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Subject: Manufacturing Sector

  • Elephant in the room in meetings with Xi, Putin: India’s manufacturing challenges

    Why in the News

    India’s manufacturing base, and not its diplomacy, is the binding constraint on the economic agenda of this weekend’s BRICS summit in New Delhi. The Prime Minister meets the Russian President ahead of the summit and the Chinese President over the weekend, and the consequential part of both conversations is bilateral and economic. India’s difficulty in each case is not the size of its trade deficit. It is the narrowness of what India is able to sell.

    What does the trade profile with Russia reveal about what India can sell?

    1. Exports are a fraction of imports: India’s exports to Russia remain below $5 billion against imports of $63.8 billion in the year to March 2025.
    2. The gap and its composition: The deficit is nearly $59 billion, and Russian oil and other natural resources dominate what India buys.
    3. The market is not the limitation: Russia is a substantial market for manufactured goods, so the shortfall lies on the supply side.
    4. Industrial promotion is under way: The first India Russia international industrial trade fair was held in Delhi this week, and both leaders are to visit it.

    What does China’s export record to Russia show about the size of the gap?

    1. The scale of the comparison: China exported about $103 billion of goods to Russia in 2025.
    2. The composition is the real point: Those exports run from cars and machinery to electronics and industrial equipment, which are exactly the categories India cannot supply at comparable scale.

    How does the same weakness appear in the trade with China?

    1. A larger deficit on a larger base: Bilateral trade reached about $151 billion in the year to March 2026, and India’s deficit rose to roughly $112 billion.
    2. The asymmetry is reversed: China sells manufactured goods, and increasingly the intermediate and capital goods that Indian manufacturers themselves need.
    3. The policy response so far: Delhi is responding to Beijing’s demand that India end its restrictions on commerce with China.

    Why does the goal of economic security collide with what Indian industry needs?

    1. Chinese inputs are embedded in Indian production: They run through electronics, machinery, chemicals, auto components and pharmaceutical inputs, and they feed India’s own exports of manufactured goods.
    2. The two objectives pull apart: The political aim of cutting dependence runs against the commercial need for cheap and increasingly sophisticated inputs at scale.
    3. One weakness, two symptoms: Limited manufacturing strength shows up as an inability to export to a large market in one relationship, and as import dependence in the other.

    Can diplomacy compensate for weak manufacturing?

    1. What negotiation can actually deliver: Payment mechanisms, investment targets and trade agreements are all negotiable, and political warmth cannot substitute for competitive products.
    2. The older ambition against the present agenda: India’s call to democratise the global economic order dates to the Cold War years. The immediate bilateral ask is that Russia and China buy more, invest more and help build Indian productive capacity.
    3. What closing the gap requires: Sustained economic reform, simpler regulation, greater competitiveness, less corruption, deeper domestic supply chains and a stronger manufacturing ecosystem.
    4. Investment follows attractiveness, not persuasion: The world is not short of capital or technology, and India is not near the top of the destinations they go to.
    5. Why the bilateral overshadows the multilateral: BRICS, like the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), has become a venue for high level political engagement and bilateral problem solving.

    Challenges to widening India’s manufacturing base

    1. Firms stay small, and stay small for long: A size distribution dominated by tiny units leaves few producers able to take on a large export order. Eg. Most registered manufacturing units in India employ fewer than ten workers.
      The Fix: Make support conditional on growth in employment and turnover rather than on staying below a small unit threshold.
    2. Duties on inputs tax the exporter: Tariffs on intermediate goods raise the cost of the components a finished goods exporter has to buy. Eg. Duties on electronic components have been cut in successive Budgets precisely because they raised assembly costs.
      The Fix: Move to a single low duty band on intermediate and capital goods, and reserve protection for finished goods alone.
    3. Logistics cost eats the margin: Dependence on road freight and long dwell time at ports raise the delivered price of Indian goods. Eg. The National Logistics Policy of 2022 was framed around bringing logistics cost as a share of output closer to competitor levels.
      The Fix: Tie port and freight corridor funding to published turnaround and transit time targets.
    4. Assembly has grown faster than component making: Incentives have drawn in final assembly without a domestic base in parts, so import content stays high. Eg. Mobile phone exports have risen sharply, with display panels and battery cells still largely imported.
      The Fix: Condition incentive payouts on a rising schedule of domestic value addition rather than on output value alone.

    Conclusion

    The agenda for this week is bilateral, and the constraint on it is domestic. Persuasion can open a market, and it cannot supply the goods that would fill one. What India’s economic diplomacy is worth therefore turns on decisions taken by its own economic policymakers rather than on commitments extracted from partners. The test worth watching is whether the industrial reform agenda moves at all once the summit season ends.

    Matching Previous Year Question

    “[2025, GS3, 15 marks] Discuss the rationale of the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme. What are its achievements? In what way can the functioning and outcomes of the scheme be improved?”

  • The gap in manufacturing sector GVA

    Why in the News

    An alternative estimate of India’s manufacturing output puts gross value added (GVA, the value a sector adds after the cost of the inputs it consumed is deducted) at Rs 27.4 lakh crore for 2023-24. The National Statistical Office (NSO), in the new National Accounts Statistics (NAS) series, puts the same figure at Rs 38.6 lakh crore. The official number is higher by 40.9 per cent.

    How is manufacturing GVA estimated?

    1. The sector is measured in two parts: The organised part covers registered factories employing 10 or more workers with power, or 20 or more without power, including registered companies. The other part covers unincorporated workshops and household units outside the corporate and factory sector.
    2. One survey covers each part: The ASI reports the production accounts of the factory sector. ASUSE covers the unincorporated sector.
    3. The two surveys together are near complete: Their combined output represents almost the whole of manufacturing GVA, so their sum is a usable independent estimate.
    4. Corporate filings partially replace the factory survey: The official series uses company balance sheet data from MCA-21 for organised manufacturing. The practice began with the 2011-12 base revision and continues in the latest revision with minor modifications.

    Why is the gap traced to organised manufacturing?

    1. The official estimate exceeds the survey based one by 40.9 per cent: Rs 38.6 lakh crore against Rs 27.4 lakh crore for 2023-24 at current prices. The official figure is 14.7 per cent of GDP.
    2. The informal segment cannot explain the divergence: ASUSE is the source for the unincorporated sector in both estimates. That segment contributes 13.9 per cent of manufacturing GVA.
    3. Only the corporate route is left: The divergence must therefore arise in the estimation of organised manufacturing output, where the balance sheet data replaces the survey.

    Does the employment check close the gap?

