Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Significance of biobanks;
Why in the News?
Precision medicine is ushering in a new era of personalized healthcare, with its foundations taking shape during the completion of the Human Genome Project by scientists.
What is the current legal framework governing biobanks in India?
- Lack of Comprehensive Legislation: India lacks specific, comprehensive laws governing biobanks. The current framework consists of guidelines rather than enforceable laws, creating gaps in the regulation of biobanking practices.
- National Ethical Guidelines by ICMR: The Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR) has issued guidelines on ethical practices in biomedical research involving human participants. However, these guidelines are not legally binding and do not address all aspects of biobanking, such as long-term storage and data sharing.
- Department of Biotechnology (DBT) Standards: The DBT has certain practices in place for data storage and analysis, but these also lack enforceability and do not fully cover issues such as informed consent and privacy.
- Absence of a Single Regulatory Authority: India currently does not have a dedicated regulatory authority to oversee biobanks, which leads to inconsistencies and limited oversight in biobanking activities.
How do privacy concerns impact biobank operations and precision medicine?
- Informed Consent Issues: Participants often give consent without detailed information about how their biological samples and associated data will be used, who will have access, and for how long. This lack of transparency raises privacy concerns.
- Genetic Data Privacy Risks: Genetic information can reveal intimate details about an individual’s health and predisposition to diseases, potentially affecting their family members. If data privacy is not robustly protected, it may lead to genetic discrimination in insurance or employment.
- Data Sharing Without Proper Regulation: In the absence of clear legal provisions, data or samples could be shared without proper consent, risking misuse by pharmaceutical companies or research organizations, including foreign entities.
- Impact on Public Trust: Weak data and privacy protections may reduce public willingness to participate in biobank projects, thus limiting the scale and diversity necessary for effective precision medicine research.
What are the ethical implications of biobanking practices in India?
- Ownership and Benefit Sharing: Without legal protections, there is ambiguity regarding the ownership of biological samples. Individuals contributing samples may not receive benefits from commercial applications resulting from their data, raising ethical concerns about fair compensation.
- Consent Transparency: Participants may not fully understand the scope of their consent, especially regarding future uses of their samples and data. This lack of clarity can be considered ethically problematic, as it may involve the exploitation of participants’ contributions.
- Risk of Misuse or Mismanagement: Inconsistent regulations and the absence of penalties for ethical violations create a risk of mishandling samples, unauthorized data access, and exploitation, which may compromise research integrity.
- Discrimination Risks: Genetic information obtained from biobanks could be used to discriminate against individuals based on their health risks or genetic traits, which raises concerns about ethical and legal safeguards.
Way forward:
- Establish Comprehensive Legislation: Develop and implement a comprehensive legal framework specifically governing biobanks, including clear guidelines on informed consent, data protection, ownership rights, and benefit sharing.
- Create a Regulatory Authority: Establish a dedicated regulatory authority to oversee biobank operations, ensuring compliance with ethical standards and legal requirements.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UNIFIL, UN Peacekeeping Mission
Why in the News?
- India has expressed concerns about the safety of UN peacekeepers stationed in south Lebanon, after they came under fire from Israeli forces.
- Among the peacekeepers are 600 Indian soldiers, who are part of the UN peacekeeping mission and are stationed along the 120-km Blue Line on the Israel-Lebanon border.
What is UNIFIL (United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon)?
|
Details |
| Established |
March 1978, following Israel’s invasion of Lebanon |
| UN Resolutions |
Established under UNSC Resolutions 425 and 426 |
| Primary Objectives |
- Confirm Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon
- Restore international peace and security
- Assist the Government of Lebanon in regaining control over southern Lebanon
|
| Area of Operation |
Southern Lebanon, near the border with Israel (Blue Line) |
| Personnel |
Over 10,000 peacekeepers from 50 countries (both civilian and military personnel) |
| Mission |
- Prevent hostilities and maintain peace along the 121-km Blue Line
- Ensure that no weapons or fighters are present in the region
- Report violations to the UN Security Council
|
| Rules of Engagement |
Peacekeepers are armed but are only allowed to use force when their safety or civilian safety is at risk |
| Headquarters |
Naqoura, southern Lebanon |
| Peacekeeper Status |
Not soldiers but impartial peacekeepers, present with the consent of the host country, Lebanon |
Significance of UNIFIL
- Conflict Prevention: UNIFIL monitors the Blue Line and prevents escalations between Israel and Lebanon.
- Civilian Protection: It safeguards civilians and supports humanitarian aid efforts in conflict zones.
- Support for Lebanon: UNIFIL helps the Lebanese government extend control in the south alongside the Lebanese Armed Forces.
PYQ:
[2015] Discuss the impediments India is facing in its pursuit of a permanent seat in UN Security Council. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Wular Lake
Why in the News?
The harvest of water chestnuts, locally known as goer has begun around “Wular Lake” in Kashmir.
About Wular Lake:
|
Details |
| Location |
Bandipore district, Jammu and Kashmir |
| Size |
Largest freshwater lake in India, second-largest in Asia |
| Area |
Covers 200 sq. km, with a length of 24 km and breadth of 10 km |
| Source |
Fed by the Jhelum River; Streams Madhumati and Arin. |
| Formation |
Formed due to tectonic activity; possibly a remnant of the ancient Satisar Lake |
| Island formation |
Features a small island called Zaina Lank, constructed by King Zainul-Abidin |
| Ecological Significance |
Ramsar Wetland Site (since 1990), supports wintering, staging, and breeding of many bird species |
| Wildlife |
Important for bird species like black-eared kite, Himalayan monal, Himalayan golden eagle |
| Fish Habitat |
Accounts for 60% of the fish production in Jammu and Kashmir |
| Wetland status |
Designated as a Wetland of International Importance in 1990 under the Ramsar Convention |
| Tulbul Project |
Located at the mouth of Wular Lake, aims to regulate the flow of water from the lake into the Jhelum River to enhance navigation and ensure year-round water availability.
