Innovations in Sciences, IT, Computers, Robotics and Nanotechnology

7 Ghost Particles pierce through Earth: IceCube Observations

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : Neutrinos, IceCube Observatory, Indian Neutrino Observatory (INO), Trident

Mains level : NA

Why in the news

  • Researchers at the IceCube Observatory, buried beneath the Antarctic ice, have identified seven potential instances of elusive “Ghost Particles” or astrophysical Tau Neutrinos as they penetrated through Earth.
  • These neutrinos are pivotal for understanding the cosmic exchanges between Earth and the vast universe.

What are Neutrinos?

  • Neutrinos, often referred to as “ghost particles,” are subatomic particles characterized by their nearly zero mass and lack of electric charge.
  • They traverse through matter with minimal interaction, making their detection extremely challenging.
  • Previously believed to be massless, evidence has emerged indicating that neutrinos possess a very small mass.
  • Neutrinos rank among the most abundant particles in the universe.
  • While neutrinos and electrons behave similarly in terms of nuclear forces, neither of them engages in strong nuclear interactions.
  • However, both participate in weak nuclear interactions.
  • Neutrinos are produced during events such as nuclear fusion in stars like the Sun or nuclear fission in reactors.

Properties of Neutrinos

Electric Charge Electrically Neutral
Mass Extremely Low (Exact Masses Not Known)
Types Electron Neutrino, Muon Neutrino, Tau Neutrino
Interaction Weak Interaction
Speed Close to the Speed of Light
Spin Fermion, Half-Integer Spin
Neutrino Oscillations Neutrinos Change Flavor during Travel
Interactions Very Weak Interaction with Matter
Abundance Among the Most Abundant Particles in the Universe
Cosmic Messengers Can Carry Information from Distant Cosmic Sources

 

Why Neutrinos are termed “Ghost Particles”?

 

  • The weak charge and almost imperceptible mass of neutrinos render them exceedingly difficult for scientists’ to detect directly.
  • Due to their rare interactions with other particles, tracking neutrinos proves nearly impossible.

Significance of Neutrino Detection

  • The origins of the abundant neutrino particles remain largely unknown to scientists.
  • There’s a hypothesis suggesting their potential role in the early universe shortly after the Big Bang, yet concrete evidence remains elusive.
  • Understanding neutrinos better holds the promise of unraveling numerous scientific phenomena, including the mysterious origins of cosmic rays, which neutrinos are known to carry.
  • Researchers anticipate that pinpointing the source of neutrinos will aid in explaining the origins of cosmic rays, a puzzle that has perplexed scientists for centuries.

About IceCube Observatory

icecube

  • Location: The IceCube Neutrino Observatory is situated near the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station in Antarctica.
  • Components:
  1. IceCube: The primary detector consists of 5,160 digital optical modules (DOMs) attached to vertical strings frozen into the ice.
  2. IceTop: Located on top of IceCube strings, it serves as a veto and calibration detector for cosmic rays.
  3. DeepCore: A denser subdetector within IceCube that lowers the neutrino energy threshold for studying neutrino oscillations.
  • Construction:
  1. Completed in December 2010 with 86 strings deployed over seven austral summers.
  2. Involved melting holes in the ice to depths of 2,450 meters and deploying sensors connected to cables.
  • Research Goals:
  1. Observing neutrinos from various astrophysical sources to study cosmic phenomena like exploding stars, gamma-ray bursts, and black holes.
  2. Studying cosmic rays interacting with the Earth’s atmosphere to reveal structures not fully understood.
  3. Advancing neutrino astronomy and exploring high-energy processes in the Universe.

 

Recent Neutrino Observatories in news:

 

[1] Indian Neutrino Observatory (INO)

  • INO approved in 2015, is a proposed particle physics research mega project.
  • Its objective is to study neutrinos in a 1,200 meter deep cave.
  • The primary objective of the INO Project is to study neutrinos, one of the most abundant fundamental particles, coming from various sources and using an underground Iron calorimeter (ICAL) detector.
  • Its location is decided to be at the Bodi West Hills (BWH) region near Pottipuram village in Theni district of Tamil Nadu (110 km from the temple town of Madurai).

[2] China’s TRIDENT

  • Scheduled for completion in 2030, TRIDENT, aptly nicknamed “Ocean Bell” or “Hai ling” in Chinese.
  • It will be positioned 11,500 feet (3,500 meters) beneath the ocean’s surface in the Western Pacific.
  • It seeks to explore the realm of neutrinos, transient particles that momentarily interact with the deep ocean, emitting faint flashes of light.

 


PYQs:

(1) In the context of modern scientific research, consider the following statements about ‘IceCube’, a particle detector located at the South Pole, which was recently in the news: (2015)

  1. It is the world’s largest neutrino detector, encompassing a cubic kilometre of ice.
  2. It is a powerful telescope to search for dark matter.
  3. It is buried deep in the ice.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

  1. 1 only
  2. 2 and 3 only
  3. 1 and 3 only
  4. 1, 2 and 3

 

(2) India-based Neutrino Observatory is included by the planning commission as a mega-science project under the 11th Five-year plan. In this context, consider the following statements: (2010)

  1. Neutrinos are chargeless elementary particles that travel close to the speed of light.
  2. Neutrinos are created in nuclear reactions of beta decay.
  3. Neutrinos have a negligible, but non-zero mass.
  4. Trillions of Neutrinos pass through the human body every second.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

  1. 1 and 3 only
  2. 1, 2 and 3 only
  3. 2, 3 and 4
  4. 1, 2, 3 and 4

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Health Sector – UHC, National Health Policy, Family Planning, Health Insurance, etc.

What is the HbA1C Test for Diabetes?

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : HbA1C Test, Diabetes (Type-1 and 2)

Mains level : NA

Why in the news-

  • India faces a significant burden of diabetes, with an estimated 10.13 crore people affected and an additional 13.6 crore individuals classified as pre-diabetic.
  • One of the most commonly-used tests to diagnose pre-diabetes and diabetes (both type 1 and type 2) and to help manage diabetes, is the haemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) test.

What is the HbA1C Test?

  • The HbA1C test, or glycated haemoglobin test, serves as a vital tool for diagnosing pre-diabetes and diabetes, offering insights into long-term blood glucose control.
  • It measures the percentage of red blood cells coated with sugar.
  • It provides a comprehensive view of average blood glucose levels over the preceding two to three months.
  • It is recommended for individuals over 30 years and those with specific risk factors, with retests scheduled based on initial findings and individual health profiles.

Evolution and Acceptance

  • Initially inconsistent, the test gained recognition for its correlation with blood glucose values and its role in monitoring glycemia, leading to improved standardization and accuracy.
  • It is endorsed by medical bodies like World Health Organization (WHO) and the American Diabetes Association and.
  • This underscores the test’s diagnostic utility, subject to stringent quality assurance measures.

Interpretation of Results

  • Results are typically presented as percentages.
  1. Normal: Values below 5.7% are considered
  2. Pre-diabetes: 5.7% to 6.4%
  3. Diabetes: 6.5% or higher
  • Alternatively, results may be expressed in mmol/mol, providing a comparable metric for assessment.

Limitations of the Test

  • While informative, the HbA1C test may be supplemented by other tests, particularly in populations with conditions affecting assay accuracy.
  • In India, factors like thalassemia prevalence and iron-deficiency anemia may impact test reliability, necessitating caution and additional indices for glycemic assessment.

PYQ:

‘Aerial metagenomics’ best refers to which one of the following situations?

  1. Collecting DNA samples from air in a habitat at one go
  2. Understanding the genetic makeup of avian species of a habitat
  3. Using air-borne devices to collect blood samples from moving animals
  4. Sending drones to inaccessible areas to collect plant and animal samples from land surfaces and water bodies

Practice MCQ:

Consider the following statements about the HbA1C test:

  1. It is used in the diagnosis of Sickle Cell Disease.
  2. It measures the percentage of red blood cells coated with sugar.
  3. It is recommended for individuals over 30 years.

How many of the given statements is/are correct?