    1. A large body of workers is unaccounted for: The Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS, the official household survey that measures employment and unemployment) estimated 697.5 lakh manufacturing workers in 2023-24. The ASI and ASUSE datasets together captured 532.9 lakh.
    2. The residual is 164.6 lakh workers: These workers produce output that neither survey records, and they are the first candidate for explaining the gap.
    3. Companies outside the survey frame are added too: 2,72,534 MCA companies sit outside the 78,618 private companies captured in ASI data. Most of them are likely to be non factory private companies.
    4. Their potential output is small: Applying technical ratios, meaning output per worker ratios derived from unit level ASI and ASUSE data, the residual workers and companies add Rs 3.6 lakh crore. The alternative estimate rises to Rs 31.0 lakh crore.
    5. A fifth of the official figure stays unexplained: Rs 31.0 lakh crore is 24.5 per cent below the official estimate, at 80.3 per cent of it. Rs 7.6 lakh crore, or 19.7 per cent of official manufacturing GVA, remains unaccounted for.

    Why is the official explanation contested?

    1. The stated official defence: The ASI is establishment based, so it does not capture value addition that occurs inside an enterprise but outside factory premises, in head office, marketing and distribution, or research and development functions.
    2. The evidence cited against it: A 2018 study in the Economic and Political Weekly found that the available evidence does not support that view, so the missing head office value addition cannot carry a gap of this size.
    3. The alternative suspicion is the scaling method: The official procedure scales up sample estimates of active companies to the full universe of registered companies. The size and composition of that universe are unverified.

    Challenges to the official manufacturing GVA estimate

    1. The company universe is unverified: Scaling a sample of active filers onto the full corporate register counts companies that have stopped operating. Eg. The Ministry of Corporate Affairs struck off more than 2 lakh companies from the register in 2017 for failing to file returns.
      The Fix: Publish an annual active company frame reconciled against Goods and Services Tax filings before it is used for scaling.
    2. The unit of measurement changes between sources: The ASI counts factories and MCA-21 counts companies, so one firm with several plants enters the two datasets on different terms. Eg. The 2011-12 base revision inserted the company based route into a series that until then rested on the factory based survey alone.
      The Fix: Publish a factory to company concordance so the two frames can be matched establishment by establishment.
    3. The methodology is not open to outside checking: Neither the MCA data nor the scaling procedure is available for independent replication, so a disputed figure cannot be settled by evidence. Eg. The National Statistical Commission’s 2018 back series report was withdrawn from the public domain shortly after its release.
      The Fix: Release anonymised unit level MCA-21 data and the full estimation procedure to researchers on a fixed schedule.
    4. Informal manufacturing is measured least well: ASUSE misses the smallest own account units, so the segment most exposed to shocks is estimated rather than enumerated. Eg. Output of unincorporated units after the 2016 demonetisation and the 2020 lockdown was inferred from indicators rather than counted.
      The Fix: Run ASUSE at a higher frequency and link it to the Udyam registration database for a live enterprise frame.

    Conclusion

    Whether the official figure is a fuller description of ground reality or an overestimate of output cannot be settled from outside the statistical system. The dispute has moved from arithmetic to access. Opening the corporate filings and the estimation procedure to independent verification is the only step that would close it. Every downstream number built on manufacturing GVA, from sectoral growth to the investment rate, carries the same doubt until that happens.

    [2023, GS3, 10 marks] Faster economic growth requires increased share of the manufacturing sector in GDP, particularly of MSMEs. Comment on the present policies of the Government in this regard.

  • Centre notifies key scheme to manufacture mobile phones

    Why in the News

    The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) has notified the Mobile Phone Manufacturing Scheme (MPMS), a ₹62,500 crore programme incentivising domestic assembly of smartphones and greater local value addition. The Union Cabinet approved the scheme on 15 July 2026. It succeeds the Production Linked Incentive Scheme for Large Scale Electronics Manufacturing, which ran from 2020 to the last financial year and rewarded incremental handset output from any qualifying firm. The new scheme splits that single track in two, creating a separate and richer channel for brands owned by Indian citizens and holding their intellectual property in India. What is contested is whether incentive design alone can move India from assembling other countries’ brands to owning its own.

    Components of the Mobile Phone Manufacturing Scheme

    1. Two parts: The notification divides the scheme in two, one part incentivising mobile phone manufacturing and one part supporting Indian mobile phone brands.
    2. Part 1, the assembly incentive: A base incentive on assembly tapers from 2.75 per cent to 2.25 per cent across the five year tenure. Applicable rates run from 2.25 per cent to 5 per cent depending on the year and on incremental sales.
    3. The domestic sourcing add on: An additional 1.5 per cent is payable on domestic component sourcing, built up from individual component incentives ranging from 0.2 per cent to 0.5 per cent.
    4. Part 2, the Indian brand track: An Indian owned brand draws a flat 5 per cent incentive for the full tenure, plus a domestic design and research and development incentive of 3 per cent.

    How does a firm actually earn the incentive?

    1. Turnover gate: Mobile phone companies, including electronics contract manufacturers, need a turnover of ₹10,000 crore in 2025-26 to qualify. Electronics manufacturing services firms with 51 per cent Indian ownership qualify at ₹1,000 crore.
    2. Growth gate: Incentives are disbursed only on sales beyond 115 per cent of the previous financial year’s production. A unit that produced ₹10 crore worth of phones in the preceding year and ₹12 crore in the next draws incentive on ₹50 lakh alone.
    3. Sourcing condition: The 1.5 per cent additional incentive applies only where a firm sources domestically for at least a quarter of the phones it sells in that financial year.
    4. No earmarking: The corpus is fungible overall, so no amount is reserved for domestic players. Foreign phonemakers face a higher bar to draw incentive, and they draw it from the same pool.

    What does the scheme change for Indian brands?

    1. Ownership test: An Indian brand must be majority owned by Indian citizens and incorporated in India, with intellectual property and trademarks held locally.
    2. No sales floor: Indian brands are exempt from the minimum sales threshold that applies to other brands, and their baseline is fixed at 2025-26.
    3. Stated intent: The Union Minister for Electronics and Information Technology framed the shift as one of Indian brand, Indian design and Indian intellectual property.
    4. Discretionary channel: An empowered committee will make recommendations to the government on Indian brand applications for incremental incentives and for non fiscal support.

    What has the assembly led phase achieved, and where has it stopped?

    1. Import to export: Around 70 per cent to 75 per cent of phones sold in India were imports in 2014-15, and the country is now an exporter of finished handsets.
    2. Global position: India is the second largest phone manufacturer in the world, and practically all phones sold in the country are made in it.
    3. Shallow value: Domestic value addition in mobile phone manufacturing stands at 23 per cent, so most of the value in an Indian assembled handset is still created abroad.
    4. A ceiling exists: The benchmark set by Chinese phone assembly units is itself bounded, because components in electronics value chains crisscross the globe several times before a device is finished.

    What does the scheme set out to achieve by 2030-31?

    1. Production: Cumulative production, measured as the combined sale value of finished products, is targeted at ₹39 lakh crore by the end of the scheme.
    2. Exports: Cumulative exports over the same period are targeted at ₹5 lakh crore.
    3. Value addition: The stated goal is to double overall domestic value addition from a band of 18 per cent to 23 per cent up to a band of 35 per cent to 40 per cent.
    4. Employment: The Secretary of the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology put direct job creation under the scheme at 60,000.

    Why does the government treat phone assembly as a gateway sector?

