From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Cassini-Huygens Mission, Titan
Why in the News?
US space agency NASA’s Cassini-Huygens spacecraft launched in October 1997.
Using Cassini’s radar data, scientists from Cornell University have discovered new information about the liquid ocean on Titan, Saturn’s largest moon.
Observations made about Titan
Titan is composed ofhydrocarbons – organic chemicals consisting of carbon and hydrogen.
The astronomers have reportedly located calm seas of methane with a slow tidal current.
About Cassini-Huygens Mission
The Cassini-Huygens mission was a collaborative project between NASA, the European Space Agency (ESA), and the Italian Space Agency (ASI) to explore Saturn and its moons.
The spacecraft was named after astronomers Giovanni Cassini and Christian Huygens.
The mission consisted of the Cassini orbiter and the Huygens probe.
It was launched on October 15, 1997.
It ended its mission on September 15, 2017 by plunging into Saturn’s atmosphere.
Key Achievements:
Saturn Exploration:
Detailed study of Saturn’s atmosphere, rings, and magnetosphere.
Discovered new rings and observed the complex structure of the existing ones.
Moons of Saturn:
Titan Exploration: Huygens probe successfully landed on Titan, Saturn’s largest moon, on January 14, 2005, providing the first direct exploration of Titan’s surface and atmosphere.
Enceladus Discoveries: Found water-ice plumes erupting from Enceladus, indicating a subsurface ocean that could potentially harbor life.
Other Moons: Provided detailed images and data on other moons like Lapetus, Rhea, Dione, and Tethys.
Technological Milestones:
Demonstrated the success of long-duration missions in deep space.
Advanced the understanding of spacecraft navigation and operation in complex planetary environments.
PYQ:
[2014] Which of the following pairs is/are correctly matched?
Spacecraft
Purpose
1.
Cassini-Huygens
Orbiting the Venus and transmitting data to the Earth
2.
Messenger
Mapping and investigating the Mercury
3.
Voyager 1 and 2
Exploring the outer solar system
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Comparison of Indian Constitution
Why in the News?
On July 14, K. P. Sharma Oli was sworn in as Nepal’s Prime Minister for the fourth time, leading a new coalition government.
Since the abolition of the monarchy in 2008, Nepal has had 14 governments despite a new constitution in 2015 promising progress.
Evolution of Nepal’s Constitution
1948: The Government of Nepal Act was the first attempt at creating a constitution.
1951: The Interim Government of Nepal Act aimed to establish democracy but was replaced in 1959.
1959: Introduced a multi-party system, but the Panchayat Constitution of 1962 established a party-less system under King Mahendra.
1990: A constitutional monarchy restored the multi-party system.
2007: An Interim Constitution was adopted after continued political upheavals.
2015: The current constitution established Nepal as a federal democratic republic.
Comparing the Indian Constitution and Nepal’s Constitution:
India
Nepal
Historical Background
Adopted on November 26, 1949, and came into effect on January 26, 1950.
Framed by the Constituent Assembly elected in 1946.
Current constitution promulgated on September 20, 2015.
Many attempts since 1948, 1951, 1959, 1962, 1990, and 2007.
Form of Government
Quasi-federal nature of the Indian constitution is described as a “Union of States” in Article 1. Other factors also talk about the quasi-federal like Emergency power and independent judiciary. etc
Parliamentary system with the President as the ceremonial head and the Prime Minister as the head of government.
Federal democratic republic.
Parliamentary system with the President as the ceremonial head and the Prime Minister as the executive head.
Structure of Government
Bicameral legislature: Lok Sabha (House of the People) and Rajya Sabha (Council of States).
Three levels of government: central, state, and local.
Bicameral legislature: House of Representatives and National Assembly.
Three levels of government: federal, provincial, and local.
Federal Structure
More centralized federal structure. The central government has significant authority over states.
Flexible to allow greater central control when necessary.
More decentralized federal structure. Greater autonomy to provinces.
Includes seven provinces, each with its own government and legislature.
Elections and Representation
First-past-the-post (FPTP) system for Lok Sabha elections. Representation through single-member constituencies and multi-party systems.
Mixed electoral system with both FPTP and proportional representation (PR). Ensures broader representation but leads to the proliferation of smaller parties.
Judiciary
The Supreme Court of India is the highest judicial authority.
Ensures protection of fundamental rights and upholds the rule of law.
The Supreme Court of Nepal is the highest judicial body.
Interprets the Constitution and protects citizens’ rights. Aims to uphold the rule of law and safeguard fundamental rights.
Fundamental Rights and Duties
Comprehensive list of Fundamental Rights in Part III, including equality, freedom, religion, and constitutional remedies. Fundamental Duties in Part IV-A.
Extensive fundamental rights, covering civil, political, and socio-economic rights. Emphasizes affirmative action for marginalized groups.
Secularism and Religion
A secular state with no official religion which mentioned in the Preamble of the Constitution.
The secular state was declared in the 2015 Constitution.
Protects religious freedom and promotes harmony among religious communities.
PYQ:
[2023] Compare and contrast the British and Indian approaches to Parliamentary sovereignty.
[2022] Critically examine the procedures through which the Presidents of India and France are elected.
[2021] Analyze the distinguishing features of the notion of Right to Equality in the Constitutions of the USA and India.
[2021] Analyse the distinguishing features of the notion of Right to Equality in the Constitutions of the USA and India.
[2020] The judicial systems in India and the UK seem to be converging as well as diverging in recent times. Highlight the key points of convergence and divergence between the two nations in terms of their judicial practices.
[2019] What can France learn from the Indian Constitution’s approach to secularism?
[2018] India and the USA are two large democracies. Examine the basic tenets on which the two political systems are based.
The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) Regional Medical Research Centre for North East has developed the “world’s cheapest CRISPR Cas-based TB testing system”.
Back2Basics: CRISPR-Cas9 Technology
CRISPR-Cas9 stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats and CRISPR-associated protein 9.
It is a technology that allows geneticists and researchers to edit parts of the genome by altering sections of the DNA sequence.
Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna’s work on CRISPR-Cas9 as a ‘molecular scissor’ earned them the 2020 Nobel Prize in chemistry.
