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  • Centre brings wheat and rice under price stabilization fund

    Why in the news?

    The government has approved the inclusion of wheat and rice under its price stabilization fund to provide subsidies for the quantity allocated under Bharat atta and rice sale.

    Context: After it started selling Bharat atta and rice as part of its retail intervention in a bid to tame inflation as prices are soaring ahead of general elections

    What is the Price Stabilisation Fund (PSF)?

     

    A Price Stabilization Fund is established to mitigate excessive fluctuations in specific commodity prices. The fund’s resources are typically deployed to moderate high or low prices through various initiatives, such as procuring particular goods and distributing them as needed, ensuring prices stay within a desired range.

    Background-

    • During the fiscal year 2014-15, the Price Stabilization Fund (PSF) was instituted within the Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers Welfare (DAC&FW) to manage the fluctuating costs of crucial agricultural commodities like onions, potatoes, and pulses.
    • These commodities will be procured directly from farmers or their organizations at farm gates or designated marketplaces, and subsequently offered to consumers at a more affordable rate. Any incurred losses in the coordination between the central government and the states during these operations must be divided.

    The significance of the Price Stabilization Fund (PSF) in the context of recent expansion to include of wheat and rice-

    • Addressing Inflationary trends : The inclusion of wheat and rice under the PSF marks a significant expansion beyond the previously covered commodities like onions, potatoes, and pulses. This expansion reflects the government’s commitment to addressing inflationary trends across a broader spectrum of essential food items.
    • Buffer Stock Management: The PSF is utilized to build up buffer stocks of key food commodities such as wheat and rice. These stocks are strategically released into the market during periods of price surges to stabilize prices and ensure affordability for consumers.
    • Subsidy Allocation: The government provides subsidies to agencies like the Food Corporation of India (FCI) for supplying wheat and rice to central procurement agencies. This subsidy support helps in maintaining the affordability of these commodities, particularly under the Bharat brand, which is sold at subsidized prices.
    • Inflation Mitigation: The inclusion of wheat and rice in the PSF is aimed at mitigating rising food inflation, which has been a concern ahead of general elections. By intervening in the market through strategic buffer stock management and subsidized sales, the government seeks to curb inflationary pressures and ensure food affordability for consumers.
    • Policy Response to Market Dynamics: The decision to expand the PSF reflects a proactive policy response to address market dynamics, particularly concerning rising rice prices. By taking measures to stabilize prices and increase availability through the PSF, the government aims to alleviate the burden on consumers and mitigate potential electoral repercussions associated with food inflation.

    The Price Stabilization Fund (PSF) addresses inflationary pressures and aids in maintaining food affordability through several mechanisms:

    • Buffer Stock Management: The PSF accumulates buffer stocks of essential food commodities during periods of surplus production or lower prices. These stocks are strategically released into the market during periods of scarcity or price surges. By increasing the supply of commodities during shortages, the PSF helps stabilize prices and prevents excessive inflation.
    • Subsidy Provision: The PSF provides subsidies to support the procurement and distribution of essential commodities. These subsidies enable the government to sell commodities at lower prices, making them more affordable for consumers. Subsidies can also incentivize increased production, leading to a greater supply of commodities and further price stability.
    • Market Intervention: The PSF allows for direct intervention in the market to address sudden price fluctuations. By purchasing commodities during periods of low prices and selling them during periods of high prices, the PSF helps moderate price volatility and ensures that prices remain within a reasonable range.
    • Consumer Protection: By stabilizing prices and ensuring the availability of essential food items, the PSF protects consumers from sudden spikes in food prices, which can disproportionately affect vulnerable populations. Affordable food prices contribute to improved food security and overall economic stability.
    • Incentivizing Domestic Production: The PSF incentivizes domestic production by providing a guaranteed market for farmers’ produce at stable prices. This encourages farmers to increase their production levels, contributing to overall food security and helping to mitigate inflationary pressures.

    Conclusion: The government is expanding the Price Stabilization Fund to include wheat and rice amid soaring food prices ahead of elections. This aims to manage inflation by subsidizing essential commodities and maintaining buffer stocks.

  • [pib] Exercise IMT TRILAT- 2024

    Why in the news-

    • INS Tir and INS Sujata are set to participate in the second edition of the India-Mozambique-Tanzania (IMT) Tri-Lateral (TRILAT) Exercise.

    Exercise IMT TRILAT- 2024

    • It is a biennial exercise conducted by the navies of India, Mozambique and Tanzania.
    • The first edition of the exercise took place in October 2022.
    • It seeks to enhance India’s commitment to maritime security and cooperation in the Indian Ocean Region.
    • Through this joint exercise, the Indian Navy aims to foster mutual trust and understanding with its maritime partners in Mozambique and Tanzania.