    1. Skill and technology spillover: Technology and skill transfer from handset lines is stated to enable adjacent hardware production, in laptops, tablets and smart watches.
    2. New device categories: The same capability base is expected to carry into gaming consoles, drone manufacturing and medical devices.
    3. Beyond electronics: Components and automobile windshields are named as further beneficiaries of the manufacturing ecosystem the sector builds.

    Challenges to the Mobile Phone Manufacturing Scheme

    1. Incentive concentrates in a few assemblers: A single fungible pool rewards volume, and volume already sits with a small set of contract manufacturers. Eg. Under the earlier electronics scheme, most disbursed incentive flowed to a handful of contract assemblers serving Apple and Samsung. Fix. Ring fence a defined tranche of the corpus for the Indian brand track instead of leaving the whole corpus open to competition.
    2. The turnover gate excludes the firms the scheme names: A ₹1,000 crore revenue floor sits above what the surviving Indian handset brands turn over. Eg. Micromax and Lava operate at a fraction of the revenue of the contract assemblers they would compete with for the same pool. Fix. Add a staged eligibility ladder with a lower entry threshold and a rising production commitment.
    3. The sourcing bonus has a thin supplier base to draw on: Displays, camera modules and application processors are not made in India at scale. Eg. Display panels and camera modules for handsets assembled in India are imported largely from China, South Korea and Vietnam. Fix. Sequence disbursement under the Electronics Component Manufacturing Scheme ahead of assembly incentive, so a supplier base exists before the bonus is claimed.
    4. A demand slump erases a year’s eligibility: Incentive accrues only above a fixed growth threshold over the prior year, so a flat year pays nothing. Eg. Covid disruption in 2020-21 left applicants under the earlier electronics scheme unable to meet their first year incremental production targets. Fix. Allow an unmet incremental target to be carried into the following year within the same tenure.
    5. Locally held intellectual property can be bought rather than built: The Indian brand test rests on registered ownership, which an assignment satisfies without design capability moving to India. Eg. Contract design houses in Shenzhen supply reference designs that brands across Asia rebadge as their own. Fix. Tie the design and research incentive to audited domestic engineering headcount and to patents filed from India.

    Conclusion

    The Mobile Phone Manufacturing Scheme has moved from Cabinet approval to notification, with operational guidelines issued on 21 August 2026 and a tenure running to 2030-31. The next milestone is the application round. Assemblers file against the turnover gate. Indian brands file separately for the brand track. Whether the second track becomes a genuine channel or a minority claim on a shared pool will be visible in the empowered committee’s first set of recommendations.

    “[2025, GS3, 15 marks] Discuss the rationale of the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme. What are its achievements? In what way can the functioning and outcomes of the scheme be improved?”

  • IT Ministry okays Rs 7,877-cr worth projects under ECMS

    Why in the News

    The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) approved 31 more applications worth Rs 7,877 crore under the Electronics Components Manufacturing Scheme (ECMS), spread across 10 States. Cumulative approved investment under the scheme has crossed Rs 69,548 crore against an original target of Rs 59,350 crore, while committed employment stands at about 75,000 against a target of 91,600.

    What is the Electronics Components Manufacturing Scheme (ECMS)?

    1. About: ECMS is a MeitY scheme that gives incentives for manufacturing passive and active electronic components and sub assemblies inside India, rather than finished devices.
    2. Objective: It targets the segment of the electronics value chain that India still imports, such as capacitors, connectors, enclosures and display modules.
    3. Incentive structure: Approved projects receive turnover linked or capex linked incentives released only on achieving stated milestones.
    4. Original targets: The scheme set an investment target of Rs 59,350 crore, a production target of Rs 4.56 lakh crore and an employment target of 91,600 jobs.
    5. Approval cadence: Approvals are cleared in weekly or ten day cycles by an approval meeting, making it one of the fastest moving programmes of the Ministry.

    What is a turnover linked and a capex linked incentive?

    1. Turnover linked incentive: The payout is calculated as a percentage of incremental sales of the manufactured component, so support flows only after the plant actually produces and sells.
    2. Capex linked incentive: The payout is a share of eligible capital expenditure on plant and machinery, which lowers the upfront cost of building a component fabrication line.

    What are optical transceivers?

    1. About: An optical transceiver is a module that converts electrical signals into light pulses for transmission through optical fibre and converts them back at the receiving end.
    2. Why it matters: These modules are the core hardware of data centres and telecom backhaul networks, and India has so far imported almost all of its requirement.

    What are copper clad laminates?

    1. About: A copper clad laminate is a sheet of insulating resin material bonded with copper foil, and it is the base substrate on which every printed circuit board (PCB) is etched.
    2. Strategic value: Without domestic laminate capacity, a PCB plant remains an assembly operation dependent on imported substrate.

    What does the latest tranche of approvals contain?

    1. Volume: 31 applications involving proposed investment of Rs 7,877 crore were cleared, spread across 10 States.
    2. States covered: The tranche covers Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Telangana, with Tamil Nadu taking the highest share at seven project approvals.
    3. Product range: Approvals span capital goods, camera and display modules, anode materials, enclosures, connectors, rare earth permanent magnets, optical transceivers, speakers and microphones, antennas, capacitors, coils and filters.
    4. First time products: Several parts have never been manufactured in India before, including electrolyte additives, hermetic terminals used for defence grade sealed assemblies, metalised films for capacitors and coils.
    5. An enhancement, not a new plant: Wipro Global’s copper clad laminates project accounted for a Rs 11,033 crore increase in project value, leaving about Rs 6,844 crore in approvals for genuinely fresh projects.
    6. Expected output: The tranche is expected to lead to production worth Rs 82,243 crore and close to 10,000 direct jobs.

    Where does the scheme stand against its own targets?

    1. Applications cleared: 106 applications have now been approved, covering around 30 product categories across 15 States.
    2. Investment overshoot: Cumulative proposed investment has reached Rs 69,548 crore, crossing the original target of Rs 59,350 crore.
    3. Production overshoot: Expected production from approved projects stands at Rs 5.34 lakh crore against an original target of Rs 4.56 lakh crore.
    4. Employment shortfall: Selected companies have committed close to 75,000 jobs against the scheme’s total target of 91,600.
    5. Official position on the gap: The IT Secretary stated that the employment target has not yet been reached and would be reached shortly.

    How complete is the claim of atmanirbharta in components?

    1. Fully covered segments: The IT Minister stated that approved projects make India atmanirbhar in planned supplies of enclosures for devices, relays, anode material and optical transceivers.
    2. Relays as an export line: Relays under the approved projects are already being exported, not merely substituting imports.
    3. Partial coverage in laminates: Laminates are being produced at 80 per cent of domestic demand.
    4. Partial coverage in connectors and cells: Domestic production stands at 75 per cent for connectors, 60 per cent for lithium ion cells and 55 per cent for transducers.
    5. Reading the numbers: Self reliance has been claimed for four narrow product lines, while the higher value and higher volume segments remain partially import dependent.

