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Type: Prelims Only

  • Festivals, Dances, Theatre, Literature, Art in News

    Mohenjo-daro’s “Dancing Girl”: History, Identity and the Debate on Modesty

    17 June 2026 | Prelims Only | Art and Culture
    Mains Paper 1: GS1-01.Indian Culture- Salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.

    Why in News?

    The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) restored the original image of the iconic Mohenjo-daro bronze figurine in a Class 9 textbook after an earlier version had shaded its bare torso, reviving debates over cultural representation and historical interpretation.

    About the Figurine

    • A bronze statuette discovered at Mohenjo-daro (1926), dating to the Indus Valley Civilization (c. 2500 BCE).
    • About 10.5 cm tall, created using the lost-wax casting technique.
    • Depicts a young female figure adorned with numerous bangles and ornaments.

    Why is its Identity Contested?

    • Archaeologist John Marshall identified it as a “nautch girl” (dancing girl) based on posture and appearance.
    • However, scholars argue there is no archaeological evidence that she was a professional dancer.
    • Historian Upinder Singh notes that the figure “may not have been dancing at all.”
    • Archaeologist Gregory L. Possehl also questioned the dancer interpretation.

    Partition and Ownership Debate

    • After Partition, around 12,000 Harappan artefacts in Delhi became subjects of dispute between India and Pakistan.
    • Both countries agreed to a 50:50 division of artefacts from Mohenjo-daro and Chanhu-daro.
    • Pakistan chose the “Priest King” figurine over the Dancing Girl, reportedly due to concerns over the latter’s nudity.
    • The Dancing Girl remains in India and is viewed by many scholars as part of the shared heritage of South Asia.

    Significance

    • Demonstrates the advanced metallurgical skills of the Indus Valley Civilization.
    • Highlights how colonial interpretations and contemporary moral values shape our understanding of the past.
    • Reflects debates on heritage ownership, gender, modesty, and cultural identity.

    Value Addition

    • Lost-Wax Casting Technique: A metal casting process in which a wax model is covered with clay; molten metal replaces the melted wax to create the final sculpture.
    • The Dancing Girl is one of the most iconic artistic representations of the Indus Valley Civilization.

    [2025] The famous female figurine known as ‘Dancing Girl’, found at Mohenjo-daro, is made of

    [A] carnelian

    [B] clay

    [C] bronze

    [D] gold

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  • ISRO Missions and Discoveries

    GRAPES-3: A Cosmic-Ray Tracker

    17 June 2026 | Prelims Only | Science and Technology
    Mains Paper 3: GS3-17.Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, Robotics, Nano-technology, Bio-technology and issues relating to Intellectual Property Rights.

    Why in the news?

    Researchers from India and Japan used the Gamma Ray Astronomy PeV EnergieS phase-3 (GRAPES-3) telescope to analyse 22 years of muon data, enabling real-time monitoring of changes in the Earth’s upper atmosphere.

    What is GRAPES-3?

    • GRAPES-3 (Gamma Ray Astronomy PeV EnergieS phase-3) is a muon telescope and cosmic-ray observatory located at Ooty, Tamil Nadu.
    • It detects muons, rather than visible light.
    • It is designed to study Cosmic rays, Solar magnetic fields, Space weather, and Atmospheric processes.

    What are Muons?

    • Muons are high-energy subatomic particles produced when cosmic rays collide with atoms in the Earth’s upper atmosphere.
    • They can penetrate deep into the Earth’s surface due to their high energy.

    How does GRAPES-3 Work?

    • Comprises 16 detector modules.
    • Each module contains 232 proportional counters filled with argon-methane gas and a tungsten wire.
    • Passing muons generate electrical pulses, recorded as “hits.”
    • Four layers of detectors arranged at right angles help determine the trajectory and angle of incoming muons.
    • Reinforced concrete layers filter out low-energy particles, allowing only high-energy muons to be detected.