    Phases of the Exercise

    • Harbour Phase: Activities include joint harbour training such as Damage Control, Fire Fighting, Visit Board Search and Seizure procedures, Medical Lectures, Casualty Evacuation, and Diving operations.
    • Sea Phase: Focuses on countering asymmetric threats, Visit Board Search and Seizure procedures, boat handling, manoeuvres, firing exercises, and joint EEZ surveillance.

    PYQ:

    2017: Consider the following in respect of Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS):

    1. Inaugural IONS was held in India in 2015 under the chairmanship of the Indian Navy.
    2. IONS is a voluntary initiative that seeks to increase maritime co-operation among navies of the littoral states of the Indian Ocean Region.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    1. 1 only
    2. 2 only
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2

     

    Practice MCQ:

    Consider the following statements about Exercise IMT TRILAT:

    1. It is an annual exercise conducted by the navies of India, Mozambique and Tanzania.
    2. The first edition of the exercise took place in October 2022.

    Which of the given statements is/are correct?

    1. Only 1
    2. Only 2
    3. Both 1 and 2
    4. Neither 1 nor 2

  • [pib] India to co-chair of its ITU Digital Innovation Board

    What is the news-

    • Neeraj Mittal, Secretary of the Department of Telecommunications, Government of India was unanimously elected as co-chair of the Digital Innovation Board of International Telecommunication Union (ITU).

    About ITU Digital Innovation Board

     

    • This board is established under the Innovation and Entrepreneurship Alliance for Digital Development.
    • It comprises of Ministers and Vice Ministers of Telecom/ICT of 23 Member Countries.
    • The Alliance establishes the Board to provide strategic guidance, expertise and advocacy regarding its mission of building critical local enablers.

     

    Innovation and Entrepreneurship Alliance

     

    • ITU has started this Alliance to respond to significant unmet needs of ITU Membership in the area of innovation.
    • It is based on the Kigali Action Plan adopted at the World Telecommunication Development Conference 2022 (WTDC-22) and the Outcomes of the ITU Plenipotentiary Conference 2022 (PP-22).
    • The Alliance has three main vehicles: –
    1.     Digital Transformation Lab
    2.     Network of Acceleration Centres
    3.     Digital Innovation Board

    What is the International Telecommunication Union (ITU)?

    • The ITU is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) responsible for issues related to information and communication technologies (ICTs).
    • It was established in 1865 as the International Telegraph Union, making it one of the oldest international organizations.
    • In 1932, the organization was renamed the International Telecommunication Union to reflect its broader mandate.
    • It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.
    • Its functions include:
    1. Allocate global radio spectrum and satellite orbits,
    2. Develops the technical standards that ensure networks and technologies seamlessly interconnect, and
    3. Strives to improve access to ICTs to underserved communities worldwide.

    Membership:

    • ITU’s membership includes 193 member states (countries) and over 900 private sector entities, including telecommunications companies, equipment manufacturers, research institutions, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs).
    • India has been an active member of the ITU since 1869 and has been a regular member of the ITU Council since 1952.

    PYQ:

    2020: In India, the term “Public Key Infrastructure” is used in the context of

    1. Digital security infrastructure
    2. Food security infrastructure
    3. Healthcare and education infrastructure
    4. Telecommunication and transportation infrastructure

     

    Practise MCQ:

    The global telecom body International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has recently elected India as the co-chair of the Digital Innovation Board. Which of the following statements about ITU is/are correct?

    1. It is the United Nations specialised agency for Information and Communication Technologies.
    2. Its entry is open to all countries, Private Companies as well as institutions.
    3. India has been a member of ITU since 1869.

    Select the correct option:

    1. All are correct
    2. Only 3
    3. 1 and 3
    4. 1 and 2

  • World Happiness Report, 2024: Key Highlights

    What is the news-

    • India was ranked 126th out of 143 nations in the World Happiness Report 2024, a global happiness index which was released, March 20 to mark the UN’s International Day of Happiness.

    About the World Happiness Report

    • The WHR is an annual publication of the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network.
    • It is released in partnership by Gallup, the Oxford Wellbeing Research Centre, the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN), and the World Happiness Report’s Editorial Board
    • It measures three main well-being indicators: life evaluations, positive emotions, and negative emotions (described in the report as positive and negative affect).
    • The report considers six key factors: social support, income, health, freedom, generosity, and the absence of corruption.
    • It was adopted by the UN General Assembly based on a resolution tabled by Bhutan.

    Key Highlights of the 2024 Report

    • Top: For the seventh successive year, Finland topped the list of the happiest countries in the world.
    • Runner-ups: The other countries in the top ten were Denmark, Iceland, Sweden, Israel, the Netherlands, Norway, Luxembourg, Switzerland and Australia.
    • Bottom: Afghanistan was at the bottom of the list.