    Which approved projects have actually reached production?

    1. Operational plants: ATL’s lithium ion cell facilities at Rewari and Sohna and Tata Electronics’ enclosure plant at Hosur are currently operational.
    2. Nearing commissioning: Kaynes Circuits’ PCB plant near Chennai is expected to start operations within about a month.
    3. Two to three month horizon: Motherson’s enclosure facility at Kanchipuram and Wipro Global’s copper clad laminate plant are expected to start in the next two to three months.
    4. Four month horizon: Dixon’s display and camera module facility at Noida is expected to go live within four months.
    5. Approval versus asset: Most of the Rs 69,548 crore approved remains a commitment on paper, since only three plants are producing today.

    Why is investment running ahead of employment under ECMS?

    1. Capital intensity of components: Component fabrication uses automated deposition, winding and moulding lines, so output scales with machinery rather than with headcount.
    2. Incentive design: Both the turnover linked and the capex linked routes reward sales and capital spending, and neither makes disbursal conditional on the jobs actually created.
    3. Nature of the products: Enclosures, laminates and magnets are process industries, unlike mobile phone assembly under earlier programmes where manual assembly lines absorbed large workforces.
    4. Skill mismatch: Component plants need process technicians and materials engineers, and the shortage of that specific pool caps hiring even where capacity exists.
    5. The policy consequence: Import substitution in value terms is being achieved faster than the employment objective the scheme was also sold on.

    Challenges to the Electronics Components Manufacturing Scheme

    1. Dependence on imported inputs one layer down: Localising a component often shifts import dependence to its raw material rather than removing it. e.g. domestic lithium ion cell plants at Rewari still import cathode active material and separators.
    2. Rare earth supply concentration: Permanent magnet manufacturing approved under the scheme depends on rare earth feedstock controlled by a single supplier country. e.g. China’s April 2025 export controls on seven rare earth elements disrupted Indian and global automotive magnet supply.
    3. Slow conversion of approvals into plants: A large approval pipeline can stall at land, power and clearance stages. e.g. only three ECMS plants are operational while 106 applications stand approved.
    4. Thin margins in passive components: Capacitors, connectors and coils are low margin commodity items where scale determines survival. e.g. global capacitor pricing is set by high volume producers in Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, leaving little room for a new entrant.
    5. Design capability gap: Manufacturing incentives do not create intellectual property, so the high value design layer stays offshore. e.g. India assembles and now fabricates components, while chip design ownership for most consumer devices sits with firms in the United States, South Korea and Taiwan.
    6. Employment target risk: A shortfall in the jobs commitment weakens the political case for continuing the outlay. e.g. committed jobs stand at about 75,000 against the scheme target of 91,600.
    7. Testing and certification infrastructure: Components need qualification testing before global original equipment manufacturers accept them. e.g. automotive grade and defence grade parts such as hermetic terminals need long reliability qualification cycles that Indian labs are only now building.

    Conclusion

    ECMS has crossed its investment and production targets well ahead of schedule, while its employment target remains unmet. The scheme has proved that capital will come to component manufacturing when the incentive is priced correctly, and that value addition in this segment is capital intensive rather than labour intensive. The next test is conversion, since only three approved plants are producing today against 106 approved applications. The Ministry expects further approvals in weekly cycles and states that the employment target will be reached shortly.

    Electronics Manufacturing in India

    1. About: Electronics manufacturing covers the making of finished devices, sub assemblies such as display and camera modules, and discrete components such as capacitors, connectors, resistors and printed circuit boards.
    2. Scale: India’s electronics production has crossed Rs 11 lakh crore in recent years, with mobile phones forming the single largest segment.
    3. Global standing: India is the second largest mobile phone manufacturer in the world by volume, after China.
    4. Structural weakness: Value addition remains concentrated in final assembly, with components and sub assemblies contributing the bulk of the import bill.
    5. Trade position: Electronic goods have become one of India’s fastest growing export categories, driven mainly by smartphone exports.
    6. Employment profile: The sector is a large formal sector employer for semi skilled workers, with contract electronics manufacturers operating the largest plants.

    Constitutional and Statutory Framework Governing Electronics Manufacturing

    1. Article 246 with Entry 52 of the Union List: Empowers Parliament to regulate industries declared by law to be expedient in the public interest, the constitutional basis for central industrial policy.
    2. Entry 41 of the Union List: Covers trade and commerce with foreign countries and import and export across customs frontiers, the basis for tariff action on components.
    3. Entry 33 of the Concurrent List: Covers trade and commerce in, and production and supply of, products of controlled industries.
    4. Article 265: Bars any levy of tax except by authority of law, the basis for customs duty structures used in the phased manufacturing approach.
    5. Article 282: Permits the Union to make grants for any public purpose, the source of authority for incentive disbursals under a scheme.

    Laws and Rules Governing Electronics Manufacturing

    1. Information Technology Act, 2000: Provides the legal framework for electronic records and cyber security, and is the parent statute for rules governing electronic hardware security.
    2. Information Technology (Information Security Practices and Procedures for Protected System) Rules, 2018: Set security obligations for designated protected systems.
    3. Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 2016: Enables compulsory registration of electronic products and mandatory conformity to Indian standards before sale.
    4. Electronics and Information Technology Goods (Requirements for Compulsory Registration) Order: Brings notified electronic goods under mandatory BIS registration.
    5. Customs Act, 1962 with the Customs Tariff Act, 1975: Provide the duty structure used to raise the cost of imported finished goods relative to components.
    6. Environment (Protection) Act, 1986: Parent statute for the rules governing hazardous inputs and end of life electronics.
    7. Electronic Waste (Management) Rules, 2022: Impose extended producer responsibility targets on producers of electrical and electronic equipment.
    8. Legal Metrology Act, 2009: Governs declarations on packaged electronic goods, including country of origin.
    9. Foreign Trade (Development and Regulation) Act, 1992: Provides the power to restrict or license imports of specified electronic items.

    Back2Basics: Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme

    1. Administering authority: Individual PLI schemes are run by their respective line ministries, with overall coordination by NITI Aayog and the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade.
    2. Launch year: The first PLI scheme, for Large Scale Electronics Manufacturing, was announced in 2020, and the framework was later extended to 14 sectors.
    3. Aim: To raise domestic manufacturing output and exports by paying an incentive on incremental sales of goods manufactured in India over a base year.
    4. Sectors covered: Sectors include mobile phones and electronic components, pharmaceuticals, automobiles and auto components, telecom, food processing, white goods, textiles, drones, advanced chemistry cell batteries and specialty steel.
    5. Design feature: Support is outcome linked, since disbursal follows achievement of stated investment and incremental sales thresholds rather than mere project approval.
    6. Targeted beneficiaries: Large anchor manufacturers and their supplier ecosystems, including contract manufacturers and component vendors.