    Significance

    • Enables real-time monitoring of upper atmospheric temperature changes.
    • Helps study the Sun’s magnetic field and space weather.
    • Improves understanding of cosmic-ray interactions with Earth’s atmosphere.
    • Contributes to research in astroparticle physics and atmospheric science.

    Value Addition

    • Cosmic Rays: High-energy charged particles originating from outer space.
    • Space Weather: Variations in the space environment caused by solar activity that can affect satellites, communication systems, and power grids.

    [2017] The terms ‘Event Horizon’, ‘Singularity’, ‘String Theory’ and ‘Standard Model’ are sometimes seen in the news in the context of

    [A] Observation and understanding of the Universe

    [B] Study of the solar and the lunar eclipses

    [C] Placing satellites in the orbit of the Earth

    [D] Origin and evolution of living organisms on the earth

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  • Monsoon Updates

    India’s Monsoon Deficit and Super El Niño Concerns

    17 June 2026 | Prelims Only | Geography
    Mains Paper 1: GS1-14.Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone etc.,

    Why in News?

    India’s southwest monsoon rainfall deficit widened to 35%, with Central India recording a 61% deficit, as the monsoon stalled before reaching Mumbai. The Centre has placed around 150 to 200 districts under priority monitoring and directed States to prepare crop-wise contingency plans.

    Key Highlights

    • All-India rainfall deficit: 35%.
    • Regional deficits: Northwest India: +5%, East & Northeast India: -43%, Central India: -61%, and Southern Peninsula: -14%
    • Monsoon reached Kerala on 4 June, but its advance weakened near Mumbai.
    • Around 150 to 200 districts under priority monitoring.
    • Government encouraging a shift towards cotton and pulses.
    • Reservoir storage stood at 30.4% of capacity, compared to 25.1% average during previous El Niño years.

    Why has the Monsoon Stalled?

    • Anticyclonic circulation north of Mumbai blocked monsoon progression.
    • Influence of mid-latitude westerly systems.
    • Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) is currently in an unfavourable phase.
    • Next monsoon pulse may strengthen with a low-pressure system over the Bay of Bengal.

    El Niño Concerns

    • El Niño: Periodic warming of the central and eastern Pacific Ocean that generally suppresses the Indian monsoon.
    • U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA): Issued El Niño advisory on 11 June. 63% probability of a very strong El Niño by winter.
    • World Meteorological Organization (WMO): 80% probability of El Niño developing between June and August.
    • India Meteorological Department (IMD):
      • Seasonal rainfall forecast revised from 92% to 90% of the Long Period Average (LPA).
      • Assigned a 60% probability of a deficient monsoon, the most pessimistic pre-season forecast since 2015.
      • No positive Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) expected to offset El Niño effects.

    Significance

    • Threatens kharif sowing and agricultural output.
    • May increase food inflation and rural distress.
    • Necessitates timely contingency planning and climate-resilient agriculture.
    • Highlights the need for improved water management and drought preparedness.

    Value Addition

    • Long Period Average (LPA): Average rainfall during 1971-2020, used as the benchmark for monsoon forecasts.
    • Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO): Eastward-moving atmospheric disturbance influencing monsoon activity.
    • Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD): Difference in sea surface temperatures between the western and eastern Indian Ocean that can influence Indian monsoon rainfall.

    [2017] With reference to ‘Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)’ sometimes mentioned in the news while forecasting Indian monsoon, which of the following statements is/are correct?
    1. IOD phenomenon is characterised by a difference in sea surface temperature between tropical Western Indian Ocean and tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean.
    2. An IOD phenomenon can influence an El Nino’s impact on the monsoon.
    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    [A] 1 only

    [B] 2 only

    [C] Both 1 and 2

    [D] Neither 1 nor 2

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  • Foreign Policy Watch: India-Japan

    India-Japan Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM) under Article 6.2

    17 June 2026 | PIBPrelims Only | International Relations

    Why in the news?