The system consists of two key components:
Cas9: This is the enzyme that acts like a pair of molecular scissors. It is responsible for cutting the DNA strand at a specific location, allowing for the removal, addition, or alteration of DNA at that site.
Guide RNA (gRNA): This is a piece of RNA that is designed to find and bind to a specific sequence of DNA that matches its code. The gRNA guides the Cas9 enzyme to the exact spot in the genome where an edit is desired.
Mechanism:
The process begins with the design of a gRNA that matches the DNA sequence where an edit is needed.
Once inside the cell, the Cas9 enzyme and the gRNA form a complex that can identify and bind to the target DNA sequence.
The Cas9 then cuts the DNA at this location.
After the DNA is cut, the cell’s natural repair mechanisms can be harnessed to add or remove genetic material, or to make specific changes to the DNA.
Applications: Used for gene editing to correct genetic disorders, develop targeted cancer therapies, enhance diagnostics for infectious diseases, and create personalized medicine approaches.
About theNew TB Detection System
The system can detect TB bacteria using DNA from a patient’s saliva at a very low cost.
Specific DNA sequences unique to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (the bacteria causing TB) are identified.
It can identify the bacteria in preliminary stages and test over 1,500 samples simultaneously within approximately two hours.
The technology is simple enough to be used in primary health centres in villages.
TB Situation in India:
TB kills an estimated 480,000 Indiansannually, or over 1,400 patients every day.
India has more than amillion ‘missing’ TB cases each year, which remain undiagnosed or inadequately diagnosed and treated in the private sector.
National Goals for Elimination of TB:
Pradhan Mantri TB Mukt Bharat Abhiyan (2022): It is stipulated to meet the goal of ending the TB epidemic by 2025 from the country, five years ahead of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) for 2030.
Nikshay Poshan Yojana (2018): Launched in 2018, this scheme provides nutritional support to TB patients. Under this scheme, TB patients receive a direct benefit transfer (DBT) of Rs. 500 per month to purchase food.
PYQ:
[2019] What is Cas9 Protein that is often mentioned in news?
(a) A molecular scissors used in targeted gene editing
(b) A biosensor used in the accurate detection of pathogens in patients
(c) A gene that makes plants pest-resistant
(d) A herbicidal substance synthesized in genetically modified crops
[2014] Can overuse and free availability of antibiotics without Doctor’s prescription, be contributors to the emergence of drug-resistant diseases in India? What are the available mechanisms for monitoring and control? Critically discuss the various issues involved.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Typhoon Gaemi
Why in the News?
After making landfall in the Philippines, Typhoon Gaemi is heading towards Taiwan.
What is a Typhoon?
A typhoon is a mature tropical cyclone that forms in the Northwest Pacific Ocean, primarily between 100°E and 180°E.
It is characterised by strong winds, and heavy rain, and can cause significant damage due to high wind speeds, storm surges, and flooding.
Factors causing its formation:
It needs sustained ocean temperatures of 26.5°C or higher.
High moisture content in the mid-troposphere.
Presence of the Coriolis force to initiate rotation.
Minimal vertical wind shear to allow for storm growth.
Atmospheric instability to promote rising motion and thunderstorm activity.
An initial low-pressure area or tropical wave to trigger development.
Formation Regions: Northwest Pacific Ocean in areas east of the Philippines, southeast of Japan, and near Taiwan; South China Sea and in Western North Pacific near the Mariana Islands and Guam.
Note: Typhoons do not form in the South Atlantic Ocean and the southeastern Pacific Ocean because of cooler sea surface temperatures and higher wind shear in those regions.
PYQ:
[2015] In the South Atlantic and South-Eastern Pacific regions in tropical latitudes, cyclone does not originate. What is the reason?
(a) Sea surface temperatures are low
(b) Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone seldom occurs
(c) Coriolis force is too weak
(d) Absence of land in those regions
Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Article 21, Article 19(1)(e), Right to Shelter
Why in the News?
The Supreme Court emphasised the need to balance railway infrastructure development in Haldwani, Uttarakhand, with the fundamental right to shelter nearly 50,000 people accused of illegally encroaching on railway land.
What was the Case?
The hearing was based on an application filed by the Railways seeking to modify a January 2023 Supreme Court order.
The order had stayed a Uttarakhand HC direction to evict the families within a week, even using paramilitary forces.
The application pointed out that the Ghaula River flood has disrupted railway operations in the region and that more land was urgently needed to lay new tracks.
What is the Right to Shelter?
The right to shelter is derived from the Right to Life under Article 21 of the Constitution of India, which guarantees the protection of life and personal liberty.
Article 19(1)(e) provides the Right to reside and settlein any part of the territory of India.
Judicial pronouncements related to it:
Olga Tellis v. Bombay Municipal Corporation(1985): The Supreme Court recognized the right to livelihood as a part of the right to life under Article 21.
Chameli Singh v. State of Uttar Pradesh(1996): The Supreme Court declared that the right to shelter is a fundamental right under Article 21. It includes adequate living space, safe and decent structures, clean surroundings, light, air, water, electricity, and sanitation.
Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation v. Nawab Khan Gulab Khan(1997): The Supreme Court directed the state to construct affordable houses for the poor, reiterating the state’s duty to provide shelter and make the right to life meaningful.
Various Legislations supporting the Right to Shelter:
The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006
The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013
The Slum Areas (Improvement and Clearance) Act, 1956
PYQ:
[2021] Consider the following statements :
‘Right to the City’ is an agreed human right and the UN-Habitat monitors the commitments made by each country in this regard.
‘Right to the City’ gives every occupant of the city the right to reclaim public spaces and public participation in the city.
‘Right to the City’ means that the State cannot deny any public service or facility to the unauthorized colonies in the city.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Climate Finance Taxonomy
Why in the News?
The 2024 Union Budget, presented by Finance Minister, includes developing a taxonomy for climate finance.
The aim is to enhance the availability of capital for climate adaptation and mitigation.
What is a Climate Finance Taxonomy?
A climate finance taxonomy is a classification system that identifies which economic activities can be marketed as sustainable investments.
It serves as a guide for investors and financial institutions to direct capital towards projects that contribute to climate adaptation and mitigation, aligning with broader environmental goals.
