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Introduction

• Northeast India (officially North Eastern Region, NER) is the easternmost region of India representing both a geographic and political-administrative division of the country.
• It comprises eight states – Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura and Sikkim.
• The region has its own unique challenges and opportunities.

An overview:

Persistence of regional peace

• The region is populated by a number of different communities, with diverse cultures, languages and customs.
• It is also marked by difficult terrain, backward areas, and limited connectivity. This area was known for the active presence of a number of militant groups.
• However, peace has been achieved to a large extent, with notable recent examples being the Nagaland Peace Accord and the Bodo Peace Accord.

Connectivity with mainland

• The NER is connected to mainland India only through a narrow stretch of land (about 22 km wide) in West Bengal called the ‘Siliguri Corridor’, sometimes known as the “Chicken’s Neck”.
• Except for this narrow Siliguri Corridor, the entire northeastern part of the country is bound by international borders.

Institutional Support

• The Department of Development of North Eastern Region (DoNER) was established in the year 2001.
• It became a full-fledged Ministry of the Government of India in 2004.
• The Ministry of DoNER functions as the nodal Department of the Central Government to deal with matters related to the socio-economic development of the eight states of Northeast India.
• It handles the Non-Lapsable Control Pool of Resources (NLCPR) Scheme, which has been followed by the North East Special Infrastructure Development Scheme (NESIDS).
• The North Eastern Council (NEC) is a statutory regional planning body for North East India constituted under the North Eastern Council Act 1971.
• All the Governors and the Chief Ministers of the eight states in the North East are members of the NEC.
• The Union Home Minister is the Chairman, and the DoNER Minister acts as the Vice-Chairman.

A case study of Mizoram

Introduction

• Mizoram literally translates as “Land of the Mizo people”.
• ‘Mizo’ is an umbrella term for a number of tribes and clans, such as Lusei (formerly Lushai), Lai Mara, Hmar, Paite, etc.
• The area that was known to the British as the Lushai Hills formally became a part of British India in 1895.
• After India attained independence, Lushai Hills (later changed to Mizo District) became a District under Assam. In 1972, it became a Union Territory as Mizoram.
• And after two decades of insurgency, Mizoram became a full-fledged state within the Union of India in 1987.

International Borders

• Mizoram shares a 318 km – long hard border with Bangladesh on its western side, which is guarded by the Border Security Force (BSF).
• Fencing is done along the Indo-Bangladesh border.
• Along the eastern side of the State, the 404 km border with Myanmar is being manned by the Assam Rifles, a paramilitary force.
• Due to the cultural and ethnic affinity of residents at the border, under normal times, India agrees to a Free Movement Regime (FMR) with Myanmar, allowing residents within 16 km on either side of the border to travel freely without visa restrictions for 72 hours.
• Being sandwiched on either side by Myanmar and Bangladesh, Mizoram has the strategic advantage of acting as a ‘land-bridge’ between the two countries.
• It has a real potential to become India’s ‘Gateway to South East Asia’ under our Act East Policy.

Culture & Religion

• Before the British, the tribes were primarily animistic. There was no written script.
• There were a few tribal dances, such as Cheraw (bamboo dance), Sarlamkai Chheihlam, Khuallam, etc.
• They observed three festivals called Pawl Kut, Chapchar Kut and Mim Kut.
• The British annexation was followed by the arrival of Christian missionaries, who invented a script and an alphabet for the Mizo language.
• All the ethnic Mizo population have converted to Christianity, making up around 87% of the total population of the State.
• Around 8% of the population of Mizoram are Buddhists, primarily from the Chakma tribe along the Indo-Bangladesh border.

Mizo Insurgency (1966-1986)

• In 1959, the Mizo Hills, which was then a District under the State of Assam, was hit by a famine called ‘Mautam’ locally.
• This was a phenomenon of bamboo flowering after every 48 years or so, followed by plagues of insects and rats, leading to agricultural famine.
• Mizo National Famine Front was formed, spearheaded by Laldenga.
• In 1961, the Mizo National Famine Front became a political party called the Mizo National Front (MNF), with Laldenga as its President.
• On 28 February 1966, the MNF launched an armed uprising against the Union of India, followed by a declaration of independence on 1 March 1966.
• After being swiftly suppressed by the Indian armed forces, the MNF retreated and continued its operations from East Pakistan and Burma (Myanmar), with training and support from China.
• Resolving the insurgency, Mizoram became the 23^rd State of the Union of India on 20 February 1987.