    India and Japan adopted the Rules of Implementation for the Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM) on 8 June 2026, operationalising their 2025 Memorandum of Cooperation (MoC) under Article 6.2 of the Paris Agreement.

    What is JCM?

    A bilateral mechanism enabling cooperation on projects that reduce or remove Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, generating Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes (ITMOs) to help both countries achieve their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).

    Key Features

    • Joint Committee: Oversees implementation.
    • Transparent project approval procedures.
    • Third-party validation and verification of emission reductions.
    • Sustainable development safeguards.
    • National registries to track carbon credits.
    • Corresponding adjustments to prevent double counting.

    Significance for India

    • Supports achievement of NDC targets.
    • Facilitates Japanese low-carbon technology transfer.
    • Attracts climate finance and investment.
    • Strengthens Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) capacity.
    • Promotes sustainable development and India’s carbon market ecosystem.

    Challenges

    • Establishing robust MRV systems.
    • Ensuring environmental integrity.
    • Equitable sharing of credits and benefits.
    • Aligning projects with national priorities.

    Value Addition

    • Article 6.2: Cooperative approaches using ITMOs.
    • Article 6.4: UN-supervised carbon market mechanism.
    • Article 6.8: Non-market approaches.

    [2025] Consider the following statements:
    Statement I: Article 6 of the Paris Agreement on climate change is frequently discussed in global discussions on sustainable development and climate change.
    Statement II: Article 6 of the Paris Agreement on climate change sets out the principles of carbon markets.
    Statement III: Article 6 of the Paris Agreement on climate change intends to promote inter-country non-market strategies to reach their climate targets.
    Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

    [A] Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I

    [B] Both Statement II and Statement III are correct but only one of them explains Statement I

    [C] Only one of the Statements II and III is correct and that explains Statement I

    [D] Neither Statement II nor Statement III is correct

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  • Labour, Jobs and Employment – Harmonization of labour laws, gender gap, unemployment, etc.

    Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) Monthly Bulletin, May 2026

    16 June 2026 | Prelims Only | Economics
    Mains Paper 3: Indian Economy

    Why in the news?

    The National Statistical Office (NSO) released the PLFS Monthly Bulletin for May 2026, showing a marginal softening in labour market conditions, while urban unemployment fell to its lowest level in one year.

    Key Highlights (15 years and above, Current Weekly Status)

    Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR)

    • Overall LFPR: 54.4%
      • April 2026: 55.0%
      • May 2025: 54.8%
    • Rural LFPR: 56.6%
    • Urban LFPR: 49.8%

    Female LFPR

    • Overall female LFPR: 32.8%
    • Rural female LFPR: 36.7%
    • Urban female LFPR: 24.8%
    • Urban female participation remained broadly stable compared to the previous month.

    Worker Population Ratio (WPR)

    • Overall WPR: 51.4%
      • April 2026: 52.2%
      • May 2025: 51.7%
    • Rural WPR: 53.8%
    • Urban WPR: 46.6%
    • Urban WPR remained largely unchanged.

    Unemployment Rate (UR)

    • Overall UR: 5.5%
    • Rural UR: 5.1%
    • Urban UR: 6.4%
      • April 2026: 6.6%
      • May 2025: 6.9%
    • Urban unemployment reached its lowest level since May 2025.

    Urban Unemployment

    • Female urban UR: 8.2%
    • Male urban UR: 5.9% (unchanged from April 2026).

    About PLFS

    • Conducted by the National Statistical Office (NSO) under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI).
    • It is India’s primary survey on employment and unemployment.
    • Since January 2025, the methodology has been modified to provide monthly and quarterly estimates.

    [2020] With reference to the Indian economy after the 1991 economic liberalization, consider the following statements:

    1.Worker productivity (Rs. per worker at 2004 — 05 prices) increased in urban areas while it decreased in rural areas.
    2.The percentage share of rural areas in the workforce steadily increased.
    3.In rural areas, the growth in non-farm economy increased.
    4.The growth rate in rural employment decreased.

