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Type: Prelims Only

  • Shrinking Yamuna Floodplains & Rising Flood Risk

    Why in News?

    A study by University of Delhi (DU) and Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal, published in the Journal of the Geological Society of India, found that the Yamuna’s floodplains in Delhi have shrunk by nearly one-third over the last century, increasing flood vulnerability.

    Key Highlights

    • Study Area: 50-km stretch of the Yamuna in Delhi.
    • Methodology: Historical maps (1799 onwards) and satellite imagery (up to 2024).
    • Major Findings:
      • River channel narrowed by ~68%.
      • Formative discharge declined by ~89%.
      • Around 45 sq km (one-third) of floodplains disconnected by embankments.
      • Sediment deposits reduced from 20 sq km (1985) to 4 sq km (2020).
    • Major Causes:
      • Barrages (Hathnikund, Wazirabad, Okhla).
      • Embankments.
      • Rapid urbanisation and floodplain encroachment.

    Key Term: Formative Discharge

    • Also called Channel-Maintaining Discharge.
    • The long-term river flow that shapes the river channel, transports sediment, and maintains its flood-carrying capacity.
    • Floodplains: Flat, low-lying areas adjacent to a river that are periodically inundated during floods. Act as natural buffers by storing excess floodwater, recharging groundwater, and supporting biodiversity.
      • Encroachment and embankments reduce their flood-moderating capacity.

    [2026] Consider the following assertion:
    In the Pleistocene period either the Yamuna once flowed into the Indus, or the Sutlej flowed into the Yamuna and one major tributary of either had shifted from the Ganga to the Indus or vice versa.
    Which of the following is/are the basis of the above assertion?
    1. The Nadi-Sukta of the Rigveda
    2. The explorations of the Sutlej and the Yamuna by Robert Bruce Foote
    3. The presence of the same species of dolphins in both the Indus and the Ganga river systems
    Select the answer using the code given below:

    [A] 1 only

    [B] 2 only

    [C] 1 and 2

    [D] 3

  • Skyroot Aerospace’s Vikram-1 Success

    Why in News?

    The Technology Development Board (TDB) under the Department of Science & Technology (DST) congratulated Skyroot Aerospace on the successful Vikram-1 mission, highlighting its early recognition through the National Technology Start-up Award 2022.

    Key Highlights

    • Vikram-1 became India’s first successful private orbital launch vehicle, marking a major milestone for the private space sector.
    • Skyroot Aerospace received the National Technology Start-up Award 2022 from TDB-DST.
    • The award recognised Skyroot’s indigenous:
      • Cryogenic propulsion
      • Liquid propulsion
      • Solid propulsion technologies
    • Skyroot has also submitted a proposal under the Research, Development and Innovation (RDI) Fund, currently under TDB’s consideration.

    About Technology Development Board (TDB)

    • Established: 1996.
    • Statutory body under the Department of Science & Technology (DST).
    • Functions under the Technology Development Board Act, 1995.
    • Objective: Promote development and commercialization of indigenous technologies.
    • Supports innovation through financial assistance (equity, loans, grants) to industries and start-ups.

    Prelims Value Addition

    National Technology Start-up Award

    • Instituted by the Technology Development Board (TDB).
    • Presented annually on National Technology Day (11 May).
    • Recognises start-ups developing innovative indigenous technologies with high commercialization potential.

    [2026] Consider the following statements with regard to involvement of private entities in India’s space programme :
    1. The Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN-SPACe) is an autonomous agency formed to facilitate participation of private entities.
    2. Agnikul Cosmos launched the world’s first flight using 3D-printed rocket engine.
    3. Skyroot Aerospace has developed liquid fuel for GSLV.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    [A] 1 only

    [B] 2 and 3 only

    [C] 1 and 2 only

    [D] 1, 2 and 3

  • International Biology Olympiad (IBO) 2026

    Why in News?

    India won 1 Gold and 3 Silver medals at the 37th International Biology Olympiad (IBO) 2026, held in Vilnius, Lithuania.

    Key Highlights

    • Host: Vilnius, Lithuania.
    • Participants: 307 students from 78 countries.
    • India’s Performance: 1 Gold and 3 Silver medals.
    • India’s Overall IBO Medal Tally: 17 Gold, 69 Silver, 17 Bronze, and 1 Honourable Mention
    • This was India’s 26th participation in the IBO.