Significance of a Climate Finance Taxonomy
Net-Zero Economy: With global temperatures rising and the adverse effects of climate change worsening, countries need to transition to a net-zero economy.
Alignment with Transition Pathways: Taxonomies help ascertain if economic activities are aligned with credible, science-based transition pathways.
Deployment of Climate Capital: They provide an impetus for the deployment of climate capital by directing investments towards sustainable projects.
Reduction of Greenwashing Risks: Taxonomies help reduce the risks of greenwashing by providing clear criteria for what constitutes a sustainable investment.
Why does India need a Green Taxonomy?
According to the IFC, India needs an estimated $10.1 trillionto achieve net-zero by 2070.
Public investments alone can’t match this goal, calling for standardization in investments.
Benefits for India
For India, a taxonomy could attract more climate funds from international sources.
Currently, green finance flows in India are falling short of the country’s needs, accounting for only around 3% of total FDI inflows, according to the Landscape of Green Finance in India 2022 report by the Climate Policy Initiative.
A lack of clarity on what constitutes sustainable activity is a significant reason for the low green finance flows. A taxonomy would address this issue.
India’s Climate Commitments:
India aims to achieve a net-zeroeconomyby 2070.
The country has pledged to reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by 45% by 2030, compared to the 2005 level.
India has also committed to achieving about 50% of its cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel-based energy resources by 2030.
Steps taken by India:
In January 2021, India established a task force on sustainable finance under the Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance.
The task force’s objectives include creating a framework for sustainable finance, establishing pillars for a sustainable finance roadmap, suggesting a draft taxonomy of sustainable activities, and creating a framework of risk assessment by the financial sector.
In April 2021, the RBI joined the Central Banks and Supervisors Network for Greening the Financial System (NGFS) as a member.
RBI is also a member of a task force on climate-related financial risks set up by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision and the International Platform on Sustainable Finance.
Potential for Green Investments in India
According to a report by the International Finance Corporation (IFC), India has a climate-smart investment potential of $3.1 trillion from 2018 to 2030.
The largest investment opportunity lies in the electric vehicle segment, with a potential of $667 billion as India aims to electrify all new vehicles by 2030.
The renewable energy sector also presents a substantial investment opportunity, estimated at $403.7 billion.
International Adoption of Taxonomies
Many countries have either started developing or have finalized their taxonomies.
Countries with developed taxonomies include South Africa, Colombia, South Korea, Thailand, Singapore, Canada, and Mexico.
The European Union has also developed its own taxonomy.
PYQ:
[2016] With reference to the Agreement at the UNFCCC Meeting in Paris in 2015, which of the following statements is/are correct?
The Agreement was signed by all the member countries of the UN, and it will go into effect in 2017.
The Agreement aims to limit the greenhouse gas emissions so that the rise in average global temperature by the end of this century does not exceed 2ºC or even 1.5ºC above pre-industrial levels.
Developed countries acknowledged their historical responsibility in global warming and committed to donate $ 1000 billion a year from 2020 to help developing countries to cope with climate change.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Angel Tax
Why in the News?
Finance Minister announced the abolition of the angel tax, aiming to strengthen the startup ecosystem and support innovation in India.
What is Angel Investment?
An angel investor is an individual who provides financial backing to early-stage startups or entrepreneurs, typically in exchange for equity in the company.
Angel investors are typically high-net-worth individuals who invest their own personal funds, rather than investing on behalf of a firm or institution.
Features of Angel Investing: Early-stage funding, equity investment, high-risk, high-reward, active involvement,personal investment,f lexible terms and shorter investment horizon.
What is Angel Tax?
Referred to as Angel Tax, this rule is described in Section 56(2)(vii)(b) of the Income Tax Act, 1961.
Essentially it’s a tax on capital receipts, unique to India in the global context.
This clause was inserted by the Finance Actin 2012 to prevent laundering of black money, round-tripping via investments with a large premium into unlisted companies.
The tax covers investment in any private business entity, but only in 2016 was it applied to startups.
Why was angel tax introduced?
The complicated nature of VC fundraisingwith offshore entities, multiple limited partners and blind pools is contentious.
There has been some element of money laundering or round-tripping under guise.
Details of its levy
The Angel Tax is being levied on startups at 9% on net investments in excess of the fair market value.
For angel investors, the amount of investment that exceeds the fair market value can be claimed for a 100% tax exemption.
However, the investor must have a net worth of ₹2 crores or an income of more than ₹25 Lakh in the past 3 fiscal years.
Key Issues with Angel Tax
Share Valuation: The tax impacted the valuation of shares, causing complications for startups in raising funds.
Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) Method: Issues arose with the treatment of estimated figures in the DCF method, leading to disputes.
Scrutiny of Funding Sources: The scrutiny of funding sources and investor credibility added another layer of complexity for startups.
Retrospective Application: The retrospective application of the tax and its effect on the conversion of convertible instruments into equity were also significant points of dispute.
Significance for the Startup Community
Startups has long advocated for a more supportive and less restrictive environment for fundraising.
With this change, the government aims to create a more favourable atmosphere for innovation and investment in India.
PYQ:
[2014] What does venture capital mean?
(a) A short-term capital provided to industries.
(b) A long-term start-up capital provided to new entrepreneurs.
(c) Funds provided to industries at times of incurring losses.
(d) Funds provided for replacement and renovation of industries.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Vishnupad and Mahabodhi Temples; Kashi Vishwanath Temple
Why in the News?
Finance Minister announced during her Union Budget speech that corridor projects will be built for the Vishnupad Temple at Gaya and the Mahabodhi Temple at Bodh Gaya in Bihar.
These will be modelled on the Kashi Vishwanath Temple Corridor, to transform them into world-class pilgrim and tourist destinations.
About the Vishnupad Temple at Gaya
Details
Dedicated to
Lord Vishnu
Significance
Contains a 40 cm long footprint of Lord Vishnu; considered sacred in Hinduism; attracts pilgrims for “Pind Daan” rituals.
Historical Importance
Believed to be over 1000 years old; associated with various legends and historical references in Hindu texts.
Architecture
Built in Shikhara style;
Features intricate carvings and silver-plated flagposts;
Constructed of grey granite blocks.
Built by
Queen Ahilyabai Holkar of Indore in 1787.