    Which of the statements given above is/are Correct?
    a) 1 and 2 only
    b) 3 and 4 only
    c) 3 only
    d) 1, 2 and 4 only

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  • Foreign Policy Watch: India – EU

    India-Slovakia Relations Elevated to a Comprehensive Partnership

    16 June 2026 | Prelims Only | International Relations
    Mains Paper 2: GS2-18.Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.

    Why in the news?

    India and Slovakia elevated their bilateral ties to a “Comprehensive Partnership” during Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit to Bratislava, the first visit by an Indian Prime Minister since Slovakia’s establishment in 1993.

    Key Outcomes

    Comprehensive Partnership

    • Bilateral ties formally upgraded to a Comprehensive Partnership.
    • Focus on expanding cooperation across strategic and emerging sectors.

    Defence Cooperation

    • A Letter of Intent (LoI) was signed to enhance defence collaboration.
    • Areas of cooperation Defence technologies, Defence industrial cooperation, Capacity building, and Research and Development (R&D).
    • Defence identified as a key pillar of bilateral relations.

    Labour Mobility

    • MoU signed on labour migration and mobility.
    • Facilitates Movement of workers and Exchange of information between authorities.
    • Both countries agreed to conclude a Social Security Agreement.

    Education and Research

    • MoU signed between higher education authorities.
    • Promotes Academic partnerships, Institutional linkages, Mobility of students and researchers.
    • Special emphasis on STEM fields and humanities.

    Digital Cooperation

    • MoU signed on digital technologies.
    • Areas of collaboration Artificial Intelligence (AI), Semiconductors, Start-ups, Internet of Things (IoT), and 6G standardisation.

    Trade and Investment

    • Commitment to enhance two-way trade and investment.
    • Focus sectors Automobiles, Electronics, Advanced manufacturing, Green technologies, and Railways.
    • India-EU Free Trade Agreement expected to provide additional momentum.

    Counter-Terrorism Cooperation

    • Agreement to establish a Joint Working Group on Terrorism.
    • Both sides strongly condemned the April 2025 Pahalgam terror attack.
    • Called for: Action against terrorists and their sponsors, Effective implementation of the United Nations Security Council 1267 Sanctions Committee regime, and Adoption of the Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism (CCIT) under the UN framework.

    Multilateral Cooperation

    • Reaffirmed commitment to multilateralism.
    • Supported reforms of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), including expansion of permanent and non-permanent membership.
    • Slovakia reiterated support for India’s bid for a permanent UNSC seat and India’s membership in the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG).

    About Slovakia

    • Capital: Bratislava
    • Currency: Euro (€)
    • Member of European Union (EU) and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
    • Became an independent country in 1993 following the dissolution of Czechoslovakia.

    [2025] Consider the following countries:
    I. Austria
    II. Bulgaria
    III. Croatia
    IV. Serbia
    V. Sweden
    VI. North Macedonia
    How many of the above are members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization?

    [A] Only three

    [B] Only four

    [C] Only five

    [D] All the six

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  • Innovation Ecosystem in India

    12 Years of India’s Scientific Transformation

    16 June 2026 | PIBPrelims Only | Science and Technology
    Mains Paper 3: GS3-16.Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology

    Why in the news?

    Union Minister Jitendra Singh highlighted the major achievements of India’s science and technology ecosystem over the last 12 years.

    Bioeconomy Growth

    • India’s bioeconomy expanded from about USD 10 billion (2014) to over USD 190 billion (2026).
    • Target: USD 300 billion by 2030.
    • Growth driven by innovations in Biotechnology, Genomics, Diagnostics, and Biopharmaceuticals.
    • Supported by the BioE3 Policy Framework.

    Space Sector Achievements

    • Space economy grew to around USD 8 billion and is projected to reach USD 45 billion in the next decade.
    • Space startups increased from single digits to over 400.
    • Major milestones: Chandrayaan-3 became the first mission to land near the Moon’s south pole. Gaganyaan preparations underway.
    • Future goals: Bharatiya Antariksh Station by 2035. Indian Moon landing by 2040.