    About the International Biology Olympiad (IBO)

    • International Biology Olympiad (IBO) is an annual global biology competition for secondary school students.
    • Established: 1990.
    • Hosted by a different country every year.
    • Includes theoretical and practical examinations.
    • Covers Cell & Molecular Biology, Genetics, Evolution, Plant & Animal Biology, Ecology, and Biosystematics.

    Prelims Value Addition

    Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education (HBCSE)

    • HBCSE is a constituent institution of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR).
    • It coordinates India’s Science Olympiad Programme and prepares Indian teams for international Olympiads.

    [2026] X’, born in the UK, was conferred the Nobel Prize in 2025. He was a professor in an American university when this prize was announced. Identify X’:

    [A] Michel H. Devoret

    [B] Richard Robson

    [C] John Clarke

    [D] Joel Mokyr

  • Exercise Pitch Black 2026

    Why in News?

    The Indian Air Force (IAF) is participating in Exercise Pitch Black 2026, hosted by the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) at Darwin, Australia, from 20 July to 7 August 2026.

    Key Highlights

    • Host: Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), Australia.
    • Venue: RAAF Base Darwin, Northern Australia.
    • Frequency: Biennial (held every two years).
    • Theme: Multinational air combat exercise with a strong emphasis on night flying over sparsely populated regions of northern Australia.
    • History: Conducted for 45 years; one of the largest editions in terms of participating air forces.

    Indian Air Force Participation

    • Aircraft Deployed:
      • Rafale multirole fighter aircraft.
      • C-17 Globemaster III strategic airlift aircraft.
      • IL-78 Air-to-Air Refuelling aircraft.
    • Personnel: Pilots, engineers, technicians, controllers, and other operational experts.
    • Previous Participation: 2018, 2022, 2024, and 2026.

    Objectives

    • Enhance multinational interoperability among participating air forces.
    • Validate expeditionary air operations over long distances.
    • Improve Large Force Employment (LFE) capabilities.
    • Strengthen defence cooperation and operational partnerships across the Indo-Pacific.
    • Exchange operational best practices in realistic combat scenarios.

    [2025] With reference to India’s defense, consider the following pairs:
    Aircraft type Description
    1. Dornier-228 Maritime patrol aircraft
    2. IL-76 Supersonic combat aircraft
    3. C-17 Globe Master IIIMilitary transport aircraft
    How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?

    [A] Only one

    [B] Only two

    [C] All the three

    [D] None

  • Lakhpati Didi Mission: Roadmap for 6 Crore Lakhpati Didis

    Why in News?

    The Ministry of Rural Development, in collaboration with BRLPS-JEEVIKA, organised a two-day Regional Workshop to prepare a strategy and roadmap for achieving the national target of 6 Crore Lakhpati Didis.

    Key Highlights

    • Objective: Formulate a Strategy, Roadmap, and Annual Action Plan (FY 2026–27) for creating 6 Crore Lakhpati Didis.
    • Organised by: Ministry of Rural Development with BRLPS-JEEVIKA at BIPARD, Gaya (Bihar).
    • Key Focus Areas:
      • Farm and non-farm livelihoods.
      • Enterprise promotion and value addition.
      • Digital Management Information System (MIS).
      • Market linkages and convergence.
      • Climate-resilient livelihoods.
    • Major Outcomes:
      • Strategy for sustainable income enhancement.
      • Greater use of digital platforms and data-driven planning.
      • Strengthening community institutions and SHGs.
      • MoU signed between BRLPS-JEEVIKA and Arunachal State Rural Livelihood Mission (ArSRLM) for knowledge sharing.
    • Milestone Achieved: 3 Crore Lakhpati Didis; next target is 6 Crore.

    About Lakhpati Didi Initiative

    • Launched under Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM).
    • Aims to enable women Self-Help Group (SHG) members to earn a sustainable annual household income of at least ₹1 lakh through diversified livelihood activities.
    • Focuses on financial inclusion, entrepreneurship, skill development, and market access.

    [2023] Consider the following statements:
    1. The Self-Help Group (SHG) programme was originally initiated by the State Bank of India by providing microcredit to the financially deprived.
    2. In an SHG, all members of a group take responsibility for a loan that an individual member takes.
    3. The Regional Rural Banks and Scheduled Commercial Banks support SHGs.
    How many of the above statements are correct?

