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Subject: Science and Technology

  • Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication Technology 

    Why in the News?

    The Government of India is preparing to roll out Vehicle To Vehicle (V2V) communication technology by the end of 2026 to significantly reduce road accidents, especially during fog, rear end collisions, and pile ups.

    What is Vehicle To Vehicle (V2V) Technology

    • A direct communication system that allows vehicles to exchange information with each other
    • Works without mobile network or internet
    • Vehicles send and receive real time safety alerts when another vehicle comes dangerously close
    • Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Road Transport and Highways

    How the V2V System Works

    • A SIM like communication device installed inside vehicles
    • Vehicles broadcast signals about: Speed, Position, Direction and Sudden braking
    • Nearby vehicles receive instant alerts and warn drivers

    Key Features

    • 360 degree communication: Alerts received from all sides of the vehicle
    • Distance warning system: Warns drivers if another vehicle comes too close
    • Stationary vehicle detection: Alerts about parked or broken down vehicles on roads
    • Fog safety: Highly effective during low visibility conditions
    • Pile up prevention: Reduces chances of multi vehicle collisions on highways
    [2023] Consider the following actions: 

    1. Detection of car crash/collision which results in the deployment of airbags almost instantaneously 

    2. Detection of accidental free fall of a laptop towards the ground which results in the immediate turning off of the hard drive

    3. Detection of the tilt of the smart phone which results in the rotation of display between portrait and landscape mode 

    In how many of the above actions is the function of accelerometer required? 

    (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None

  • Dust Experiment (DEX) 

    Why in the News?

    Indian Space Research Organisation has confirmed that an interplanetary dust particle enters Earth’s atmosphere roughly every 16 minutes, based on observations from India’s first cosmic dust detector Dust Experiment (DEX).

    About Dust Experiment (DEX)

    • India’s first indigenously developed cosmic dust detector
    • Designed to detect and measure high speed interplanetary and orbital dust particles
    • Studies dust impacts in Earth’s upper atmosphere

    Developed by

    • Indian Space Research Organisation
    • Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad

    Mission Platform

    • Flown aboard PSLV Orbital Experimental Module (POEM)
    • Part of PSLV C58 XPoSat mission

    Aim

    • Direct measurement of cosmic dust flux
    • Improve understanding of space environment
    • Enhance satellite safety and planning of future crewed deep space missions

    Prelims Pointers

    • DEX is India’s first cosmic dust detector
    • Operates from PSLV POEM
    • Measures interplanetary dust particles
    • IDPs originate from comets and asteroids
    • Critical for satellite protection and deep space missions
    [2011] What is the difference between asteroids and comets? 

    1. Asteroids are small rocky planetoids, while comets are formed of frozen gases held together by rocky and metallic material

    2. Asteroids are found mostly between the orbits of Jupiter and Mars, while comets are found mostly between Venus and Mercury

    3. Comets show a perceptible glowing tail, while asteroids do not. 

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

    (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

  • Spina Bifida in India  

    Why in the News?

    India continues to report one of the highest global burdens of Spina Bifida, despite strong scientific evidence that pre conception folic acid intake can prevent more than 70 percent of cases.

    What is Spina Bifida

    • A congenital neural tube defect
    • Occurs when the spinal cord and its protective coverings fail to develop properly
    • Develops during early pregnancy, usually within the first 28 days after conception
    • Leads to lifelong disability of varying severity
    • Non communicable and Non infectious

    Causes

    • Caused by abnormal closure of the neural tube
    • Inadequate folic acid intake before and during early pregnancy
    • Poor maternal nutrition and anaemia
    • Unplanned pregnancies without micronutrient supplementation
    • Possible genetic susceptibility combined with environmental factors

    Treatment and Management

    • Early surgical repair: Closure of the spinal defect soon after birth to prevent infection
    • Hydrocephalus management: Use of ventriculo peritoneal shunt to drain excess fluid
    • Rehabilitation care: Long term physiotherapy and occupational therapy
    • Orthopaedic interventions: Corrective surgeries, braces or casts for skeletal deformities

    Prevention

    • Daily folic acid supplementation before conception and during early pregnancy
    • Food fortification and maternal nutrition programmes
    • Awareness about planned pregnancies
    • Integration with maternal health schemes

    Prelims Pointers

    • Spina bifida is a neural tube defect
    • Neural tube closes within 28 days of conception
    • Folic acid deficiency is the most important risk factor
    • Prevention is more effective than post birth treatment
    [2023] Consider the following statements in the context of interventions being undertaken under Anaemia Mukt Bharat Strategy: 

    1. It provides prophylactic calcium supplementation for pre-school children, adolescents and pregnant women. 

    2. It runs a campaign for delayed cord clamping at the time of child-birth

    3. It provides for periodic deworming to children and adolescents

    4. It addresses non-nutritional causes of anaemia in endemic pockets with special focus on malaria, hemoglobinopathies and fluorosis. 