Controversial due to objections raised by Pakistan under the Indus Waters Treaty. Currently, the project remains stalled. |
PYQ:
[2018] Which one of the following is an artificial lake?
(a) Kodaikanal (Tamil Nadu)
(b) Kolleru (Andhra Pradesh)
(c) Nainital (Uttarakhand)
(d) Renuka (Himachal Pradesh) |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Doppler, X-Band Radar, NISAR
Why in the News?
After the floods and landslides in Wayanad in July 2024, the Union Ministry of Earth Sciences approved the installation of an “X-band radar” in the district.
What is an X-Band Radar?
- An X-band radar is a type of radar that operates in the 8-12 GHz frequency range of the electromagnetic spectrum, with wavelengths of 2-4 cm.
- This radar is particularly useful for detecting smaller particles like raindrops, fog, and other fine materials due to its shorter wavelengths, which allow for higher resolution images.
Key Features of X-Band Radar:
- High Resolution: The shorter wavelength provides more detailed images, making it ideal for tracking weather phenomena, including precipitation and particle movements.
- Limited Range: They have a relatively shorter range compared to other types like S-band radars because higher frequency signals get attenuated (weakened) faster as they travel through the atmosphere.
Applications: In weather forecasting, X-band radars are used for short-range weather monitoring, such as predicting rainfall intensity and landslides. They are also used in air traffic control and military applications. |
What is a Doppler Radar?
- A Doppler radar is a type of radar used primarily in meteorology to measure the velocity and movement of weather formations, such as clouds and storms.
- It works on the principle of the Doppler effect, which refers to the change in frequency of waves as their source moves relative to the observer.
It’s applications:
- Velocity Measurement: By measuring these changes in frequency, Doppler radar can determine how fast the object (e.g., rain cloud) is moving and in which direction.
- Weather Monitoring: Doppler radar helps in tracking rainfall intensity, detecting wind patterns, and predicting the formation of storms or tornadoes.
India’s Radar Network
- The India Meteorological Department (IMD) began using radars in weather applications in the 1950s.
- The first indigenously designed X-band storm detection radar was installed in 1970 in New Delhi.
- In 1996, the IMD replaced 10 outdated X-band radars with digital X-band radars.
- India’s radar network includes both wind-finding and storm-detecting X-band radars. The country also uses S-band radars (2-4 GHz) for long-range detection. The first S-band cyclone detection radar was installed in Visakhapatnam in 1970.
Recent Developments:
- In September 2024, the Ministry of Earth Sciences announced that India would install 56 additional Doppler radars over the next few years.
- On September 11, 2024, the Union Cabinet approved the ₹2,000-crore ‘Mission Mausam’, which aims to upgrade meteorological infrastructure, including the installation of up to 60 radars by 2026.
- The Wayanad radar initiative also includes the installation of a C-band radar (4-8 GHz) in Mangaluru, with an observational range of 250 km.
About the NISAR
- NISAR, short for NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar, is a joint satellite mission being developed by NASA and ISRO.
- NISAR will use radar imaging to create a high-resolution map of the earth’s landmasses, tracking changes in natural processes.
- Its payload consists of an L-band radar (1.25 GHz, 24 cm) built by NASA and an S-band radar (3.2 GHz, 9.3 cm) built by ISRO.
- NISAR is expected to launch in 2025 aboard an ISRO GSLV Mk II rocket, with a total cost of $1.5 billion, primarily funded by NASA.
|
PYQ:
[2016] Discuss India’s achievements in the field of Space Science and Technology. How the application of this technology has helped India in its socio-economic development? |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Anaconda Strategy
Why in the News?
Taiwanese authorities recently stated that the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) is using an ‘anaconda strategy’ to put pressure on Taiwan.
China’s Military Maneuvers around Taiwan
- China has been steadily increasing its military activities around Taiwan, both by air and sea:
- Air incursions into the Taiwan Strait have increased significantly, from 36 incursions in January to 193 in September.
- Chinese ships operating around Taiwan has also risen, from 142 in early 2024 to 282 by August.
- These maneuvers seem designed to wear down Taiwan’s navy and air force, creating constant pressure.
|
What is the Anaconda Strategy?
- The ‘anaconda strategy’ involves a combination of military tactics, psychological pressure, and cyber warfare.
- The goal is to weaken Taiwan’s defenses and force the island into submission without the need for a full-scale invasion.
- China’s approach is one of relentless pressure.
- It is trying to tire out Taiwan and force it into making mistakes, which could then be used as a pretext to launch a blockade.
- Its ultimate goal appears to be to make Taiwan vulnerable without resorting to direct military conflict, keeping Taiwan’s forces on the defensive.
Other Unconventional Strategies used by China:
- Wolf Warrior Diplomacy: A confrontational and assertive style of diplomacy used by Chinese officials, characterized by aggressive rhetoric and nationalistic stances, often aimed at defending China’s interests and countering foreign criticism.