    Government Initiatives for Electronics Manufacturing

    1. Semicon India Programme: Provides fiscal support for semiconductor fabrication units, display fabs, assembly and testing units and compound semiconductor facilities.
    2. PLI for Large Scale Electronics Manufacturing: Incentivises incremental sales of mobile phones and specified electronic components by large manufacturers.
    3. Scheme for Promotion of Manufacturing of Electronic Components and Semiconductors (SPECS): Offered capital expenditure support for the electronic component ecosystem.
    4. Modified Electronics Manufacturing Clusters Scheme (EMC 2.0): Funds common infrastructure and ready built factory sheds for electronics clusters.
    5. National Policy on Electronics, 2019: Sets the policy goal of positioning India as a global hub for electronics system design and manufacturing.
    6. Phased Manufacturing Programme: Uses a calibrated duty structure over time to move production from imported finished units to domestically made sub assemblies and components.
    7. Design Linked Incentive Scheme: Supports domestic companies in integrated circuit and chipset design, targeting the intellectual property layer.

    Key Facts about Electronics Manufacturing in India

    1. Nodal ministry: Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology.
    2. Second largest producer: India is the second largest producer of mobile phones globally by volume.
    3. Component share: Components and sub assemblies account for the largest share of the electronics import bill.
    4. First semiconductor unit: India’s first commercial semiconductor assembly and packaging units were approved under the Semicon India Programme in Gujarat and Assam.
    5. Cluster geography: Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh host the largest concentration of electronics manufacturing capacity.
    6. Export status: Electronic goods have entered India’s top three export categories by value.

    Challenges in India’s Electronics Manufacturing Sector

    1. Component import dependence: Domestic value addition stays low when only final assembly happens in India. e.g. a smartphone assembled in India still uses an imported display, camera module and battery cell.
    2. Scale disadvantage against incumbents: Global component makers operate at volumes that Indian entrants cannot match on cost. e.g. Vietnam attracted large display and camera module plants before India entered the segment.
    3. Logistics and clearance cost: Electronics inputs move by air on tight cycles and are sensitive to port and customs delay. e.g. component consignments cleared through Chennai and Bengaluru air cargo face longer dwell time than Shenzhen or Ho Chi Minh City.
    4. Power quality and reliability: Component fabrication needs uninterrupted, clean power, and outages destroy an entire process batch. e.g. semiconductor and laminate lines require captive backup because a momentary voltage dip scraps work in progress.
    5. Shortage of process engineering talent: India trains software engineers in far greater numbers than materials and process engineers. e.g. semiconductor fabrication units in Gujarat have had to plan overseas training programmes for their first operating cohorts.
    6. Geopolitical supply concentration: Critical inputs and processing capacity sit in a small number of countries. e.g. China processes the overwhelming majority of the world’s rare earths and battery grade graphite.
    7. Incentive dependence: Competitiveness that rests on fiscal support weakens when the incentive window closes. e.g. several PLI beneficiaries in other sectors missed year one thresholds and forfeited that year’s incentive.

    Way Forward

    1. Move incentives down the value chain: Extend support to materials such as electronic grade chemicals, substrates and battery grade active materials, so localisation does not stop at the assembled component.
    2. Link disbursal partly to employment: Introduce a jobs component in the incentive formula so the employment target does not remain an aspiration detached from payout.
    3. Build testing and certification capacity: Fund accredited reliability and qualification laboratories so Indian components clear automotive, defence and telecom grade approvals domestically.
    4. Secure critical inputs through overseas assets: Use long term offtake agreements and equity in rare earth and graphite assets abroad to insulate magnet and cell manufacturing.
    5. Create a components skilling pipeline: Run dedicated process technician programmes with industrial training institutes located inside electronics clusters.
    6. Compress project timelines: Provide single window land, power and environmental clearance for approved ECMS projects to convert approvals into operating plants faster.
    7. Support design ownership: Expand the Design Linked Incentive Scheme so domestic firms hold intellectual property rather than only manufacturing capacity.

    Matching Previous Year Question

    “[2025, GS3, 15 marks] Discuss the rationale of the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme. What are its achievements? In what way can the functioning and outcomes of the scheme be improved?”

  • Modi pitches reforms, reaches out to Gen Z

    Why in the News

    The 80th Independence Day address from the Red Fort organised the government’s economic agenda into a seven stream framework named Saptadhara, alongside a 100 GW nuclear capacity target and eight semiconductor units by 2047. The framework restates ambition at a moment when three semiconductor plants are already exporting and 88 per cent of India’s crude oil is still imported. The tension is between a widening list of strategic sectors and the fiscal and execution capacity to carry all seven at once.

    What is the Saptadhara framework?

    1. About: Saptadhara is the seven stream articulation of the government’s next phase reform agenda, announced as the organising structure for the Viksit Bharat 2047 goal.
    2. The seven streams: Manufacturing quality, agriculture and food processing, technology and innovation, logistics and connectivity, defence and security, the green and blue economy, and soft power.
    3. Design logic: Each stream pairs a production target with an import substitution objective, rather than a single sectoral subsidy.
    4. Status: The framework is a policy statement of direction, not a notified scheme with its own outlay.

    What is Mission Sudarshan Chakra?

    1. About: Mission Sudarshan Chakra is a multi layered national defence shield combining air defence, ballistic missile defence and aerial offensive capability.
    2. Design features: It integrates artificial intelligence and cyber security components into a single detection and response architecture.
    3. Coverage goal: The stated aim is a nationwide security shield extending to public places by 2035.

    What did the address actually commit to?

    1. Semiconductors: Three plants are already in production and exporting, with five to eight more expected over the next seven to eight years.
    2. Nuclear capacity: A target of 100 GW of nuclear power, against the present operational base of 8.7 GWe from 25 reactors.
    3. Hydrocarbons: 99 per cent of India’s coastline, previously classified as a no go area for exploration, has been opened to upstream oil and gas activity.
    4. Skilling: Artificial intelligence skilling for over one crore youth within a year, delivered in mission mode.
    5. Public examination access: Free online coaching for competitive examination aspirants routed through India’s digital public infrastructure.
    6. Sport: A national talent hunt for ages five to sixteen, tied to the bid to host the 2036 Olympics.

    Why does energy security dominate the economic streams?

    1. Import dependence: India imports over 88 per cent of its crude oil and about half its natural gas.
    2. Chokepoint concentration: Roughly 40 per cent of oil imports, over 50 per cent of gas and 90 per cent of liquefied petroleum gas transit the Strait of Hormuz.
    3. Current disruption: Transit through the Strait has collapsed to a handful of vessels a day, converting a theoretical vulnerability into a live supply shock.
    4. Policy response: The nuclear target and the coastline opening are both framed as reducing exposure to a single maritime corridor.
    5. Critical minerals: Bilateral critical minerals pacts are named as the input security leg of the same strategy.

    What does the reform list leave unresolved?

    1. Sequencing: Seven streams compete for the same administrative bandwidth and the same capital budget, with no stated priority order.
    2. Women’s reservation: The Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam, 2023 was pressed on all parties for implementation, while its rollout stays tied to the completion of the Census and the delimitation exercise that follows.
    3. Employment gap: Skilling targets are stated in numbers trained, not in jobs created or wages earned.
    4. Semiconductor arithmetic: Eight units by 2047 depends on fabrication grade water, uninterrupted power and a materials supply chain that no announcement can compress.
    5. Statistical base: The address urged public participation in the Census, the exercise that itself gates delimitation and the women’s quota.