    Indian Scenario

    • Ranking: India maintains its position at 126th in the happiness index. Surprisingly, it is behind Pakistan, Libya, Iraq, Palestine and Niger.
    • Neighbourhood: China was ranked 60th, Nepal at 93, Pakistan at 108, Myanmar at 118, Sri Lanka at 128 and Bangladesh at 129th spots.
    • Influencing Factors: Marital status, social engagement, physical health, and satisfaction with living arrangements influence life satisfaction among older Indians.
    • Gendered Happiness: Older Indian women tend to report higher life satisfaction despite facing more stressors and health challenges.
    • Key Predictors: Factors like education level, social caste, social support, perceived discrimination, and self-rated health significantly impact life satisfaction among older Indians.

    PYQ:

    2018: “Rule of Law Index” is released by which of the following?

    1. Amnesty International
    2. International Court of Justice
    3. The Office of UN Commissioner for Human Rights
    4. World Justice Project

     

    Practice MCQ:

    With reference to the World Happiness Report, 2024, consider the following statements:

    1. The report is an annual publication of the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network.
    2. It was adopted by the UN General Assembly based on a resolution tabled by Bhutan.
    3. India’s ranking has been consistently improved in this report in last two years.

    How many of the given statements is/are correct?

    1. One
    2. Two
    3. Three
    4. None

  • RBI and SEBI: India’s Financial Landscape under Scrutiny

    Why in the news-

    • Recent actions by both India’s banking regulator RBI and the securities watchdog SEBI have startled the market, exposing various malpractices in the financial sector.

    Context

    • Banking Sector: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) faces political scrutiny following the Supreme Court’s ban on anonymous political funding instruments introduced by the government in 2018. Its oversight was questioned amidst concerns about opaque corporate donations in the Electoral Bonds Scheme which was recently held unconstitutional.
    • Securities Market: The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) is under pressure to address concerns about asset price inflation, concentrated positions in illiquid shares, and excessive speculation among retail investors. Its credibility was questioned after Hindenburg Research’s allegations.

    Financial Landscape and its Regulation

    [1] Reserve Bank of India (RBI)

    • The RBI is the central bank and monetary authority of India.
    • It is established on April 1, 1935, under the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.
    • Its idea was incepted from the recommendations of the Hilton Young Commission.
    • It is a centralized institution for India to effectively regulate its monetary and credit policies.
    • RBI had its initial headquarters in Kolkata, later moving permanently to Mumbai in 1937.
    • Initially, the RBI operated as a privately owned entity until its full nationalization in 1949.

    Key Regulatory Functions of the RBI:

    (i) Monetary Policy:

    • The RBI formulates and implements monetary policies to achieve price stability, economic growth, and financial stability.
    • The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) determines the policy interest rates, such as the repo rate, reverse repo rate, and marginal standing facility rate, based on inflation targeting and growth objectives.
    • By adjusting these rates, the RBI influences money supply, credit flow, and interest rates in the economy.

    (ii) Banking Regulation and Supervision:

    • The RBI regulates and supervises banks and financial institutions to ensure their stability, soundness, and compliance with regulatory norms.
    • It issues guidelines, directives, and prudential regulations covering aspects like capital adequacy, asset quality, management effectiveness, and liquidity risk management.
    • The RBI conducts regular inspections, audits, and assessments of banks to assess their financial health and adherence to regulations.
    • It also intervenes in troubled banks to protect depositors’ interests and maintain financial stability.

    (iii) Payment and Settlement Systems:

    • The RBI manages and oversees payment and settlement systems to ensure efficiency, safety, and reliability in financial transactions.
    • It operates the Real-Time Gross Settlement (RTGS) system for large-value transactions and the National Electronic Funds Transfer (NEFT) system for retail transactions.
    • The RBI formulates regulations and standards for payment systems, promotes innovation in payment technologies, and monitors systemically important payment infrastructures to mitigate risks and enhance resilience.

    (iv) Financial Markets Regulation:

    • The RBI regulates and supervises financial markets, including money, bonds, foreign exchange, and derivative markets, to maintain market integrity and investor confidence.
    • It issues guidelines, directives, and regulations governing market participants, intermediaries, and trading activities.
    • The RBI monitors market developments, enforces compliance with regulations, and intervenes in markets to address disorderly conditions, liquidity shortages, or excessive volatility.
    • It also conducts open market operations (OMOs) to manage liquidity and stabilize interest rates.

    [2] Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)

    • SEBI is the regulatory authority overseeing India’s securities and commodity markets.
    • Established in 1988 as a non-statutory body, SEBI was granted statutory powers with the enactment of the SEBI Act 1992 by the Indian Parliament.
    • It operates under the purview of the Ministry of Finance.
    • SEBI’s structure includes a chairman nominated by the GoI, members from the Union Finance Ministry, the Reserve Bank of India, and others.
    • Its headquarters is in Mumbai, with regional offices in Ahmedabad, Kolkata, Chennai, and Delhi.

    Key Regulatory Functions of the SEBI:

    (i) Formulating Regulations:

    • SEBI formulates regulations, guidelines, and directives to govern various aspects of the securities market.
    • This includes regulations related to public issuances, disclosures, insider trading, takeover bids, corporate governance, and investor protection.