- Gray-Zone Tactics: A set of covert strategies that fall between war and peace, including actions like cyberattacks, propaganda, and incremental territorial gains, aimed at advancing a nation’s goals without triggering a full-scale military conflict.
- Salami Slicing: A strategy where small, incremental actions are taken over time to achieve a larger goal without triggering a strong reaction. It is often used to gain control or advantage bit by bit, avoiding immediate confrontation.
|
PYQ:
[2021] The US is facing an existential threat in the form of a China that is much more challenging than the erstwhile Soviet Union. Explain.
[2017] “China is using its economic relations and positive trade surplus as tools to develop potential military power status in Asia”. In the light of this statement, discuss its impact on India as her neighbour. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nobel Prize of Literature
Why in the News?
The 2024 Nobel Prize has been awarded to South Korean writer Han Kang for her “intense poetic prose that confronts historical traumas and exposes the fragility of human life.”
Who is Han Kang?
- Han Kang is a South Korean writer born in 1970 in Gwangju, South Korea.
- She is known for her poetic and experimental writing style that confronts themes of historical trauma, violence, grief, and the fragility of human life.
- After starting her literary career with poetry, she became widely recognized for her novels that address complex human emotions and the consequences of social and political structures.
Her Literary Works:
- The Vegetarian (2007): This novel, which won the Man Booker International Prize in 2016, revolves around a woman who decides to stop eating meat and faces extreme reactions from her family. The story explores themes of control, independence, and violence. It was her breakthrough novel, translated into English in 2015.
- Human Acts (2016): Set against the backdrop of the 1980 Gwangju Uprising, this novel tells the story of the massacre of protesting students by the South Korean military. Han Kang gives voice to the victims of history with a style that is both experimental and visionary.
- The White Book (2017): An elegy dedicated to a sibling who passed away shortly after birth. The novel is a meditation on grief, narrated through white objects, symbolizing loss and memory.
- Greek Lessons (2023): This novel, first published in Korean in 2011, tells the story of a woman who loses her ability to speak and her teacher, who is losing his sight. The novel explores loss, intimacy, and the connection between language and identity.
- We Do Not Part (2025, forthcoming): This upcoming novel focuses on two women confronting a hidden massacre in Korean history from the 1940s. It explores how trauma can be transformed into art.
Citation for Nobel Prize 2024
- The Swedish Academy’s official bio-bibliography highlights her ability to create universal narratives using a poetic and radical imagination.
- Han Kang is praised for addressing patriarchy, violence, and historical injustices, while also examining the connections between body and soul and the living and the dead.
- The academy notes that she has become an innovator in contemporary prose, showing how literature can speak the truth through her powerful and experimental style.
Recent Nobel Prizes in Literature:
- 2023: Jon Fosse (Norway) for his innovative minimalistic plays and prose, focusing on the human condition.
- 2022: Annie Ernaux (France) for her courageous exploration of personal and collective memory.
- 2021: Abdulrazak Gurnah (Tanzania) for his compassionate depictions of colonialism and migration.
- 2020: Louise Gluck (USA) for her deeply personal poetry that resonates universally.
| Rabindranath Tagore: Won the Nobel Prize in 1913 for “Gitanjali,” becoming the first non-European laureate in Literature, recognized for his sensitive and spiritual poetry. |
|
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hurricane Milton
Why in the News?
Hurricane Milton made landfall near Siesta Key, Florida, USA which caused heavy rain, flooding and strong winds resulting in significant damage and loss of lives.
What is a Hurricane?
- A hurricane is a large, powerful cyclonic storm that forms over warm ocean waters.
- Hurricanes mostly occur in the Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea.
- They usually form when sea-surface temperatures are above 26°C.
- Warm water causes evaporation, which fuels the storm as it gathers strength and moisture.
- These storms typically develop in the late summer and early fall, which is the Atlantic hurricane season (June to November).
Global Terminology:
- Typhoon: Northwest Pacific Ocean.
- Hurricane: North Atlantic, Central and Eastern North Pacific Oceans.
- Cyclone: South Pacific and Indian Ocean.
|
Hurricane Milton: Origin and Causes
- Hurricane Milton was a powerful storm that made landfall in Florida near Siesta Key, causing widespread damage.
- It was a Category 5 hurricane with wind speeds of 285 km/h, making it one of the strongest hurricanes ever recorded in the Atlantic Ocean.
- It originated in the Gulf of Mexico, an area connected to the Atlantic Ocean.
Why it was an unusual storm?
- Milton went from a Category 1 storm to a Category 5 storm in just 12 hours.
- Usually, hurricanes intensify at a slower pace, but Milton’s wind speeds increased by 145 km/h in one day, which is very rare.
- Sea-surface temperatures of 31°C were much higher than the 26°C needed for hurricane formation.
- This excess heat allowed Milton to intensify quickly.
- Most hurricanes follow a westward path, but Milton moved eastward and made landfall on the western coast of Florida.
- According to scientists, very few hurricanes have taken this path before.
- Wind shear is a change in wind speed and direction that can weaken hurricanes.
- In Milton’s case, there was almost no wind shear, allowing the storm to grow stronger without interference.
PYQ:
[2020] Consider the following statements:
1. Jet streams occur in the Northern Hemisphere only.
2. Only some cyclones develop an eye.
3. The temperature inside the eye of a cyclone is nearly 10ºC lesser than that of the surroundings.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 2 only
(d) 1 and 3 only |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ASEAN Summit
Why in the News?