    Challenges to the Saptadhara agenda

    1. Capital intensity of chips: A single fabrication unit costs several billion dollars and takes three to five years to reach yield. e.g. the Dholera fabrication unit’s phased ramp against its original commissioning date.
    2. Nuclear liability overhang: Supplier liability under the civil nuclear liability framework has deterred foreign vendors for over a decade. e.g. the Jaitapur project’s prolonged commercial negotiation with the French vendor.
    3. Land and water for the green economy: Solar and green hydrogen capacity needs contiguous land and demineralised water in the same arid states. e.g. Kutch and Barmer hosting both renewable parks and acute groundwater stress.
    4. Skilling absorption: Training throughput has historically outrun placement, leaving certified candidates without matching vacancies. e.g. the gap between Skill India certification volumes and reported placement rates.
    5. Blue economy governance: Coastal exploration opening collides with coastal regulation zone protections and fisher livelihoods. e.g. the sustained opposition to hydrocarbon exploration off the Tamil Nadu delta districts.
    6. Import content in exports: Assembly led manufacturing can raise export value without raising domestic value addition. e.g. mobile handset exports rising faster than the domestic component base supplying them.

    Conclusion

    The address converts a scattered set of sectoral pushes into one named framework, which makes the ambition legible but does not resolve which stream gets first claim on capital and administrative attention. Energy security is the binding constraint underneath most of the seven streams, and it is the one the government has least unilateral control over. The next milestone is the movement of the semiconductor units from announcement to commissioning, and of the nuclear target from a headline number into notified private participation rules.

    Manufacturing in India

    1. Sectoral share: Manufacturing contributes roughly 17 per cent of gross value added, against the long standing policy target of 25 per cent.
    2. Policy vehicles: The Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme covers 14 sectors, tying disbursement to incremental sales rather than to capital investment alone.
    3. Semiconductor position: India entered fabrication only after the India Semiconductor Mission was approved in 2021, with an initial outlay of Rs 76,000 crore.
    4. Structural weakness: The sector remains capital intensive rather than labour intensive, so output growth has not translated into proportional employment.
    5. Global standing: India is the second largest mobile handset manufacturer by volume, largely through final assembly.

    Government Initiatives

    1. Production Linked Incentive scheme: Pays incentives on incremental sales across 14 sectors, targeting large scale domestic manufacturers and their supply chains.
    2. India Semiconductor Mission: Provides fiscal support for fabrication, display fabrication, assembly and testing units, targeting global and domestic chip makers.
    3. PM GatiShakti National Master Plan: A geographic information system based platform integrating infrastructure ministries’ project planning to cut logistics cost.
    4. National Green Hydrogen Mission: Targets 5 million metric tonnes of annual green hydrogen production capacity by 2030.
    5. National Critical Mineral Mission: Covers exploration, overseas acquisition and recycling of minerals essential to batteries, magnets and semiconductors.

    Way Forward

    1. Publish a sequencing order: State which of the seven streams carries first claim on budgetary support in each year of the framework.
    2. Tie skilling to placement: Report skilling outcomes as verified placements and wage levels, not as enrolment counts.
    3. Deepen component manufacturing: Shift incentive design from assembly output to domestic value addition thresholds.
    4. Resolve nuclear liability: Notify the private participation and liability rules so the 100 GW target has a legal pathway.
    5. Diversify crude sourcing: Expand term contracts outside the Persian Gulf and enlarge strategic petroleum reserve coverage beyond the current few days of imports.

    Matching Previous Year Question

    “[2025, GS3, 15 marks] India aims to become a semiconductor manufacturing hub. What are the challenges faced by the semiconductor industry in India? Mention the salient features of the India Semiconductor Mission.”

  • NITI Aayog wants manufacturing to move beyond assembly

    Why in the News?

    A NITI Aayog report titled Key Sectors to Position India as a Global Manufacturing Hub calls for deeper localisation and value addition across four sectors. It argues that India’s manufacturing remains stuck at assembly, with high import dependence for inputs.

    What does the report cover?

    1. Four focus sectors: Chemicals, telecom and networking equipment, textiles, and solar photovoltaic (PV).
    2. Central diagnosis: India assembles finished goods but imports the high-value inputs, capping domestic value addition.

    What are the sector-specific findings?

    1. Chemicals: The industry stood at $200-220 billion in FY25, roughly 3% to 3.5% of the global market, growing 6% to 8%.
    2. Textiles: About 80% of textile and apparel producers are MSMEs, limiting scale and technology adoption.
    3. Import reliance: Around 35% of mono-ethylene glycol, a key textile input, is imported.
    4. Solar PV: Domestic capacity depends on imported cells and wafers.

    Why does deeper localisation matter?

    1. Value capture: Assembly adds little domestic value, so moving up the chain raises incomes and jobs.
    2. Strategic resilience: Import dependence for inputs exposes India to supply shocks and price volatility.
    3. Trade balance: Substituting imported inputs narrows the manufacturing trade deficit.

    What are the challenges to a manufacturing hub strategy

    1. Scale deficit: An MSME-heavy base struggles to achieve globally competitive scale.
    2. Technology gap: Weak research and development limits movement into complex components.
    3. Logistics cost: High freight and power costs erode cost competitiveness.
    4. Skilling shortfall: A shortage of trained industrial labour slows productivity gains.
    5. Input ecosystem: Absence of a domestic supplier base for critical inputs keeps assembly dependent on imports.

    Conclusion

    The report reframes the manufacturing goal from output volume to domestic value addition. Its recommendations depend on building an input-supplier ecosystem, which the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme alone has not delivered.

    Back2Basics

    Government Initiatives for manufacturing

    1. Make in India: Umbrella programme to raise manufacturing’s share of GDP.
    2. Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme: Output-linked incentives across 14 sectors.
    3. National Manufacturing Mission: Announced to coordinate sectoral manufacturing push.
    4. MUDRA & Credit Guarantee Scheme: Improve access to institutional credit for MSMEs, supporting investment, expansion and employment generation.
    5. Semicon India Programme: Supports semiconductor fabrication, packaging and related ecosystems to build strategic manufacturing capabilities and reduce import dependence.

    Key Concepts

    Assembly vs. Value Addition

    1. Assembly-led model: Importing components and assembling finished products in India.
    2. Value-added manufacturing: Domestic production of components, intermediate goods, technology and final products.
    3. Key concern: High domestic output does not necessarily mean high domestic value capture.

    China+1 Strategy

    1. Global firms are diversifying supply chains beyond China.
    2. India can leverage this opportunity, but competitive costs, reliable infrastructure and deeper localisation are essential.

    PYQ Relevance

    [UPSC 2025] Discuss the rationale of the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme. What are its achievements? In what way can the functioning and outcomes of the scheme be improved?