  1. One
  2. Two
  3. Three
  4. None

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Primary and Secondary Education – RTE, Education Policy, SEQI, RMSA, Committee Reports, etc.

[pib] ULLAS Initiative

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : ULLAS Initiative, FLNAT Exam

Mains level : Adult Literacy

Why in the news

  • The Department of School Education and Literacy (DoSEL), Ministry of Education recently conducted the Foundational Literacy and Numeracy Assessment Test (FLNAT), under the ULLAS – Nav Bharat Saaksharta Karyakram Initiative.

Foundational Literacy and Numeracy Assessment Test (FLNAT)

 

  • FLNAT is a nationwide assessment test conducted as part of the ULLAS initiative.
  • It aims to evaluate the foundational literacy and numeracy skills of registered non-literate learners aged 15 and above.
  • The assessment covers three aspects – Reading, Writing, and Numeracy – and is conducted in all districts of participating states/UTs.
  • The test plays a crucial role in assessing the impact of teaching-learning sessions conducted under the ULLAS program and promoting literacy and numeracy skills among citizens.
  • It is conducted in the regional language of the learners, aligning with the NEP 2020’s emphasis on multilingualism
  • Qualifying learners receive a certificate from the National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS).

 What is ULLAS Initiative?

  • ULLAS stands for Understanding Lifelong Learning for All in S
  • It seeks to advance lifelong learning and bridge literacy gaps among individuals aged 15 and above.
  • The program aims to equip citizens with fundamental knowledge and skills essential for personal and national development.
  • The ULLAS User-Friendly Mobile Application serves as a digital platform providing access to a wide range of learning resources via the DIKSHA portal.

Key Features of ULLAS

  1. Emphasizes continuous learning across all stages of life.
  2. Cultivates a culture of knowledge-sharing and individual growth.
  3. Provides participants with digital literacy skills.
  4. Promotes awareness and empowerment in financial matters.
  5. Imparts vital life skills such as legal literacy and digital competence.
  6. Enhances citizenship awareness and empowerment.
  7. Grants school/university credits to student volunteers.
  8. Offers recognition through certificates, letters of appreciation, and felicitation ceremonies.

PYQ:

Consider the following statements:

  1. As per the Right to Education (RTE) Act, to be eligible for appointment as a teacher in a State, a person would be required to possess the minimum qualification laid down by the concerned State Council of Teacher Education.
  2. As per the RTE Act, for teaching primary classes, a candidate is required to pass a Teacher Eligibility Test conducted in accordance with the National Council of Teacher Education guidelines.
  3. In India, more than 90% of teacher -5 education institutions are directly under the State Governments.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?  (2018)

  1. 1 and 2
  2. 2 only
  3. 1 and 3
  4. 3 only

Practice MCQ:

  1. Consider the following statements about the ULLAS Initiative:
  2. It focuses on Foundational Literacy.
  3. Individuals aged 15 and above are eligible under this initiative.

Which of the given statements is/are correct?

  1. Only 1
  2. Only 2
  3. Both 1 and 2
  4. Neither 1 nor 2

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Innovations in Biotechnology and Medical Sciences

Indigenous Drug for Sickle Cell Disease developed

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : Sickle Cell Disease (SCD), Anemia

Mains level : NA

sickle cell

What is the news-

  • Based in Delhi, Akmus Drugs and Pharmaceutical Limited unveiled a groundbreaking drug for sickle cell disease on March 16.
  • This drug marks India’s first indigenous, room-temperature stable solution for sickle cell disease, available at a mere 1% of the global price.

What is Sickle Cell Disease (SCD)?

 

  • Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a genetically inherited red blood cell disorder.
  • It causes red blood cells to become hard, sticky, and sickle-shaped due to abnormal hemoglobin.
  • This abnormality leads to complications such as pain, infections, acute chest syndrome, and stroke.
  • Different types of SCD include HbSS, HbSC, and HbS beta thalassemia, each varying in severity.
  • SCD is diagnosed through a simple blood test, often identified at birth through new-born screening.
  • Treatment focuses on managing complications with options like bone marrow or stem cell transplantation, gene therapies, and medications like hydroxyurea to reduce symptoms and prevent complications.
  • The recent approval of Casgevy, a groundbreaking gene therapy utilizing Crispr-Cas9 technology,  represents a monumental achievement SCD Treatment.

About Akmus Sickle Cell Drug

  • The oral suspension of Hydroxyurea is the basic component of the drug.
  • Priced at less than ₹600, the drug is poised to revolutionize access to treatment for sickle cell disease patients nationwide.
  • It is tailored for patients across all age groups.
  • It offers convenience and precision in dosage administration through provided oral syringes.

What makes it a revolutionary drug?

  • Room Temperature Stability: Unlike imported hydroxyurea solutions requiring storage at 2-8 degrees Celsius, Akmus Pharmaceuticals’ formulation ensures accessibility without stringent storage conditions.
  • Cost-Efficiency: With the global brand priced at approximately ₹77,000, Akmus’ solution underscores a paradigm shift towards affordable medication.

Sickle Cell Disease Menace in India

 

  • Prevalence among STs: Sickle cell disease is a genetic disorder mostly prevalent in districts with high tribal populations. About one in 86 births among STs have sickle cell disease that affects haemoglobin in red blood cells, resulting in morbidity and mortality (as per WHO).
  • Health Priority: Recognizing sickle cell disease as a significant health challenge, India has identified it among the top 10 issues disproportionately affecting tribal communities.
  • National Mission:  The National Sickle Cell Anemia Elimination Mission launched in 2023, aims to eliminate sickle cell anemia from India by 2047.

 


PYQ:

Q. Consider the following statements in the context interventions being undertaken under Anaemia Mukt Bharat Strategy: (2023)

  1. It provides prophylactic calcium supplementation for pre-school children, adolescents and pregnant women.
  2. It runs a campaign for delayed cord clamping at the time of child-birth.
  3. It provides for periodic deworming to children and adolescents.
  4. It addresses non-nutritional causes of anaemia in endemic pockets with special focus on malaria, hemoglobinopathies and fluorosis.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

  1. Only one
  2. Only two
  3. Only three
  4. All four

Practice MCQ:

Q. Regarding the prevalence of Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) in India, consider the following statements:

  1. Sickle cell disease is a hereditary disorder affecting affects haemoglobin in red blood cells.
  2. About one in 86 births among STs have sickle cell disease.
  3. India has identified it among the top 10 issues disproportionately affecting tribal communities.
  4. The National Sickle Cell Anemia Elimination Mission, aims to eliminate sickle cell anemia from India by 2030.

How many of the given statements is/are correct?

  1. One
  2. Two
  3. Three
  4. Four

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Economic Indicators and Various Reports On It- GDP, FD, EODB, WIR etc

India ranks 134th in global human development index, says UNDP report

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : HDI

Mains level : India's Status as Developing Country

Why in the news? 

Recently, India’s progress in the global Human Development Index (HDI), as reported by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

Context-

  •  India’s ranking on the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI) improved by one position in 2022 to 134 out of 193 countries compared to 135 out of 191 countries in 2021. Switzerland has been ranked number one.

The Human Development Index (HDI)-

About 

The Human Development Index (HDI), initially introduced by the UNDP in 1990, is a statistical composite index. It measures a country’s average achievement across three fundamental dimensions:

  • Health: This dimension is represented by life expectancy at birth. It reflects the overall health and well-being of the population and their access to healthcare services.
  • Education: This dimension includes indicators such as expected years of schooling for children entering school and mean years of schooling for adults. It assesses the level of educational attainment and the availability of educational opportunities within a country.
  • Standard of Living: This dimension is measured by Gross National Income (GNI) per capita, adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP). It reflects the economic prosperity and living standards of the population, including income levels and access to basic necessities.