Festivals and Rituals
Major site for “Pind Daan” rituals during Pitru Paksha;
Attracts thousands of pilgrims during this period.
Mythology
The footprint is believed to be where Lord Vishnu placed his foot to subdue the demon Gayasur.
Associated River
Located on the banks of the Phalgu River, considered sacred for ritual offerings.
Access and Visitation
Accessible year-round; major pilgrimage site with facilities for devotees.
Recent Developments
Ongoing efforts for preservation and restoration; improved infrastructure for pilgrims.
About the Mahabodhi Temple Complex:
Details
Location
Bodh Gaya, Bihar;
Significance
Marks the location where Buddha attained enlightenment
UNESCO Status
World Heritage Site since 2002
Historical Importance
One of the four holy sites related to Buddha’s life (Enlightenment).
Other holy sites: Lumbini (Birth) in Nepal, Sarnath (First Sermon) in Uttar Pradesh, Kushinagar (Death) in Uttar Pradesh
Original Construction
Built by Mauryan Emperor Ashoka around 260 BCE
Reconstruction
Reconstructed in brick during the late Gupta period (5th or 6th centuries)
Archaeological Finds
Indicates site of veneration since the Mauryan period.
Vajrasana (Diamond Throne): Located within the temple, dated to the third century BCE
Main Temple Structure
Dates from the 6th century CE, incorporates parts from 2nd or 3rd century CE
Architectural Features
Two large shikhara towers, the largest over 55 meters high
Influenced Jain, Hindu, and Buddhist architecture globally
Materials
Made mostly of brick covered with stucco
Bodhi Tree
Direct descendant of the original tree under which Buddha attained enlightenment
Traditional Accounts
Describes 7 weeks Buddha spent meditating after enlightenment at various spots within the complex
Decline and Revival
Declined after Huna invasions and early Islamic invasions.
Revived under the Pala Empire (8th-12th century).
Declined again after 12th century CE invasions by Turk armies.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: U-WIN
Why in the News?
The government plans to roll out U-WIN, an online vaccine management portal for childhood vaccination, across the country.
Similar to CoWIN used during the Covid-19 pandemic, U-WIN aims to digitize and individualize immunization records from birth.
What is U-WIN?
Children up to 6 yearsold and pregnant mothers are registered on U-WIN using government IDs like Aadhaar and their mobile phone numbers.
Records of all 25 shotsgiven to a child and the two given to pregnant mothers are added to the platform.
It’s Working:
The platform generates a color-coded vaccination certificate.
The digital vaccine certificate can be downloaded by parents using their registered mobile numbers, eliminating the need for a physical vaccination booklet.
After each shot is administered and recorded, the date is added to the card, which also shows the due date for the next set of vaccines.
U-WIN sends SMS reminders to parents before their children are due for the next dose.
U-WIN helps locate thenearest vaccination center and book available slots.
Significance:
1) For providing Immunization:
U-WIN’s reminders to parents are likely to improve compliance with vaccination schedules.
The platform ensures portability, allowing children to receive their doses anywhere in the country, particularly benefiting children of migrant workers.
Registration at birth may help reduce the number of “zero dose” children, those who have not received any vaccinations.
2) For Health Workers:
The platform can automatically generate a due list of children in specific areas for health workers.
These data points can be utilized by other government programs and eventually connected through the ABHA (Ayushman Bharat Health Account) ID.
Integration with Existing Systems
U-WIN will link to the government’s existing eVIN platform for inventory management.
eVIN tracks all vaccine vials, from central stores to each vaccination site, monitoring doses used, wasted, and returned, and tracks real-time temperature and humidity using sensors.
U-WIN runs on the same principles and digital infrastructure as CoWIN, making adoption straightforward.
Most vaccinators are familiar with similar platforms, ensuring a smooth transition.
Zero Dose Children
In India, the coverage of the first dose of diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus (DPT)-containing vaccine is taken as the proxy for zero dose children.
Data from WHO and UNICEF showed that while 93% of children received their first vaccine dose, there were still 1.6 million zero dose children in India in 2023.
The data also showed that 1.6 million children missed their first measles-containing vaccine in 2023, up from 1.1 million the previous year.
This is concerning as in 2022, five states — Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Jharkhand, and Maharashtra — reported a rise in the incidence of measles.
PYQ:
[2016] ‘Mission Indradhanush’ launched by the Government of India pertains to:
(a) Immunization of children and pregnant women
(b) Construction of smart cities across the country
(c) India’s own search for the Earth-like planets in outer space
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Rogue Waves
Why in the News?
Rogue waves, unusually large waves compared to those before and after them, pose significant threats to ships, coastal and offshore infrastructure, and human lives.
Until now, there has been no method to forecast rogue waves.
What Are Rogue Waves?
Rogue waves are unusually large and unpredictable waves that are much larger than the surrounding waves.
They are often defined as waves that are at least twice the height of the surrounding waves.
Formation:
Rogue waves can form when swells from distant weather systems converge to create a single, amplified wave.
They may also form when ocean currents compress swells, creating strong, high waves.
Features:
Traditionally, rogue waves have been difficult to predict due to their sudden appearance and rare occurrence.
The lack of real-time forecasting methods has made it challenging to mitigate their impact effectively.
What is Sea State?
In oceanography, sea state refers to the condition of the surface of a large body of water at a specific location and time.
The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) sea state code characterizes sea state based on wave height on a scale of 0 (no waves) to 9 (waves over 14 meters).
Characteristics:
Unlike typical waves, rogue waves can appear suddenly and without warning.
They defy the average sea state, making them exceptionally dangerous.
Threats Posed by Rogue Waves:
(1) Shipping
For Ships and Vessels: Rogue waves pose a significant threat to ships and other vessels at sea. Their unexpected and massive size can lead to capsizing or severe damage.
For Offshore Infrastructure: Oil rigs, wind turbines, and other offshore structures can be heavily damaged or destroyed by rogue waves.
(2) Coastal Threats
Coastal Erosion: The sheer force of rogue waves can lead to accelerated coastal erosion, affecting beaches and shorelines.
Flooding: Rogue waves can cause sudden and severe coastal flooding, posing risks to coastal communities and ecosystems.
(3) Human Safety
Loss of Life: Rogue waves have been responsible for numerous fatalities. Between 2011 and 2018, rogue waves killed at least 386 people.