    How many of the statements given above are correct? 

    (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four

  • ISRO and the next big challenge

    Why in the News

    ISRO’s recent string of successes, routine PSLV launches, Chandrayaan-3’s lunar landing, Aditya-L1’s solar orbit insertion, and the India-US NISAR mission has raised expectations sharply. Now for the first time, India’s challenge is no longer technological proof-of-concept but institutional maturity. Furthermore, India’s space programme is preparing for multiple high-complexity missions in parallel, including Gaganyaan, Chandrayaan-4, and the Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV).

    Why is ISRO’s recent success described as “raising the bar”?

    1. Mission Reliability: Sustained success of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle has made reliable access to orbit almost routine.
    2. Planetary Achievement: Chandrayaan-3’s soft landing on the Moon in August 2023 placed India among a small group of lunar-landing nations.
    3. Solar Science Capability: Aditya-L1’s successful halo orbit insertion in January 2024 added a dedicated solar observatory to ISRO’s portfolio.
    4. International Collaboration: Launch of the NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) mission demonstrated high-value global scientific cooperation.

    What fundamental shift can be identified in ISRO’s challenge?

    1. Institutional Transition: Moves focus from individual scientific feats to sustained organisational performance.
    2. Parallel Complexity: Requires simultaneous execution of human spaceflight, deep-space missions, and commercial launches.
    3. Expectation Management: Makes failure costlier as public, political, and international scrutiny increases.

    How does mission parallelisation strain ISRO’s existing systems

    1. Human Spaceflight Load: Gaganyaan preparation consumes engineering, testing, and safety-certification bandwidth.
    2. Science Programme Pressure: Planetary, solar, and Earth-observation missions compete for limited skilled manpower.
    3. Launch Vehicle Bottlenecks: GSLV and future NGLV development face cadence and scale constraints.

    Why are industrial capacity and regulatory clarity critical for ISRO’s next phase?

    1. Industrial Capacity: Current supplier base lacks depth to absorb shocks or scale production without delays.
    2. Supply Chain Fragility: Over-reliance on ISRO facilities makes anomalies system-wide bottlenecks.
    3. Regulatory Ambiguity: Absence of a clear space law creates uncertainty around liability, insurance, and commercial risk allocation.

    What role does the private space ecosystem play in this transition?

    1. Commercial Dependence: Private launch providers remain reliant on ISRO infrastructure and expertise.
    2. Institutional Separation: IN-SPACe and NSIL must evolve from facilitation bodies to autonomous regulatory and commercial entities.
    3. Routine Operations: Private participation is necessary to make launches, manufacturing, and satellite services routine rather than exceptional.

    Why is governance reform central to ISRO’s next phase?

    1. Legal Authority: ISRO lacks statutory backing for authorisation, dispute resolution, and commercial oversight.
    2. Regulatory Burden: Ad-hoc decisions persist due to absence of a comprehensive space law.
    3. Systemic Resilience: Institutionalised processes are required to reduce dependence on individual leadership or mission-specific improvisation.

    Conclusion

    ISRO’s future success depends on its ability to transform from a mission-centric organisation into a mature space institution, supported by industrial depth, legal clarity, and governance reform. The decisive test is whether India’s space programme can make complexity routine without diluting reliability.

    PYQ Relevance

    [UPSC 2016] Discuss India’s achievements in the field of Space Science and Technology. How has the application of this technology helped India in its socio-economic development?

    Linkage: This PYQ tests understanding of India’s space capabilities and their role in national socio-economic development. The article advances this by highlighting the need to move from mission successes to institutional sustainability, regulatory clarity, and routine execution to sustain long-term benefits.

  • India Becomes First Nation to Commercially Produce Bio Bitumen

    Why in the News?

    India has become the first country in the world to commercially produce bio bitumen, according to Union Minister for Road Transport and Highways Nitin Gadkari. The announcement highlights India’s push towards sustainable infrastructure and green alternatives in road construction.

    Bio Bitumen

    Bio bitumen is an eco friendly binding material used in road construction. It is produced from renewable biological sources instead of petroleum based crude derivatives.