Minorities and Backward Areas

• Under the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution of India, there are three Autonomous District Councils (ADCs) in Mizoram called the Lai ADC, Mara ADC and Chakma ADC.
• Lai, Mara and Chakma are the names of the tribes found in the majority in each corresponding ADC.
• The Governor of Mizoram is entrusted with special roles and responsibilities in these areas by the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution of India, which includes certain discretionary powers.

Agriculture

• Mizoram is primarily an agrarian State with a large section of the population especially in the rural parts, engaged in agriculture and allied activities.
• An overwhelming majority of the farmers still practice the ecologically unsustainable shifting cultivation, also called ‘Jhumming’ or ‘slash and burn’ farming.
• Various programmes have been undertaken in pursuance of the aim of Doubling Farmer’s Income by 2022, including the introduction of high yielding varieties of crops, intervention by Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs), integrated farming system, horti-based farming, etc.

Socio-Economic Development Policy (SEDP)

• The Socio-Economic Development Policy (SEDP) is the flagship policy of the current Ministry in Mizoram.
• The SEDP is envisaged to bring about sustainable development with both short-term and long-term implications.
• The Policy has been divided into various components, including political, administrative, economic and social development.

Strengths: A vibrant community

• Mizoram is the best State in India in terms of forest cover.
• It has the third-highest literacy rate in the country at 91.58%, behind only Kerala and Lakshadweep (2011 Census).
• A potential oil and natural gas reserve has been found in southern Mizoram, close to Arakan in Myanmar.
• There is the presence of a classless society in Mizoram, with a strong sense of community. People are generally good at heart, and am law-abiding citizens.
• To illustrate the discipline of the residents, the capital city of Aizawl has often been called a ‘honk-free city’, with drivers avoiding unnecessary honking of vehicles.

Major challenge: Connectivity

• Being a landlocked State, connectivity in all its dimensions remains a challenge for Mizoram. The State of Mizoram has only one airport, named Lengpui Airport.
• It has only one railhead at Bairabi, situated along the border with Assam.

• Mizoram has two National Highways (NH) – one connecting to Assam, and one NH running into Tripura.
• The NH connecting to Assam is the lifeline of the State.

Conclusion

• For a long time, the North East was a neglected and forgotten part of the country.
• However, upon the initiative of the present government has now been frequently visiting the region at regular intervals.
• It has the potential to become the growth engine of our country.
• In the midst of these expectations and optimism, all the stakeholders have to play their part.

04th Aug, 2021

 

 

Causative Factors for People’s Uprisings

• Colonial land revenue settlements, heavy burden of new taxes, eviction of peasants from their lands, and encroachments on tribal lands.
• Exploitation in rural society and growth of intermediary revenue collectors, tenants and moneylenders.
• Expansion of revenue administration over tribal lands leading to their loss of hold over agricultural and forest land.
• Promotion of British manufactured goods, heavy duties on Indian industries, especially export duties, leading to devastation of Indian handloom and handicraft industries.

Important Civil Uprisings

(1) Sanyasi Revolt (1763-1800)

• Cause: The disastrous famine of 1770 and the harsh economic order of the British and the restrictions imposed on the pilgrims visiting the holy places.
• Sanyasis were joined by a large number of dispossessed small zamindars, disbanded soldiers and rural poor. They raided Company factories and the treasuries, and fought the Company’s forces.
• Curtailed by: Warren Hastings
• Also referred to as the Fakir Rebellion.
• Important leaders: Majnum Shah, Chirag Ali, Musa Shah, Bhawani Pathak and Debi Chaudhurani
• Anandamath, a semi-historical novel by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, is based on the Sanyasi Revolt.

(2) Revolt in Midnapore and Dhalbhum (1766-74)

• Cause: Introduction of new land revenue system by the English in 1772.
• The zamindars of Midnapore sided with the ryots in case of conflict between the ryots and the English revenue collecting officials.
• Important leaders: Damodar Singh and Jagannath Dhal.

(3) Revolt of Moamarias (1769-99)

• It was a potent challenge to the authority of Ahom kings of Assam.
• The Moamarias were low-caste peasants who followed the teachings of Aniruddhadeva (1553-1624).
• To crush these revolts, the Ahom ruler had to request for British help. The revolt weakened kingdom and it fell to a Burmese invasion and finally came under British rule.