    Weather and Climate Services

    • Weather radars increased from 17 (2014) to nearly 50 operational radars.
    • Another 50 radars planned under Mission Mausam.
    • Forecast coverage expanded from 300 cities to nearly 1,700 locations.
    • Expansion of Lightning detection systems, Rain-monitoring infrastructure, and Nowcast services for short-term forecasts.
    • Mission Mausam: Initiative aimed at strengthening India’s weather forecasting and disaster resilience capabilities through modern observation and prediction systems.

    Biotechnology and Healthcare

    • India emerged as a global biotechnology hub.
    • Advances include Affordable CAR-T cell therapy, Genomics and precision medicine, Next-generation antibiotics, and Indigenous diagnostics and vaccines.
    • India’s COVID-19 vaccines showcased domestic scientific capability.

    CSIR Innovations

    The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) expanded its outreach through:

    • Aroma Mission promoting high-value aromatic crops.
    • Steel slag road technology converting industrial waste into road-building material.
    • Technologies in healthcare, energy, infrastructure, and manufacturing.

    Deep Ocean Technologies

    • Development of Matsya 6000, India’s manned submersible.
    • Development of Varaha, an indigenous deep-sea mining system.

    Major Scientific Initiatives

    • Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF)
    • National Quantum Mission
    • National Supercomputing Mission
    • Research Development and Innovation (RDI) Fund
    • National Geospatial Policy

    Nuclear Energy Reforms

    • Opening of the nuclear energy sector to greater private participation.
    • Expected to boost Investment, Innovation, and Capacity creation.

    [2022] Which one of the following is the context in which the term “qubit” is mentioned?

    [A] Cloud Services

    [B] Quantum Computing

    [C] Visible Light Communication Technologies

    [D] Wireless Communication Technologies

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  • Indian Air Force Updates

    DRDO Successfully Flight-Tests Long Range Land Attack Cruise Missile (LRLACM)

    16 June 2026 | PIBPrelims Only | Science and Technology
    Mains Paper 3: GS3-16.Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology

    Why in the news?

    The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) successfully conducted the flight test of the Long Range Land Attack Cruise Missile (LRLACM) from Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Island on 15 June 2026

    About LRLACM

    • LRLACM stands for Long Range Land Attack Cruise Missile.
    • It is an indigenously developed cruise missile.
    • All major subsystems have been developed by DRDO laboratories and Indian industry partners.
    • The Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE), Bengaluru is the nodal laboratory.

    What is a Cruise Missile?

    • A guided missile that flies within the atmosphere for most of its trajectory.
    • Uses aerodynamic lift and propulsion throughout flight.
    • Designed for high precision strikes against land targets.
    • Generally flies at low altitudes to avoid radar detection.

    Cruise Missile vs Ballistic Missile

    • Cruise missiles: Powered throughout flight and follow a relatively flat trajectory.
    • Ballistic missiles: Powered only during the initial phase and then follow a ballistic path under gravity.

    [2023] Consider the following statements
    1. Ballistic missiles are jet-propelled at subsonic speeds throughout their fights, while cruise missiles are rocket-powered only in the initial phase of fight.
    2. Agni-V is a medium-range supersonic cruise missile, while BrahMos is a solid-fuelled intercontinental ballistic missile.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    [A] 1 only

    [B] 2 only

    [C] Both 1 and 2

    [D] Neither 1 nor 2

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  • Soil Health Management – NMSA, Soil Health Card, etc.

    Giant World of Fungi Beneath Our Feet

    15 June 2026 | Prelims Only | Environment
    Mains Paper 3: GS3-18.Conservation, Environmental Pollution and Degradation, Environmental Impact Assessment.

    Why in News?