    (ii) Monitoring Market Participants:

    • SEBI regulates and supervises market intermediaries such as stock exchanges, brokers, merchant bankers, portfolio managers, and mutual funds.
    • It sets eligibility criteria, registration requirements, and conduct norms for these entities and monitors their compliance with regulations.

    (iii) Overseeing Market Infrastructure:

    • SEBI oversees the functioning of stock exchanges, clearing corporations, depositories, and other market infrastructure institutions.
    • It ensures that these entities maintain adequate systems, procedures, and safeguards to facilitate fair, transparent, and efficient trading and settlement operations.

    (iv) Enforcing Securities Laws:

    • SEBI enforces securities laws and regulations by conducting inspections, investigations, and enforcement actions against violations.
    • It has the authority to impose penalties, suspend licenses, and initiate legal proceedings against individuals or entities found to be engaged in fraudulent or unfair practices.

    (v) Regulating Securities Offerings:

    • SEBI regulates public offerings of securities, including initial public offerings (IPOs), rights issues, and follow-on public offerings.
    • It reviews offer documents, ensures disclosure of material information to investors, and supervises the conduct of issuers, underwriters, and other intermediaries involved in the offering process.

    (vi) Monitoring Insider Trading and Market Manipulation:

    • SEBI monitors and regulates insider trading, market manipulation, and other fraudulent activities that can undermine market integrity.
    • It prohibits insider trading, imposes restrictions on share buybacks and open market operations, and investigates suspicious trading activities to maintain market fairness and transparency.

    PYQ:

     

    2015: In the light of Satyam Scandal (2009), discuss the changes brought in the corporate governance to ensure transparency and accountability.

     

    2021: With reference to India, consider the following statements:​

    1. Retail investors through demat account can invest in ‘Treasury Bills’ and ‘Government of India Debt Bonds’ in primary market.​
    2. The ‘Negotiated Dealing System-Order Matching’ is a government securities trading platform of the Reserve Bank of India. ​
    3. The ‘Central Depository Services Ltd.’ is jointly promoted by the Reserve Bank of India and the Bombay Stock Exchange. ​

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?​

    1. 1 only ​
    2. 1 and 2 only ​
    3. 3 only ​
    4. 2 and 3 only ​

     

    Practice MCQ:

    With reference to the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), consider the following statements:

    1. It was established in 1988 as a non-statutory body.
    2. It operates under the Ministry of Corporate Affairs.
    3. It consists of a chairman, members from the Union Finance Ministry and the Reserve Bank of India.

    How many of the given statements is/are correct?

    1. One
    2. Two
    3. Three
    4. None

  • No Counseling to LGBTQ+ Persons against their Own Identity: Supreme Court

    Why in the news-

    • The Supreme Court issued a cautionary directive to judges regarding court-ordered counselling for LGBTQ+ individuals, emphasizing the need to respect their identity and sexual orientation.

    Context

     

    • Petition: The verdict stemmed from a habeas corpus petition filed by a Kerala-based woman seeking the whereabouts of her same-sex partner, highlighting the challenges faced by LGBTQ+ individuals in asserting their rights.
    • Coercion Concerns: Concerns were raised about court-ordered counselling potentially being used to coerce individuals against their sexual orientation or chosen partners, prompting the Supreme Court to address these apprehensions.

     

    Counselling to LGBTQ+ Persons: 

    [A] Guidelines and Observations

    • Avoiding Identity Suppression: Judges were cautioned against using counselling as a tool to coerce individuals into rejecting their LGBTQ+ identity or relationships, particularly when they are in distress or facing familial separation.
    • Upholding Constitutional Values: CJI underscored the importance of upholding constitutional values, urging judges to refrain from imposing their personal biases or societal prejudices during legal proceedings.
    • Empathy and Compassion: The verdict emphasized that judges must demonstrate sincere empathy and compassion towards LGBTQ+ individuals, ensuring that the principles of justice and equality guide legal decisions.

    [B] Guidelines for Courts

    • Embracing Diversity: Courts were directed to eschew social morality influenced by homophobic or transphobic views, prioritizing the protection of individual rights and freedoms.
    • Respecting Chosen Families: Acknowledging the significance of chosen families for LGBTQ+ individuals, the court highlighted the need to recognize and respect these relationships, especially in cases involving familial rejection or violence.

    LGBTQ+ Persons (Sexual Minority) Rights in India: An Overview

    • Decriminalization of Homosexuality: A watershed moment occurred on September 6, 2018, when the Supreme Court of India partially struck down Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, which criminalized consensual same-sex relationships. This historic decision marked a crucial step towards recognizing the dignity and autonomy of LGBTQ+ individuals.
    • Recognition of Transgender Rights: In 2014, the Supreme Court recognized transgender individuals as the third gender and affirmed their fundamental rights under the Constitution in the landmark case of National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India (2014). This judgment laid the foundation for legal recognition and protection of transgender rights in India.

