💥Join UPSC 2027,2028 Mentorship (July Batch) + XFactor Notes & Microthemes PDF
Talk to Mentor

Civilsdaily

Login

Type: Prelims Only

  • National Commission for Women marks 34th Foundation Day

    Why in the News?

    The National Commission for Women marked its 34th Foundation Day on 30 January 2026 at Bharat Mandapam, highlighting the link between women’s health and empowerment.

    About National Commission for Women

    • Statutory body constituted under the National Commission for Women Act, 1990
    • Established in 1992
    • Mandate includes safeguarding women’s rights, policy review, legal interventions, and grievance redressal

    Theme of Foundation Day

    • Swasthya hi Sashaktikaran
    • Stresses that women’s health is foundational to empowerment, social equity, and national development
    [2023] Consider the following organizations/bodies in India: 1. The National Commission for Backward Classes 

    2. The National Human Rights Commission 

    3. The National Law Commission 

    4. The National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission 

    How many of the above are constitutional bodies? 

    (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four

  • Menstrual Health and MHM

    Why in the News?

    The Supreme Court of India ruled on January 30, 2026 that menstrual health and access to menstrual hygiene management (MHM) in schools are integral to the Right to Life and Dignity under Article 21 of the Constitution.

    What the Court Held

    • Right to menstrual health is part of Article 21, covering dignity, privacy, and bodily autonomy.
    • Lack of MHM facilities exposes girls to stigma, humiliation, and exclusion.
    • Menstrual poverty violates right to education by causing absenteeism and dropouts.

    Key Constitutional Dimensions

    • Dignity: Girls must manage menstruation without humiliation.
    • Privacy and Bodily Autonomy: Choice cannot be dictated by lack of facilities.
    • Equality in Education: Gender-specific barriers defeat free and compulsory education.

    Important Observations

    • MHM goes beyond sanitation to include decisional freedom.
    • Unsafe practices or forced absenteeism undermine a dignified existence.
    • Impairment of education has long-term social and economic consequences.

    Directions Issued by the Court

    • Functional gender-segregated toilets in all schools, government and private.
    • Free-of-cost oxo-biodegradable sanitary napkins, preferably via vending machines in toilets.
    • Creation of MHM corners with spare innerwear, uniforms, disposable bags, and essentials.
    • Sensitisation of male teachers and students to prevent harassment and invasive questioning.

    Accountability Mechanism

    • Government schools held accountable for non-compliance with Section 19 of the RTE Act.
    • Private schools face de-recognition and penalties for violating prescribed norms.
    [2024] Under which of the following Articles of the Constitution of India, has the Supreme Court of India placed the Right to Privacy? (a) Article 15 

    (b) Article 16 

    (c) Article 19 

    (d) Article 21

  • Rare Blood Red Aurora over Ladakh 

    Why in the News?

    A rare blood red aurora was observed over Hanle in Ladakh on 19–20 January 2026 following a powerful geomagnetic storm triggered by a fast coronal mass ejection from the Sun.

    Key Facts about the Event

    • Observed at the Indian Astronomical Observatory, Hanle
    • Captured by an all sky camera operated by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics
    • Sixth such intense red aurora recorded at Hanle during the current solar cycle
    • Rare because auroras usually occur near polar regions, not mid latitudes like Ladakh

    Cause of the Red Aurora

    • Triggered by a Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) launched on 18 January
    • CME associated with an X1.9 class solar flare
    • Originated from Active Region 14341 near the centre of the Sun
    • CME interacted with Earth’s magnetosphere
    • Resulted in a G4 level geomagnetic storm on the NOAA scale classified as severe

    Why the Aurora Appeared Red

    • Caused by excitation of oxygen atoms in the upper atmosphere
    • Occurs at high altitudes around 200 to 400 km
    • Red auroras are rarer than green ones and indicate strong space weather

    [2012] Electrically charged particles from space travelling at speeds of several hundred km/sec can severely harm living beings if they reach the surface of the Earth. What prevents them from reaching the surface of the Earth? 

    (a) The Earth’s magnetic field diverts them towards its poles 

    (b) Ozone layer around the Earth reflects them back to outer space 

    (c) Moisture in the upper layers of atmosphere prevents them from reaching the surface of the Earth 

    (d) None of the statements (a), (b) and (c) given above is correct

  • National Legal Services Authority 

    Why in the News?

    The Minister of State, Ministry of Law and Justice, informed the Rajya Sabha about the establishment of district legal services clinics by the National Legal Services Authority to expand access to justice.

    About National Legal Services Authority

    • Established under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987
    • Objective is to provide free and competent legal services to the poor and marginalised sections
    • Ensures implementation of Article 39A of the Constitution

    Organisational Structure

    • NALSA is housed in the Supreme Court of India, New Delhi
    • State Legal Services Authorities in every State
    • High Court Legal Services Committees in every High Court
    • District Legal Services Authorities at district level
    • Taluk Legal Services Committees at taluk level

    Free Legal Services Include

    • Payment of court fees, process fees, and other legal charges
    • Legal representation by lawyers
    • Supply of certified copies of judgments and documents
    • Preparation of appeals, paper books, translation, and printing of documents
    [2020] In India, Legal Services Authorities provide free legal services to which of the following type of citizens? 