Property Damage: The impact of rogue waves on ships, coastal areas, and offshore structures can result in significant financial losses.
Advancements in Forecasting
University of Maryland mathematicians Thomas Breunung and Balakumar Balachandran have developed an artificial intelligence program capable of forecasting rogue waves.
The AI program was trained using billions of data points collected by a network of 172 ocean buoys.
The researchers analyzed 20-minute long samples recorded by ocean buoys.
PYQ:
[2017] At one of the places in India, if you stand on the seashore and watch the sea, you will find that the sea water recedes from the shore line a few kilometres and comes back to the shore, twice a day, and you can actually walk on the sea floor when the water recedes. This unique phenomenon is seen at:
Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Article 361 and its various sub-sections
Why in the News?
The Supreme Court has agreed to hear a plea seeking to redefine the constitutional immunity of state Governors.
Article 361 of the Constitution shields the President and Governors from criminal prosecution and judicial scrutiny.
The Supreme Court will interpret whether the immunity includes the registration of an FIR, initiation of a preliminary inquiry, or a magistrate taking cognisance of an offence.
Origins of Governor’s Immunity
The concept of immunity is based on the Latin maxim “rex non potest peccare” (the king can do no wrong), rooted in English legal traditions.
During the Constituent Assembly debates in 1949, member H. V. Kamath questioned whether immunity meant no proceedings could be instituted against the President or Governor during their term or only while they were in office.
The article was adopted without further debate on criminal immunity.
What are immunities under Article 361?
According to Article 361(1), the President or a Governor is not answerable to any court for the exercise of their powers and duties.
Article 361(2) ensures that NO criminal proceedings can be initiated or continued against the President or Governor during their term.
Article 361(3)prohibits the arrest or imprisonment of the President or Governor while they are in office.
Article 361(4) states that civil lawsuits for personal acts against the President or Governor cannot be initiated during their term and can only proceed two months after a written notice is given post-term.
Judicial Interpretations of Article 361:
Dr SC Barat and Anr vs. Hari Vinayak Pataskar Case (1961): Distinguished between the Governor’s official and personal actions. While official actions have complete immunity, civil proceedings for personal acts can proceed with prior notice.
Rameshwar Prasad vs. Union of India Case (2006): The Supreme Court recognized “complete immunity” for constitutional actions under Article 361(1), but allowed judicial review for actions taken with malicious intent.
Vyapam Scam Case (2015): The Madhya Pradesh High Court ruled that Governor Ram Naresh Yadav had absolute protection under Article 361(2), preventing his name from being included in the investigation to avoid undue legal harassment.
State of UP vs. Kalyan Singh Case (2017): The Supreme Court upheld that Kalyan Singh, while serving as Governor of Rajasthan, was immune under Article 361. Legal proceedings related to the Babri Masjid demolition were to resume after his term.
Telangana High Court Judgment (2024): Observed that the Constitution does not explicitly or implicitly bar judicial review of actions taken by a Governor, and stated that Article 361 immunity is personal and does not exclude judicial review.
Case for Revisiting Immunity
The debate on executive immunity is ongoing in other countries as well.
The US Supreme Court recently decided that former President Donald Trump is entitled to “absolute immunity” from criminal prosecution for official acts but not for unofficial or personal acts.
In India, the discussion is viewed within the larger context of the tension between Governors and opposition-ruled state governments.
The Supreme Court has noted instances where Governors acted with political motives.
PYQ:
[2018] Consider the following statements:
No criminal proceedings shall be instituted against the Governor of a State in any court during his term of office.
The emoluments and allowances of the Governor of a State shall not be diminished during his term of office.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
[2019] Which one of the following suggested that the Governor should be an eminent person from outside the State and should be a detached figure without intense political links or should not have taken part in politics in the recent past?
(a) First Administrative Reforms Commission (1966)
(b) Rajamannar Committee (1969)
(c) Sarkaria Commission (1983)
(d) National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution (2000)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Trends in India's GDP growth rate
Why in the News?
India’s economy is projected to grow at 6.5% to 7% in the fiscal year ending March 2025.
The Economic Survey for 2023-24 highlights the need to address inequality and unemployment as policy priorities.
Policy Recommendations by Chief Economic Adviser (CEA)
Regulatory Burdens: CEA V. Anantha Nageswaran advocates for Central and State governments to reduce regulatory burdens on businesses.
Corporate Responsibility: He urges the corporate sector to create productive jobs, emphasizing their responsibility in generating employment.
Various Challenges discussed
(1) Challenges in the IT Sector:
Slowdown in Hiring: The CEA notes a significant slowdown in IT sector hiring over the last two years.
AI and Labor: He encourages the industry to use AI to augment labor rather than replace workers.
(2) Skilling Initiatives
Addressing Inequality: The Economic Survey suggests steps to tackle inequality, improve health, and bridge the education-employment gap.
Skilling Reboot: A reboot of India’s skilling initiatives is proposed to provide the industry with people having the right attitude and skills.
(3) Corporate Sector and Economic Growth
Demand and Employment: The Survey emphasizes the benefits for corporates from higher demand generated by employment and income growth.
Warning against Short-Termism: It warns against “short-termism” which can weaken economic linkages.
(4) State Capacity and Consensus Building:
Enhancing State Capacity: Enhancing state capacity is critical for the strategy to work.
Need for Consensus: The CEA stresses the need for consensus between governments, businesses, and the social sectors for effective transformation.
(5) Land Acquisition and Investment Concerns:
Land Use Norms: While the Survey does not mention land acquisition reform, it highlights the need to deregulate land use norms and consolidate farmland holdings.
Investment Cautions: The Survey cautions about private capital formation being cautious due to fears of cheaper imports, indirectly referencing China.
(6) Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Challenges:
Attracting FDI: Attracting FDI will be challenging due to higher interest rates and developed countries encouraging domestic investments through subsidies.
Addressing Uncertainties: Despite progress, uncertainties related to transfer pricing, taxes, and import duties need to be addressed.
Structural Reforms
Existing Reforms: Structural reforms such as GST and the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code are delivering expected results.
Next-Gen Reforms: The Survey calls for “next-gen reforms” that are bottom-up in nature to achieve sustainable, balanced, and inclusive growth.