    Linkage: The 2025 PYQ examines the role and effectiveness of the PLI scheme in strengthening India’s manufacturing sector. The report highlights the need to move beyond assembly towards deeper localisation, domestic value addition and stronger supplier ecosystems.

  • The MSME opportunity lies in clustering them

    Why in the News

    Youth unemployment protests and the passage of the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development (Amendment) Bill, 2026, have refocused attention on the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) sector as a job engine. The central argument is that industrial strength comes not from supporting isolated firms but from building clusters, dense ecosystems where suppliers, labour, research institutions and capital reinforce one another.

    What is a cluster-based development model?

    1. Definition: A cluster is a geographic concentration of firms in a related activity, together with their suppliers, workers, research institutions and finance, located close enough to reinforce one another.
    2. Core idea: Proximity generates shared benefits that an isolated firm cannot capture on its own.

    What is the “Little Giant” programme?

    1. Chinese niche-firm scheme: The Little Giant programme is a Chinese policy that supports technically strong small firms operating in narrow specialised niches.
    2. Support offered: It provides these firms with financing, tax support and research and development assistance.

    How significant is the MSME sector in India?

    1. Number of firms: India has 63 million MSMEs.
    2. Employment: They employ more than 320 million people.
    3. Output share: They contribute about 31% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and 35% of manufacturing output.
    4. Exports: They account for 49% of exports.
    5. Structural weakness: The sector remains largely informal, fragmented and concentrated in low-value activities.

    What does the MSME Development (Amendment) Bill, 2026, address?

    1. Delayed payments: It seeks to tackle the problem of delayed payments to smaller firms.
    2. Dispute resolution: It aims to ease dispute resolution for MSMEs.
    3. Compliance burden: It reduces some compliance burdens on the sector.
    4. Limits: It does not by itself resolve the deeper problems of credit access and the burden of Goods and Services Tax (GST), labour, environmental and tax compliance.

    Why do clusters work?

    1. Knowledge spillovers: Technical know-how spreads quickly through worker mobility, informal interaction and shared service providers.
    2. Talent pooling: A cluster creates a real labour market that attracts and retains specialised workers, which an isolated firm struggles to hire.
    3. Lower fixed costs: Firms share infrastructure such as testing labs, effluent-treatment plants, cold storage and logistics hubs.

    What do global cluster models demonstrate?

    1. United States, Research Triangle: In North Carolina, universities such as Duke, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State anchored biotechnology and pharmaceutical ecosystems by connecting research with industry.
    2. China, Guangdong: Industrial zones with land, tax incentives and infrastructure created thick supplier networks, letting firms design, fabricate and prototype quickly.
    3. China, Little Giant programme: Dedicated support to technically strong small firms in narrow niches through financing, tax support and research assistance.

    Why have India’s existing cluster schemes underperformed?

    1. Infrastructure grants, not ecosystems: India already runs the MSME Cluster Development Programme and PM MITRA textile parks, but many function more like infrastructure grants than true ecosystem builders.
    2. Firm-level lending: Banks still assess firms individually despite a large MSME credit gap, ignoring cluster-level ties.
    3. Disconnected universities: Top Indian universities often remain disconnected from nearby industry, unlike US and Chinese models.

    What policies can make clusters engines of jobs?

    1. Specialised hubs: Move from generic industrial estates to sector-specific clusters, such as auto components in Pune and electronics in Sriperumbudur.
    2. An Indian Little Giant scheme: Identify hidden champions in fields like precision castings and defence components, and give them dedicated credit lines, faster patent processing, research support and priority procurement.
    3. Cluster-level financing: Assess shared collateral, buyer-supplier ties and collective performance, expanding the Tiruppur textile model through the Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) and cluster-focused non-banking financial companies.
    4. University-industry links: Place universities at the centre of the ecosystem as suppliers of talent, lab infrastructure and innovation.

    Conclusion:

    MSMEs can become engines of jobs, productivity and exports only if policy shifts from isolated firm support to ecosystem building. The Amendment Bill helps with payments, disputes and compliance, but the binding constraints of fragmented finance and weak knowledge networks are addressed only at the cluster level. Strong specialised clusters, cluster-based finance and closer university-industry ties are the missing preconditions.

    Back2Basics:

    About MSMEs in India

    1. Definition: MSMEs are enterprises classified by investment in plant and machinery or equipment and by annual turnover.
    2. Classification: Micro (investment up to Rs 1 crore, turnover up to Rs 5 crore), Small (up to Rs 10 crore and Rs 50 crore), Medium (up to Rs 50 crore and Rs 250 crore).
    3. Economic role: MSMEs are the second-largest employer after agriculture and a backbone of manufacturing and exports.
    4. Registration: Firms register on the Udyam portal for formal recognition and scheme access.

    Statutory Framework Governing MSMEs

    1. Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act, 2006: Provides the legal definition and framework for MSMEs and for tackling delayed payments.
    2. MSME Development (Amendment) Bill, 2026: Strengthens provisions on delayed payments, dispute resolution and compliance.
    3. Factoring Regulation Act, 2011: Enables receivables financing that helps MSMEs address delayed payments.

    MSME Classification and Support

    1. Governing Act: Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act, 2006.
    2. Ministry: Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises.
    3. Development bank: SIDBI is the principal financial institution for the sector.
    4. Registration portal: Udyam Registration.
    5. Composite criteria: Classification uses both investment and turnover.

    Government Initiatives for MSMEs

    1. MSME Cluster Development Programme: Supports common facilities and infrastructure for firm clusters.
    2. PM MITRA Parks: Integrated textile parks to build scale and supplier networks.
    3. Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises (CGTMSE): Provides collateral-free credit guarantees.
    4. PM Vishwakarma: Supports traditional artisans and craftspeople.
    5. Prime Minister’s Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP): Credit-linked subsidy for micro-enterprise creation.

    Key Facts about the MSME Sector

    1. Firm count: 63 million MSMEs.
    2. Employment: More than 320 million people.
    3. GDP share: About 31%.
    4. Export share: 49%.
    5. Manufacturing output share: 35%.

    Challenges in the MSME Sector

    1. Credit gap: Limited access to affordable formal credit, worsened by firm-level rather than cluster-level assessment.
    2. Compliance burden: GST, labour, environmental and tax compliance weigh heavily on small firms.
    3. Informality: Most MSMEs remain outside the formal system, limiting scale and finance.
    4. Low value addition: Concentration in low-value activities caps productivity and wages.
    5. Delayed payments: Late payments from buyers strain working capital.
    6. Weak technology and skills: Limited access to research, testing and specialised labour.

    Way Forward

    1. Build specialised clusters: Concentrate resources in sector-specific hubs rather than generic estates.
    2. Cluster-based lending: Reform credit appraisal to use collective performance and supplier ties.
    3. Identify hidden champions: Support niche high-performers with dedicated finance and procurement.
    4. Integrate universities: Anchor clusters with research institutions for talent and innovation.
    5. Ease compliance: Simplify and consolidate regulatory requirements for small firms.

