opposition: Iran and Armenia oppose the corridor, fearing it could:
      • Isolate Armenia,
      • Weaken Iranian access, and
      • Threaten Armenia’s territorial integrity.

    How it concerns India?

    • Strategic Ties: India is a key defence partner for Armenia and supports regional stability in the South Caucasus.
    • Trade Ambitions: India is:
      • Developing Chabahar Port in Iran,
      • Working on a transport route via Iran–Armenia–Georgia to Europe, bypassing Pakistan and the Suez Canal.
    • Concerns: If the Zangezur Corridor bypasses Armenian control, it could:
      • Disrupt India’s land trade route to Europe,
      • Reduce Iran’s regional access,
      • Weaken India’s strategic reach.
    • Larger Geo-Politics: Turkiye and Azerbaijan’s growing influence in the region is worrying for India, especially since Turkiye opposes India’s IMEC (India-Middle East-Europe Corridor).
    • India’s Stand: India supports Armenia’s sovereignty and opposes unilateral moves, aiming to:
      • Protect its trade routes,
      • Preserve strategic balance, and
      • Counter regional encirclement.
    [UPSC 2023] Consider the following pairs:

    Regions often mentioned in news : Reason for being in news

    1. North Kivu and Ituri : War between Armenia an Azerbaijan

    2. Nagorno-Karabakh : Insurgency in Mozambique

    3. Kherson and Zaporizhzhia : Dispute between Israel and Lebanon How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?

    Options: (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None *

     

  • International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

    Why in the news?

    As of May 17, Iran holds 408.6 kg of enriched uranium (near to the weapons-grade level) up to 60%, up sharply from 274.8 kg in February 2024, according to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

    About the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA):

    • What it is: The IAEA is an international organization that promotes the peaceful use of nuclear energy and ensures it is not used for making nuclear weapons.
    • Establishment: It was created in 1957 following U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower’s “Atoms for Peace” speech. It is autonomous but reports to the UN General Assembly and Security Council.
    • Where it is based: Its headquarters is in Vienna, Austria, at the UN Office.
    • Members: The IAEA has 178 member countries, including India, which was a founding member.
    • Key Roles:
      • Promote peaceful nuclear technology use.
      • Prevent nuclear weapon development through safeguards.
      • Set safety and security standards for nuclear plants and materials.
    • Global Responsibilities:
      • It monitors the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) to make sure countries don’t misuse nuclear materials.
      • It performs inspections, gives training, and supports countries in nuclear emergencies.
    • Recognition: In 2005, the IAEA won the Nobel Peace Prize for stopping the spread of nuclear weapons.

    IAEA and India:

    • India is a founding member: It supports the IAEA’s mission for peaceful nuclear development.
    • Nuclear Reactors Monitoring: Out of 22 nuclear reactors, 14 are monitored by the IAEA. These reactors use imported uranium from Russia, Kazakhstan, and Canada.
    • Obligations imposed: In 2014, under the Indo-U.S. Civil Nuclear Agreement, India accepted IAEA safeguards to show transparency.
    [UPSC 2020] In India, why are some nuclear reactors kept “IAEA Safeguards” while others are not?

    Options: (a) Some use uranium and others use thorium (b) Some use imported uranium, and others use domestic supplies* (c) Some are operated by foreign enterprises and others are operated by domestic (d) Some are State-owned and others are privately-owned

     

  • [31st May 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Pakistan’s India war 

    PYQ Relevance:

    [UPSC 2016] Increasing cross-border terrorist attacks in India and growing interference in the internal affairs of several member-states by Pakistan are not conducive for the future of SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation). Explain with suitable examples.

    Linkage: Pakistan is “continually finding ways and means every few years to provoke a conflict” and seeks to “bleed India by a thousand cuts”. These actions are often manifested as cross-border attacks and interference, making this question highly relevant to the conflict dynamic described in the article. This question directly addresses “cross-border terrorist attacks in India” and “interference in the internal affairs… by Pakistan”.

     

    Mentor’s Comment:  India’s recent clash with Pakistan highlights a troubling and ongoing pattern — Pakistan’s military-led and radicalised government keeps trying to destabilise India. Even though India has a clear advantage in technology and strategy, the risk of future conflict remains high. This is due to Pakistan’s lowering nuclear threshold, rising religious nationalism, and growing ties with powerful allies. The clash also showed how modern warfare now relies heavily on technology like drones, radar, and advanced missiles. It exposed India’s weak spots, especially in space-based defence — a major concern if India faces a two-front war with both China and Pakistan.

    Today’s editorial will talk about the ongoing pattern — Pakistan’s military-led and radicalised government keeps trying to destabilise India. This content would help in GS Paper II ( IR) and GS Paper III (Defence).