In alignment with the theme of this year’s ASEAN Summit—“Enhancing Connectivity and Resilience”—PM Modi laid out the following ten key suggestions for strengthening cooperation.
Back2Basics: Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
- ASEAN, founded in 1967 with the Bangkok Declaration, aims for economic growth, regional peace, and an integrated ASEAN community.
- The ASEAN Charter, launched in 2008, formalized ASEAN’s legal status and sought to establish a single free-trade area.
- The ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights (AICHR) was established in 2009, adopting the ASEAN Human Rights Declaration in 2012.
- ASEAN members comprises Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. East Timor (Timor-Leste) applied for membership in 2011 but is not yet a member.
- ASEAN Plus Three (China, Japan, South Korea) aims to deepen regional integration among Southeast Asia and East Asian countries.
- East Asia Summit (EAS), including ASEAN Plus Three + India, Australia, and New Zealand, enhances strategic dialogue and cooperation in the region.
|
Ten suggestions by PM Modi for ASEAN Connectivity and Resilience:
| No. |
Suggestion |
Details |
| 1 |
ASEAN-India Year of Tourism (2025) |
Declare 2025 as ASEAN-India Year of Tourism, with India committing USD 5 million to promote tourism between India and ASEAN. |
| 2 |
Celebrating a Decade of India’s Act East Policy |
Organize events connecting artists, youth, entrepreneurs, and think tanks, including a Music Festival, Youth Summit, Hackathon, etc. |
| 3 |
Women Scientists’ Conclave |
Hold an annual Women Scientists’ Conclave under the India-ASEAN Science and Technology Fund to promote collaboration and innovation. |
| 4 |
Scholarships for ASEAN Students |
Double the Masters scholarships for ASEAN students at Nalanda University and launch a new scholarship program for ASEAN students in agriculture. |
| 5 |
Review of ASEAN-India Trade Agreement |
Complete the review of the ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement by 2025 to enhance economic ties and build a secure, resilient supply chain. |
| 6 |
Disaster Resilience |
Allocate USD 5 million from the ASEAN-India Fund for disaster resilience, with collaboration between India’s NDMA and ASEAN’s Humanitarian Assistance Centre. |
| 7 |
Health Resilience |
Institutionalize the ASEAN-India Health Ministers Meeting and invite two experts from each ASEAN country to India’s National Cancer Grid Vishwam Conference. |
| 8 |
Digital and Cyber Resilience |
Establish a cyber-policy dialogue between India and ASEAN to strengthen digital and cyber resilience. |
| 9 |
Promoting a Green Future |
Organize workshops on green hydrogen involving experts from India and ASEAN to promote sustainable energy solutions. |
| 10 |
Climate Resilience |
Promote the “Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam” (Plant for Mother) campaign to encourage tree planting and strengthen climate resilience. |
PYQ:
[2016] Evaluate the economic and strategic dimensions of India’s Look East Policy in the context of the post-Cold War international scenario.
[2015] India is a member of which among the following? (2015)
- Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
- Association of South-East Asian Nations
- East Asia Summit
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3
(d) India is a member of none of them |
https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2063975
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Key highlights of Draft National Sports Governance Bill, 2024
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports has released the Draft National Sports Governance Bill, 2024 for public comments and suggestions.
Draft National Sports Governance Bill, 2024: Key Features
|
Details |
| Sports Regulatory Board of India |
• Central regulatory authority overseeing National Sports Federations (NSFs).
• Responsible for granting recognition to NSFs, ensuring governance, financial, and ethical standards are followed.
• Flexible and autonomous in regulating sports governance without a fixed formula for NSF recognition. |
| Governance Structure for Sports Bodies |
• Applies to the Indian Olympic Association (IOA), Paralympic Committee of India (PCI), and NSFs.
• Limits Executive Committees (ECs) to 15 members.
• Leadership positions open to citizens with usual terms and conditions.
• Encourages NSFs to hire full-time salaried management, led by a CEO. |
| Ethical and Governance Standards |
• Mandatory Ethics Commissions and Dispute Resolution Commissions at the NOC, NPC, and NSF levels.
• Aligns with international standards to help India host global events like the Olympics. |
| Athletes Commissions |
• Required in NOC, NPC, and all NSFs.
• Provides athletes a platform to raise concerns and participate in decision-making.
• Government to provide additional funding. |
| Athlete Representation in Governance |
• At least 10% of voting members in the General Body of NOC, NPC, and NSFs must be sportspersons of outstanding merit (SOMs).
• At least 2 SOM representatives (one male, one female) must serve on the Executive Committee. |
| Safe Sports Policy |
• Introduces a Safe Sports Policy to protect athletes, especially minors and women, from harassment and abuse.
• Strict adherence to the POSH Act. |
| National Sports Promotion Organisations (NSPOs) |
• Guidelines for recognizing and regulating NSPOs to support sports governance, athlete development, and sports promotion. |
| Appellate Sports Tribunal |
• Handles sports-related disputes, reducing the burden on civil courts.