Background

  • The Human Development Index (HDI) was developed by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq and Indian economist Amartya Sen. It is used by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to assess a country’s development as part of the Human Development Report.
  • Alongside the Human Development Index (HDI), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) also presents the Human Development Report (HDR) which present-
  1. Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI),
  2. Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI),
  3. Gender Inequality Index(GII) since 2010 and
  4. Gender Development Index (GDI) since 2014

Key Points as per Report- 

  • India’s Rank on the HDI: India moved up one rank on the Human Development Index (HDI) from 135 in 2021 to 134 in 2022, with slight improvements in life expectancy and Gross National Income (GNI) per capita.
  • Comparison with Neighbors: India ranks below its southern neighbour Sri Lanka (ranked 78) and China (ranked 75) in the High Human Development category, and below Bhutan (ranked 125) and Bangladesh (ranked 129) in the Medium Human Development category.
  • Reducing inequalities: The report highlights a reverse trend in reducing inequalities between wealthy and poor nations. Despite interconnected global societies, collective action on climate change, digitalization, poverty, and inequality is lacking, leading to a widening human development gap.
  • Challenges in Democracy: While nine in 10 people worldwide endorse democracy, over half express support for leaders who may undermine it. Political polarization and limited control over government decisions are prevalent, leading to protectionist or inward-turning policy approaches.

Action Plans as per report-

  • Multilateral Cooperation: Strengthen international cooperation and collaboration among governments, NGOs, businesses, and other stakeholders to address global challenges collectively. This could involve fostering dialogue, partnerships, and agreements that promote shared goals and responsibilities.
  • Policy Coordination: Enhance coordination and coherence in policymaking at national and international levels to ensure that policies address interconnected challenges comprehensively. This may involve integrating diverse perspectives, aligning strategies across sectors, and leveraging resources efficiently.
  • Investment in Sustainable Development: Increase investments in sustainable development initiatives that prioritize environmental conservation, social equity, and economic prosperity. This could include funding for renewable energy, education, healthcare, infrastructure, and poverty alleviation programs.
  • Empowering Communities: Empower local communities and grassroots organizations to participate in decision-making processes and contribute to problem-solving efforts. This could involve providing resources, capacity-building support, and platforms for civic engagement.
  • Promotion of Dialogue and Understanding: Foster dialogue, empathy, and mutual understanding among diverse communities to mitigate polarization and build social cohesion. This could involve promoting education, cultural exchange programs, media literacy, and initiatives that promote tolerance and respect for human rights.
  • Transparency and Accountability: Enhance transparency, accountability, and integrity in governance structures and institutions to rebuild trust and confidence among citizens. This could involve strengthening anti-corruption measures, promoting open government initiatives, and ensuring inclusive and participatory decision-making processes.
  • Investment in Education and Awareness: Invest in education, public awareness campaigns, and media literacy programs to increase awareness of global challenges, their interconnections, and the importance of collective action. This could help foster a sense of shared responsibility and mobilize public support for collaborative solutions.
  • Promotion of Inclusive Economic Growth: Promote inclusive economic growth that benefits all segments of society, reduces inequality, and creates opportunities for marginalized populations. This could involve implementing policies that support job creation, entrepreneurship, social protection, and access to essential services.
  • Resilience Building: Build resilience to global challenges such as climate change, pandemics, and economic crises by investing in preparedness, adaptation, and mitigation strategies. This could involve strengthening healthcare systems, disaster risk reduction measures, and social safety nets.
  • Advocacy and Leadership: Advocate for political leadership and commitment at all levels to prioritize collective action and address shared challenges effectively. This could involve mobilizing political will, engaging with policymakers, and holding leaders accountable for their actions.

Conclusion-

Strengthening multilateral cooperation, policy coordination, sustainable development investment, empowering communities, promoting dialogue, transparency, education, inclusive economic growth, resilience building, and advocating for leadership are vital for addressing global challenges collectively and fostering a sustainable future.

Mains PYQ-

 Q- Despite the consistent experience of high growth, India still goes with the lowest indicators of human development. Examine the issues that make balanced and inclusive development elusive.(UPSC IAS/2019)

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Modern Indian History-Events and Personalities

Nana Jagannath Shankarseth: The ‘Architect of Mumbai’

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : Nana Jagannath Shankarseth and his contributions

Mains level : NA

Why in the news-

  • The Maharashtra cabinet has resolved to request the Ministry of Railways to rename Mumbai Central station after Nana Jagannath Shankarseth, a revered social reformer, educationist, and philanthropist often hailed as the “architect” of Mumbai.

About Nana Jagannath Shankarseth (1803-1865)

  • Born on February 10, 1803, in Murbad, Thane, into the affluent Murkute family.
  • His father, Shankar Murkute, earned the nickname “Shankar Sheth” due to his success in the jewellery and diamond trade.
  • He contributed in terms of both ideas and money to multiple sectors, to lay a strong foundation for the Bombay City.
  • He was greatly inspired by the legendary merchant and philanthropist Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy.

Contribution of Nana Jagannath Shankarseth

  • Founded the Bombay Association in 1852, the first political organization in Mumbai, fostering a platform for civic engagement and political discourse.
  • Played a pivotal role as one of the founding members of the Great Indian Peninsula Railway in 1853, contributing to India’s infrastructural development.
  • Recognized the importance of education in societal progress and opened the first school for girls in Mumbai in 1849, pioneering educational reform.
  • Co-founded the School Society and the Native School of Bombay, laying the foundation for educational institutions that nurtured future leaders such as Dadabhai Naoroji and Gopal Krishna Gokhale.
  • Established the Bombay Native Education Society in 1822, the first of its kind in Western India, to promote education among the masses.
  • Collaborated with Sir George Birdwood and Dr Bhau Daji in major reconstruction efforts in Mumbai starting in 1857, transforming the city’s urban landscape.
  • Became the first Indian to be nominated to the Bombay Legislative Council in 1861, advocating for policies that improved public welfare and urban amenities.
  • Honored with a marble statue at the Asiatic Society of Mumbai a year after his death in 1865, commemorating his contributions to society.

 


 

Try this PYQ from CSE Prelims 2012:

Q.The most effective contribution made by Dadabhai Naoroji to the cause of Indian National Movement was that he-

  1. exposed the economic exploitation of India by the British
  2. interpreted the ancient Indian texts and restored the self-confidence of Indians
  3. stressed the need for eradication of all the social evils before anything else

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

 

Practice MCQ:

Q. Consider the following events:

He founded the Bombay Association in 1852, the first political organization in Mumbai, fostering a platform for civic engagement and political discourse. Recognizing the importance of education in societal progress, he opened the first school for girls in Mumbai in 1849, pioneering educational reform. He became the first Indian to be nominated to the Bombay Legislative Council in 1861, advocating for policies that improved public welfare and urban amenities.

The above description is mentioned about which of the following personality?

a) Gopal Krishna Gokhale

b) Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde

c) Nana Jagannath Shankarseth

d) Dhondo Keshav Karve

 

 

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Defence Sector – DPP, Missions, Schemes, Security Forces, etc.

AH-64E Apache Attack Helicopters Fleet inducted to the Army

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : AH-64E Apache Attack Helicopters

Mains level : Read the attached story

Why in the news-

  • The Indian Army Aviation Corps inaugurated its first unit of AH-64E Apache Attack Helicopters into its fleet at Jodhpur Air Base.

AH-64E Apache Attack Helicopters

  • The AH-64E Apache also known as ‘Apache Guardian’ is widely recognized as the world’s most advanced multi-role combat helicopter.
  • It originates from the United States and is manufactured by Boeing.
  • In February 2020, India sealed a deal with Boeing for the acquisition of six AH-64E for the Army, with an additional six helicopters contracted subsequently.
  • Several countries have acquired the AH-64E, including India, Egypt, Greece, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, South Korea, Kuwait, Netherlands, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, UAE, and the UK.
Indigenous Push

  • Tata Boeing Aerospace Limited (TBAL), a joint venture between Boeing and Tata Advanced Systems Ltd. (TASL), was established in 2016 to manufacture fuselages for the AH-64 Apache.
  • TBAL’s Hyderabad facility has been delivering AH-64 Apache fuselages since 2018.
  • The advanced manufacturing facility will eventually become the sole producer of AH-64 fuselages in the world, with 90% of parts sourced from Indian suppliers.