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The recent conflict shows that Pakistan’s military-led leadership keeps trying to find ways to disrupt or hold back India’s progress.

    What drives Pakistan to provoke India repeatedly?

    • Military Mindset Seeking to Undermine India’s Progress: Pakistan’s military-dominated leadership aims to weaken India continuously despite past defeats, pursuing a strategy to “bleed India by a thousand cuts.” Eg: Recurrent cross-border skirmishes and proxy insurgencies in Kashmir.
    • Ideological and Religious Nationalism: Pakistan’s identity is deeply rooted in religious nationalism, seeing India’s secular democracy as its ideological enemy. Kashmir is viewed as a “jugular vein” essential to Pakistan’s national ambition. Eg: Statements by Pakistan’s army chief emphasizing Pakistan as a religious state based on the ‘Kalima’.
    • Political Instability and Military Control: The military controls Pakistan’s politics, using conflict with India to legitimize its authority and distract from internal issues. Eg: Military interference in elections and sidelining of civilian leaders like Imran Khan.

    Why is Pakistan’s military leadership crucial to regional peace?

    • Military Dominance Over Political Power: Pakistan’s military controls key decisions, often overriding civilian government, making it the primary actor in India-Pakistan relations. Eg: The military’s role in disqualifying Imran Khan from elections and influencing the civilian leadership.
    • Driver of Conflict and Peace Prospects: The military’s stance determines whether Pakistan pursues conflict or peace with India, as it often promotes hostility to maintain its influence. Eg: Recent provocations and cross-border attacks orchestrated under military leadership despite diplomatic efforts.
    • Influence on Regional Stability: As a nuclear-armed force, the military’s policies significantly impact regional security and peace, especially given Pakistan’s alliance with China and involvement in proxy wars. Eg: Pakistan’s military endorsement of religious nationalism and hardline Kashmir policies increases tensions in South Asia.

    How did the conflict show the role of drones and tech in warfare?

    • Rise of Drone Warfare: The conflict highlighted the increased use of drones for reconnaissance and strikes, making warfare more precise and cost-effective. Eg: Pakistan deployed Turkish Songer drones, while India used Kamikaze drones for targeted responses.
    • Airborne Systems & Escalation Dominance: Advanced airborne early warning systems and electronic warfare tools played a key role in gaining escalation dominance quickly. Eg: India’s use of Rafale jets supported by multi-layered air defence systems like Aakash, S-400, and Barak ensured superior aerial control.
    • Integration of Tech in Modern Combat: The conflict revealed the importance of system integration, electronic countermeasures, and kill chain efficiency in tech-driven warfare. Eg: Speculation on whether a Chinese J-10C could use Pakistani radar guidance underscored interest in interoperability and tech collaboration in proxy conflicts.

    Who controls Pakistan’s key decisions today?

    • Pakistan’s military, specifically the Chief of Army Staff (now Field Marshal) Asim Munir, controls the country. The civilian government, led by Shehbaz Sharif, is a puppet government subordinate to the military.
    • The military interferes with elections, denies political rights (e.g., to Imran Khan), and shapes Pakistan’s strategic outlook.

    Where are the gaps in India’s defence readiness?

    • Lack of Space-Based Surveillance: India lacks a dedicated satellite system for real-time surveillance, early warning, and secure communication, which is critical for modern warfare. Eg:  India must improve its satellite-based reconnaissance to prepare for a two-front warscenario involving Pakistan and China.
    • Limited Preparedness for Two-Front War: While India’s strength is sufficient against Pakistan alone, a simultaneous conflict with China would strain resources and expose strategic vulnerabilities. Eg: The need to balance the combined capabilities of both adversaries highlights the absence of a cohesive dual-front strategy.

    Way forward: 

    • Boost Indigenous Space and Surveillance Capabilities: India must rapidly invest in and deploy a dedicated constellation of military satellites for real-time reconnaissance, early warning, and secure communication to ensure situational awareness across borders. Eg: Collaboration between ISRO, DRDO, and private players can fast-track satellite-based surveillance systemsto monitor threats from both Pakistan and China.
    • Formulate a Coherent Two-Front War Doctrine: India should develop a comprehensive dual-front military strategy, including integrated theatre commands, logistics readiness, and joint force training, to ensure faster, coordinated responses. Eg: Establishing Integrated Battle Groups (IBGs) and enhancing border infrastructure can increase India’s mobility and readiness for high-intensity, multi-front warfare.

  • C Raja Mohan writes: In India, needed, a crypto strategy

    Why in the News?

    The MoU signed between Pakistan’s newly created Crypto Council and World Liberty Financial Inc. (WLFI)—a company linked to the Trump family—signals a dramatic pivot by Pakistan toward digital assets, despite its economic fragility.

    What are the key objectives of the Pakistan-WLFI crypto collaboration?