    Raw materials used

    • Vegetable oils
      • Crop stubble and agricultural residue
      • Other forms of organic and agro waste

    Economic significance

    • With 15 percent blending, India can save nearly ₹4,500 crore in foreign exchange
      • Lowers import bill for petroleum based bitumen
      • Opens new income streams for farmers through agro waste supply
      • Generates rural employment and livelihood opportunities

    Prelims Pointers

    • India is the first nation to commercially produce bio bitumen
      • Bio bitumen is made from renewable biological sources
      • Used in road construction as a binding material
      • Helps reduce stubble burning and crude oil imports
      • Contributes to circular economy and sustainable development
    [2011] In the Union Budget 2011-12, a full exemption from the basic customs duty was extended to the bio-based asphalt (bioasphalt). What is the importance of this material? 

    1. Unlike traditional asphalt, bio-asphalt is not based on fossil fuels

    2. Bioasphalt can be made from non-renewable resources

    3. Bioasphalt can be made from organic waste materials

    4. It is eco-friendly to use bioasphalt for surfacing of the roads

    Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

    (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

  • White dwarf system

    Why in the News?

    NASA’s Imaging X-ray Polarization Explorer (IXPE) has, for the first time, probed the internal structure of a white dwarf binary system by studying X ray polarisation. Observations of EX Hydrae revealed unexpected details about gas flows, magnetic accretion, and reflected X ray emission.

    Significance of IXPE observations

    • Enabled estimation of the height of hot accretion columns.
    • Detected X rays reflected off the white dwarf surface, a first for such systems.
    • Provided direct evidence to test theories of accretion physics, magnetic fields, and extreme states of matter.

    White Dwarf System

    A white dwarf system usually consists of a white dwarf and a companion star bound in a binary system. Matter from the companion is pulled towards the white dwarf due to its strong gravity.

    How it forms

    • A Sun like star exhausts nuclear fuel and sheds outer layers as a planetary nebula.
    • The leftover dense core becomes a white dwarf.
    • In binary systems, gas from the companion star accretes onto the white dwarf.
    • EX Hydrae belongs to a class called intermediate polars, where a moderate magnetic field partially disrupts the accretion disc and channels gas along magnetic field lines.

    Key characteristics

    • Extreme density: Mass comparable to the Sun, radius similar to Earth.
    • Degenerate matter: Supported by electron degeneracy pressure based on the Pauli Exclusion Principle, not fusion.
    • High energy emissions: Infalling gas heats to tens of millions of degrees, producing X rays.
    • Magnetic accretion: Gas flows in columns rising thousands of kilometres above the surface.
    • Chandrasekhar limit: Maximum stable mass about 1.4 times the Sun.

    Prelims Pointers

    • IXPE studies X ray polarisation, not imaging alone.
    • EX Hydrae is an intermediate polar type white dwarf system.
    • Accretion driven X ray emission occurs due to magnetic channeling.
    • White dwarfs are supported by electron degeneracy pressure.
    [2009] Who of the following scientists proved that the stars with mass less than 1.44 times the mass of the Sun end up as White Dwarfs when they die? 

    (a) Edwin Hubble 

    (b) S. Chandrashekhar 

    (c) Stephen Hawking 

    (d) Steven Weinberg

  • Indian Scientists Simulate Mpemba Effect Using Supercomputers 

    Why in the News?

    Indian scientists have developed the first supercomputer powered simulation to successfully capture the Mpemba effect, the counterintuitive phenomenon where hot water freezes faster than cold water. The achievement was announced by the Ministry of Science and Technology.

    What is the Mpemba Effect

    • A physical phenomenon in which hot water freezes faster than colder water under certain conditions
    • Named after Erasto Mpemba, a Tanzanian student who reported the effect in the 1960s
    • Long considered a scientific paradox due to lack of a complete theoretical explanation

    Key Findings

    • Simulation successfully reproduced the Mpemba effect in water
    • Demonstrated that the effect can also occur in fluid to solid phase transitions beyond water
    • Confirms that non equilibrium thermodynamics plays a crucial role in freezing dynamics

    Scientific Significance

    • Resolves a long standing physical paradox through computational physics
    • Enhances understanding of phase transitions and heat transfer
    • Opens new avenues in materials science and condensed matter physics
    • Shows the power of supercomputing in theoretical and experimental validation

    Institutional Context

    • Research supported by India’s advanced scientific infrastructure
    • Aligns with national efforts in computational science, physics research, and supercomputing missions

    Prelims Pointers

    • The Mpemba effect refers to the faster freezing of hot water compared to cold
    • The phenomenon lacks a single universal explanation
    • Supercomputer simulations help study processes at atomic and molecular scales
    • The effect may exist in systems other than water
    [2011] The surface of a lake is frozen in severe winter, but the water at its bottom is still liquid. What is the reason? 