(4) Revolt of Raja of Vizianagaram (1794)

• In 1758, a treaty was made between the English and Ananda Gajapatiraju, the ruler of Vizianagaram, to jointly oust the French from the Northern Circars. In this mission they were successful.
• English refused to honour the terms of the treaty. Anand Raju died before he could seriously tackle the English.
• The East India Company demanded a tribute of three lakh rupees from Vizayaramaraju and asked him to disband his troops. This angered the raja as there were no dues to be paid to the Company.
• The raja supported by his subjects rose up in revolt. The raja died in a battle at Padmanabham.

(5) Resistance of Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja (1797; 1800-05)

• Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja, popularly known as Kerala Simham (Lion of Kerala) or ‘Pyche raja’, was the de facto head of Kottayam (Cotiote) in Malabar region.
• Cause: The Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790-92), extended English paramountcy over Kottayam in violation of an earlier agreement of 1790 which had recognized the independence of Kottayam.

(6) Poligars’(palayakkarargal) Revolt/ (1795-1805)

• The Poligars of Dindigal and Malabar rose up against the oppressive land revenue system under the British during 1801-06.
• In September 1799, in the first Polygar War, the poligars of Tirunelveli District rose up in open rebellion.
• Kattabomma Nayak of Panchalamkurichi was considered as the main leader of the rebellion. Though he managed to escape initially, he was later captured in Pudukottai, and publicly hanged in front of other Polygars as a warning.
• The Second Polygar war of 1800-01, given the magnitude of participation, is also known as the ‘South Indian Rebellion’.
• The suppression was followed by signing of the Carnatic Treaty on July 31, 1801, whereby the British assumed direct control over Tamil Nadu.

(7) Diwan Velu Thampi’s Revolt (1808-1809)

• The East India Company’s harsh conditions imposed on the state of Travancore, after both of them agreed to a subsidiary alliance arrangement under Wellesley in 1805, caused deep resentment in the region.
• Prime Minister Velu Thampi rise against the Company and assisted by the Nair troops. Velu Thampi addressed a gathering in Kundara and was later known as the ‘Kundara Proclamation’.
• The Maharaja of Travancore had not wholly supported the rebellion and defected to the side of the Company. Velu Thampi killed himself to avoid capture. The rebellion petered out.

(8) Kutch or Cutch Rebellion (1816-1832)

• There was a treaty between the British and Maharaja Bharamal II of Kutch in 1816, by which power was vested in the throne.
• The British interfered in the internal feuds of the Kutch and, in 1819, Raja Bharmal II raised Arab and African troops with the firm intention of removing the British from his territory.
• A British resident governed the areas as the de facto ruler with the help of a regency council.

(9) Rising at Bareilly (1816)

• Immediate cause: The imposition of the police tax which aroused the burning indignation of the citizens.
• Several armed Muslims from Pilibhit, Shahjahanpur and Rampur rose in rebellion for the defense of the faith and the Mufti.

(10) Upsurge in Hathras (1817)

• Cause: Progressive increase in high revenues, talukdar Dayaram constantly failed to pay arrears and even committed many acts of hostility by giving harbour to government fugitives.
• So, the Company with a large army attacked Hathras in February 1817.
• Rebels involved: Bhagwant Singh, Raja of Mursan

(11) Paika Rebellion (1817)

• The Paiks of Odisha were the traditional landed militia and enjoyed rent free land tenures for their military service and policing functions on a hereditary basis.
• Cause: British conquest of Odisha in 1803, and the dethronement of the Raja of Khurda had greatly reduced the power and prestige of the Paiks. Further, the extortionist land revenue policy of the Company caused resentment among zamindars and peasants.
• Bakshi Jagabandhu Bidyadhar had been the military chief of the forces of the Raja of Khurda. In 1814, Jagabandhu’s ancestral estate of Killa Rorang was taken over by the Company, reducing him to penury.
• The spark was lighted by the arrival of a body of Khonds into the Khurda territory in March 1817.
• With active support of Mukunda Deva, the last Raja of Khurda, and other zamindars of the region, Bakshi Jagabandhu Bidyadhar led a sundry army of Paikas forcing the East India Company forces to retreat for a time.
• The rebellion came to be known as the Paika Bidroh (rebellion). The rebellion was brutally repressed by 1818. In 1825 Jagabandhu surrendered under negotiated terms.
• The Paik Rebellion succeeded in getting large remissions of arrears, reductions in assessments, suspension of the sale of the estates of defaulters at discretion, a new settlement on fixed tenures and other adjuncts of liberal governance.