    • Promote Financial Inclusion: Use blockchain technology to increase access to financial services across Pakistan. Eg: The Pakistan Crypto Council aims to leverage blockchain for wider economic participation despite the country’s economic challenges.
    • Monetise National Assets: Utilize crypto to unlock value from untapped resources like rare earth minerals. Eg: Plans include using blockchain to help Pakistan capitalise on rare earth deposits for economic growth.
    • Establish Pakistan as a Crypto Hub: Position Pakistan as a regional leader in cryptocurrency trade and stablecoin usage for remittances. Eg: The MoU with WLFI includes introducing stablecoins to facilitate trade and remittances, boosting Pakistan’s role in the regional crypto market.

    Why is the Trump administration supporting cryptocurrencies in its second term?

    • Reposition US as a Global Leader in Digital Assets: Trump aims to make the US a frontrunner in blockchain innovation and cryptocurrency adoption. Eg: Issued executive orders promoting a national blockchain strategy and reducing regulatory hurdles.
    • Maintain US Dollar Dominance: By supporting dollar-backed stablecoins and banning central bank digital currencies (CBDCs), Trump seeks to preserve the US dollar’s global supremacy. Eg: The creation of the Strategic Bitcoin Reserve to hold government-seized crypto assets as national reserves, similar to gold.
    • Encourage Crypto Industry Growth and Innovation: Trump reversed previous skepticism to foster a pro-crypto environment, appointing industry-friendly figures to key roles. Eg: Inclusion of pro-crypto leaders like Elon Musk and David Sacks and pausing enforcement actions against major exchanges like Coinbase.

    How might Pakistan’s crypto ambitions affect India’s economic and security interests?

    • Risk of Cross-Border Money Laundering and Terror Funding: Pakistan’s use of decentralized cryptocurrencies may facilitate untraceable financial flows that could fund terrorism and illicit activities affecting India’s security. Eg: Concerns over digital currencies being misused to fund terror networks across borders.
    • Strategic Economic Competition in the Crypto Space: Pakistan’s push to become a regional crypto hub could challenge India’s position in the growing digital asset market and impact economic influence in South Asia. Eg: Pakistan’s plans to monetise national assets and promote crypto adoption with support from WLFI.
    • Leverage of Diaspora and Technology for Geopolitical Influence: Pakistan is engaging its diaspora and tech entrepreneurs to strengthen ties with the US and advance its crypto ambitions, potentially shifting regional power dynamics. Eg: Appointment of a British Pakistani entrepreneur to lead crypto regulation and influence policy, signaling increased geo-economic influence via digital currencies.

    When did the Indian Supreme Court raise concerns about the lack of a crypto regulatory framework?

    During the hearing of Shailesh Bhatt’s bail petition in early 2025: The Supreme Court highlighted the absence of a clear regulatory framework governing cryptocurrencies in India. The Court remarked on the paradox of taxing crypto assets without proper regulation.

    Way forward: 

    • Develop a Comprehensive Crypto Regulatory Framework: India should establish clear, balanced regulations to promote innovation, protect investors, and curb illicit activities in the crypto space.
    • Enhance Cross-Border Collaboration and Monitoring: Strengthen international cooperation to monitor and prevent misuse of cryptocurrencies for money laundering and terrorism financing, while fostering responsible crypto adoption.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2021] What is Cryptocurrency? How does it affect global society? Has it been affecting Indian society also?

    Linkage: The growing importance of cryptocurrency, its disruptive potential in global finance, and its implications for India, specifically mentioning India’s significant number of crypto users. This PYQ demonstrates the UPSC’s interest in the fundamental understanding and societal effects of this technology.

  • [28th May 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: The silver jubilee of a Strategic Partnership

    PYQ Relevance:

     [UPSC 2019] The time has come for India and Japan to build a strong contemporary relationship, one involving global and strategic partnership that will have a great significance for Asia and the world as a whole.’ Comment.

    Linkage: The term “strategic partnership” in the context of India’s relationship with another major country (Japan). It is directly analogous to the India-Germany strategic partnership and prompts discussion on its global and regional significance, mirroring the description in article.

     

    Mentor’s Comment:  India and Germany have built a strong bilateral relationship based on shared democratic values, economic complementarity, and a common vision for global peace and sustainable development. Germany launched its dedicated ‘Focus on India’ strategy and committed €10 billion under the Indo-German Green and Sustainable Development Partnership (GSDP). Over 2,000 German companies now operate in India, generating 750,000 jobs. With 50,000 Indian students studying in Germany and expanding business integration, both countries have transformed their partnership from a transactional engagement into a strategic, transformational alliance.

    Today’s editorial will discuss the relationship between India and Germany. This content would help in GS Paper II ( International Relations).