    [A] Only one

    [B] Only two

    [C] All three

    [D] None

  • India Secures Three New Codex Standards for Spices

    Why in News?

    The Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) adopted global standards for Large Cardamom, Coriander, and Vanilla at its 49th Session (CAC49) in Geneva. India also became Co-Chair of a new Electronic Working Group (EWG) on risk analysis for new food products.

    Key Highlights

    • Three Codex Standards Adopted: Large Cardamom, Coriander, and Vanilla.
    • Codex Commission: Jointly established by FAO and WHO to develop international food safety and quality standards.
    • India’s Role:
      • Hosts the Codex Committee on Spices and Culinary Herbs (CCSCH).
      • Spices Board India serves as the Secretariat of CCSCH.
    • Significance:
      • Harmonised global quality standards for spices.
      • Improves market access, fair trade, and export competitiveness.
    • Large Cardamom: Indigenous to the North-Eastern Himalayan region of India.
    • New Leadership Role: India accepted as Co-Chair of the Electronic Working Group (EWG) on risk analysis for new food products.

    Prelims Facts

    • Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC):
      • Established in 1963 by FAO and WHO.
      • Develops science-based international food standards.
      • Protects consumer health and promotes fair practices in food trade.
    • Codex Committee on Spices and Culinary Herbs (CCSCH): Hosted by India. Secretariat: Spices Board India.

    [2022] With reference to the “Tea Board” in India, consider the following statements:
    1. The Tea Board is a statutory body.
    2. It is a regulatory body attached to the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.
    3. The Tea Board’s Head Office is situated in Bengaluru.
    4. The Board has overseas office at Dubai and Moscow.
    Which of the statements given above are correct?

    [A] 1 and 3

    [B] 2 and 4

    [C] 3 and 4

    [D] 1 and 4

  • CCPA Penalises SpiceJet for Use of Dark Patterns

    Why in News?

    The Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA) imposed a ₹1 lakh penalty on SpiceJet for using dark patterns on its flight booking platform, violating consumer protection laws.

    Key Highlights

    • Violation: Use of dark patterns that manipulated consumer choices.
    • Dark Patterns Identified:
      • Forced Action: Automatic enrolment into SpiceClub via pre-ticked checkbox.
      • Interface Interference: Default selection of the company’s preferred options.
      • Trick Question: Confusing and negatively worded consent language.
    • Legal Violations:
      • Consumer Protection Act, 2019.
      • Rule 4(9) of the Consumer Protection (E-Commerce) Rules, 2020.
      • Guidelines for Prevention and Regulation of Dark Patterns, 2023.
    • CCPA’s Observation: Consumer consent must be explicit, informed, and voluntary; consent obtained through pre-ticked checkboxes or deceptive interfaces is invalid.

    Prelims Facts

    • Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA):
      • Established under the Consumer Protection Act, 2019.
      • Functions under the Department of Consumer Affairs.
      • Protects consumer rights and regulates unfair trade practices, misleading advertisements, and unfair contracts.
    • Dark Patterns: User interface designs that deceive or manipulate consumers into making unintended choices.

  • Revised Index of Core Industries (ICI) Series (Base Year 2022–23)

    Why in News?

    The Office of Economic Adviser (OEA), DPIIT will release the revised Index of Core Industries (ICI) with base year 2022–23 on 20 July 2026, replacing the 2011–12 series.

    Key Highlights

    • New Base Year: 2022–23 (replaces 2011–12).
    • Compiled by: Office of Economic Adviser (OEA), DPIIT.
    • Frequency: Monthly.
    • Major Change: Iron Ore added as a new core industry, increasing the total from 8 to 9.
    • Steel Index: Compiled using gross production data instead of net production.
    • Coal Sector: Only Raw Coal retained; Coal Middlings and Washed Coal excluded to avoid double counting.
    • Weights: Derived from the Index of Industrial Production (IIP) 2022–23 released by MoSPI.