Strategic Directions for Growth
Six-Pronged Strategy: The Survey outlines a six-pronged strategy for growth, emphasizing private sector investments and a fair share of income for workers.
Focus Areas: Other focus areas include financing the green transition, removing barriers for MSMEs, and implementing intelligent farmer-friendly policies.
Conclusion
Sustained Growth Potential: The economy can grow at over 7% on a sustained basis in the medium term by building on past reforms.
Tripartite Compact: Achieving this growth requires a tripartite compact between the Centre, States, and the private sector.
PYQ:
[2013] Economic growth in country X will necessarily have to occur if:
(a) There is technical progress in the world economy.
(b) There is population growth in X.
(c) There is capital formation in X.
(d) The volume of trade grows in the world economy.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Adoption of National Flag by Constituent Assembly
Why in the News?
On 22nd July in 1947, the Constituent Assembly of India adopted the National Flag.
PC: The Better India
About the National Flag Day
The Constituent Assembly met in New Delhi at 10 o’clock, chaired by Dr. Rajendra Prasad.
The Assembly had been meeting since December 9, 1946, discussing various subjects.
The Chair announced the first agenda item: “aMotion by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru about the Flag.”
Jawaharlal Nehru’s Resolution on National Flag
India’s first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, moved the Resolution:
The National Flag of India shall be a horizontal tricolour of deep Saffron (Kesari), white, and dark green in equal proportion.
In the centre of the white band, there shall be a navy blue Wheel representing the Charkha.
The design of the Wheel is based on the Chakra from the Sarnath LionCapital of Ashoka.
The diameter of the Wheel approximates the width of the white band.
The ratio of the width to the length of the Flag shall be 2:3.
The motion was adopted unanimously by the Assembly.
Adoption by Popular Acclaim:
Nehru mentioned that the Flag was adopted by popular acclaim and sacrifice over the past decades.
Nehru clarified that the Flag was not meant to be seen in communal terms.
The design was intended to represent the spirit and tradition of India, grown over thousands of years.
Reactions and Support
There were no significant objections to Nehru’s Resolution.
Several members, including Seth Govind Das, V I Muniswami Pillai, Chaudhri Khaliquzzaman, S Radhakrishnan, Saiyid Mohammad Saadulla, Frank R Anthony, and Sarojini Naidu, paid tributes to the Flag and supported the Resolution.
H V Kamath suggested adding a Swastika inside the Chakra to symbolize peace but withdrew the amendment after seeing the Flag’s design.
Dr. P S Deshmukh preferred retaining the original tricolour with the Charkha but did not push his amendment, respecting the House’s preference.
Back2Basics: History of Our National Flag
First Public Display in Kolkata (1906):
The first national flag of India was hoisted on August 7, 1906, in Kolkata at Parsee Bagan Square (Green Park).
The flag had three horizontal stripes of red, yellow, and green, with “Vande Mataram” inscribed in the center.
Symbolism: The red stripe included symbols of the sun and a crescent moon, while the green stripe featured eight half-open lotuses.
The flag is believed to have been designed by freedom activists Sachindra Prasad Bose and Hemchandra Kanungo.
Indian Flag in Germany:
In 1907, Madame Cama and her group of exiled revolutionaries hoisted an Indian flag in Germany.
This event marked the first time the Indian flag was hoisted in a foreign country.
Home Rule Movement Flag:
Dr. Annie Besant and Lokmanya Tilak introduced a new flag in 1917 as part of the Home Rule Movement.
The flag featured alternate red and green horizontal stripes, with seven stars in the Saptarishi configuration.
It included a white crescent and star in one top corner, and the Union Jack in the other.
Version by Pingali Venkayya:
Pingali Venkayya, an Indian freedom fighter, is credited with the design of the modern Indian tricolour.
Venkayya first met Mahatma Gandhi in South Africa during the second Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902).
He conducted extensive research and published a book in 1916 that included possible designs for the Indian flag.
At the All India Congress Committee in Bezwada in 1921, Venkayya proposed a basic flag design to Gandhi, featuring two bands of red and green to represent Hindus and Muslims.
PYQ:
[2014] The national motto of India, ‘Satyameva Jayate’ inscribed below the Emblem of India is taken from
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Dyson Sphere
Why in the News?
Recently, astronomers have made progress in finding possible candidates as Dyson Sphere, sparking new excitement and debate about extraterrestrial life.
What is a Dyson Sphere?
Imagine you are an astronomer looking for extraterrestrial life and you find a star covered by solar panels. This structure, collecting massive amounts of solar energy, is known as a Dyson sphere.
The concept is named after Freeman Dyson, a theoretical physicist who lived from 1923 to 2020.
Dyson proposed that advanced civilizations would need to harness a star’s energy, constructing a spherical array of solar collectors around it.
He suggested that the heat emitted as infrared radiation could indicate the presence of these massive structures and thus intelligent life.
Who was Freeman Dyson (1923-2020)?
Dyson was a renowned British-American theoretical physicist and mathematician known for his work in quantum electrodynamics, solid-state physics, and astronomy.
Born on December 15, 1923, in England, he made significant contributions to science and technology, including the Dyson Sphere concept—a hypothetical structure that could encompass a star to capture its power output.
He was also a prominent futurist and author, exploring ideas on space travel, extraterrestrial life, and the future of humanity.
Dyson spent much of his career at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton and was known for his interdisciplinary approach to science.
PYQ:
[2015] The term ‘Goldilocks Zone’ is often seen in the news in the context of
(a) The limits of habitable zone above the surface of the Earth
(b) Regions inside the Earth-like planets in outer space
(c) Search for the Earth-like planets in outer space
(d) Search for meteorites containing precious metals
Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
The markets regulator, SEBI, has proposed a new asset class designed to offer investment products positioned between mutual funds (MFs) and portfolio management services (PMS).
This new category aims to fill an opportunity gap for investors and offer greater flexibility in portfolio construction.
Note:
PMS provides customized investment solutions to high net-worth individuals (HNIs) with a minimum investment limit of Rs 50 lakh.
MFs, on the other hand, have a much lower minimum investment limit of just Rs 100, managed by a professional fund manager.