• Provides faster, cheaper, and efficient dispute resolution. |
| Ad-hoc Normalisation Committees |
• The Sports Regulatory Board can form these committees in cases of non-compliance or suspension of sports federations. |
| Global Anti-Doping and Ethical Standards |
• Emphasizes anti-doping measures and compliance with international standards, positioning India as a clean host for global events. |
| Public Accountability and Transparency |
• NOC, NPC, and NSFs subject to the RTI Act with exclusions for performance and medical data, ensuring transparency in sports governance. |
| Inclusivity and Gender Representation |
• At least 30% of the members of Executive Committees and other governing bodies must be female, promoting gender equality in sports. |
| Sports Election Panel |
• IOA, PCI, and NSFs must engage electoral officers from the Sports Election Panel to ensure free and fair elections. |
| Use of National Name and Insignia |
• Only recognized sports bodies will be allowed to use the Indian Flag or national names.
• Violations can result in fines up to Rs 10 lakhs or imprisonment for up to one year. |
Significance of the Bill:
- The National Sports Governance Bill, 2024 is significant as it aims to enhance transparency, accountability, and inclusivity in sports governance while ensuring the welfare of athletes.
- It establishes regulatory frameworks and ethical standards that align India’s sports ecosystem with global practices, fostering a more efficient, fair, and athlete-centric sports environment.
PYQ:
[2014] An athlete participates in Olympics for personal triumph and nation’s glory; victors are showered with cash incentives by various agencies, on their return. Discuss the merit of state sponsored talent hunt and its cultivation as against the rationale of a reward mechanism as encouragement. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Synthetic Medical Images, GANs
Why in the News?
As we consider how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming various fields, one emerging area is the use of synthetic medical images in healthcare.
What are Synthetic Medical Images?
- Synthetic medical images are AI-generated images created without using traditional imaging devices like MRI, CT scans, or X-rays.
- These images are constructed using mathematical models or AI techniques, such as generative adversarial networks (GANs), diffusion models, and autoencoders.
|
Advantages offered
- Intra- and Inter-Modality Translation: Generate images from the same or different types of scans, helping when certain scans are unavailable.
- Privacy Protection: Created without patient data, reducing privacy concerns and easing data sharing for research.
- Cost and Time Efficiency: Synthetic images are quicker and cheaper to generate compared to real medical scans.
- Scalability: Easier to produce large volumes of medical data for AI training and research.
Challenges posed
- Potential for Misuse: Could be used to create medical deepfakes, leading to fraudulent claims or fake clinical findings.
- Lack of Real-World Complexity: May not capture subtle details found in real medical data, potentially lowering diagnostic accuracy.
- Truth Erosion: Relying too heavily on synthetic data may distort AI models, leading to diagnoses that don’t align with real-world cases.
- Ethical and Regulatory Concerns: Questions around how these images should be controlled and monitored to avoid misuse.
PYQ:
[2020] With the present state of development, Artificial Intelligence can effectively do which of the following?
- Bring down electricity consumption in industrial units
- Create meaningful short stories and songs
- Disease diagnosis
- Text-to-Speech Conversion
- Wireless transmission of electrical energy
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2, 4 and 5 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mount Dhaulagiri and its location
Why in the News?
Five Russian mountaineers lost their lives during an expedition on Mount Dhaulagiri in Nepal, the world’s seventh-highest peak.
About Mount Dhaulagiri
|
Details |
| Location |
- North-central Nepal, in the Dhaulagiri Himal range;
- “Dhaulagiri” from Sanskrit: “dhawala” (white/dazzling), “giri” (mountain);
- Dhaulagiri Himal is part of the Nepal Himalayas.
|
| Elevation |
8,167 meters (26,795 feet) |
| Prominence |
3,357 meters (11,014 feet) |
| First Ascent |
May 13, 1960, by a Swiss-Austrian-Nepalese expedition |
| Nearby River |
Kali Gandaki River flows in the gorge between Dhaulagiri and Annapurna |
| Glaciers |
Chonbardan Glacier, Myagdi Glacier |
| Climate & Conditions |
Extreme cold, high winds, unpredictable weather |
PYQ:
[2019] Consider the following pairs:
Glacier: River
- Bandarpunch: Yamuna
- Bara Shigri: Chenab
- Milam: Mandakini
- Siachen: Nubra
- Zemu: Manas
Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched?
(a) 1, 2 and 4 only
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2 and 5 only
(d) 3 and 5 only |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Trachoma; Its causes and treatment
Why in the News?
- The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared that India has successfully eliminated Trachoma as a public health problem.
- This makes India the third country in the Southeast Asia Region to achieve this milestone.
- WHO has classified Trachoma as a neglected tropical disease (NTD).
- WHO estimates that around 150 million people worldwide are affected by Trachoma, and 6 million of them are either blind or at risk of severe visual problems.
- Trachoma is commonly found in underprivileged communities living in poor conditions.
|
What is Trachoma?
- Trachoma is a bacterial infection that affects the eyes.
- It is caused by the bacterium Chlamydia Trachomatis.
- It is contagious, spreading through contact with the eyes, eyelids, or secretions from the nose or throat of an infected person.
- If untreated, Trachoma can lead to irreversible blindness.
Trachoma in India: A Historical Perspective
- In the 1950s and 1960s, Trachoma was one of the leading causes of blindness in India.
- To tackle this, India launched the National Trachoma Control Program in 1963.
- Later, these efforts were integrated into India’s National Program for Control of Blindness (NPCB).
- In 1971, the rate of blindness due to trachoma was 5% in the country.
- Due to various interventions under the National Programme for Control of Blindness & Visual Impairment (NPCBVI), the rate has now dropped to less than 1%.
What are the key measures taken to eliminate Trachoma?