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    his month marks 25 years of the Indo-German Strategic Partnership, celebrating a key milestone in their growing ties, shared goals, and long-standing cooperation across defence, economy, and sustainability.

    What are the Key Pillars of the India-Germany partnership?

    • Peace: Both countries share a vision of a peaceful, stable, and rules-based world. Eg: Regular Intergovernmental Government Consultations that strengthen political ties and cooperation.
    • Prosperity: Focuses on economic growth, job creation, and improving quality of life. Eg: Around 2,000 German companies operate in India, creating more than 750,000 jobs.
    • People-to-People Ties: Cultural and educational exchanges deepen bilateral relations. Eg: Over 50,000 Indian students study in Germany, the largest foreign student group there.
    • Future of the Planet (Green Development): Cooperation on climate change, renewable energy, and sustainability projects. Eg: Germany’s €10 billion Indo-German Green and Sustainable Development Partnership supporting solar and wind projects in Gujarat.
    • Technology and Innovation Collaboration: Joint scientific research and integration in high-tech industries. Eg: Indian researchers in top German institutions and operation of Delhi-Meerut Rapid Rail by Deutsche Bahn.

    How has defence cooperation progressed recently?

    • First Joint Exercise: In August 2024, Germany’s Air Force participated in Exercise Tarang Shakti at Sulur, marking the first-ever India-Germany joint military exercise on Indian soil. Eg: The exercise included advanced jets like Germany’s Eurofighter Typhoon, France’s Rafale, and India’s LCA Tejas.
    • High-Level Interoperability: Senior military leaders from India, Germany, France, and Spain took part, showcasing enhanced coordination and joint operations. Eg: A joint sortie involved Air Chief Marshal V. R. Chaudhari (India), Lieutenant General Ingo Gerhartz (Germany), General Stéphane Mille (France), and Air General Francisco Braco Carbo (Spain).
    • Strategic Defence Ties: The exercise paves the way for deeper defence collaboration and future joint initiativesbetween India and Germany. Eg: Germany’s participation aligns with its strategic interest in the Indo-Pacific region amid shifting global power dynamics.

    Why is the Green and Sustainable Development Partnership important?

    • Climate Action and Energy Transition: The partnership is vital for accelerating India’s shift towards clean energy and meeting its climate commitments. Eg: Germany pledged €10 billion to support India’s goal of achieving 500 GW of non-fossil fuel capacity by 2030, through initiatives in solar, wind, and green hydrogen sectors.
    • Sustainable Urban Development and Mobility: It promotes eco-friendly infrastructure and efficient public transport systems in growing urban centres. Eg: German-backed metro projects and Smart Cities initiatives in Nagpur and Pune have helped advance green mobility and urban resilience.
    • Biodiversity Conservation and Climate Resilience: The partnership helps protect ecological zones while enhancing local livelihoods and climate adaptability. Eg: Joint projects in the Western Ghats and Himalayas focus on afforestation, biodiversity conservation, and water resource management.

    Where are major Indo-German projects being implemented in India?

    • Gujarat – Renewable Energy Projects: Gujarat hosts large-scale solar and wind energy initiatives under the Green and Sustainable Development Partnership (GSDP). Eg: German companies are contributing to the production of wind turbine blades and setting up solar parks in the state.
    • Delhi-Meerut – Rapid Rail Project: India’s first Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS) between Delhi and Meerut is operated in partnership with Deutsche Bahn, Germany’s national railway operator. Eg: The project showcases Indo-German cooperation in high-speed rail and urban mobility.
    • Maharashtra – Smart Cities and Urban Infrastructure: German collaboration supports urban planning, sustainable transport, and waste management under the Smart Cities Mission. Eg: Pune and Nagpur are key cities benefiting from German-backed smart infrastructure initiatives.
    • Himachal Pradesh & Uttarakhand – Biodiversity and Climate Projects: Joint efforts are underway to protect forests, watersheds, and biodiversity in India’s ecologically sensitive hill states. Eg: Indo-German projects focus on climate-resilient agriculture, forestation, and ecosystem preservation.
    • Tamil Nadu – Defence Collaboration and Skill Development: The Tarang Shakti 2024 exercise at Sulur Air Force Station marked a high point in joint military training. Eg: It highlights growing defence cooperation and also supports local capacity-building in the aerospace sector.

    Way forward: 

    • Deepen Strategic and Technological Collaboration: Expand cooperation in defence manufacturing, AI, green hydrogen, and critical technologies to strengthen strategic autonomy and shared innovation goals.
    • Enhance Sustainable Development and People-Centric Ties: Accelerate green partnerships, vocational training, and student exchanges to promote inclusive growth, climate resilience, and stronger people-to-people engagement.

  • As US pulls back, China is primed to expand its Soft Power

    Why in the News?