(12) Ahom Revolt (1828)

• Cause: Defying on the pledge to withdraw from Assam after the First Burma War (1824-26), the British attempted to incorporate the Ahoms’ territories in the Company’s dominion. This sparked off a rebellion in 1828 under the leadership of Gomdhar Konwar, an Ahom prince along with compatriots.
• Finally, the Company decided to follow a conciliatory policy and handed over Upper Assam to Maharaja Purandar Singh Narendra and part of the kingdom was restored to the Assamese king.

(13) Surat Salt Agitations (1840s)

• Cause: The government’s step to raise the salt duty from 50 paise to one rupee.
• The government withdrew the additional salt levy and its measure to introduce Bengal Standard Weights and Measures in face of people’s determined bid to resort to boycott and passive resistance.

(14) Kolhapur and Savantvadi Revolts

• The Gadkaris were a hereditary military class which was garrisoned in the Maratha forts.
• These garrisons were disbanded during an administrative reorganization in Kolhapur state after 1844. The Gadkaris rose in revolt and occupied the Samangarh and Bhudargarh forts.
• Similarly, the simmering discontent caused a revolt in Savantvadi areas. A number of Sawantwadi rebels were tried for treason and sentenced to various terms of imprisonment.
• Ultimately, after the imposition of martial law and meting out brutal punishment to the rebels, the order could be restored in Sawantwadi region.to bring the region under control.

(15) Wahabi Movement

• It was essentially an Islamic revivalist movement founded by Syed Ahmed of Rai Bareilly who was inspired by the teachings of Abdul Wahab (1703-87) of Saudi Arabia and Shah Waliullah of Delhi.
• Syed Ahmed condemned the western influence on Islam and advocated a return to pure Islam and society. Syed Ahmed was acclaimed as the desired leader (Imam).
• A countrywide organization with an elaborate secret code for its working under spiritual vice-regents (Khalifas) was set up, and Sithana in the north-western tribal belt was chosen as a base for operations.
• Since Dar-ul-Harb (territory of War or Chaos) was to be converted into Darul-Islam (the land of Islam), a jihad was declared against the Sikh kingdom of Punjab.
• After the defeat of the Sikh ruler and incorporation of Punjab into the East India Company’s dominion in 1849, the English dominion in India became the sole target of the Wahabis’ attacks.
• The Wahabis played an important role in spreading anti-British sentiments. A series of military operations by the British in the 1860s weakened the Wahabi resistance.

(16) Kuka Movement

• Founded in 1840 by Bhagat Jawahar Mal (also called Sian Saheb) in western Punjab. A major leader of the movement after him was Baba Ram Singh (founded the Namdhari Sikh sect).
• Its basic tenets were abolition of caste and similar discriminations among Sikhs, discouraging the consumption of meat and alcohol and drugs, permission for intermarriages, widow remarriage, and encouraging women to step out of seclusion.
• On the political side, the Kukas wanted to remove the British and restore Sikh rule over Punjab; they advocated wearing hand-woven clothes and boycott of English laws and education and products.
• So, the concepts of Swadeshi and non-cooperation were propagated by the Kukas, much before they became part of the Indian national movement in the early twentieth century.
• As the movement gained in popularity, the British took several steps to crush it in the period between 1863 and 1872. In 1872, Ram Singh was deported to Rangoon.

Peasant Movements

(1) Narkelberia Uprising

• Mir Nithar Ali (1782-1831) or Titu Mir inspired the Muslim tenants in West Bengal to rise against landlords, mainly Hindu, who imposed a beard-tax on the Faraizis, and British indigo planters.
• Often considered the first armed peasant uprising against the British, this revolt soon took on a religious hue. The revolt later merged into the Wahabi movement.

(2) The Pagal Panthis

• The Pagal Panthi, a semi-religious group mainly constituting the Hajong and Garo tribes was founded by Karam Shah.
• But the tribal peasants organized themselves under Karam Shah’s son, Tipu, to fight the oppression of the zamindars.
• They refused to pay rent above a certain limit and attacked the houses of zamindars. The government introduced an equitable arrangement to protect these peasants, but the movement was violently suppressed.