    A study published in the journal Science produced the first global map of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, revealing the enormous extent of underground fungal networks and their importance for climate regulation.

    Key Findings

    • Topsoils worldwide contain about 110 quadrillion km of fungal hyphae.
    • This distance is equivalent to nearly one billion trips between the Earth and the Sun.
    • AM fungal networks store around 300 million tonnes of carbon.
    • This is 4 to 6 times the weight of the entire human population.
    • The study analysed data from more than 16,000 soil cores using machine-learning techniques.

    Role in Climate Regulation

    • AM fungi form symbiotic associations with nearly 70% of all plant species.
    • They exchange Nutrients and water with plants, in return for carbon compounds produced through photosynthesis.
    • These networks sequester approximately 4 billion tonnes of CO₂-equivalent annually.
    • This equals roughly 11% of global human-related carbon emissions.

    Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) Fungi

    • A group of fungi belonging to the phylum Glomeromycota.
    • They colonise plant roots and form mycorrhizae (fungus-root associations).
    • The fungal filaments, called hyphae, extend into the soil and improve nutrient uptake.

    Benefits

    • Enhance absorption of: Phosphorus, Nitrogen, Micronutrients, and Water.
    • Improve plant growth and drought tolerance.
    • Increase soil aggregation and fertility.
    • Contribute to long-term carbon storage.

    Biodiversity Hotspots Identified

    The study found that around 40% of global AM fungal networks occur in grassland ecosystems, including South Sudan, The Tibetan Plateau, and Banni Grasslands.

    Major Threats

    • Croplands contain about 50% lower fungal density compared to natural ecosystems.
    • Grasslands are being converted into agricultural land four times faster than forests.
    • This threatens underground fungal biodiversity and its ecosystem services.

    Why is the Study Important?

    • Highlights fungi as a form of “living infrastructure” supporting ecosystems.
    • Emphasises the need to include soil biodiversity and fungi in climate policy.
    • Strengthens the case for grassland conservation alongside forest protection.

    [2021] Which of the following have species that can establish symbiotic relationship with other organisms?
    1. Cnidarians
    2. Fungi
    3. Protozoa
    Select the correct answer using the code given below.

    [A] 1 and 2 only

    [B] 2 and 3 only

    [C] 1 and 3 only

    [D] 1, 2 and 3

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  • Wildlife Conservation Efforts

    Project GIB: Captive Stock Reaches 94 Birds

    15 June 2026 | PIBPrelims Only | Environment
    Mains Paper 3: GS3-18.Conservation, Environmental Pollution and Degradation, Environmental Impact Assessment.

    Why in the news?

    Union Minister Bhupender Yadav announced that three new chicks have been added under Project Great Indian Bustard (GIB), taking the captive population to 94 birds.

    Key Highlights

    • The three chicks emerged from: 1 wild-collected egg, and 2 captive-laid eggs.
    • Total chicks hatched in the fourth year of captive breeding: 26.
    • The captive breeding population has now increased to 94 birds.
    • More chicks are expected during the current breeding season.

    About the Great Indian Bustard (GIB)

    • Scientific Name: Ardeotis nigriceps
    • One of the heaviest flying birds in the world.
    • Endemic to the Indian subcontinent.
    • State Bird of Rajasthan.
    • Habitat
      • Arid and semi-arid grasslands.
      • Open scrublands.
      • Dry agricultural landscapes.
    • Distribution: Rajasthan (largest population), Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh.
    • IUCN Status: Critically Endangered.
    • Protection Status: Schedule I of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972.
    • Listed in Appendix I of CITES.
    • Included under Appendix I of the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS).

    [2010] With reference to India’s Desert National Park, which of the following statements are correct?

    1. It is spread over two districts.
    2. There is no human habitation inside the Park.
    3. It is one of the natural habitats of the Great Indian Bustard. Select the correct answer using the code given below:
    a) 1 and 2 only
    b) 2 and 3 only
    c) 1 and 3 only
    d) 1, 2 and 3

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