    Under President Trump, the U.S. withdrew from key global commitments like WHO and the Paris Agreement. Meanwhile, China is expanding influence by offering financial aid and increasing global investments.

    Why has the U.S. withdrawn from key international bodies like the WHO and the Paris Agreement?

    • Perceived Bias and Mismanagement: The U.S. accused the World Health Organization (WHO) of being biased towards China and mismanaging the COVID-19 pandemic response. Eg: President Trump alleged that the WHO failed to hold China accountable during the early stages of the outbreak.
    • Disproportionate Financial Burden: The U.S. claimed it was contributing significantly more than other countries, creating an unfair financial burden. Eg: The U.S. contributed around 20% of the WHO’s assessed funding, while China contributed much less until recently.
    • Rejection of Global Climate Commitments: The Trump administration viewed international climate agreements like the Paris Agreement as detrimental to American economic interests. Eg: The U.S. withdrew from the Paris Agreement and announced it would cease all financial commitments under the UNFCCC.

    What steps has China taken to increase its global influence in response to the U.S.’s retreat?

    • Increased Financial Contributions to Global Institutions: China has significantly raised its funding to international bodies like the WHO to fill the vacuum left by the U.S. Eg: After the U.S. announced its withdrawal from the WHO, China pledged an additional $500 million over five years and increased its assessed contribution from 6.5% (2015–16) to 15% (2024–25).
    • Expansion of Bilateral Lending and Debt Diplomacy: China has extended massive loans to developing countries, becoming a dominant bilateral creditor globally. Eg: China’s share in global bilateral sovereign debt rose from around 1% in 2003 to 26% in 2023, making it the largest lender worldwide.
    • Strategic Soft Power and Infrastructure Investments: China has expanded its Belt and Road Initiative and other overseas investments to enhance influence and dependency. Eg: China’s investments across Asia, Africa, and Latin America have increased, with more than 60% of respondents in a 2024 Pew survey acknowledging China’s economic influence in their countries.

    How has China’s financial contribution to the WHO changed after the pandemic?

    • Increased Assessed Contributions: China’s assessed contribution to the WHO rose from 6.5% in 2015–16 to 15% in 2024–25. This increase reflects China’s growing economic stature and its commitment to global health initiatives.
    • Significant Financial Pledges: In response to the U.S. withdrawal from the WHO, China pledged an additional $500 million over five years to support the organization’s activities. This move positions China as a leading state donor and underscores its intent to enhance its influence in global health governance.

    Where does China stand in terms of global bilateral debt holdings compared to the U.S.?

    • China as the Leading Bilateral Creditor: As of 2023, China holds approximately 26% of the external bilateral debt of developing countries, making it the largest bilateral creditor globally. Eg: China is the primary bilateral creditor for 53 countries and ranks among the top five creditors in three-quarters of all developing nations.
    • Decline in U.S. Bilateral Lending: The U.S.’s share in global bilateral debts has significantly decreased over the decades. Eg: In 1973, the U.S. held 36% of global bilateral debt, but by 2023, this share had dropped to just 4%.
    • China’s Influence on Debt Repayments: China’s substantial lending has led to a significant portion of debt repayments from developing countries being directed to it. Eg: In 2025, developing countries are projected to allocate over 30% of their bilateral debt service payments to China, surpassing payments to multilateral lenders and private creditors.

    What is the status of India in soft power? 

    • Strong Cultural Influence Globally: India’s rich culture, including yoga, Bollywood, and its large diaspora, enhances its global soft power. Eg: The International Day of Yoga is celebrated worldwide, promoting Indian culture and wellness.
    • Growing Economic and Diplomatic Presence: India is increasing its influence through diplomacy, international aid, and participation in global forums. Eg: India’s development projects and humanitarian aid in Africa and neighboring countries strengthen its soft power.
    • Challenges Affecting Soft Power Projection: Internal challenges like social issues and governance impact India’s image abroad. Eg: India’s ranking slipped to 29th in the 2024 Global Soft Power Index, indicating room for improvement.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Multilateral Engagements and Global Leadership: India should actively enhance its financial and diplomatic contributions to key international bodies like WHO and climate forums to build credibility and influence, positioning itself as a responsible global leader.
    • Leverage Cultural Diplomacy While Addressing Domestic Challenges: Amplify India’s soft power by promoting cultural exports and diaspora ties, while simultaneously improving governance and addressing social issues to boost its global image and rankings.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2024] The USA is facing an existential threat in the form of a China, that is much more challenging than the erstwhile Soviet Union.’ Explain

    Linkage: The depiction of China advancing its position while the U.S. is perceived as pulling back, creating a dynamic of increased competition and challenge between the two powers. This question presents the U.S. perspective on China as a major challenge.