(3) Faraizi Revolt

• The Faraizis were the followers of a Muslim sect founded by Haji Shariat-Allah of Faridpur in Eastern Bengal. They advocated radical religious, social and political changes.
• Shariat-Allah son of Dadu Mian (1819-60) organized his followers with an aim to expel the English intruders from Bengal. The sect also supported the cause of the tenants against the zamindars.
• Most of the Faraizis joined the Wahabi ranks.

(4) Moplah Uprisings

• Cause: Hike in revenue demand and reduction of field size, coupled with the oppression of officials, resulted in widespread peasant unrest among the Moplahs of Malabar.
• The second Moplah uprising occurred after the Moplahs came to be organised by the Congress and the Khilafat supporters during the Non-cooperation Movement.

Tribal Revolts

Causes for Tribal Revolts

• The land settlements of the British affected the joint ownership tradition
• As agriculture was extended in a settled form by the Company government, the tribals lost their land, Shifting cultivation in forests was curbed and this added to the tribals’ problems.
• Exploitation by the police, traders and money-lenders.
• Christian missionaries came to these regions and their efforts interfered with the traditional customs of the tribals. Some general laws were also abhorred for their intrusive nature.

Characteristics of Tribal Revolts

• Tribal identity or ethnic ties lay behind the solidarity shown by these groups.
• The resentment against the imposition of laws by the ‘foreign government’ that was seen as an effort at destroying the tribals’ traditional socioeconomic framework.
• Many uprisings were led by messiah-like figures who encouraged their people to revolt.
• The tribal uprisings were doomed from the beginning, given the outdated arms.

(1) Pahariyas’ Rebellion

• The British expansion on their territory led to an uprising by the martial Pahariyas of the Raj Mahal Hills in 1778.
• The British were forced to usher in peace by declaring their territory as damni-kol area.

(2) Chuar Uprising

• Cause: Famine, enhanced land revenue demands and economic distress goaded the Chuar aboriginal tribesmen of the Jungle Mahal of Midnapore district and Bankura district (in Bengal) to take up arms.
• The most significant uprising was under Durjan (or Durjol) Singh in 1798. Other leaders were Madhab Singh, Raja Mohan Singh.
• The uprising lasted from 1766 to 1772 and then, again surfaced between 1795 and 1816.

(3) Kol Mutiny (1831)

• Cause: Large-scale transfers of land from Kol headmen to outsiders like Hindu, Sikh and Muslim farmers and money-lenders who were oppressive and demanded heavy taxes. Besides, the British judicial and revenue policies badly affected the traditional social conditions of the Kols (inhabitants of Chhotanagpur).
• The Kols resented this and in 1831, under the leadership of Buddho Bhagat, the Kol rebels killed or burnt about a thousand outsiders. Only after large-scale military operations could order be restored.

(4) Ho and Munda Uprisings (1820-1837)

• The Raja of Parahat organized his Ho tribals to revolt against the occupation of Singhbhum. The revolt continued till 1827 when the Ho tribals were forced to submit.
• However, later in 1831, they again organized a rebellion, joined by the Mundas of Chotanagpur, to protest against the newly introduced farming revenue policy and the entry of Bengalis into their region.
• Though the revolt was extinguished in 1832, the Ho operations continued till 1837.

(5) Santhal Rebellion

• Cause: The Santhals of Rajmahal Hills resented the oppression by revenue officials, police, money-lenders, landlords—in general, by the “outsiders’ (whom they called diku).
• The Santhals under Sido and Kanhu rose up against their oppressors, declared the end of the Company’s rule and asserted themselves independent in 1854.
• It was only in 1856 after extensive military operations that the situation was brought under control. Sido died in 1855, while Kanhu was arrested in 1866.
• A separate district of Santhal Parganas was created by the Government to pacify the Santhals.

(6) Khond Uprising

• The Khonds lived in vast hill tracts stretching from Tamil Nadu to Bengal, covering central provinces, and in virtual independence due to the inaccessible mountainous terrain.
• Their uprisings from 1837 to 1856 were directed against the British, in which the tribals of Ghumsar, china-ki-medi, Kalahandi and Patna actively participated.
• The movement was led by Chakra Bisoi in the name of the young Raja.
• The main issue was the attempt by the government to suppress human sacrifice (Mariah), the introduction of new taxes by the British and the influx of Zamindars and money-lenders.
• The British formed a Maria agency, against which the Khonds fought with Tangi, a king of battle-axe, bows-arrows and even swords.
• Latter Savaras and some local militia clans also joined in, led by Radha Krishna Dand Sena. Chakra Bisoi disappeared in 1855 after which the movement petered out.