Combat Features

  • Engineered with an open systems architecture to integrate cutting-edge communications, navigation, sensor, and weapon systems.
  • Boasts enhanced thrust and lift capabilities, joint digital interoperability, improved survivability, and cognitive decision aiding.
  • Incorporates a new integrated infrared laser for simplified target designation and upgraded infrared imagery blending infrared with night vision capabilities.

Strategic Significance of the Induction

  • Enhancing Combat Capability: The induction of Apache helicopters marks a significant advancement for the Army Aviation Corps, providing formidable firepower and maneuverability in combat scenarios.
  • Complementing Indigenous Capabilities: The Apaches will complement the indigenous Light Combat helicopter (LCH), strengthening the Army’s aerial combat capabilities.
  • Replacing the ageing arsenal: The Apache fleet is set to will replace the Russian Mi-35 attack helicopters in service.

Try this PYQ from CSE Prelims 2018:

Q.What is “Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD)”, sometimes seen in the news?

(a) An Israeli radar system

(b) India’s indigenous anti-missile programme

(c) An American anti-missile system

(d) A defence collaboration between Japan and South Korea

Practice MCQ:

What is “AH-64E Apache Guardian “, sometimes seen in the news?

(a) Multi-role Helicopter

(b) Radar

(c) Anti-Tank Missile

(d) Air-Defence System

 

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RBI Notifications

RBI may move some NBFCs to Top Layer this year

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : NBFCs and their operations, Scale-Based Regulation of NBFCs

Mains level : NA

In the news

  • Nearly two years after introducing a revised regulatory framework for non-banking finance companies (NBFCs), the Reserve Bank of India is set to review the categorisation of NBFCs in 2024.
  • Currently, 16 NBFCs are placed in the upper layer.

What are Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs)?

  • A NBFC is a company registered under the Companies Act, 1956.
  • It engaged in the business of loans and advances, acquisition of shares/stocks/bonds/debentures/securities issued by Government or local authority or other marketable securities of a like nature, leasing, hire-purchase, insurance business, and chit business.
  • It does NOT include any institution whose principal business is that of agriculture activity, industrial activity, purchase or sale of any goods (other than securities) or providing any services and sale/purchase/construction of immovable property.

How are NBFCs different from Bank?

  • NBFCs lends and make investments and hence their activities are akin to that of banks.
  • However, there are a few differences as given below:
  1. Commercial Banks are regulated under Banking Regulation Act, 1949.
  2. NBFC CANNOT accept demand deposits.
  3. NBFCs DO NOT form part of the payment and settlement system and cannot issue cheques drawn on itself.
  4. Deposit insurance facility of Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation is NOT available to depositors of NBFCs, unlike in case of banks.

Different types/categories of NBFCs registered with RBI

NBFCs are categorized:

  1. in terms of the type of liabilities into Deposit and Non-Deposit accepting NBFCs,
  2. non deposit taking NBFCs by their size into systemically important and other non-deposit holding companies (NBFC-NDSI and NBFC-ND) and
  3. by the kind of activity they conduct.

Within this broad categorization the different types of NBFCs are as follows:

Definition
Asset Finance Company (AFC) A financial institution primarily engaged in financing physical assets used in productive/economic activities, such as automobiles, tractors, machinery, and industrial equipment.
Investment Company (IC) A company whose principal business involves acquiring securities.
Loan Company (LC) A financial institution primarily engaged in providing finance through loans, advances, or other means for activities other than its own.

Does not include Asset Finance Companies.

Infrastructure Finance Company (IFC) A non-banking finance company that deploys at least 75% of its total assets in infrastructure loans, with a minimum Net Owned Funds of ₹300 crore, a minimum credit rating of ‘A’ or equivalent, and a CRAR of 15%.
Systemically Important NBFCs NBFCs with an asset size of ₹500 crore or more, as per the last audited balance sheet.

Considered significant due to their potential impact on the overall financial stability of the economy.

 

Scale-Based Regulation of NBFCs

  • Scale-based regulations came into effect in October 2021 and were implemented a year later by RBI.
  • There are four layers namely the base layer, middle layer, upper layer and top layer.
  • As on September 30, 2023, NBFCs in the base, middle and upper layers constituted 6 per cent, 71 per cent and 23 per cent of the total assets of NBFCs respectively.
  • Presently, no NBFC is listed in the top layer.

Here’s a breakdown of the key aspects of the SBR:

  1. Base Layer (NBFC-BL)
  • The Base Layer primarily comprises non-deposit-taking NBFCs with assets below Rs 1,000 crore.
  • It encompasses NBFC Peer to Peer (P2P), NBFC-Account Aggregator (AA), Non-Operative Financial Holding Company (NOFHC), and NBFCs without public funds and customer interface.
  1. Middle Layer (NBFC-ML)
  • The Middle Layer includes deposit-taking NBFCs and non-deposit-taking NBFCs with assets exceeding Rs 1,000 crore.
  • It encompasses NBFCs involved in specific activities such as Standalone Primary Dealers (SPDs), Infrastructure Debt Fund – NBFCs (IDF-NBFCs), Core Investment Companies (CICs), Housing Finance Companies (HFCs), and Infrastructure Finance Companies (NBFC-IFCs).

III. Upper Layer (NBFC-UL)

  • The Upper Layer comprises NBFCs identified by RBI as requiring enhanced regulatory requirements based on specific parameters and scoring methodology.
  • The top 10 eligible NBFCs in terms of asset size will always be placed in the Upper Layer, irrespective of other factors.
  1. Top Layer (NBFC-TL)
  • NBFCs in the Upper Layer may be transferred to the Top Layer if RBI perceives a significant increase in potential systemic risk.
  • Currently, the Top Layer remains vacant but serves as a precautionary measure for heightened risk situations.

 

With inputs from: https://rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?Id=21580


Practice MCQ:

Q. With reference to the Scale-Based Regulation of Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs), consider the following statements:

  1. Higher the layer, least is the regulatory intervention required by the RBI.
  2. Currently, no NBFC is listed in the top layer.

Which of the given statements is/are correct?

a) Only 1

b) Only 2

c) Both 1 and 2

d) Neither 1 nor 2


Try this PYQ from CSE 2020:

  1. If you withdraw ` 1,00,000 in cash from your Demand Deposit Account at your bank, the immediate effect on aggregate money supply in the economy will be:

(a) to reduce it by ` 1,00,000

(b) to increase it by ` 1,00,000

(c) to increase it by more than ` 1,00,000

(d) to leave it unchanged

 

Post your answers here.

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Social Media: Prospect and Challenges

Centre bans 18 OTT Platforms for Inappropriate Content

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : Laws governing OTT Ban

Mains level : Read the attached story

In the news

  • The Information & Broadcasting Ministry has blocked 18 OTT platforms on the charge of publishing obscene and vulgar content.

How were these platforms banned?

  • The contents listed on the OTT platforms was found to be prima facie violation of:
  1. Section 67 and 67A of the Information Technology Act, 2000;
  2. Section 292 of the Indian Penal Code; and
  3. Section 4 of the Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986.
  • These platforms were violative of the responsibility to not propagate obscenity, vulgarity and abuse under the guise of ‘creative expression’.

How are OTT Platforms regulated in India?

  • Regulatory Framework: The Information Technology (Guidelines for Intermediaries and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021 introduce a Code of Ethics applicable to digital media entities and OTT platforms.
  • Key Provisions: These guidelines encompass content categorization, parental controls, adherence to journalistic norms, and the establishment of a grievance redressal mechanism to address concerns.

[A] Content Regulations

  • Age-Based Classification: OTT platforms like Netflix and Amazon Prime are mandated to classify their content into five age-based categories: U (universal), 7+, 13+, 16+, and A (adult).
  • Parental Locks: Effective parental locks must be implemented for content classified as 13+, ensuring that parents can control access to age-inappropriate material.
  • Age Verification: Robust age verification systems are required for accessing adult content, enhancing parental oversight and safeguarding minors from exposure to inappropriate material.