- India implemented the WHO SAFE strategy across the country. This strategy includes:
- Surgery
- Antibiotics
- Facial hygiene
- Environmental cleanliness
- Although by 2017, India was declared free from infective Trachoma, it continued surveillance of Trachoma cases from 2019 to 2024.
PYQ:
[2018] Appropriate local community-level healthcare intervention is a prerequisite to achieve ‘Health for All’ in India. Explain. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Marburg Virus and its treatment
Why in the News?
Rwanda has reported a Marburg virus outbreak with several confirmed cases and deaths, making it a country of concern for public health.
About the Marburg Virus
- The Marburg virus is a highly dangerous virus that causes Marburg Virus Disease (MVD), also known as Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever.
- It belongs to the same family of viruses as Ebola (the filovirus family).
- MVD has a case fatality rate that can range from 24% to 88%, depending on the virus strain and how cases are managed.
- The virus was first identified in 1967 during simultaneous outbreaks in Marburg and Frankfurt in Germany.
How does it spread?
- The Marburg virus initially spreads from animals to humans, primarily through exposure to Rousettus bats, particularly the Egyptian fruit bat, found in caves or mines.
- Once a person is infected, it can spread from human to human through:
- Direct contact with the blood, and bodily fluids (urine, saliva, sweat, vomit, feces, breast milk, and semen) of an infected person.
- Indirect contact with surfaces or objects like bedding or clothing that have been contaminated with these fluids.
- Medical workers are often at risk, especially during outbreaks, due to contact with patients when proper infection control practices are not followed.
- The virus does NOT spread through the air like the common cold or flu.
Symptoms and Treatment
- Symptoms typically begin between 2 to 21 days after exposure to the virus.
- Early symptoms are: High fever, severe headache, Muscle aches, Chills, Severe watery diarrhoea, abdominal pain and cramping, nausea and vomiting.
- As the disease progresses, more severe symptoms may develop, including: Bleeding (both internal and external) ex—blood in vomit and faeces.
- Patients often die 8 to 9 days after the onset of symptoms, primarily from severe blood loss and multiple organ failure.
- Currently, there are no approved vaccines or specific antiviral treatments for MVD. However, supportive care can improve the chances of survival.
- Supportive treatment includes:
- Rehydration with oral or intravenous fluids to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance.
- Treatment of specific symptoms like fever, pain, and diarrhoea.
- Blood transfusions and oxygen therapy may be required for severe cases.
PYQ:
[2015] Among the following, which were frequently mentioned in the news for the outbreak of Ebola virus recently?
(a) Syria and Jordan
(b) Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia
(c) Philippines and Papua New Guinea
(d) Jamaica, Haiti and Surinam |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Artificial Neural Network, Physics Nobel, 2024
Why in the News?
John Hopfield and Geoffrey Hinton have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, 2024 for their pioneering work that laid the foundation for machine learning and artificial neural network.
What is Artificial Neural Network?
- Artificial neural networks are systems inspired by the structure of the brain.
- In these networks, nodes represent the brain’s neurons, and they influence each other through connections, similar to synapses in the brain.
- These connections can be made stronger or weaker through training.
- For instance, connections between nodes with high values can become stronger as the network learns.
- Since the 1980s, Hopfield and Hinton have been conducting important research on artificial neural networks.
|
Significance of their contribution
- Hinton’s work on the Boltzmann machine and other neural networks helped drive the explosive growth of machine learning.
- His methods continue to play a significant role in modern AI, enabling technologies like image classification and pattern recognition.
PYQ:
[2020] With the present state of development, Artificial Intelligence can effectively do which of the following?
1 Bring down electricity consumption in industrial units
2. Create meaningful short stories and songs
3. Disease diagnosis
4. Text-to-Speech Conversion
5. Wireless transmission of electrical energy
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2, 4 and 5 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Combination Therapeutic Clotting Implant
Why in the News?
Scientists at the Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Mohali, in collaboration with other researchers have developed the Combination Therapeutic Clotting Implant.
What is the Combination Therapeutic Clotting Implant?
- It is a hybrid implant made of metal-based nano-medicine combined with patient-derived blood clotting components.
- It is designed to reduce localized tumor recurrence after surgery.
- It uses nanotechnology and autologous fibrin (derived from the patient’s own blood) to enhance post-surgical cancer treatment by providing localized therapy and promoting healing in the tumor bed.
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How does It Work?
- The implant is created using Nano-Micro-Sera (NMS), which consists of drug and metal-based nanomedicine stabilized by the patient’s own serum protein corona.
- The hybrid implant is reinforced into autologous fibrin, which quickly bonds with damaged tissue in the tumor bed after surgery.
- Once the surgical site is closed, the implant delivers localized chemo-phototherapy, triggering immunogenic cell death (ICD).
- This process activates dendritic cells and T-cells, which boosts the body’s immune response and prevents the recurrence of tumors.
Significance of the Implant
- The implant offers an affordable and effective solution for localized post-surgical cancer management, especially for marginalized patients.
- By using the patient’s own serum proteins and fibrin, the implant ensures personalized treatment, reducing the risk of systemic toxicity.
- The implant’s design is resource-efficient, making it accessible for bedside fabrication with simple equipment, ensuring wider availability.
- It has demonstrated superior outcomes in suppressing recurrent breast tumors, and its use could prevent tumor recurrence and reducing the chances of metastasis.
PYQ:
[2015] With reference to the use of nanotechnology in health sector, which of the following statements is/are correct?