    (a) Ice is a bad conductor of heat

    (b) Since the surface of the lake is at the same temperature as the air, no heat is lost

    (c) The density of water is maximum at 4°C

    (d) None of the statements (a), (b) and (c)

  • What remote-sensing reveals about plants, forests and minerals from space

    Why in the News

    Remote sensing technologies are gaining prominence as satellites increasingly replace ground-based exploration in tracking forest health, groundwater depletion, pollution, and subsurface minerals. The article highlights how spectral imaging, gravity measurement, and magnetic field analysis allow detection of resources even without direct surface indicators such as seepage or excavation. 

    Introduction

    Remote sensing enables observation, measurement, and mapping of Earth’s surface and subsurface without physical contact. Satellites and drones detect reflected and emitted electromagnetic radiation across visible and invisible wavelengths. Each material, vegetation, water, rock, or mineral, exhibits a distinct spectral signature, allowing identification of composition, health, and location from space.

    How does remote sensing “see” beyond human vision?

    1. Electromagnetic Spectrum Use: Extends observation beyond visible light to infrared and ultraviolet bands, capturing information inaccessible to the human eye.
    2. Spectral Signatures: Enables identification of materials based on unique reflection and absorption patterns, similar to fingerprints.
    3. Sensor-Based Detection: Facilitates differentiation between healthy vegetation, stressed plants, water bodies, and rock types.

    How are plants and forests monitored from space?

    1. Chlorophyll Reflectance: Indicates plant health through high near-infrared reflection and low red-light absorption.
    2. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI): Quantifies vegetation health using spectral data; identifies stress, disease, or drought.
    3. Forest Biomass Estimation: Supports measurement of forest weight and carbon storage, critical for climate change mitigation.
    4. Crop Stress Detection: Identifies nitrogen deficiency, disease, or pest stress before visible symptoms appear.

    How do satellites distinguish water from land and pollution?

    1. Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI): Separates water bodies from land using visible and infrared reflectance.
    2. Modified NDWI (MNDWI): Improves accuracy by distinguishing water from shadows and built-up areas.
    3. Algal Bloom Detection: Tracks harmful algal blooms through specific spectral patterns.
    4. Pollution Monitoring: Enables identification of contaminated or stressed water bodies.

    How are underground minerals detected without digging?

    1. Surface Mineral Indicators: Identifies copper, gold, and lithium through surface spectral clues caused by geological uplift.
    2. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR): Penetrates cloud cover and storms to map terrain and flooding.
    3. Thermal and Reflectance Imaging: Detects exposed rock layers and folded geological structures.
    4. Spectral Mineral Mapping: Distinguishes limestone, granite, and sedimentary formations.

    How do satellites locate oil and gas without surface seepage?

    1. Geological Trap Identification: Detects anticlines and dome-shaped rock structures likely to trap hydrocarbons.
    2. Thermal Emission Sensors: Capture variations in exposed rock layers using instruments such as ASTER.
    3. Vegetation Stress Signals: Identifies chemical seepage affecting soil and plant colour.
    4. Magnetic Field Mapping: Differentiates sedimentary basins from basement rock, indicating oil-bearing potential.

    How is groundwater tracked from space?

    1. Gravity Measurement: Uses changes in Earth’s gravitational pull caused by water mass variations.
    2. Satellite Distance Variation: Detects groundwater loss through minute changes in satellite spacing.
    3. GRACE Mission Application: Demonstrated alarming groundwater depletion in North India due to irrigation.
    4. Aquifer Monitoring: Enables large-scale assessment without drilling wells.

    What limits do satellites face?

    1. Cloud Obstruction: Optical sensors cannot penetrate dense cloud cover.
    2. Indirect Detection: Subsurface resources inferred through geological proxies, not direct imaging.
    3. Resolution Constraints: Requires ground validation for precise extraction decisions.

    Why is remote sensing critical for sustainable resource management?