    1. Person with an annual income of less than ₹ 1,00,000 

    2. Transgender with an annual income of less than ₹ 2,00,000 

    3. Member of Other Backward Classes (OBC) with an annual income of less than ₹ 3,00,000 

    4. All Senior Citizens 

    Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

    (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1 and 4 only

  • Sunabeda Wildlife Sanctuary 

    Why in the News?

    Sunabeda Wildlife Sanctuary has been declared Maoist free and is emerging as a key leopard habitat, with forest officials estimating over 70 leopards in the sanctuary.

    What does “Maoist free” mean?

    Maoist free refers to an area that has been cleared of active Maoist (Left Wing Extremist) presence and where no operational influence, camps, or armed activity of Maoist groups remains.

    About Sunabeda Wildlife Sanctuary

    • Located in Odisha, in Nuapada district
    • Declared a Wildlife Sanctuary in 1983
    • Adjoins Udanti Wildlife Sanctuary and Sitanadi Wildlife Sanctuary
    • Forms part of an inter state forest landscape between Odisha and Chhattisgarh

    Physical Features

    • Terrain includes plateaus, deep canyons, and 11 waterfalls
    • Acts as catchment of the Jonk River
    • Jonk River is a tributary of the Mahanadi River
    • An irrigation dam constructed across the river
    • Vegetation: Dominated by Dry Deciduous Tropical Forests

    Prelims Pointers

    • Sunabeda lies in western Odisha
    • Declared sanctuary in 1983
    • Shares boundary with Udanti Sitanadi landscape
    • Part of Mahanadi river basin via Jonk River
    • Known for leopard population recovery after Maoist decline
    [2024] Consider the following statements: 

    1. Lions do not have a particular breeding season. 

    2. Unlike most other big cats, cheetahs do not roar. 

    3. Unlike male lions, male leopards do not proclaim their territory by scent marking. 

    Which of the statements given above are correct? 

    (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

  • Vishwamitri River  

    Why in the News?

    The Vishwamitri River, flowing through Vadodara in Gujarat, has drawn attention due to the presence of a large urban population of mugger crocodiles, earning it the title India’s Crocodile River.

    About Vishwamitri River

    • A small non perennial river in eastern Gujarat
    • Origin: Western and southern slopes of the Pavagadh Hills
    • Course: Flows westward through Vadodara city
    • Tributaries: Dhadar and Jambuva
    • Outfall: Arabian Sea via the Gulf of Khambhat
    • Total length: 200 km
    • Characterised by highly meandering and sinuous course

    Biodiversity Along the River

    • Mammals: Porcupine, Indian civet, Jungle cat
    • Reptiles: Cobras, Pythons, Checkered keelback, Bengal monitor
    • Supports a major population of Mugger crocodile

    Mugger Crocodiles 

    • Scientific name Crocodylus palustris
    • Distribution: Iran to Bangladesh, Nepal to Sri Lanka
    • In India found in 15 states
    • Also called Indian crocodile
    • 2025 census recorded 442 muggers
    • Found within a 21 km urban stretch in Vadodara
    • Freshwater rivers, lakes, ponds, hill streams
    • Can survive in coastal saltwater lagoons
    • IUCN Red List: Vulnerable
    [2017] If you want to see gharials in their natural habitat, which one of the following is the best place to visit? 

    (a) Bhitarkanika Mangroves 

    (b) Chambal River 

    (c) Pulicat Lake 

    (d) Deepor Beel

  • Reconstructing the Sun’s Invisible Magnetic Fields

    Why in the News?

    Researchers from Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur have reconstructed the internal magnetic fields of the Sun using 30 years of surface data, improving the ability to predict solar cycles and space weather. The study was published on January 20 in Astrophysical Journal Letters.

    Background

    • The Sun follows an ~11 year solar activity cycle driving sunspots, solar flares and coronal mass ejections
    • These events affect satellites, navigation systems, power grids and communications on Earth
    • Prediction is difficult because magnetic fields originate deep inside the Sun, beyond direct observation

    What is New in This Study?

    • Instead of relying on simplified theoretical assumptions, researchers used a data driven solar dynamo model
    • Real observations of surface magnetic fields were fed into a 3D computer simulation
    • This allowed reconstruction of the invisible magnetic fields inside the Sun

    Key Scientific Findings

    • Successfully reproduced the Butterfly Diagram, showing sunspot migration from high latitudes to the equator
    • Revealed behaviour of the toroidal magnetic field in the Sun’s convection zone
    • Internal magnetic field strength matched actual Solar Cycles 23, 24 and 25

    Significance

    • Advances understanding of solar dynamo physics
    • Enhances space weather forecasting accuracy
    • Critical for protecting space based assets and communication infrastructure
    [2022] If a major solar storm (solar flare) reaches the Earth, which of the following are the possible effects on the Earth? 