[B] Grievance Redressal Mechanism

  • Three-Tier System: A comprehensive grievance redressal mechanism consisting of three tiers has been established:
    1. Level-I: Publishers are encouraged to engage in self-regulation to address grievances and concerns internally.
    2. Level-II: A self-regulating body, headed by a retired judge from the Supreme Court or High Court or an eminent independent figure, will oversee complaints and ensure impartial resolution.
    3. Level-III: The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting will formulate an oversight mechanism and establish an inter-departmental committee tasked with addressing grievances. This body possesses the authority to censor and block content when necessary.

[C] Selective Banning of OTT Communication Services

  • Parliamentary Notice: Concerns about the influence and impact of OTT communication services prompted a notice from a Parliamentary Standing Committee to the Department of Telecom (DoT).
  • Scope of Discussion: This discussion focuses exclusively on OTT communication services such as WhatsApp, Signal, Meta (formerly Facebook), Google Meet, and Zoom, excluding content-based OTTs like Netflix or Amazon Prime.
  • Regulatory Authority: Content regulation within OTT communication services falls under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (MIB), emphasizing the government’s commitment to ensuring responsible communication practices.

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Health Sector – UHC, National Health Policy, Family Planning, Health Insurance, etc.

Lyme Disease reported in Ernakulam

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : Lyme Disease and its causative borrelia bacteria

Mains level : NA

In the news

  • A suspected case of Lyme disease caused by the bite of a tick carrying borrelia bacteria has been reported from Koovapady in Ernakulam district.

What is Lyme Disease?

  • According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Lyme is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected blacklegged ticks.
  • Typical symptoms include fever, headache, fatigue, and a characteristic skin rash called erythema migrans.
  • If left untreated, infection can spread to joints, the heart, and the nervous system.

Symptoms of Lyme Disease

Symptoms of Lyme disease depend on the stage of the condition.

(1) Stage 1

  • The early symptoms of Lyme disease begin to appear within 3 to 30 days after a tick bite.
  • In this stage, the disease has a limited set of symptoms that includes rash, fever, headache, muscle aches etc. and hence is called early localised disease.

(2) Stage 2

  • Stage 2 is often more serious and widespread. It is called early disseminated disease.
  • Symptoms include more rashes on other parts of the body, neck pain or stiffness, muscle weakness on one or both sides of the face etc.

(3) Stage 3

  • In the United States, the most common condition of this stage is arthritis in large joints, particularly the knees.
  • Pain, swelling or stiffness may last for a long time. Or the symptoms may come and go.
  • Stage 3 symptoms usually begin 2 to 12 months after a tick bite.

 


Try this PYQ from CSE Prelims 2016:

Which of the following statements is/are correct? 

Viruses can infect

  1. bacteria
  2. fungi
  3. plants

Select the correct answer using the code given below. 

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 3 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

 

Post your answers here.

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Monsoon Updates

Atmospheric Research Testbed in Central India (ART-CI)

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : Monsoon Core Zone (MCZ) , Monsoon Trough, ART-CI

Mains level : NA

Why in the news-

  • The Ministry of Earth Sciences has commissioned Atmospheric Research Testbed-Central India (ART-CI) near Bhopal.

About Atmospheric Research Testbed

  • ART-CI stands as an innovative testbed facility, pioneering the exploration of monsoon convection and land-atmosphere interactions, marking a significant advancement in climate research.
  • The Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune leads ART-CI, operating under the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES).

Mission Objectives

  • ART-CI primarily targets the monsoon trough area, encompassing the Monsoon Core Zone (MCZ), a critical component of the regional climate system.
  • Understanding this zone is paramount for precise weather forecasts and accurate climate modelling within India.

Monsoon Core Zone (MCZ)

 

  • MCZ is a region in India stretching from Gujarat to West Bengal in the east.
  • India Meteorological Department demarcates it as an agricultural region where cropping is mostly rainfed.
  • It is the region within the monsoon trough area that plays a central role in the dynamics of the Indian monsoon system.
  • It is characterized by intense convective activity, significant rainfall, and crucial atmospheric interactions that influence the overall behavior of the monsoon.
  • The MCZ typically experiences a concentration of atmospheric processes that drive the onset, progression, and withdrawal of the monsoon rains across the Indian subcontinent.

Features and Capabilities

  • ART-CI’s development unfolds incrementally as part of the Atmosphere & Climate Research-Modelling Observing Systems & Services (ACROSS) umbrella scheme.
  • The facility will feature an extensive array of remote-sensing and in-situ instruments.
  • These tools would help monitoring of various atmospheric parameters like convection, cloud cover, precipitation, soil moisture, radiation levels, and microphysics.

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Air Pollution

Global Methane Tracker, 2024

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : Global Methane Tracker, 2024

Mains level : NA

Why in the news-

  • Methane emissions from fuel use in 2023 reached nearly record levels, totalling 120 million tonnes (Mt), as per the International Energy Agency’s (IEA) Global Methane Tracker 2024.

What is Global Methane Tracker (GMT)?

  • The IEA’s Methane Tracker is an online database that tracks oil and gas-related methane sources globally.
  • It provides estimates of emissions across various sectors, including oil, natural gas, coal, and bioenergy, with the energy sector contributing nearly 40% of human-related methane emissions
  • It provides current estimates of methane emissions and highlights potential reductions achievable through existing technologies.

GMT 2024: Key Findings 

  • Elevated Emissions: Satellite data revealed a more than 50% increase in large methane emissions in 2023 compared to the previous year.
  • Top Emitters: The United States and Russia emerged as the largest emitters of methane from oil and gas operations, contributing significantly to global emissions.
  • Fossil Fuel Leaks: Over 5 Mt of methane emissions were attributed to major fossil fuel leaks globally, including a significant blowout incident in Kazakhstan lasting over 200 days.
  • Cost of Emission Cut: Reducing methane emissions from fossil fuels by 75% by 2030 would require about $170 billion in spending – less than 5% of the income generated by the fossil fuel industry in 2023.

About Methane Pollution

  • Methane, is an organic compound composed of carbon and four hydrogen atoms (CH4).
  • Second-biggest anthropogenic contributor to global warming after carbon dioxide, 80 times more potent.
  • Global Warming Potential (GWP) measures warming caused by substances relative to carbon dioxide over a century.
  • Methane GWP100: 28, nitrous oxide 265, sulphur hexafluoride 23,500.
  • Short-lived climate pollutant, breaks down in a few years, unlike carbon dioxide.
  • Sources: Cattle farming, landfills, wastewater treatment, rice cultivation, industrial processes.
  • Energy, agriculture, and waste sectors are primary emitters, responsible for 30% of global warming.
  • Livestock emissions, including manure and gastroenteric releases, account for 32% of human-caused emissions.

Global steps to curb Methane Emissions 

  • Paris Agreement Goal: To limit warming to 1.5°C, methane emissions from fossil fuels must be reduced by 75% by 2030, necessitating substantial efforts and investments.
  • Global Methane Pledge: Launched at UN COP26 climate conference in Glasgow. Over 90 countries signed, led by the United States and the European Union (India not signed up).
  • First Global Stocktake (GST):  Released at COP28, called for countries to accelerate and substantially reduce non-carbon-dioxide emissions globally, including methane, by 2030. But it stopped short of providing a quantifiable target.

 

Try this PYQ from CSE Prelims 2016:

Q.In the cities of our country, which among the following atmospheric gases are normally considered in calculating the value of Air Quality Index?

  1. Carbon dioxide
  2. Carbon monoxide
  3. Nitrogen dioxide
  4. Sulphur dioxide
  5. Methane

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only

(b) 2, 3 and 4 only

(c) 1, 4 and 5 only

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

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Innovations in Sciences, IT, Computers, Robotics and Nanotechnology

Celebrating Pi Day: A Tribute to Mathematics

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : Pi, Sulbha Sutra

Mains level : NA

In the news

  • March 14, or 3/14, is celebrated globally as Pi Day, paying homage to the mathematical constant Pi (π).