    Several key legal cases and judgments have shaped the evolution of LGBTQ rights in India:

    1. Naz Foundation Govt. v. NCT of Delhi (2009): The Delhi High Court ruled that Section 377 of the IPC violated fundamental rights guaranteed under the Indian Constitution, including privacy and equality. This judgment was a crucial step forward in recognizing the rights of LGBTQ individuals.
    2. Suresh Kumar Koushal vs Naz Foundation (2013): The Supreme Court overturned the Delhi High Court’s judgment, recriminalizing homosexuality. This decision was met with widespread criticism and sparked renewed activism for LGBTQ rights in India.
    3. National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India (2014): This landmark judgment recognized transgender individuals as the third gender and affirmed their fundamental rights under the Constitution. It laid the groundwork for ensuring equality and non-discrimination for the transgender community.
    4. K.S. Puttaswamy v Union of India (2017): This case affirmed the right to privacy as a fundamental right under the Indian Constitution. The judgment recognized that discrimination based on sexual orientation is unconstitutional and emphasized the dignity and autonomy of individuals.
    5. Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018): The Supreme Court decriminalized homosexuality and struck down Section 377 of the IPC. The court recognized the rights of LGBTQ individuals to intimacy, autonomy, and identity, setting a precedent for equality and non-discrimination.

    Future Prospects 

    [A] Extension of ART (Assisted Reproductive Technology) Rights  

    • The Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) Rights bill, as currently formulated, does not adequately extend to LGBTQ+ persons due to several factors:
    1. Definition of Commissioning Couple: It restricts access to ART services to “infertile married couples,” excluding same-sex couples and individuals in same-sex relationships.
    2. Requirement of Legal Marriage: Since same-sex marriage isn’t recognized in India, LGBTQ+ couples are automatically excluded from accessing ART services.
    3. Narrow Definition of Infertility: The bill’s definition overlooks the unique reproductive challenges faced by LGBTQ+ individuals and couples.
    4. Gender-Binary Language and Restrictions: Gender-binary language and restrictions exclude transgender and gender non-conforming individuals from accessing ART services.
    5. Lack of Recognition of Diverse Identities: The bill fails to accommodate the diverse identities within the LGBTQ+ community, neglecting their specific needs and concerns regarding assisted reproduction.

    [B] Child Adoption 

    • National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR): It had opposed the adoption rights of same-sex couples.
    • Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 (JJ Act): It allows heterosexual married couples, and single and divorced persons to adopt.
    • Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956 (HAMA): It permits any male or female Hindu of sound mind to adopt, and for couples to adopt with the consent of their spouse.
    • Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA): It permits applications from adoptive parents in live-in relationships, which it examines on a case-to-case basis.

    However, in October 2023 the Supreme Court ruled that Regulation 5(3) of the CARA Regulations, insofar as it prohibited unmarried and queer couples from adopting, violated Article 15 of the Constitution.

    While India’s Supreme Court declined to legalise same-sex marriage and did not explicitly grant gay couples adoption rights.

     

    PYQ:

    2020: Customs and traditions suppress reason leading to obscurantism. Do you agree?

     

    Practice MCQ:

    Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code which sought to decriminalize homosexuality was struck down in the landmark case of-

    1. Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India
    2. Naz Foundation Govt. v. NCT of Delhi
    3. Suresh Kumar Koushal vs Naz Foundation
    4. None of these

  • [21 March 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Eliminating diseases, one region at a time

    PYQ Relevance:

    Mains: 

    Q) The public health system has limitations in providing universal health coverage. Do you think that the private sector can help in bridging the gap? What other viable alternatives do you suggest? (2015)

    Q) The increase in life expectancy in the country has led to newer health challenges in the community. What are those challenges and what steps need to be taken to meet them? (2022)

    Prelims:

    Which of the following are the reasons for the occurrence of multi-drug resistance in microbial pathogens in India? (2019)
    1. Genetic predisposition of some people
    2. Taking incorrect doses of antibiotics to cure diseases
    3. Using antibiotics in livestock farming
    4. Multiple chronic diseases in some people

    Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
    a) 1 and 2 only
    b) 2 and 3 only
    c) 1, 3 and 4
    d) 2, 3 and 4

    Note4Students: 

    Mains: Health Care System in India and Major Challenges;

    Mentor comments: “United we stand divided we Fall”. Recently, there has a significant progress made in eradicating guinea worm disease, with a reduction from 3.5 million cases in 1986 to just 13 cases in five countries by 2023. This success underscores the importance of focusing on disease elimination as a crucial step towards eradication, aligning with the Sustainable Development Goals of ending epidemics like malaria, tuberculosis, and Neglected Tropical Diseases by 2030. There is a need for adopting effective solutions at the local level is more effective for disease elimination.

    Let’s learn. 

    —

    Why in the News?

    Multisectoral collaboration, encouraging innovation and adopting locally effective solutions that facilitate disease elimination, is more effective at the regional level.