    PYQ Relevance

    [UPSC 2023] Faster economic growth requires increased share of the manufacturing sector in GDP, particularly of MSMEs. Comment on the present policies of the Government in this regard.

    Linkage: Examines how MSMEs can drive manufacturing-led economic growth. The article highlights the shift from firm-level support to cluster-based MSME development. It shows how finance, infrastructure, skills and industry-university linkages can raise MSME productivity and jobs

  • PIB Backgrounder Charts India’s Electric Vehicle Ecosystem

    Why in the News

    A PIB Backgrounder has highlighted the rapid growth of India’s Electric Vehicle (EV) ecosystem, showcasing significant progress in EV adoption, charging infrastructure, battery manufacturing, and government support.

    What does the Backgrounder Highlight?

    • EV Penetration: Increased from 0.08% in 2016 to 8.26% in 2026.
    • EV Sales: Rose from about 50,000 units in 2016 to 2.3 million units in 2025.
    • Charging Infrastructure: India had 52,718 public charging stations by July 2026, with a target of about 1.32 million stations by 2030.
    • National Goal: Achieve a 30% share of electric vehicles in new vehicle sales by 2030 under the EV30@30 initiative.

    PM E-DRIVE Scheme

    • Full Form: PM Electric Drive Revolution in Innovative Vehicle Enhancement (PM E-DRIVE).
    • Launched: 2024, replacing the FAME scheme.
    • Outlay: ₹10,900 crore.
    • Coverage: Electric two-wheelers. Electric three wheelers. Electric trucks. Electric buses. Electric ambulances.
    • Objective: Accelerate EV adoption through demand incentives and supporting infrastructure.

    Battery Manufacturing Push

    Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme for Advanced Chemistry Cell (ACC)

    • Outlay: ₹18,100 crore.
    • Manufacturing Target: 50 GWh of Advanced Chemistry Cell battery capacity.
    • Objective: Promote domestic battery manufacturing and reduce import dependence.

    Earlier Initiative: FAME Scheme

    • Full Form: Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles (FAME).
    • Launched: 2015.
    • Phase II: Implemented until 2024.
    • Replaced by: PM E-DRIVE in 2024.

    [2025] In the context of electric vehicle batteries, consider the following elements:

    I. Cobalt

    II. Graphite

    III. Lithium

    IV. Nickel

    How many of the above usually make up battery cathodes?

    (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All the four

  • Rising private R&D spending should be channelled into manufacturing

    Why in the News

    For the first time, private industry has overtaken the government as the largest source of Research and Development (R&D) spending in India, marking a significant shift in the country’s innovation ecosystem. However, India’s overall R&D investment remains low compared to major economies.

    What does the R&D data show?

    • Private sector leads: Private industry contributed 51.8% of India’s total R&D expenditure in 2023 to 2024.
    • Low R&D intensity: India’s Gross Expenditure on R&D (GERD) is only 0.84% of GDP.
      • Global comparison: China: 2.58%, United States: 3.45%, South Korea: 4.94%
    • Limited research workforce: India has only 354 researchers per million population, much lower than leading innovation economies.

    Why should R&D focus on manufacturing?

    • Higher value addition: Promotes movement from low-end assembly to high-technology manufacturing.
    • Import substitution: Reduces dependence on imported technologies and critical components.
    • Employment generation: Encourages advanced manufacturing, creating skilled jobs and strengthening industrial competitiveness.
    • Global competitiveness: Supports initiatives such as Make in India and Atmanirbhar Bharat.

    What institutional support exists?

    Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF)

    • Established under: ANRF Act, 2023.
    • Corpus: ₹50,000 crore over five years.
    • Objective: Promote research, innovation and collaboration among academia, industry and government.
    • Key role:
      • Mobilise private sector investment in research.
      • Coordinate research funding across institutions.
      • Strengthen India’s innovation ecosystem.

    Prelims Pointers

    • GERD (Gross Expenditure on Research and Development): Total national expenditure on R&D as a percentage of GDP.
    • Private industry is now India’s largest R&D spender.
    • ANRF replaced the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB) as the apex research funding body.
    • India spends less than 1% of GDP on R&D.

    [2015] Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding National Innovation Foundation-India (NIF)?
    1. NIF is an autonomous body of the Department of Science and Technology under the Central Government
    2.NIF is an initiative to strengthen the highly advanced scientific research in India’s premier scientific institutions in collaboration with highly advanced foreign scientific institutions.
    Select the correct answer using the code given below.

    [A] 1 only

    [B] 2 only

    [C] Both 1 and 2

    [D] Neither 1 nor 2

  • Rajya Sabha passes the MSME Development (Amendment) Bill 2026

    Why in the News?

    The Rajya Sabha passed the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) Development (Amendment) Bill, 2026, replacing the MSME Development Act, 2006. It aims to improve formalisation and liquidity by introducing a digital registration platform and mandatory invoice settlement through Trade Receivables Discounting System (TReDS).

    Key Provisions

    • National Digital Registration: Free, voluntary online registration for MSMEs.
    • Mandatory TReDS: Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) must settle MSME invoices through the Trade Receivables Discounting System (TReDS).
    • Updated Framework: Replaces the 2006 Act governing MSME classification, credit and delayed payments.
    • Objective: Improve timely payments while balancing business interests.

    What is TReDS?

    • Trade Receivables Discounting System (TReDS) is a Reserve Bank of India (RBI) regulated electronic platform where MSMEs sell approved invoices to financiers for immediate cash.
    • Process: MSME uploads invoice → financiers bid → MSME gets upfront payment → buyer pays financier on the due date.

    Why is the Amendment Needed?

    • Delayed payments reduce MSME working capital.
    • Easier registration promotes formalisation and access to credit.
    • Institutional credit has grown, but access remains uneven.

    Importance of MSMEs

    • Contribute 31% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
    • Account for 36% of manufacturing output.
    • Contribute 41% of exports.
    • Second largest employer after agriculture.

    Challenges

    • Voluntary registration may exclude many firms.
    • TReDS mandate covers only CPSEs.
    • Smaller firms may struggle to attract financiers.
    • Weak enforcement and digital literacy remain concerns.

    MSME Classification

    • Micro: Investment ≤ ₹2.5 crore; Turnover ≤ ₹10 crore
    • Small: Investment ≤ ₹25 crore; Turnover ≤ ₹100 crore
    • Medium: Investment ≤ ₹125 crore; Turnover ≤ ₹500 crore

    Key Initiatives

    • Udyam Registration Portal
    • MSME Samadhaan
    • Trade Receivables Discounting System (TReDS)
    • Priority Sector Lending (PSL)

    “[2023] Consider the following statements with reference to India:

    1. According to the ‘Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development (MSMED) Act, 2006’, the ‘medium enterprises’ are those with investments in plant and machinery between Rs. 15 crore and Rs. 25 crore.

    2. All bank loans to the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises qualify under the priority sector.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) Both 1 and 2

    (d) Neither 1 nor 2.