  • Time for a new India-Africa digital compact

    Why in the News?

    Africa Day (May 25) marks the anniversary of the founding of the Organisation of African Unity in 1963.In this context, India’s pivot towards digital diplomacy in Africa marks a significant evolution in South-South development cooperation.

    What is the goal of Africa’s Digital Strategy?

    • Accelerate socio-economic development by placing digital innovation at the center of growth — e.g., promoting e-governance, digital education, and telemedicine through national digital platforms.
    • Enable inclusive and sustainable development by encouraging governments to adopt digital solutions aligned with continental initiatives — e.g., the Smart Africa Alliance supports digital transformation across sectors like health, education, and finance.

    How is India supporting Africa’s digital shift?

    • Sharing Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI): India is sharing scalable and affordable DPI models like Aadhaar (digital ID), UPI (digital payments), and DIKSHA (digital education). Eg: In 2024, the Bank of Namibia partnered with NPCI to develop a UPI-like payment system.
    • Technical Collaboration and Capacity Building: India is collaborating with African countries for technical implementation and skills development. Eg: Togo partnered with IIIT-Bangalore to develop a national digital ID system using India’s open-source technology.
    • Academic and Institutional Support: India is investing in long-term educational infrastructure to build digital talent. Eg: IIT Madras opened its first overseas campus in Zanzibar, offering courses in AI and Data Science.
    • Tele-education and Telemedicine Platforms: Early initiatives like the Pan-African e-Network (2009) provided digital healthcare and education through satellite and fiber-optic systems. Eg: Enabled real-time learning and consultation from Indian institutions across several African nations.
    • Promoting Open-Source and Inclusive Models: India promotes DPI as digital public goods, making them open-source and adaptable, unlike proprietary systems. Eg: Ghana linked its payment system to India’s UPI to facilitate fast and inclusive financial transactions.

    Why is India’s digital diplomacy seen as distinct from that of countries like China or the U.S.?

    • Public Good and Open-Source Model: India promotes its digital platforms as Digital Public Goods (DPGs)—open-source, scalable, and designed for inclusive access, unlike the proprietary models of the U.S. or surveillance-heavy systems of China. Eg: India’s open-source Modular Open-Source Identification Platform adopted by Togo shows its focus on affordability and public benefit.
    • Co-development and Capacity Building: India emphasizes partnership over patronage, focusing on skill-building and co-creating solutions rather than just exporting tech or infrastructure. Eg: The IIT Madras campus in Zanzibar trains African students in AI and Data Science, linking digital growth with education and job creation.
    • Respect for Local Priorities: India’s approach is non-impositional, engaging with African countries based on their needs without attaching strategic conditions, unlike U.S. or China’s often interest-driven engagements. Eg: Countries like Ghana and Zambia adopted India’s DPI voluntarily because it suited their national digital goals—not due to debt obligations or geopolitical pressure.

    What challenges block Africa’s digital growth?

    • High Cost of Digital Access: Expensive data and devices make it difficult for many people, especially in low-income and rural areas, to access digital services. Eg: In several African countries, mobile data costs over 5% of average monthly income, limiting internet usage.
    • Digital Divide and Inequality: There is a significant rural-urban gap in internet connectivity and a gender gap in digital access and literacy. Eg: Women in sub-Saharan Africa are 37% less likely than men to use mobile internet, widening socio-economic disparities.
    • Weak Energy Infrastructure: Reliable electricity is essential for digital services, but many African regions lack consistent power supply, slowing digital infrastructure deployment. Eg: In countries like Nigeria, frequent power outages disrupt digital services and internet reliability.

    Way forward: 

    • Enhance Affordable Access: Invest in low-cost internet infrastructure and subsidize digital devices to bridge the digital divide, especially in rural and underserved communities.
    • Strengthen Energy and Digital Infrastructure: Expand renewable energy solutions and resilient digital networks to ensure reliable connectivity and power for sustained digital growth.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2015]  Increasing interest of India in Africa has its pros and cons. Critically examine.

    Linkage: The emergence of a digital partnership and the idea of an India-Africa digital compact are manifestations of this increasing interest. Examining the pros and cons of such engagement would involve considering various aspects, including digital collaboration.

  • [24th May 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: A medical oxygen access gap SE Asia must bridge

    PYQ Relevance:

    [UPSC 2024] In a crucial domain like the public healthcare system, the Indian State should play a vital role to contain the adverse impact of marketisation of the system. Suggest some measures through which the State can enhance the reach of public healthcare at the grassroots level.

    Linkage: The role of the state in the public healthcare system and asks for measures to enhance the reach of public healthcare, particularly at the grassroots level. The “medical oxygen access gap” is fundamentally a problem of the public healthcare system’s inability to reach everyone with this essential medicine.