    Context:

    • The Carter Center, a leader in the global elimination and eradication of diseases, recently reported that guinea worm disease was close to eradication.
    • From 3.5 million cases a year in 21 countries in 1986, the number had come down to 13 in five countries in 2023, a reduction of 99.99%. This would be the second disease after smallpox to be eradicated and the first one with no known medicines or vaccines.
    • This has created increased attention to disease elimination, the first step in eradication. Ending the epidemics of malaria, tuberculosis, and Neglected Tropical Diseases by 2030 is one of the Sustainable Development Goals set by the United Nations.

    What are the Current requirements for the Public Health System?

    1) Collaborative efforts:

    • Rigorous Certification Requirements: International agencies impose stringent criteria for certification, necessitating thorough preparation. Preparation for certification drives improvements in primary healthcare, diagnostics, and surveillance systems.
    • Increased Involvement of Field Staff and Community Health Workers: The pursuit of certification encourages greater engagement from field staff and community health workers, motivated by the clearly defined goal.
    • Attraction of International Support: Certification efforts attract international support, bolstering resources and expertise.
    • Political and Bureaucratic Commitment: The pursuit of certification fosters high levels of commitment from political and bureaucratic entities.

    2) Feasibility of Elimination in India:

    • Strategic Focus: Recommend focusing on pathogens with high population impact and low enough numbers to make elimination possible.
    • Gradual Approach: The initial aim should be to reduce disease numbers to a practical level through disease control before pursuing elimination.
    • Understanding Processes and Costs: Reduction in disease numbers enables understanding of elimination processes and associated costs.
    • Strengthening Health Systems: Provides an opportunity to strengthen existing health systems to effectively implement elimination strategies.

    3) Need for surveillance systems

    • Comprehensive Data Collection: Surveillance systems are crucial for capturing every instance of the disease within a population, providing accurate and real-time data for decision-making.
    • Monitoring Progress: Surveillance systems allow for monitoring the progress of disease elimination efforts, assessing the effectiveness of interventions, and identifying areas that require additional support or resources.
    • Confirmation and Diagnosis: Strengthening laboratories for screening and confirmation ensures accurate diagnosis of cases, facilitating appropriate treatment and management.
    • Ensuring Availability of Resources: Surveillance helps in identifying gaps in resources such as medicines and consumables, enabling authorities to ensure their availability to support elimination efforts.
    • Training and Capacity Building: Surveillance systems facilitate training of healthcare workers on the requirements of elimination strategies, ensuring a skilled workforce capable of implementing surveillance protocols effectively.

    What are the Challenges of the Healthcare System?

    • Resource Strain: Eliminating the transmission of diseases is difficult and requires significant resources. The process places a heavy burden on the healthcare system, potentially diverting attention from other essential health functions.
    • Potential Neglect of Health Functions: Focusing on disease elimination may divert attention and resources away from other critical health priorities, especially in weaker health systems.
    • High Prevalence of Diseases: Diseases with high prevalence and significant impact on populations pose greater challenges for elimination, requiring comprehensive strategies and interventions.
    • Cost-Benefit Analysis: Careful analysis of the costs and benefits is crucial to ensure that the resources invested in disease elimination yield optimal outcomes and minimize adverse impacts on healthcare systems and communities.

    Measures that need to be taken at Regional level (Way Forward)

    • Regional Effectiveness: Multisectoral collaboration and innovation are more effective at the regional level for disease elimination. Smaller units allow for better resource management without neglecting essential tasks.
    • Ownership by Governments: While elimination efforts can proceed regionally, both national and state governments must take ownership of the process.
    • Phased Approach: Regional elimination efforts should be phased to culminate at the national level. Planning from a national perspective is essential to ensure coordinated progress across the country.
    • Technical and Material Support: Regional implementation requires technical and material support. Progress in regional elimination efforts needs to be closely monitored.
    • National Control: The Union government plays a crucial role in dealing with diseases spreading across states and at ports of entry to prevent reintroduction.

    Conclusion: Enhancing surveillance systems, fostering multisectoral collaboration, and adopting a phased regional approach under government ownership is crucial for successful disease elimination. Scaling up efforts gradually across India is imperative for national elimination goals.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/eliminating-diseases-one-region-at-a-time/article67973191.ece

  • Why has Karnataka banned certain coloring agents?

    Why in the news?

    • Karnataka has become the third state in South India to prohibit the use of specific coloring agents in cotton candy and gobi manchurian due to their identified harmful effects.

    Context-

    • While the Government plans to create awareness among manufacturers, it has also urged consumers to be aware of what they are consuming.
    • The Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 stipulates a fine of not less than ₹10 lakh and a jail term of a minimum of seven years, extending to life imprisonment, against those using banned chemical substances in food products.