1. Targeted drug delivery is made possible by nanotechnology.
2. Nanotechnology can largely contribute to gene therapy.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: 'Humsafar Policy' and its features
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways has launched the ‘Humsafar Policy’ in New Delhi to improve travel convenience on National Highways and boost the development of Wayside Amenities.
About the ‘Humsafar Policy’
- The Humsafar Policy is an initiative launched by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways to enhance the convenience and experience of travelers on National Highways (NHs).
- It focuses on developing Wayside Amenities along highways to provide a range of facilities for highway users, ensuring smooth, safe, and comfortable journeys.
- The policy also emphasizes environmental sustainability by incorporating eco-friendly practices like water conservation, solar energy, and waste recycling.
Features of the Humsafar Policy
- Wayside Amenities: Includes food courts, fuel stations, EV charging stations, parking, toilets, ATMs, and pharmacies.
- Standardized Facilities: Ensures well-maintained and hygienic services for commuters.
- Visibility for Service Providers: Featured on the ‘Rajmarg Yatra’ app, with signage space and renewal fee waivers for high-rated providers.
- Monitoring & Inspection: Regular third-party checks to maintain service quality, with alerts for low-rated facilities.
- Green Focus: Encourages solar energy, water conservation, and waste recycling.
Significance
- Better User Experience: Enhances travel with high-quality facilities.
- Economic Impact: Creates jobs and supports local communities.
- Standardization: Ensures consistent quality and accountability.
- Technological Integration: The ‘Rajmarg Yatra’ app gives real-time facility info and allows feedback from users.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hanle Dark Sky Reserve
Why in the News?
Expert astro-photographers and astronomers have gathered at the Hanle Dark Sky Reserve from for the second Star Party.
Star Party and Its Details
- The Star Party at the Hanle Dark Sky Reserve is a gathering of amateur astronomers and astro-photographers who travel to Hanle to observe and capture celestial phenomena.
- It was hosted by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) from and attended by over 45 astronomy enthusiasts from across India.
- Participants brought their own telescopes and cameras to capture unique celestial events, including faint galaxies, the Zodiacal Light, and the rare sight of Venus casting a shadow.
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About Hanle Dark Sky Reserve (HDSR)
- The HDSR is a designated area in Changthang region of eastern Ladakh created to control man-made light pollution and protect the naturally dark night skies.
- It spans approximately 1,073 square kilometers and is home to the Indian Astronomical Observatory, operated by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA).
- Established to promote astronomy and astrophotography, it offers some of the darkest skies in India, ideal for astronomical research.
- Hanley is also the home to second-highest optical telescope in the world, established in 2001 by IIA.
Special Features of HDSR and the Surrounding Region
- High Altitude: Hanle is situated at a high altitude, providing clearer skies with minimal atmospheric interference.
- Minimal Light Pollution: The region has low light pollution, which makes it perfect for observing faint celestial objects.
- Dry Climate: The dry weather in the region contributes to excellent visibility, reducing the impact of humidity on astronomical observations.
Significance of HDSR
- Astrophotography and Research: The dark skies allow for detailed observation of celestial phenomena and astrophotography, attracting enthusiasts and researchers.
- Astro-Tourism: The reserve fosters astro-tourism, boosting the local economy by creating jobs for guides and supporting infrastructure.
- Preservation of Night Skies: It plays a crucial role in preserving the natural darkness of the sky, curbing light pollution in the region.
- International Attention: The reserve has attracted amateur and professional astronomers from across India and beyond, making it a hub for astronomical events.
| PYQ:
[2018] Consider the following phenomena:
- Light is affected by gravity.
- The Universe is constantly expanding.
- Matter warps its surrounding space-time.
Which of the above is/are the prediction/predictions of Albert Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity, often discussed in media?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC)
Why in the News?
India’s power regulator, the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC), has appointed a Single Member Bench to assess the challenges of a sudden surge in power demand.
Projected Power Demand for October 2024
- India’s projected peak power demand for October 2024 is 230 Gigawatts (GW).
- After factoring in Inter-State Transmission System (ISTS) losses, the demand is expected to rise to 232.2 GW.
- To meet this demand, an additional 12.60 GW of generation resources is required.
Concerns over Power System Operation:
- The steep rise in electricity demand, without enough generation sources, could pose a risk to power system operations.
- The Regional Load Despatch Centres (RLDCs) and State Load Despatch Centres (SLDCs) are responsible for conducting operational planning to manage this surge, especially due to seasonal variations.
|
About Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC):
|
Details |
| Establishment |
It was constituted on July 24, 1998, under the Electricity Regulatory Commissions Act, 1998, and later brought under the Electricity Act, 2003. |
| Type |
Statutory body with quasi-judicial status under Section 76 of the Electricity Act, 2003. |
| Ministry |
Functions under the Ministry of Power, Government of India. |
| Primary Functions |
– Regulates tariffs of power generation companies (owned/controlled by the Government of India).
– Regulates interstate transmission tariffs.
– Issues licenses for interstate transmission and trading. |
| Key Role in Tariff Evolution |
– Introduced a Two-Part Tariff in 1992.
– Introduced Availability Based Tariff (ABT) in 2000 to improve grid stability. |
| Advisory Role |
– Contributes to National Electricity Policy and Tariff Policy.