    1. Reduced Environmental Damage: Minimises invasive exploration and drilling.
    2. Efficient Resource Targeting: Narrows drilling and mining zones, reducing cost and risk.
    3. Conservation Planning: Prevents over-extraction beyond natural replenishment rates.
    4. Policy Support: Informs land-use planning, climate adaptation, and disaster management.

    Conclusion

    Remote sensing has redefined how humans observe, evaluate, and manage Earth’s resources. By translating invisible electromagnetic signals into actionable intelligence, satellites enable sustainable exploration, early environmental warning, and informed policymaking. As ecological pressures intensify, remote sensing will remain central to balancing development with conservation.

    PYQ Relevance

    [UPSC 2025] How can Artificial Intelligence (AI) and drones be effectively used along with GIS and RS techniques in locational and area planning? 

    Linkage: The question links settlement geography and regional planning with modern spatial tools, reflecting UPSC’s shift towards applied geography and evidence-based planning in GS-I. Integration of GIS, Remote Sensing, drones and AI strengthens urban-rural planning, disaster-prone area zoning and land-use decisions, core themes of Human and Economic Geography.

  • Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited launches Voice over WiFi (VoWiFi)

    Why in the news?

    On New Year, BSNL announced the nationwide rollout of Voice over WiFi also called Wi Fi Calling across all telecom circles in India.

    What is VoWiFi

    Voice over WiFi is a telecom service that allows users to make and receive voice calls and SMS over a Wi Fi network instead of a mobile tower.
     It uses IP Multimedia Subsystem and works with the same mobile number and default phone dialer without third party apps.

    How it works

    • Wi Fi connectivity: Phone connects to home, office, or public Wi Fi when cellular signal is weak or unavailable
    • SIM based authentication: User identity is verified through the SIM, ensuring secure communication
    • Internet routing: Voice is converted into data packets and transmitted over the internet
    • Seamless handover: Calls automatically switch between Wi Fi and cellular networks without interruption

    Key features

    • IMS based service with smooth Wi Fi to mobile network transition
    • Uses existing mobile number and handset dialer
    • No additional charges for Wi Fi calls
    • Improved indoor and remote area connectivity
    • Reduces congestion on mobile networks
    • Supported on most modern smartphones via a simple settings toggle

    Significance

    • Reliable calling in homes, offices, basements, and remote locations
    • Useful in rural and underserved areas with broadband access such as Bharat Fiber
    • Better call quality compared to weak cellular signals
    • Enhances BSNL’s network modernization efforts

    Prelims pointers

    • VoWiFi requires a stable Wi Fi connection but no mobile signal
    • Authentication is SIM based, unlike internet calling apps
    • Offered free of cost as normal voice calls
    [2019] With reference to communication technologies, what is/are the difference/differences between LTE (Long-Term Evolution) and VoLTE (Voice over Long-Term Evolution)? 

    1. LTE is commonly marketed as 3G and VoLTE is commonly marketed as advanced 3G. 

    2. LTE is data-only technology and VoLTE is voice-only technology. 

    Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

    (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

  • Pralay Missile 

    Why in the News?

    Defence Research and Development Organisation conducted a salvo launch of two Pralay missiles in quick succession from the same launcher off the Odisha coast, marking a key milestone in user evaluation trials.

    About Pralay Missile

    Pralay is an indigenously developed, solid propellant, quasi ballistic, surface to surface missile designed for high precision conventional strikes against tactical and operational targets.

    Aim

    • Rapid response conventional strike capability for Indian Army and Indian Air Force
     • Battlefield dominance through precision strikes and saturation capability

    Key Features

    • Type: Quasi ballistic surface to surface missile
       • Range: 150 km to 500 km
       • Propulsion: Solid propellant for quick launch readiness
       • Trajectory: Quasi ballistic trajectory, difficult to intercept by enemy air defence systems
       • Guidance: Advanced guidance and navigation system for high accuracy
       • Warhead: Multiple conventional warhead options
       • Salvo launch capability: Multiple missiles fired in quick succession from the same launcher

    Significance

    • Strengthens indigenous missile capability under Atmanirbhar Bharat
      • Enhances conventional deterrence without nuclear escalation
      • Improves operational readiness, survivability, and strike effectiveness
      • Supports precision warfare doctrine of Indian armed forces
    Consider the following statements: [2023]

    1. Ballistic missiles are jet-propelled at subsonic speeds throughout their flights, while cruise missiles are rocket-powered only in the initial phase of flight. 

    2. Agni-V is a medium-range supersonic cruise missile, while BrahMos is a solid-fuelled intercontinental ballistic missile. 

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 

    (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2