(7) Early Munda Uprising (1789-1832)

• In the period of 1789-1832, the Munda rose up in rebellion seven times against the landlords, dikhus, money-lenders and the British, who instead of protesting them sided with the oppressors.
• In the post-1857 period with a hope of a better future, many Mundas turned to the Evangelical Lutheran mission, which was overseeing mission work in Chhotanagpur.
• However, many apostates became more militant and broke away, spearheading the cause of seeking redressal of their grievances once they realized that the missionaries could not provide the solution to them.
• Their movement identified as ‘sardariladai’ or ‘war of the leaders’ was fought with the aim of expelling dikhus; and restoration of the Munda domination over their homeland.
• The tribal chiefs rose up against the erosion of Khuntkatti System or Joint tenures.
• While it failed it did not peter out but remained dormant and in need of a charismatic leader. It was given a new life by Birsa Munda in 1899.

(8) Bhils and Kolis Uprisings

• Cause: The Bhils were concentrated in the hill ranges of Khandesh in the previous Maratha territory. The British occupation in 1818 brought in the outsiders and accompanying dislocations in their community life.
• A general Bhil insurrection in 1817-19 was crushed by the British Military forces and though some conciliatory measures were taken to pacify them, they again revolted under the leadership of Seva Ram in 1825 and the situation remained unsettled until 1831 when the Ramosi Leader Umaji Raje of Purandhar was finally captured and executed.
• Minor revolts again took place in 1836 and 1846 as well.
• The Bhils’ local rivals for power, the Kolis of Ahmednagar district, also challenged the British in 1829 but were quickly subdued by a large army contingent.
• The seeds of rebellion, however, persisted, to erupt again in 1844-46, when a local Koli leader successfully defied the British government for two years.

(9) Ramosi Risings

• The Ramosis, the hill tribes of the Western Ghats, had not reconciled to British rule and the British pattern of administration.
• They rose under Chittur Singh in 1822 and plundered the country around Satara.

(10) Khasi Uprising

• The Khasis, Garos, Khamptis and the Singphos organized themselves under Tirath Singh to drive away the strangers from the Brahmaputra Valley.
• The uprising developed into a popular revolt against British rule in the area.

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Questions for the Day:

Try these Mains Questions :

Q: Bring out the philosophy of the Indian polity as enshrined in the Preamble of the Indian constitution. (10)

Q: ‘Separation of powers’ is essential to ensure individual liberty. Discuss this with regard to the provisions in the constitution and practices adopted so far.(15)

Try these Prelims Questions :

Q 1. Article 1 describes India as a Union of States. Which of the
following given below are implied by this?

1. Indian Federation is the result of an agreement by the
   states.
2. No state has the right to secede from the federation.
   
   Select the correct answer using the codes given below

A. 1 only

B. 2 only

C. Both 1 and 2

D. Neither 1 nor 2

Q 2. Which of the following statements about the Constitution of
India is/are correct?

1. Popular sovereignty and adult franchise are the basic
   features of the Constitution.
2. The Constitution, in so far as the division of powers
   between the Centre and the States is concerned, is rigid.
3. The Constitution recognises the interdependence of civil
   and economic rights.
4. The Constitution mentions direct control by the people such
   as referendum, initiative and recall.

Select the correct answer from the codes given below:

(a) Only 1

(b) 1, 2 and 4

(c) 2, 3 and 4

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Q 3. Which of the following is/are central tenet(s) of the Constitution of India?

1. Prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion
2. Gives official status to certain religions
3. Provides freedom to profess any religion
4. Ensures equality of all citizens within religious
   communities

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

(a) 1, 2 and 3

(b) 1, 3 and 4

(c) 2, 3 and 4

(d) 2 only

Q 4. Consider the following statements about the Preamble of the Constitution and state which of them are correct with the help of given codes

1. The objective resolution proposed by Pt. Nehru ultimately became the Preamble.
2. It is not justiciable in nature.
3. It cannot be amended.
4. It cannot override the specific provisions of the
   Constitution.