– Promotes competition, efficiency, and investment in the electricity sector. |
| Licensing |
– Issues licenses for electricity transmission and interstate trading. |
| Grid Operation Standards |
Enforces standards under the Indian Electricity Grid Code (IEGC) to improve grid stability and power quality. |
| Dispute Resolution |
Adjudicates disputes involving power generation companies and transmission licensees. |
| Collaboration |
Signed a MoU with the U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) in 2009 for enhancing power market regulation and grid reliability. |
| First Chairman |
Mr. S.L. Rao (1998–2001). |
PYQ:
[2016] Which one of the following is the purpose of ‘UDAY’, a scheme of the Government?
(a) Providing technical and financial assistance to start-up entrepreneurs in the field of renewable sources of energy
(b) Providing electricity to every household in the country by 2018
(c) Replacing the coal-based power plants with natural gas, nuclear, solar, wind and tidal power plants over a period of time
(d) Providing for financial turnaround and revival of power distribution companies |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: SAARC Currency Swap Framework
Why in the News?
The RBI has announced a Currency Swap Agreement with the Maldives Monetary Authority (MMA) under the SAARC Currency Swap Framework 2024-27.
India’s Financial Support to Maldives
- India will extend financial support to the Maldives, providing $400 million under the US Dollar/Euro Swap Window.
- Additionally, ₹30 billion (approximately $357 million) will be made available under the INR Swap Window.
- The Currency Swap Agreement will remain valid until June 18, 2027.
|
About SAARC Currency Swap Framework:
|
Details |
| Objective |
To provide short-term liquidity support to SAARC member countries during financial crises or instability. |
| Administered by |
Reserve Bank of India (RBI) |
| Launch Year |
2012 |
| Countries Involved |
All SAARC members: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. |
| Facility |
Swap arrangement in US Dollar, Euro, or Indian Rupee. |
| Interest Rate |
Based on the currency borrowed, includes a margin over international benchmark rates. |
| Purpose |
To address the balance of payment crises and provide financial stability. |
| Recent Users |
Sri Lanka, Maldives |
Maldives’ Debt Situation
- The Maldives’ debt is now estimated at 110% of its gross domestic product (GDP), with increasing risks of defaulting on its sukuk (Islamic bond).
- A failure to make payments would mark the world’s first default of an Islamic bond.
-
- Fitch Ratings estimates that the Maldives’ external debt obligations will reach $557 million by 2025 and exceed $1 billion by 2026.
- The country’s foreign reserves stood at just $437 million at the end of August, only enough to cover one-and-a-half months of imports.
- India provided a $50 million lifeline to the Maldives to help avoid this outcome.
- The Export-Import Bank of India is owed nearly $400 million, while the Export-Import Bank of China is owed about $530 million as of last year.
Significance of India’s Assistance
- Debt Relief: India’s financial aid, including a $50 million lifeline, would help the Maldives avoid debt default and stabilize its economy.
- Geopolitical Influence: With this, India can counter China’s influence in the Maldives, strengthening its strategic position in the Indian Ocean.
- Diplomatic Reset: India’s support strengthens diplomatic relations, aiding the Maldives in debt restructuring and global partnerships.
PYQ:
[2019] In the context of India, which of the following factors is/are contributor/contributors to reducing the risk of a currency crisis?
- The foreign currency earnings of India’s IT sector
- Increasing the government expenditure
- Remittances from Indians abroad
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: EnviStats India 2024 Report and its highlights
Why in the News?
- The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) has released the “EnviStats India 2024: Environment Accounts” Report.
What is the EnviStats India 2024 Report?
- The EnviStats India 2024 Report, released by the MoSPI, is the 7th consecutive publication.
- It compiles environmental-economic accounts based on the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) Framework.
- This framework provides a global standard for integrating environmental data with economic statistics, offering insights into the country’s natural resources, ecosystems, and environmental sustainability efforts.
Key Highlights:
|
Details |
| Protected Areas (SDG 13 & SDG 15) |
– 72% increase in the number of Protected Areas (2000-2023)
– 16% increase in the area of Protected Areas, reflecting biodiversity conservation efforts. |
| Mangrove Cover (SDG 13 & SDG 15) |
– 8% increase in mangrove cover (2013-2021), highlighting positive growth in coastal ecosystem protection. |
| Ocean Accounts (SDG 14: Life below Water) |
– Introduced for the first time, covering the extent and condition of ocean ecosystems. |
| Energy Use & Physical Asset Accounts (SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy & SDG 13: Climate Action) |
– Includes Physical Asset Accounts and Physical Supply and Use Tables for Energy, aligned with SEEA-Energy Framework, and data from ministries like Coal and Petroleum. |
| Soil Nutrient Index (SDG 2: Zero Hunger) |
– Updated data on Soil Nutrient Index based on the Soil Health Card 2023-24, reflecting soil health and agricultural sustainability. |
| Biodiversity & Species Richness (SDG 15: Life on Land) |
– Data on faunal and floral diversity, including endangered species like Leopards and Snow leopards, connecting to biodiversity conservation. |
Policy Recommendations
The EnviStats India 2024 Report suggests several policy directions based on its findings:
- Biodiversity Protection: Strengthen community-led conservation and expand protection of critical ecosystems.
- Ocean Ecosystem Management: Use Ocean Accounts for sustainable marine resource management and pollution control.
- Soil Health: Encourage sustainable farming practices and better soil management, leveraging Soil Health Cards for improved productivity.
- Integrated Planning: Focus on species conservation, habitat restoration, and genetic conservation through data-driven planning.
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