    1. GPS and navigation systems could fail. 

    2. Tsunamis could occur at equatorial regions. 

    3. Power grids could be damaged. 

    4. Intense auroras could occur over much of the Earth. 

    5. Forest fires could take place over much of the planet. 

    6. Orbits of the satellites could be disturbed. 

    7. Shortwave radio communication of the aircraft flying over polar regions could be interrupted. Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

    (a) 1, 2, 4 and 5 only (b) 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 only (c) 1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 only (d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7

  • PAIMANA Portal

    Why in the News?

    The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation has operationalised the PAIMANA portal for mandatory monitoring of Central Sector Infrastructure Projects worth ₹150 crore and above.

    About PAIMANA Portal

    • PAIMANA stands for Project Assessment, Infrastructure Monitoring and Analytics for Nation-building.
    • It is a flagship digital initiative of MoSPI aimed at strengthening monitoring, transparency and data driven governance in infrastructure development.

    Objectives

    • Create a centralised national repository of major infrastructure projects
    • Enable evidence based decision making using analytics
    • Improve data accuracy, operational efficiency and project oversight

    Key Features

    • Centralised Project Monitoring: Single window system for ministries, departments and implementing agencies to upload, track and review project data
    • Real Time Dashboards: Interactive dashboards with drill down options to monitor progress across sectors, states and timelines
    • Advanced Data Analytics: Includes reporting tools, query modules, review cases and identification of data gaps
    • Role Based Access: Different user roles for data entry, validation and monitoring to ensure accountability
    • Integration: Integrated with Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade’s Integrated Project Monitoring Portal (IPMP or IIG PMG) through APIs
    • Coverage: Mandatory monitoring of Central Sector Infrastructure Projects worth ₹150 crore and above
    [2022] In India, what is the role of the Coal Controller’s Organization (CCO)? 

    1. CCO is the major source of Coal Statistics in Government of India

    2. It monitors progress of development of Captive Coal/Lignite blocks

    3. It hears any objection to the Government’s notification relating to acquisition of coal-bearing areas

    4. It ensures that coal mining companies deliver the coal to end users in the prescribed time. 

    Select the correct answer using the code given below: 

    (a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 3 and 4 only (c) 1 and 2 only (d) 1, 2 and 4

  • Shettihalli Wildlife Sanctuary  

    Why in the News?

    The Forest Minister of Karnataka recently visited Shettihalli Wildlife Sanctuary amid controversy over a proposal to reduce the sanctuary boundary.

    About Shettihalli Wildlife Sanctuary

    • Located in Karnataka, in Shimoga (Shivamogga) district
    • Lies along the Tunga River
    • Tunga Anicut Dam situated within the sanctuary
    • Provides habitat for otters and water birds
    • Mandagadde Bird Sanctuary forms part of Shettihalli
    • Mandagadde is an island nesting site in the Tunga River

    Prelims Pointers

    • Shettihalli lies on the Tunga River
    • Mandagadde Bird Sanctuary is part of it
    • Presence of displaced human settlements is a management challenge
    • Supports rich avifauna and large mammals
    • Forest types range from dry deciduous to evergreen
    [2019] Consider the following pairs: 

    Famous place :    River 

    1. Pandharpur :    Chandrabhaga 

    2. Tiruchirappalli : Cauvery 

    3. Hampi :             Malaprabha

    Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched? 

    (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

  • Rare Rusty spotted Cat sighted in Rajasthan 

    Why in the News?

    A Rusty spotted Cat, one of the smallest wild cats in the world, was recorded alive for the first time in the Shergarh Sanctuary of Baran district, Rajasthan, through camera trap evidence in January 2026.

    About Rusty spotted Cat

    • Among the world’s smallest felines
    • Nocturnal, shy, and solitary in nature
    • Comes together only during breeding season
    • Primarily a carnivore
    • Plays an ecological role in seed dispersal through fruits sticking to its fur

    Conservation Status

    • Near Threatened (NT) by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
    • Faces threats from habitat loss, road kills, and low detectability

    Habitat and Distribution

    • Forests and scrublands
    • Found in Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, and South India
    • First live record in the Hadoti region of Rajasthan
    • Earlier road kill recorded in Shahabad area of Baran district in December 2023

    About Shergarh Sanctuary

    • Located in Baran district
    • Part of the Hadoti region
    • Dry deciduous forest ecosystem
    • Increasing use of camera trapping for wildlife monitoring
    [2023] Consider the following fauna: 

    1. Lion-tailed Macaque 

    2. Malabar Civet 

    3. Sambar Deer 

    How many of the above are generally nocturnal or most active after sunset? 

    (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None