About Pi Day

  • Initiated by: Physicist Larry Shaw of the Exploratorium museum in San Francisco started the tradition in 1988, which has since gained international recognition.
  • UNESCO Designation: In 2019, UNESCO designated Pi Day as the International Day of Mathematics, highlighting its significance in promoting mathematical awareness.

What is Pi?

  • Mathematical Constant: Pi (π) represents the ratio of a circle’s circumference to its diameter, with a value of approximately 3.14.
  • Irrational Number: Pi is an irrational number, with a decimal representation that neither terminates nor repeats.
  • Ancient Approximations: Ancient civilizations, including Babylonians and Egyptians, approximated Pi using geometric methods, laying the foundation for its calculation.
  • Symbol of Beauty: Pi’s infinite and non-repeating decimal digits evoke a sense of wonder and appreciation for the intricacies of mathematics.

Do you know?

  • Baudhayana (800 BC – 740 BC) is said to be the original Mathematician behind the Pythagoras theorem and Calculation of Pi (3.142).
  •  Pythagoras theorem was indeed known much before Pythagoras, and it was Indians who discovered it at least 1000 years before Pythagoras was born!
  • The credit for authoring the earliest Sulbha Sutras goes to him.
  • Aryabhatta, another great Indian mathematician, worked out the accurate value of π to 3.1416. in 499AD.

 

Evolution of Pi Calculation

  • Archimedes’ Method: Greek polymath Archimedes devised a method to approximate Pi using inscribed and circumscribed polygons, pioneering early calculations.
  • Newton’s Contribution: Isaac Newton revolutionized Pi calculation using calculus, significantly simplifying the process and enabling rapid advancements.
  • Modern Computing: With the aid of modern computers, mathematicians have calculated Pi to trillions of decimal places, facilitating precise scientific calculations.

Practical Significance of Pi

  • Architectural and Engineering Applications: Pi plays a crucial role in designing structures, shaping engineering solutions, and facilitating accurate measurements.
  • Understanding the Universe: Pi’s significance extends to diverse fields, from space exploration to molecular biology, underscoring its universal applicability.
  • Intrinsic Value: Despite its vast decimal expansion, Pi holds intrinsic value as a symbol of mathematical beauty and infinity, inspiring exploration and discovery.

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Uniform Civil Code: Triple Talaq debate, Polygamy issue, etc.

President approves Uttarakhand’s UCC Bill

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : Governor's Legislative Powers

Mains level : NA

In the news

  • Under Article 201 of the Indian Constitution, the President gave assent to the ‘Uniform Civil Code Uttarakhand 2024’ Bill passed by the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly, on March 11 2024.

What is the Uniform Civil Code?

  • The UCC is mentioned in Article 44 of the Constitution as part of the Directive Principles of State Policy, that the state should work to establish a uniform civil code for all citizens across India.
    • However, the Constitution’s framers left it to the government’s discretion to implement the UCC.
  • Goa is the only state in India with a UCC, following the Portuguese Civil Code of 1867.

What are the SC Observations?

  • The Supreme Court has emphasized the importance of Governors promptly acting on Bills sent to them for assent after passage by Legislative Assemblies.
  • Bills should be returned “as soon as possible” to prevent undue delay, with significant constitutional intent behind this directive.

Governor’s Power over State Bills

 

[I] Article 200:

  • Article 200 delineates the process for State Legislative Assembly-passed Bills to be presented to the Governor for assent.
  • The Governor holds the authority to either assent, withhold assent, or reserve the Bill for consideration by the President.
  • Additionally, the Governor possesses the prerogative to return the Bill to the House or Houses with a message requesting reconsideration.

 

[II] Article 201:

  • Article 201 stipulates the procedures concerning Bills reserved for the President’s consideration.
  • It allows the President to either assent to or withhold assent from the Bill.
  • If necessary, the President can direct the Governor to return the Bill to the State Legislature for reconsideration.

 

Governor’s Discretion 

The Governor holds several options upon receiving a Bill:

  • Granting Assent.
  • Requesting the Assembly to reconsider specific provisions or the entire Bill.
  • Obligatory reservation for the President’s consideration, especially in cases posing a threat to the state high court or contravening constitutional provisions, DPSP, national interest, or Article 31A regarding compulsory property acquisition.
  • Although within the Governor’s authority, withholding assent is seldom practiced due to its contentious nature.

Committee Recommendations:

 

(1) Sarkaria Commission (1987):

  • It recommended that Governors exercise discretion in reserving Bills for Presidential consideration only in rare cases of unconstitutionality.
  • Bills should otherwise be processed as per ministerial advice, with a maximum six-month period for Presidential disposition.

 

(2) Punchhi Commission (2010):

  • It proposed a six-month timeframe for Governors to decide on Bills presented for assent, emphasizing timely decision-making.

Try this PYQ from CSE Prelims 2016:

Q.Consider the following statements:

  1. The Chief Secretary in a State is appointed by the Governor of that State.
  2. The Chief Secretary in a State has a fixed tenure.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

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Wildlife Conservation Efforts

Places in news: Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : Pobitora WLS, One-Horned Rhino and its habitat

Mains level : NA

rhino

Why in the news? 

  • The Supreme Court halted the Assam government’s attempt to revoke a 26-year-old notification establishing the Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary, home to a significant rhino population.

What was the reason behind this decision?

  • The Supreme Court asserted that withdrawing a notification for a wildlife sanctuary required permission from the National Board of Wildlife, and clarified its order does not impede actions to protect forest dwellers’ rights.

About Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary 

  • Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary boasts the highest density of one-horned rhinos globally, second only to Kaziranga National Park in Assam. Often dubbed as ‘Mini Kaziranga,’ Pobitora shares a similar landscape and vegetation to its renowned counterpart.
  • The sanctuary shelters various endangered species, including one-horned rhinoceros, leopards, leopard cats, fishing cats, jungle cats, feral buffaloes, wild pigs, and Chinese pangolins.
  • Approximately 72% of Pobitora’s area comprises a wet savannah dominated by Arundo donax and Saccharum grasses, while the rest is covered by water bodies.

About One-Horned Rhino:

  • IUCN Red List Status: Vulnerable.
  • Habitat– Rhinos are mainly found in Assam, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh.
    • Assam has an estimated 2,640 rhinos in four protected areas, i.e. Pabitora Wildlife Reserve, Rajiv Gandhi Orang National Park, Kaziranga National Park, and Manas National Park.
    • About 2,400 of them are in the Kaziranga National Park and Tiger Reserve (KNPTR).

Prelims Question:

Which wildlife sanctuary boasts the highest density of one-horned rhinos globally, second only to Kaziranga National Park in Assam?

a) Manas National Park

b) Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary

c) Rajiv Gandhi Orang National Park

d) Jim Corbett National Park

 

Post your answers here.

 

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Oil and Gas Sector – HELP, Open Acreage Policy, etc.

India’s First Cattle Dung-based Bio-CNG Station in Gujarat

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : Cattle Dung-based Bio-CNG

Mains level : NA

In the news

  • Nestled along the Deesa-Tharad highway in Gujarat’s Banaskantha district lies India’s pioneering gas-filling station, seemingly unremarkable at first glance.
  • However, this station, powered by cattle and buffalo dung, marks a significant leap in renewable energy innovation.

Fuel Production from Dung: A Technological Marvel

  • Innovative Concept: The ‘BioCNG’ outlet in Dama village of Deesa taluka stands as India’s sole gas-filling station utilizing cattle and buffalo dung.
  • Daily Operations: The outlet serves 90-100 vehicles daily, selling 550-600 kg of gas generated from 40 tonnes of dung processed at an adjacent plant.
  • Dung Utilization: Approximately 40,000 kg of dung are sourced daily from 2,700-2,800 animals belonging to 140-150 farmers residing within a 10 km radius of the plant.

Understanding the Dung-to-Fuel Process

  • Biogas Production: Fresh dung, rich in methane and water, undergoes anaerobic digestion in a sealed vessel, yielding raw biogas.
  • Purification Process: The raw biogas undergoes purification to remove impurities like CO2 and H2S, resulting in compressed biogas (CBG) suitable for vehicle use.
  • Production Output: From 40 tonnes of dung, the plant generates 2,000 cubic meters of raw biogas containing 55-60% methane, 35-45% CO2, and 1-2% hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and moisture.