    Mentor’s Comment: Recently, the oxygen shortage has been very serious in South Asia and East Asia-Pacific, where 78% and 74% of people do not have proper access to medical oxygen. Even though oxygen is essential for saving lives and became widely known during the COVID-19 pandemic, many low- and middle-income countries still face problems with its high cost, low supply, and poor access. Unlike medicines, there is no replacement for oxygen, which makes this a serious issue of fairness, basic rights, and survival. The WHO and The Lancet have suggested solutions, but progress has been slow. This is not just about fixing systems—it’s about saving lives, and action is urgently needed.

    Today’s editorial talks about the problem of oxygen shortage in Southeast Asia. This topic is useful for GS Paper II (International Relations and Health Sector).

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Recently,’ The Lancet Global Health Commission has pointed out a serious and ongoing medical oxygen crisis, with 5 billion people around the world unable to get safe, good-quality, and affordable medical oxygen.

    What challenges hinder global access to medical oxygen?

    • Lack of Equipment: Many hospitals in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) lack basic tools like pulse oximeters and oxygen supply systems. Eg: Only 54% of hospitals in LMICs have pulse oximeters; 58% have access to medical oxygen.
    • High Financial Burden: Expanding oxygen infrastructure requires large investments, which LMICs struggle to afford. Eg: An estimated $6.8 billion is needed globally, with $2.6 billion required in South Asia alone.
    • Shortage of Trained Technicians: Lack of biomedical engineers leads to poor maintenance of oxygen plants and frequent equipment failures. Eg: In rural areas, oxygen concentrators remain unused due to absence of trained personnel.
    • Power Supply Issues: Unreliable electricity hinders oxygen production, especially in remote or rural regions. Eg: Nigeria and Ethiopia adopted solar-powered oxygen systems to address power disruptions.
    • Weak Policy and Regulatory Frameworks: Absence of strong regulations affects the quality, storage, and distribution of medical oxygen. Eg: In Bangladesh, a 2021 health system assessment by PATH and USAID found that lack of national oxygen guidelines and standardised protocols led to irregular supply chains and compromised oxygen quality in many public hospitals, especially in rural areas.

    Why is oxygen demand high in South and East Asia?

    • High Population Density: These regions have some of the world’s most densely populated countries, leading to higher disease burden and medical oxygen demand. Eg: India and China together account for over one-third of the global population, increasing strain on healthcare infrastructure during health crises like COVID-19.
    • Prevalence of Respiratory Diseases: High rates of respiratory illnesses such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) elevate oxygen needs. Eg: According to WHO, India sees over 120,000 pneumonia-related child deaths annually, many requiring oxygen therapy.
    • Inadequate Healthcare Infrastructure in Rural Areas: Many remote and underserved areas lack sufficient oxygen production, storage, and delivery systems. Eg: During the second COVID-19 wave in Nepal, rural hospitals reported severe oxygen shortages due to lack of concentrators and cylinders.

    Where has WHO improved oxygen access through cooperation?

    • Bhutan: WHO partnered with Nepal’s National Health Training Center to train biomedical engineers and technicians. Eg: This led to the installation of state-of-the-art PSA oxygen plants in Bhutan, ensuring sustainable operations and maintenance.
    • Nepal: WHO supported capacity-building through regional training programs and technical support. Eg: Trained personnel strengthened Nepal’s oxygen infrastructure, especially during COVID-19.
    • South-East Asia Region (broad cooperation): WHO facilitated intra-regional collaboration to boost oxygen capacity and resource sharing. Eg: Regional cooperation helped countries like Bangladesh and Sri Lanka improve oxygen planning and emergency response.

    Who is responsible for strengthening oxygen ecosystems?

    • Governments: They must integrate oxygen access into universal health coverage and emergency preparedness plans, while ensuring quality standards and regulatory frameworks. Eg: The Indian government scaled up PSA oxygen plants under the PM CARES Fund during the COVID-19 crisis.
    • Private Sector: Industry must invest in local manufacturing, supply chain optimisation, and cost-effective technologies. Eg: Indian companies like Inox Air Products ramped up production and collaborated with the government to meet surging oxygen demand.
    • Global Health Agencies: Agencies like WHO and UNICEF must provide technical and financial support for infrastructure and workforce training. Eg: WHO supported several LMICs (e.g., Bhutan) in installing and operating oxygen plants through cross-border cooperation.

    What has been done by the Indian government in Southeast Asia? 

    • Oxygen Supply to Bangladesh: In July 2021, India dispatched 200 metric tonnes of Liquid Medical Oxygen (LMO) to Bangladesh via the ‘Oxygen Express’ train service. This marked the first international deployment of the Oxygen Express, showcasing India’s commitment to assisting neighboring countries in crisis.
    • Medical Aid to Vietnam: In August 2021, the Indian Navy’s INS Airavat delivered 100 metric tonnes of LMO and 300 oxygen concentrators to Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. 