About the New Asset Class
The new asset class aims to provide an intermediate option with more flexibility in portfolio construction, helping investors avoid unregistered and unauthorized schemes.
It will have a risk-return profile between MFs and PMS, targeting investors with higher risk tolerance and larger investment amounts than those typical of MFs but lower than PMS.
The current range of investment products includes:
MF schemes: Focused on retail investors,
PMS: For HNIs, and
Alternative investment funds (AIF): For sophisticated investors.
How will investments in the new asset class work?
The new asset class will be introduced under the MF structure with necessary relaxations in prudential norms.
The minimum investment amount is proposed to be Rs 10 lakh per investor within the asset management company (AMC)/MF.
This high threshold is intended to deter retail investors while attracting those with investible funds between Rs 10 lakh and Rs 50 lakh.
Significance of the New Asset Class:
SEBI noted that the gap between investment opportunities in MFs and PMS has led some investors towards unauthorized investment avenues.
The new asset class will help curb the proliferation of unregistered investment products and provide a structured and regulated option for investors.
SEBI emphasized that the new asset class would offer a regulated and structured investment suited to investors looking for opportunities between MFs and PMS.
Investment Strategies:
Like MF schemes, the new asset class will provide options for Systematic Investment Plan (SIP), Systematic Withdrawal Plan (SWP), and Systematic Transfer Plan (STP).
AMCs can offer ‘investment strategies’ under a pooled fund structure with tailored redemption frequencies (daily, weekly, monthly, etc.).
PYQ:
[2021] Indian Government Bond Yields are influenced by which of the following?
Actions of the United States Federal Reserve
Actions of the Reserve Bank of India
Inflation and short-term interest rates
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CPCB, EPR Program
Why in the News?
The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has started a national audit of about 800 plastic-waste recyclers across India.
This action follows the discovery that four firms in Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Gujarat issued nearly 600,000 fake certificates under the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) programme.
About Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB): Overview
The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) is a statutory organization established in September1974.
It was constituted under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.
CPCB is also entrusted with powers and functions under the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.
It serves as a technical arm of the Ministry of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change, implementing the provisions of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
Principal Functions:
Water Pollution Control:
Promote the cleanliness of streams and wells in different states by preventing, controlling, and abating water pollution.
Oversee the National Water Quality Monitoring Program to collect, collate, and disseminate technical and statistical data relating to water pollution.
Air Pollution Control:
Improve the quality of air and prevent, control, or abate air pollution in the country.
Conduct air quality monitoring as part of air quality management.
Implement the National Air Monitoring Programme (NAMP) to determine current air quality status and trends, regulate pollution from industries, and provide background air quality data for industrial siting and town planning.
Key Initiatives and Programs:
National Air Monitoring Programme (NAMP): Established to monitor air quality status and trends, and to control and regulate industrial pollution to meet air quality standards.
National Air Quality Index (NAQI): Provides real-time air quality data and trends.
Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP): A set of measures to be taken based on the severity of air pollution levels.
Clean Air Campaign: Initiatives aimed at reducing air pollution through public awareness and actionable measures.
Role in Data Management:
CPCB collects, collates, and disseminates technical and statistical data related to water and air pollution.
Provides necessary data for regulatory and planning purposes, including industrial siting and urban planning.
What is Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) Programme?
Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) means the responsibility of a producer for the environmentally sound management of the product until the end of its life.
India had first introduced EPR in 2011 under the:
Plastic Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011
E-Waste Management and Handling Rules, 2011.
The EPR scheme requires businesses using plastic packaging to recycle a certain percentage of the plastic used in the previous two years.
Implementation of EPR:
Registration: Producers must register with the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and submit an EPR plan.
Collection Mechanisms: Producers set up collection centers, return schemes, or partner with authorized recyclers to manage waste.
Documentation: Producers are required to maintain detailed records of waste collected and processed and submit regular reports to the CPCB.
Compliance Audits: The CPCB conducts audits to ensure that producers comply with EPR requirements.
Every tonne of plastic recycled generates a certificate.
According to a CPCB report in May, nearly 3.7 million tonnes of recycled plastic generated certificates.
In 2022-23, about 18,000 companies using plastic packaging were registered with the CPCB, aiming to recycle about 3.3 million tonnes.
Compliance and Targets:
Companies must recycle 70% of the packaging used in the previous two financial years for 2022-23 and 100% for 2023-24. Non-compliance with these targets can result in fines.
EPR certificates are uploaded on a dedicated portal maintained by the CPCB, allowing recyclers and buyers to trade online.
PYQ:
[2019] In India, ‘extended producer responsibility’ was introduced as an important feature in which of the following?
(a) The Bio-medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998
(b) The Recycled Plastic (Manufacturing and Usage) Rules, 1999
(c) The e-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011
(d) The Food Safety and Standard Regulations, 2011
Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Features of the RTE Act
Why in the News?
The Bombay High Court has cancelled the Maharashtra government’s new rule that allowed private schools within 1 kilometer of government or government-aided schools to avoid reserving 25% of their seats for students from weaker sections and disadvantaged groups.
Right to Education (RTE) Act: Overview
The Right to Education (RTE) Act, 2009 ensures free and compulsory education as fundamental right under Article 21A of the Indian Constitution.
It mandates that every child has the right to full-time elementary education of satisfactory and equitable quality in a formal school that meets certain essential norms and standards.
Key Provisions:
The RTE Act provides for free and compulsory education for all children between 6 and 14 years.
Schools must be available within a prescribed distance from the child’s residence to ensure accessibility.
The Act ensures the provision of adequate teachers and the establishment of standards for their training and quality.
Teacher Qualification: The teacher must pass the Teacher Eligibility Test (TET), which is administered by the respective government authority. The National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE) has established the minimum qualifications required for a person to be eligible for appointment as a teacher for classes I to VIII.
The RTE Act does NOT apply to Minority institutions.
Section 12(1) (C) of the RTE Act:
Section 12(1) (C) requires private unaided and specified category schools to reserve at least 25% seats for children from economically weaker sections and disadvantaged groups.
This provision aims to promote social inclusion and ensure that children from all backgrounds have access to quality education.
The government reimburses schools for the expenses incurred for admitting these children, based on per-child expenditure incurred by the state.