    What did the survey results show?/Key findings from the sample testing

    • Presence of Harmful Chemicals: Laboratory tests revealed the presence of harmful chemicals in many samples collected from the state.
    • Cotton Candy Samples: Out of 25 cotton candy samples collected, 15 were found to be unsafe as they contained added colors, while the remaining 10 were deemed safe as they were made without added colors.
    • Gobi Manchurian Samples: Among the 171 samples of gobi manchurian collected, 107 were declared unsafe due to the presence of added colors, while 64 were considered safe as they did not contain added colors.

    What were the harmful chemicals?

    • Harmful Chemicals: The unsafe samples of cotton candy contained traces of sunset yellow, tartrazine, and rhodamine-b, while unsafe gobi Manchurian samples had tartrazine, sunset yellow, and carmoisine. Rhodamine-b, a suspected carcinogen, is already banned.
    • Restrictions on Tartrazine: Although tartrazine is an approved artificial food color, there are restrictions on its usage. It can only be used in specific packed food items, with prescribed amounts. It cannot be used in freshly prepared food items.
    • Health Concerns: The Food Safety Commissioner emphasized that prolonged consumption of snacks containing artificial colors can lead to severe diseases like cancer, highlighting the importance of the ban in safeguarding public health.

    What are the Penalties?

    • Prohibition on Artificial Colors: Rule 16 of the Food Safety and Standards Act prohibits the use of artificial colors in the preparation of gobi manchurian.
    • Approved Limits for Food Colors: While certain food colors are allowed within approved limits, non-permitted colors like rhodamine-b should not be used in the preparation of cotton candy.
    • Penalties for Offenders: Violators face severe penalties, including cancellation of licenses for commercial activities, hefty fines, and imprisonment. The Food Safety and Standards Act specifies a minimum fine of ₹10 lakh and a jail term of at least seven years, which can extend to life imprisonment, for those found using banned chemical substances in food products.

    Way Forward:

    • Enforcement and Monitoring: Health safety officials will likely conduct random checks to ensure compliance with the ban on harmful chemicals and artificial colors.
    • Public Awareness Campaigns: The government will continue its efforts to raise awareness among manufacturers and consumers regarding the risks associated with harmful chemicals and artificial colors in food products.
    • Regulatory Review: There might be a review of existing regulations and standards related to food safety to further strengthen controls and ensure comprehensive coverage of potentially risky food items beyond gobi manchurian, such as kebabs, that may use coloring agents.
    • Collaboration with Stakeholders: Collaboration between government authorities, food manufacturers, and other stakeholders in the food industry will be crucial to implement and enforce the ban effectively. This may include consultations, partnerships, and dialogues to address challenges and ensure compliance with regulations.

    Conclusion: Karnataka banned certain coloring agents in response to findings of harmful chemicals in food samples. Strict penalties and enforcement measures are in place, alongside awareness campaigns and collaboration with stakeholders to ensure compliance and safeguard public health.

  • Top 1% Indians’ income share is higher now than under British-rule

    Why in the news? 

    • In 2022, 22.6% of the national income went to the top 1% of Indians. Cut to 1951, their share in the income was only 11.5% and even lower in the 1980s  just before India opened-up its economy at 6%.

    Context: India’s top 1% income and wealth shares (22.6% and 40.1%) are at their highest historical levels in 2022-’23 and the country’s top 1% income share is among the very highest in the world as per World Inequality Lab.

    Key findings from the ‘Income and Wealth Inequality in India’ report by the World Inequality Lab

    • Increase in Share of Top 10%: The share of the top 10% of Indians in national income rose from 36.7% in 1951 to 57.7% in 2022.
    • Decline in Share of Bottom 50%: The bottom 50% of Indians earned only 15% of the national income in 2022, compared to 20.6% in 1951, indicating a decrease in their share.
    • Decrease in Share of Middle 40%: The middle 40% of Indians experienced a significant decline in their share of income from 42.8% to 27.3% over the period.
    • Rapid Widening of Income Gap: The gap between the rich and the poor has widened rapidly in the last two decades.
    • Historic Peak for Wealthiest 1%: In 2022, the share of national income that went to the wealthiest 1% of Indians reached a historic peak, surpassing levels observed in developed countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom.

    Income group-wise share in national income, and the adult population in each bracket as of 2022-23

    • Distribution Across Income Percentiles: Approximately one crore adults were in the top 1%, ten crore in the top 10%, 36 crore in the middle 40%, and 46 crore were in the bottom 50% of the income pyramid.
    • Concentration of Wealth at the Top: The top 0.001% of the income pyramid, comprising about 10,000 richest Indians, earned 2.1% of the national income, highlighting extreme wealth concentration.
    • High Shares of National Income: The top 0.01% and top 0.1% of income earners earned disproportionately high shares of the national income, accounting for 4.3% and 9.6%, respectively. This reflects significant income inequality, with a small segment capturing a large portion of the country’s wealth.
    The year wise share of national income for the top 10%, bottom 50% and that middle 40% of the population:

    • 1950s-60s: Negligible income gap between the top 10% and the middle 40% of earners.
    • 1980s: Bottom 50% saw a slight increase in their share of national income, contributing to narrowing the gap.
    • 1990s Onwards (Post-liberalization): The income share of the top 10% surged dramatically, while shares of the other two groups steadily declined. This trend persisted into the 2000s and early 2010s, stabilizing thereafter.
    •  In 2022:  the top 1% of earners had a higher share of national income than the richest 1% during colonial rule.
    • Income Disparities: The average annual income of the top 1% was ₹53 lakh, 23 times more than the average Indian’s income of ₹2.3 lakh in 2022-23. The average income of the bottom 50% and middle 40% stood at ₹71,000 and ₹1.65 lakh, respectively, during the same period.