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Local Infrastructure: Governments and partners must invest in decentralised oxygen production, solar-powered systems, and skilled workforce development to ensure reliable access, especially in rural and remote areas.
    • Establish Robust Policies & Partnerships: Create strong regulatory frameworks and foster public-private-global collaborations to improve oxygen quality, supply chain efficiency, and emergency preparedness across regions.

  • NE to be gateway for trade with Southeast Asia: Modi

    Why in the News?

    The Prime Minister said on Friday that the eight states of India’s Northeast are now leading in development and growth, and he encouraged investors to explore opportunities there.

    What did the Prime Minister describe the Northeast region as, and why?

    • Frontrunner of Growth: PM  described the Northeast as no longer a “frontier region”, but a “frontrunner of growth”. Eg: Hosting of the Rising Northeast Summit to attract investment and highlight regional potential.
    • Gateway to Southeast Asia: This aligns with the idea of Northeast as a growth leader because its strategic location makes it a natural gateway for trade with Southeast Asia. Eg: Projects connecting Northeast with Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam under the Act East Policy.
    • Powerhouse of Energy: It is a frontrunner because it is rich in natural resources, making it a “powerhouse of energy”. Eg: Assam’s tea industry and Arunachal Pradesh’s hydroelectric potential.
    • Cultural and Economic Diversity: The region leads in development because its cultural and economic diversity fosters innovation in tourism, crafts, and trade. Eg: Nagaland’s Hornbill Festival promotes both culture and economic activity.
    • Ashta Lakshmis (Eight Goddesses of Wealth): PM called the eight states “Ashta Lakshmis” because each contributes uniquely to India’s prosperity, reinforcing its status as a growth frontrunner. Eg: Government initiatives like NESIDS aim to unlock each state’s economic strengths.

    Why did the Directorate General of Foreign Trade order the closure of land ports with Bangladesh?. 

    • To Provide a Level Playing Field for the Northeast: Goods entering via Bangladesh were bypassing local supply chains, hurting Northeast producers and manufacturers. Eg: Cheaper Bangladeshi products undercutting Assam’s handicrafts and processed food sectors.
    • To Boost Internal Supply Chains and Manufacturing: Closure of land ports encourages the development of local industries and competitive manufacturing within the Northeast. Eg: Promoting local textile and bamboo industries in Tripura and Mizoram to supply regional demands.
    • Strategic Economic Repositioning: Part of a broader effort to reorient the Northeast as a commercial and trade hub within India and toward Southeast Asia. Eg: Integrating Northeast into projects like India-Myanmar-Thailand trilateral highway for long-term trade advantage.

    Which sectors are identified as key economic strengths of the Northeast region?

    • Bio-economy and Natural Resources: The region is rich in bamboo, tea, and petroleum resources. Eg: Assam is a major hub for tea production; Arunachal Pradesh is emerging in bamboo-based industries.
    • Tourism and Eco-tourism: Scenic landscapes, cultural diversity, and biodiversity promote sustainable tourism. Eg: Meghalaya’s living root bridges and Sikkim’s eco-tourism model attract both domestic and international tourists.
    • Sports and Youth Potential: High sports participation and talent make it a center for sports development and allied industries. Eg: Manipur and Mizoram produce national-level athletes in football, boxing, and weightlifting.

    How is India planning to connect the Northeast with Southeast Asia?

    • Infrastructure Development Projects: India is building roads and highways to enhance cross-border connectivity. Eg: The India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway aims to link the Northeast to Southeast Asia by road.
    • Multilateral and Bilateral Linkages: Strategic projects are underway to connect Northeast India with ASEAN countries. Eg: Projects to directly connect Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos to India are in progress.
    • Transforming the Region into a Trade Gateway: The Northeast is being positioned as the “gateway for trade” with Southeast Asia. Eg: Investment in border trade hubs and logistics parks in states like Manipur and Mizoram supports trade facilitation.

    Way forward: 

    • Accelerate Infrastructure & Connectivity Projects: Ensure timely completion of highways, rail links, and trade corridors to integrate the Northeast with ASEAN markets and boost regional trade.
    • Promote Local Industries & Skill Development: Strengthen regional supply chains by supporting local entrepreneurship, MSMEs, and skill training aligned with emerging sectors like eco-tourism, agri-business, and clean energy.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2016] Evaluate the economic and strategic dimensions of India’s Look East Policy in the context of the post-Cold War international scenario.

    Linkage: The “Look East Policy” was the predecessor to the current “Act East” policy. The Act East Policy, which emphasizes the Northeast as a gateway for trade and connectivity with Southeast Asia, is essentially a more action-oriented evolution of the Look East Policy.