Children from economically weaker sections and disadvantaged groups benefit from this Section as it provides them access to private schooling.
This section aims to contest education apartheid and bring parity and equality of opportunity for all children.
Details of the Exemption Rule in Maharashtra
The notification stated that private unaided schools within one kilometer of a government or government-aided school would not need to reserve 25% of seats for socio-economically backward students.
Students in these areas would first be considered for admission to nearby government or government-aided schools.
The exemption also applied to future private schools established within a one-kilometer radius of government or government-aided schools.
If no such schools existed in the vicinity, private schools would be identified for RTE admissions.
Similar Exemptions in Other States
Maharashtra joined Karnataka and Kerala in implementing this regime to exempt private schools from RTE admissions.
Karnataka introduced the rule in December 2018, referencing Kerala’s rules introduced in 2011.
In Kerala, the fee concession is available to RTE quota students only if there are no government or aided schools within one kilometer for Class 1 students.
Reasons for Introducing Exemptions
Karnataka’s Law Minister stated in 2018 that the primary intention of RTE is to provide education to all classes of students.
Allowing parents to admit children to private schools despite nearby government schools resulted in a drop in enrollment ratios in government schools.
Private schools and teachers’ organizations highlighted that state governments often failed to reimburse fees for students admitted through the RTE quota.
Section 12(2) of the RTE Act binds state governments to reimburse expenses incurred by schools per child or the fee amount, whichever is less.
In Maharashtra, the Maharashtra English School Trustees Association (MESTA) threatened to boycott RTE admissions last December due to pending reimbursements of Rs 1,800 crore.
PYQ:
[2022] The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 remains inadequate in promoting incentive-based systems for children’s education without generating awareness about the importance of schooling. Analyse.
[2018] Consider the following statements:
As per the right to education (RTE) Act, to be eligible for appointment as a teacher in a state, a person would be required to possess the minimum qualification laid down by the concerned State council of Teacher education.
As per the RTE Act, for teaching primary classes, a candidate is required to pass a Teacher Eligibility Test conducted in accordance with the National Council of Teacher Education guidelines.
In India, more than 90 % of teacher education institutions are directly under the State Governments.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bhil Tribe
Why in the News?
A large number of people from the Bhil tribe recently gathered at a rally in Rajasthan’s Mangarh Dham to raise the demand for an independent ‘Bhil state’.
Background of the Bhil Pradesh Demand
The idea of a tribal state, comprising parts of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, and Maharashtra, has been discussed previously.
The demand for a separate tribal state in western India was put forward by the Bharatiya Tribal Party (BTP) formed in2017.
The Bhil community has been demanding that 49 districts be carved out of the four states to establish Bhil Pradesh.
The demand for Bhil Pradesh has been raised repeatedly since Independence.
Historical Context
Bhil social reformer and spiritual leader Govind Gurufirst raised the demand for a separate state for tribals in 1913.
The demand followed the Mangarh massacre, where hundreds of Bhil tribals were killed by British forces.
The massacre took place six years before the Jallianwala Baghmassacre and is sometimes referred to as the “Adivasi Jallianwala”.
Reasons for the Demand
Earlier, the tribal-majorityregions were a single entity but were divided post-Independence.
According to the 2011 census, tribals comprise almost 14% of Rajasthan’s population.
Several Union governments have brought various laws and schemes for tribals but have been slow in implementation.
Example of Implementation Issues
The Provisions of the Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996, aimed to decentralize governance and empower gram sabhas in tribal areas.
The Rajasthan government adopted the law in 1999, but its rules were only formulated in 2011.
Many people, including local leaders, are still unaware of the law.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: MISA, Implications of Emergency
Why in the News?
Prithipal Singh Randhawa, leader of the Punjab Students Union (PSU), was murdered in Ludhiana on July 18, 1979.
At the time of his death, he was 27 years old and among the most prominent leaders of the student union movement in Punjab during the 1970s.
Who was Prithipal Singh Randhawa?
Randhawa hailed from Hoshiarpur in Punjab and joined Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana, in 1972.
On October 5, 1972, students protested outside Regal Cinema in Moga district against black marketing of tickets.
The police opened fire, killing four people, including student leaders Swarn Singh and Harjeet Singh.
In response, Randhawa launched a mass movement, leading to the arrest of the responsible police officers.
On October 26, 1974, he organized the massive Moga Sangram rally, addressing issues like student fee hikes and the United States’ imperial war in Vietnam.
He was assassinated on July 18, 1979, after abduction.
His rising popularity and anti-establishment stance led to his arrest and 19-month imprisonment under the Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA) during the Emergency.
His death led to massive protests in Punjab, Haryana, and Delhi.
Back2Basics:Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA): Overview
The MISA was a controversial law enacted by the Indian government in 1971.
It was primarily aimed at ensuring internal security and public order during times of political unrest and emergencies.
MISA was heavily used during the Emergency period (1975-1977) declared by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.
Key Provisions:
Preventive Detention: MISA allows for the preventive detention of individuals without trial for a maximum period of two years. This was intended to pre-emptively address threats to national security.
Detention without Charges: Individuals could be detained without being charged with a specific offense, based on the suspicion of being a threat to national security or public order.
No Right to Legal Representation: Detainees under MISA did not have the right to legal representation or a fair trial.
Limited Judicial Review: The act severely restricted the scope of judicial review, making it difficult for courts to intervene in cases of detention under MISA.
Controversy and Criticism:
Human Rights Violations: MISA was widely criticized for its draconian measures and violation of fundamental human rights, including the right to liberty, freedom of speech, and due process.
Political Repression: The act was seen as a tool for political repression, used by the government to silence opposition and dissent.
Abuse of Power: There were numerous instances of abuse of power under MISA, with individuals being detained on vague or politically motivated grounds.
Repeal:
After the end of the Emergency in 1977, the newly elected Janata Party government repealed MISA in 1978 as part of its efforts to restore democratic norms and civil liberties.
The legacy of MISA remains a stark reminder of the potential for misuse of power and the importance of safeguarding democratic principles and human rights.
PYQ:
[2022] Which of the following is/are the exclusive power(s) of Lok Sabha?
To ratify the declaration of Emergency
To pass a motion of no-confidence against the Council of Ministers
To impeach the President of India
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