    Nine Core Industries (2022–23 Series)

    • Coal, Crude Oil, Natural Gas, Refinery Products, Fertilisers, Steel, Cement, Electricity, and Iron Ore (Newly Added)
    • Index of Core Industries (ICI):
      • Measures the performance of core industrial sectors.
      • Represents infrastructure and industrial activity.
      • Forms a key indicator of industrial growth and serves as an input for the Index of Industrial Production (IIP).

    [2015] In the ‘Index of Eight Core Industries’, which one of the following is given the highest weight?

    [A] Coal production

    [B] Electricity generation

    [C] Fertilizer production

    [D] Steel production

  • Ultrafast Organic Anodes for Next-Generation Rechargeable Batteries

    Why in News?

    Researchers from IACS and SNBNCBS have developed a porous organic anode material based on a Covalent Organic Framework (COF) that enables ultrafast charging lithium-ion batteries while maintaining high durability.

    Key Highlights

    • Developed by: Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS) and S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences (SNBNCBS) under DST.
    • Material Used: Covalent Organic Framework (COF) – a porous crystalline organic material.
    • Major Achievement: Battery reaches 80% charge in just over one minute.
    • Advantages:
      • Faster lithium-ion transport.
      • Higher energy storage capacity.
      • Long cycle life and improved durability.
      • Safer and low-cost organic battery electrodes.
    • Dual-Ion Capability: Can store both lithium ions and sodium ions, paving the way for affordable sodium-ion batteries.
    • Applications: Electric vehicles, smartphones, laptops, grid-scale renewable energy storage.

    What is a Covalent Organic Framework (COF)?

    • A highly porous, crystalline organic material made of light elements (C, H, O, N, B).
    • Features: High surface area. Tunable pore size. Lightweight and chemically stable. Enables rapid ion movement, making it ideal for battery electrodes.

    [2025] In the context of electric vehicle batteries, consider the following elements:
    I. Cobalt
    II. Graphite
    III. Lithium
    IV. Nickel
    How many of the above usually make up battery cathodes?

    [A] Only one

    [B] Only two

    [C] Only three

    [D] All the four

  • Magnetic Trees Help Researchers Unearth Hidden Flow in the Sun’s Upper Atmosphere

    Why in News?

    Scientists from ARIES (DST) and partner institutions have discovered that the Sun’s meridional plasma flow extends into the upper chromosphere, providing the first observational evidence supporting the “Magnetic Tree” hypothesis. The study was published in The Astrophysical Journal.

    Key Highlights

    • Meridional Flow: Slow movement of hot plasma from the Sun’s equator toward the poles, acting as a conveyor belt for magnetic fields and regulating the 11 year solar cycle.
    • Major Discovery: The poleward plasma flow continues up to 3,000 km above the Sun’s visible surface (upper chromosphere), linking the Sun’s surface with its upper atmosphere.
    • Magnetic Tree Hypothesis: Magnetic structures in the upper atmosphere remain connected to deeper layers, similar to branches connected to a tree’s trunk and roots.
    • Technique Used: Researchers analysed 27 years of radio observations from Japan’s Nobeyama Radioheliograph using a novel image correlation technique.
    • Flow Speed: Plasma moves toward the poles at 5 to 15 m/s, comparable to speeds in the Sun’s lower layers.
    • Solar Cycle Link: Flow patterns vary with the Sun’s 11 year solar cycle and differ between hemispheres depending on magnetic activity.
    • Space Weather Significance: Improves understanding of the solar dynamo, solar storms, and space weather affecting satellites, GPS, communication systems, and power grids.

    Key Terms

    • Chromosphere: Layer of the Sun’s atmosphere located above the photosphere and below the corona.
    • Solar Dynamo: Process by which plasma motion generates the Sun’s magnetic field.
    • Space Weather: Conditions caused by solar activity that influence Earth’s technological systems.

    [2022] If a major solar storm (solar flare) reaches the Earth, which of the following are the possible effects on the Earth?:
    1. GPS and navigation systems could fail.
    2. Tsunamis could occur at equatorial regions.
    3. Power grids could be damaged.
    4. Intense auroras could occur over much of the Earth.
    5. Forest fires could take place over much of the planet.
    6. Orbits of the satellites could be disturbed
    7. Shortwave radio communication of the aircraft flying over polar regions could be interrupted.
    Select the correct answer using the code given below;

    [A] 1, 2, 4 and 5 only

    [B] 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 only

    [C] 1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 only

    [D] 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and