Dual Benefits: Fuel and Fertilizer

  • Fuel Value: CBG is sold at the station for Rs 72/kg, offering a renewable and eco-friendly alternative to traditional fuels.
  • Fertilizer Production: The process also yields bio-fertilizer, enriching soil health and providing an additional income stream for farmers.
  • Fertilizer Sales: The Banaskantha Union markets 8,000-10,000 kg of bio-fertilizer daily, with phosphate-rich organic manure (PROM) fetching Rs 15-16/kg and compost Rs 8-10/kg.

Significance: Decentralized Model for Sustainable Agriculture

  • Community Involvement: The initiative engages local farmers, who supply dung to the plant, fostering community participation and economic empowerment.
  • Replicability and Scalability: The model holds potential for replication across districts and states, offering a scalable solution for energy and agricultural needs.
  • Investment Plans: The Banaskantha Union plans to commission four additional 100-tonnes capacity plants by 2025, with a total investment of Rs 230 crore.

Conclusion

  • The establishment of India’s first dung-based gas-filling station represents a significant stride towards renewable energy adoption and agricultural sustainability.
  • As technology continues to evolve, decentralized models like these hold promise for transforming rural economies while mitigating environmental impact.
  • With ongoing support and investment, such initiatives can pave the way for a greener and more resilient future.

Try this PYQ from CSE Prelims 2019:

Q.In the context of proposals to the use of hydrogen-enriched CNG (H-CNG) as fuel for buses in public transport, consider the following statements:

  1. The main advantage of the use of H-CNG is the elimination of carbon monoxide emissions.
  2. H-CNG as fuel reduces carbon dioxide and hydrocarbon emissions.
  3. Hydrogen up to one-fifth by volume can be blended with CNG as fuel for buses.
  4. H-CNG makes the fuel less expensive than CNG.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 4 only

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

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Modern Indian History-Events and Personalities

Enduring Friendship of Gandhi and Tagore: Exploring Their Legacy

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : Rabindranath Tagore his literary works

Mains level : NA

In the news

  • Santiniketan celebrates ‘Gandhi Punyaha Din’ on March 10 every year, honoring Gandhi’s teachings on self-reliance and communal harmony.
  • This event highlights the profound friendship between MK Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore that spanned from 1914-15 until Tagore’s passing in 1941.

Try this PYQ from CSE Mains 2016:

Q. Highlight the differences in the approach of Subhash Chandra Bose and Mahatma Gandhi in the struggle for freedom.

 About Rabindranath Tagore

Details
Birth Born in Calcutta on 7th May 1861.
About
  • Known as ‘Gurudev’, ‘Kabiguru’, and ‘Biswakabi’.
  • Influential Bengali poet, novelist, and painter.
Literary Contributions
  • Composed over 2000 songs, known as ‘Rabindra Sangeet’.
  • Modernized Bengali prose and poetry.
  • Notable works include Gitanjali, Ghare-Baire, Gora, Manasi, Balaka, Sonar Tori, and Ekla Chalo Re.
  • Established Vishwa-Bharati University.
Awards
  • Awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913 for Gitanjali.
  • First non-European to receive the Nobel Prize.
  • Awarded knighthood in 1915, renounced in 1919.
Death Passed away on 7th August 1941 in Calcutta.
Quotes
  1. “You can’t cross the sea merely by standing and staring at the sea.” – “Don’t limit the child to your own learning, for he was born in another time.”
  2. “If I can’t make it through one door, I’ll go through another door- or I’ll make a door. Something terrific will come no matter how dark the present.”
  3. “Facts are many, but the truth is one”.

Gandhi and Tagore: Genesis of Friendship

  • First Encounter (March 6, 1915): Gandhi’s visit to Santiniketan, West Bengal, where he spent nearly a month, profoundly influenced Tagore’s idyllic school and laid the foundation for their friendship.
  • Shared Ideals: Both Gandhi and Tagore were proponents of education, social reform, and cultural revival, fostering a deep connection rooted in their common vision for India’s future.

Meeting of Two Titans

  • Tagore’s Acclaim: Tagore was already a global figure, having won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913, whereas Gandhi was yet to emerge as the leader he would become.
  • Crossing Paths: C F Andrews, recognizing their ideological synergy, facilitated their meeting in Santiniketan, marking the beginning of their enduring friendship.
  • Intellectual Exchange: Their initial encounter sparked lively discussions on spirituality, ethics, and the future of India, setting the stage for a profound intellectual partnership.

Diverse Perspectives and Respectful Disagreements

  • Philosophical Disputes: Gandhi and Tagore engaged in spirited debates on various issues, including social, political, and economic matters, reflecting their diverse perspectives.
  • Respecting Differences: Despite their disagreements, they maintained a deep respect for each other’s viewpoints, fostering a relationship that transcended ideological disparities.
  • Intellectual Integrity: Both leaders valued intellectual honesty and integrity, allowing for open dialogue and constructive criticism, even when their opinions diverged.

A Tale of Mutual Admiration

  • Endearing Nicknames: Tagore referred to Gandhi as “Mahatma,” signifying his reverence for Gandhi’s moral stature, while Gandhi addressed Tagore as “Gurudev,” acknowledging his role as a spiritual guide.
  • Common Ground: Despite their differences, both leaders shared a commitment to truth, non-violence, and service to humanity, which formed the bedrock of their friendship.
  • Shared Vision: Gandhi and Tagore envisioned a free and inclusive India, where diversity was celebrated, and social justice prevailed, inspiring generations to strive for a better future.

Legacy and Influence

  • Historical Reflections: Their friendship reflected an era of profound intellectual exchange and collaboration, shaping India’s socio-cultural fabric during a pivotal period in its history.
  • Modern Interpretations: Scholars continue to analyze their correspondence and interactions, offering insights into the complexity and depth of their relationship, which remains relevant in contemporary discourse.
  • Global Impact: The principles espoused by Gandhi and Tagore continue to resonate globally, inspiring movements for peace, justice, and human rights across the world.

Conclusion

  • The enduring friendship between Gandhi and Tagore stands as a testament to the power of intellectual exchange, mutual respect, and shared ideals.
  • Their bond, characterized by respectful disagreements and a commitment to truth, continues to inspire generations and holds lessons for fostering dialogue and understanding in today’s world.
  • As we reflect on their legacy, we recognize the enduring relevance of their teachings in shaping a more inclusive and compassionate society.

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Innovations in Biotechnology and Medical Sciences

GE Marvel: Parthenogenesis in Drosophila Fruit Flies

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : Drosophila, Parthenogenesis

Mains level : NA

In the news

  • In a recent milestone, researchers from Cambridge University and the California Institute of Technology achieved a remarkable feat: transforming a sexually reproducing fruit-fly species into one capable of asexual reproduction through minor genetic modifications.

About Drosophila

  • Drosophila is a genus of two-winged flies commonly known as fruit flies that are used in evolutionary and developmental studies.
  • It is a genus of flies, belonging to the family Drosophilidae, whose members are often called “small fruit flies” or pomace flies, vinegar flies, or wine flies, a reference to the characteristic of many species to linger around overripe or rotting fruit.
  • The Drosophila melanogaster genome has 200,000,000 base pairs distributed across four DNA molecules, encoding about 13,600 genes.
  • Hence it is one of the most widely-used and preferred model organisms in biological research across the world for the last 100 years.

Parthenogenesis (Asexual Reproduction) in Drosophila Family

  • Parthenogenesis Discovery: Parthenogenesis, or fatherless reproduction, was observed in Drosophila mangebeirai, a species consisting solely of females.
  • Facultatively Parthenogenetic Species: Approximately 76% of sexually reproducing species, including Drosophila mercatorum, were found to exhibit facultative parthenogenesis, wherein isolated virgin females hatch eggs that develop into offspring without fertilization by males.
  • Canonical Species: Drosophila melanogaster, the standard species for research, strictly reproduces sexually.