Codes:

(a) Only 1 and 2

(b) Only 1, 2 and 4

(c) Only 1, 2 and 3

(d) Only 2, 3 and 4

Q 5. Consider the following statements about the Preamble of the Constitution and state which of them are correct with the help of given codes

1. The objective resolution proposed by Pt. Nehru ultimately became the Preamble.
2. It is not justiciable in nature.
3. It cannot be amended.
4. It cannot override the specific provisions of the
   Constitution.

Codes:

(a) Only 1 and 2

(b) Only 1, 2 and 4

(c) Only 1, 2 and 3

(d) Only 2, 3 and 4

Q 6. Which of the following statements with regard to citizenship provisions of the Constitution of India is/ are correct?

1. No person shall be a citizen of India by virtue of Article 5, or be deemed to be a citizen of India by virtue of Article 6 or Article 8, if he /she has voluntarily acquired the citizenship of any foreign State.
2. The Parliament has power to make any provision with
   respect to the acquisition and termination of citizenship and
   all other matters relating to citizenship.
3. Indian Citizenship law is based on principle of jus soli only

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(c)1 and 2 only

(d) None of above

Sukanya madam’s video would be out at 7:00 PM and Santosh sir would provide the video at 9:00 PM.

Watch this space for more updates exclusively for you.

The government has introduced in the Rajya Sabha the Limited Liability Partnership (Amendment) Bill, which seeks to encourage the startup ecosystem and further boost ease of doing business in the country.

Key changes as proposed in the bill includes as viz. introduction of the concept of ‘small companies’, decriminalization of certain offences, empowering Govt. to establish special courts etc.

What are LLPs?

• A Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) is a partnership in which some or all partners have limited liability. It therefore exhibits elements of partnerships and corporations.
• In an LLP, one partner is not responsible or liable for another partner’s misconduct or negligence.
• This is an important difference from that of an unlimited partnership.
• In an LLP, some partners have a form of limited liability similar to that of the shareholders of a corporation.

Liability. But against whom?

• Limited liability means that if the partnership fails, then creditors cannot go after a partner’s personal assets or income.
• LLPs are common in professional business-like law firms, accounting firms, and wealth managers.

Benefits offered by an LLP

• Risk avoidance: For a long time, a need has been felt to provide for a business format that would combine the flexibility of a partnership and the advantages of limited liability of a company at a low compliance cost.
• Flexibility: The LLP format is an alternative corporate business vehicle that provides the benefits of limited liability of a company but allows its members the flexibility of organizing their internal management on the basis of a mutually arrived agreement.
• Startup-promotion: This format would be quite useful for small and medium enterprises in general and for the enterprises in services sector in particular.
• Service-oriented: Internationally, LLPs are the preferred vehicle of business particularly for service industry or for activities involving professionals.  
• Investment promotion: The hybrid structure of LLP will facilitate entrepreneurs, service providers and professionals to organize and operate in an innovative and efficient manner for effectively competing in the global market.
• Ease of Doing Business: The cost of forming an LLP is low and there’s’ less compliance and regulatory burden. It has no requirement of minimum capital contribution.

Limitations of LLP

• Penalty on non-compliance: The compliance that is to be followed by LLP is minimal. But, if these compliances are not completed on time, then the LLP will have to pay a heavy penalty.
• Winding up and dissolution of LLP: A minimum of two partners is required to form an LLP. If the minimum number of partners is below two for six months, then the LLP will be dissolved. It may be dissolved if the LLP is unable to pay its debts. 
• Difficulty to raise capital: The LLP does not have the concept of an IPO (equity or shareholders like a company). Angel investors and venture capitalists cannot invest in the LLP as shareholders.

LLPs in India

• The concept of the Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) was introduced in India in 2008.
• An LLP has the characteristics of both the partnership firm and company.
• The Limited liability Partnership Act, 2008 regulates the LLP in India.
• Minimum two partners are required to incorporate an LLP. However, there is no upper limit on the maximum number of partners of an LLP. 

Setting up of an LLP

• Minimum two partners are required to incorporate an LLP. However, there is no upper limit on the maximum number of partners of an LLP.
• Among the partners, there should be a minimum of two designated partners who shall be individuals, and at least one of them should be resident in India.
• The rights and duties of designated partners are governed by the LLP agreement.
• They are directly responsible for the compliance of all the provisions of the LLP Act, 2008 and provisions specified in the LLP agreement.
• The rights and duties of designated partners are governed by the LLP agreement.
• They are directly responsible for the compliance of all the provisions of the LLP Act 2008 and provisions specified in the LLP agreement.