Genetic Basis of Parthenogenesis

  • Identifying Relevant Genes: Researchers aimed to identify genes facilitating parthenogenetic development in Drosophila mercatorum eggs and modify the Drosophila melanogaster genome accordingly.
  • RNA Sequencing: Utilizing RNA sequencing, researchers identified 44 genes in parthenogenetic D. mercatorum eggs that exhibited differential expression compared to sexually reproducing eggs.

Engineering Asexual Reproduction

  • Genetic Modifications: Researchers manipulated the expression levels of specific genes in the Drosophila melanogaster genome to mimic those observed in parthenogenetic D. mercatorum eggs.
  • Outcome: Genetic alterations, including overexpression of the pologene and Myc gene and reduced expression of the Desat2 gene, resulted in approximately 1.4% of D. melanogaster eggs exhibiting parthenogenesis, with viable offspring reaching adulthood.
  • Reproductive Potential: Parthenogenetically produced adult flies were capable of mating with males and producing progeny, demonstrating facultative parthenogenesis in a strictly sexually reproducing species.

Mechanism Involving Polar Bodies

  • Role of Polar Bodies: Polar bodies, by-products of chromosome transmission mechanisms during fertilization, were implicated in initiating embryonic development in unfertilized eggs.
  • Efficiency Alterations: Genetic modifications likely impaired the sequestration and disposal of polar bodies, enabling them to substitute for the missing male pronucleus and initiate embryonic development.

Implications for Pest Control

  • Pest Management: Raises concerns about unintended consequences in pest control strategies reliant on sterilization or genome editing.
  • Genetic Engineering: Opens avenues for genetic manipulation in model organisms, aiding research in gene drive technology and population control.
  • Conservation Biology: Offers insights into species adaptability and potential impacts of genetic interventions on natural populations.

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Indian Air Force Updates

All about India’s Indigenous Fifth-Gen Fighter Jet AMCA

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA)

Mains level : Fifth Generation Fighter Aircrafts and their combat capabilities

In the news

  • The Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) has approved a Rs 15,000 crore project for the development of India’s fifth-generation Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA), marking a significant stride in indigenous defense capabilities.

About Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA)

  • The AMCA project aims to design and manufacture a stealthy multirole fighter jet to bolster the Indian Air Force’s (IAF) combat fleet.
  • It was first initiated in 2007.
  • It is led by the Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) under the DRDO.

Features of AMCA

  • Stealth Technology: Equipped with advanced stealth features, the 25-tonne twin-engine aircraft will evade enemy radar detection, placing it on par with or even surpassing other fifth-generation stealth fighters globally.
  • Fuel and Weapons Capacity: The aircraft will feature a concealed internal fuel tank with a capacity of 6.5 tonnes and an internal weapons bay for carrying a diverse range of weapons, including indigenous armaments.
  • Engine Specifications: Initially powered by the US-built GE414 engine, the AMCA Mk2 variant will utilize a more powerful 110kN engine developed indigenously by DRDO’s Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE) in collaboration with foreign defense partners.
  • Specialized Design Features: The AMCA will incorporate innovative design elements such as a diverterless supersonic inlet and a serpentine air intake duct to optimize engine performance and minimize radar emissions.

Significance of the development

  • Indigenous boost: AMCA project underscores India’s quest for self-reliance in defense technology, following its withdrawal from the Fifth Generation Fighter Aircraft (FGFA) collaboration with Russia in 2018.
  • Stealth Advantages: As a fifth-generation fighter, the AMCA will possess low electromagnetic signature, enhancing survivability and lethality in modern combat scenarios.
  • Enhanced Capabilities: With advanced sensors and weaponry, the AMCA will be capable of detecting and engaging enemy aircraft while remaining undetected, offering a significant advantage over fourth-generation counterparts.

Development Timeline and Prospects

  • Flight Schedule: Following CCS approval, the ADA aims to conduct the first flight of the AMCA within four and a half to five years, with full development expected to span around a decade.
  • Manufacturing Partnerships: HAL will undertake aircraft production, with private industry collaboration anticipated to expedite the manufacturing process.
  • Operational Imperatives: The IAF’s requirement for seven squadrons of AMCA underscores its pivotal role in augmenting India’s air combat capabilities amid dwindling fighter squadron numbers.

Global Context and Future Prospects

  • Limited Fifth-Generation Fleet: While countries like the US, China, and Russia possess fifth-generation stealth fighters, the AMCA will add India to this exclusive list, enhancing its strategic posture in the region.
  • IAF’s Modernization Needs: Amidst retiring legacy aircraft, the induction of AMCA squadrons will address critical operational gaps, ensuring a potent air combat fleet for the future.

Conclusion

  • The development of AMCA heralds a new era of indigenous defence manufacturing in India, underlining the nation’s commitment to technological advancement and military modernization.
  • With its advanced capabilities and stealth features, the AMCA promises to be a game-changer in the realm of aerial warfare, reinforcing India’s position as a formidable force in the global defence arena.

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Roads, Highways, Cargo, Air-Cargo and Logistics infrastructure – Bharatmala, LEEP, SetuBharatam, etc.

GPS-based Highway Toll Collection: The New Proposed System

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level : GAGAN, Fastags

Mains level : NA

In the news

  • The government’s plan to implement a new highway toll collection system based on the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) before the 2024 election model code of conduct kicks in.
  • In this article, we delve into the details of the proposed system, its challenges, privacy safeguards, and its relationship with the existing FASTag system.

New Proposed Highway Tolling System

  • Utilization of GNSS: The system will employ an On-Board Unit (OBU) or tracking device fitted inside vehicles, leveraging the Indian satellite navigation system, GAGAN, for accurate location mapping.
  • ANPR Technology: It will use an automatic number plate recognition (ANPR) system through cameras installed on highways and deduct tolls based on the distance travelled by a vehicle.
  • Digital Image Processing: Co-ordinates of national highways will be logged digitally, and toll rates will be assigned based on the distance travelled by a vehicle, with toll amounts deducted from a wallet linked to the OBU.
  • Enforcement Mechanisms: Gantries mounted with CCTV cameras will monitor highways, capturing high-security registration plate images to prevent evasion, ensuring compliance with the tolling system.

Challenges in Implementation

  • Recovery of Unpaid Tolls: Recovering toll amounts from non-compliant users poses a challenge, especially when digital wallets linked to OBUs are empty.
  • Evasion and Non-Compliance: Vehicles traveling without OBUs or deliberately switching them off, or misuse of OBUs to pay lower tolls, present enforcement challenges.
  • Infrastructure and Legal Amendments: Setting up ANPR-based systems and amending toll collection rules are essential for the effective implementation of the new system.

Privacy Safeguards

  • Usage of GAGAN: Utilizing the indigenous GAGAN system instead of GPS ensures data security within the country, addressing privacy concerns.
  • Legal Framework: The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, aims to safeguard privacy, although concerns regarding increased state surveillance exist.

Co-Existence with FASTags

  • Complementary Systems: The new tolling system will co-exist with FASTags, with no decision yet on mandating OBUs for all vehicles.
  • Operational Efficiency: While FASTags have achieved robust compliance, the GNSS-based system offers lower operational costs and streamlines toll collection processes.

Key Statistics

  • FASTag Compliance: By December 2023, 98.9% of vehicles passing through toll fee plazas at national highways were FASTag compliant, reflecting widespread adoption.
  • Toll Collection Growth: Toll collection increased 1.5 times from ₹17,942 crore in 2016-2017 to ₹27,744 crore in 2020-2021 at National Highway fee plazas, showcasing the effectiveness of existing mechanisms.

Conclusion

  • The proposed GNSS-based toll collection system represents a paradigm shift in highway tolling mechanisms, promising greater accuracy, efficiency, and compliance.
  • However, challenges such as recovery of unpaid tolls and infrastructure requirements need to be addressed for successful implementation.
  • With adequate safeguards for privacy and co-existence with FASTags, the new system holds the potential to revolutionize highway toll collection in India.

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