LLP Amendment Bill, 2021

Key Highlights:

• Total of 12 offences to be decriminalized under LLPs. The decriminalized offences will then get shifted to an internal adjudication mechanism to help unclog criminal courts from routine cases.
• The government has also approved creation of a class of small LLPs to encourage entrepreneurs. These LLPs will be subject to fewer compliances, reduced fee or additional fee, and smaller penalties in the event of default.
• The changes, including removing criminal action for failure to comply with provisions of the Act, will help about 2.30 lakh such firms in the country.
• A penalty in the form of a fine has been decided for violations of general trends. This boosts Aatmanirbhar Bharat.

New Concepts:

• Definition of Small Company:  The government will also introduce a new definition of small LLPs based on their turnover size and contributions by partners or proprietors. At present, there are relaxations for thresholds up to turnover size and partner’s contribution of Rs 40 lakh and Rs 25 lakh, respectively.
• Lower compliance: It will incentivize unincorporated micro and small partnerships to convert into the organized structure of an LLP and derive its benefits. The corporate affairs ministry is also working towards setting up an e-adjudication platform as part of the new version of the MCA21 portal.

A dream does not become reality through magic; it takes sweat, determination, and hard work. 

The Streak Daily Initiative is aimed to help out UPSC aspirants in their day-to-day preparation. You can follow the monthly, weekly, and daily timetables and continue this streak until you find yourself on the final list.

So, let us look at Today’s activities.

For full-time Aspirants

1. Historical background and making of the Constitution

For working Aspirants

1. Special Provisions for some states, Union Territories, Scheduled and Tribal Areas

Target Assignment by Ravi Sir:

Try these Prelims Questions :

Q. Consider the following statements about Delhi
legislative assembly

1. The strength of the council of ministers is fixed
   at fifteen percent of the total strength of the
   assembly.
2. The chief minister is appointed by the Lt.
   Governor.
3. The ministers hold office during the pleasure of
   the Lt. Governor.
   Which of the statements given above is/are
   correct?

1 and 2 only

1 and 3 only

2 and 3 only

None of the above

Q. Consider the following statements about Inner
Line Permit

1. It is a document required by non- natives to visit
   or stay in a state that is protected under the ILP
   system.
2. Northeastern states covered under ILP are
   Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Meghalaya and
   Nagaland.
3. All domestic and foreign tourists visiting states
   covered under ILP need to seek a permit.
   Which of the statements given above is/are
   correct?

1 only

2 only

1 and 3 only

1 and 2 only

Q. Consider the following statements regarding administration of the Union Territories:

1. An administrator of the Union Territory is an agent of the President and Head of the State like Governor.
2. Parliament can make a law on any subject of the three lists for any Union Territory.
3. Ministry of Home affairs is the nodal ministry for all matters of the Union Territories related to legislation, finance and budget.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A. 1 only

B. 2 and 3 only

C. 1 and 3 only

D. 1, 2 and 3

17. Consider the following statements regarding the 6^th scheduled areas of the country

1. Governor of the State declares the scheduled areas within a particular state
2. Executive power of centre extends to these areas related to administration of these areas
3. Acts of Parliament or state legislature do not apply to these areas unless Governor decides so
4. Tribal Advisory council consists of 24 members of tribal community to advise governor.

Which of above statements are true?

1. 1,2 and 3
2. 2, 3 and 4
3. 2 only
4. All of them

Q. Which of the statements given below about administration of scheduled and tribal areas?

1. While 5^th schedule deals with administration of scheduled areas, 6^th schedule deals with administration of tribal areas

2. Each autonomous district council have elected members only to ensure more autonomy.
3. There are 10 district autonomous councils in 4 states of North East. 

4. Scheduled areas have more autonomy than tribal areas.

Select the correct answer using the codes given below

1. 1,2 and 3
2. 1 and 3 only
3. 2 and 3 only 
4. All of them

Video Discussion of Prelims Questions by Santosh Sir:

Try these Mains Questions :

Q: ‘The constituent assembly debates give an insight into the minds of our constitution makers.’ Justify. (10)

Q: Secularism in indian constitution ensures citizens rights of equality and places duties on the state at the same time. Explain. (250 words)

Video Discussion of Mains Questions by Sukanya Ma’am:

Stay tuned with us for tomorrow’s targets.

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