    Richest 1% of Indians’ share in the national income

    • Pre-Independence (1930s): The top 1% of earners had a significant share of national income, surpassing the 20% mark.
    • Post-Independence: After independence and the merger of princely states with Independent India, the share of the top 1% steadily declined, reaching close to 6% in the 1980s.
    • Post-liberalization: Following liberalization reforms, the income share of the top 1% surged again, presently hovering around the 22.5% mark.
    • Comparison with British Rule: The current income share of the top 1% is much higher than their share under British rule, highlighting a return to historical levels of income concentration.

    The income share of India’s top 10% and top 1%, compared with select countries in 2022-23

    • India’s Income Growth: India’s income levels are not growing as rapidly as other comparable economies.
    • High Share of Top 1%: Despite slower overall income growth, the top 1% of earners in India have a disproportionately high share of national income.
    • Comparison with Advanced Countries: In 2022-23, the income shares of India’s top 1% were higher than those recorded in advanced countries like the United States, China, France, the United Kingdom, and Brazil.

    China and Vietnam’s average incomes grew at a much faster pace than India’s

    • Economic Policies: China and Vietnam implemented economic policies that focused on export-oriented growth, attracting foreign investment, and promoting industrialization. These policies contributed to rapid economic expansion and increased average incomes in both countries.
    • Liberalization and Reforms: Both China and Vietnam underwent significant economic liberalization and reforms, allowing for greater market integration, privatization of state-owned enterprises, and relaxation of trade barriers. These reforms stimulated economic growth and led to higher average incomes.
    • Investment in Infrastructure: China and Vietnam invested heavily in infrastructure development, including transportation networks, energy systems, and telecommunications. This infrastructure investment facilitated economic development and improved productivity, leading to higher average incomes

    Income inequality in India can be attributed to various factors:

    • Historical Factors: Historical disparities in wealth distribution, exacerbated by colonial rule and feudal systems, have contributed to persistent income inequality.
    • Economic Growth Patterns: India’s economic growth needs to be more inclusive, with benefits disproportionately accruing to certain segments of society, particularly urban and educated populations. This uneven growth exacerbates income inequality.
    • Structural Issues: Structural factors such as unequal access to education, healthcare, and employment opportunities perpetuate income disparities. Marginalized groups such as Dalits, Adivasis, and women often face barriers to accessing quality education and formal employment, limiting their income-earning potential.
    • Land Ownership and Agriculture: Unequal distribution of land ownership and disparities in agricultural productivity contribute to income inequality, particularly in rural areas where agriculture remains a primary source of livelihood.
    • Labor Market Dynamics: Informal employment, low wages, and lack of job security in the informal sector contribute to income inequality. Additionally, skill mismatches and technological advancements may widen the income gap by favoring skilled workers over unskilled laborers.
    • Lack of Financial Inclusion: Limited access to formal financial services and lack of asset ownership, such as land or property, among marginalized communities further perpetuate income inequality.
    • Corruption and Cronyism: Corruption, crony capitalism, and unequal access to resources and opportunities exacerbate income inequality by favoring vested interests and hindering equitable wealth distribution.

    Conclusion: India witnesses unprecedented income inequality with the top 1% accruing a higher share of national income than under British rule. Structural factors, uneven economic growth, and limited access to resources perpetuate income disparities, requiring comprehensive policy interventions for equitable growth.

    Mains PYQ

    Q. It is argued that the strategy of inclusive growth is intended to meet the objective of inclusiveness and sustainability together. Comment on this statement. ( UPSC IAS/2019)

  • Data marketplaces: the next frontier

    Why in the news?

    The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeiTY) released the National Data Governance Framework Policy (NPD Framework) which was touted as the first building block of the digital architecture being conceived to maximize data.

    Context:

    • The role of digitization in realizing India’s vision of becoming a $5 trillion economy cannot be overstated.
    • As per a NASSCOM report, data and artificial intelligence (AI) can add approximately $450-500 billion to India’s GDP by 2025.

    Types of data:

    • Personal Data – Data containing identifiers that can be used to identify specific individuals.
    • Non-Personal Data (NPD)- data excluding personal data. It constitutes the primary type of citizen data obtained by the government and holds the potential to serve as a ‘public good’.

    Significance of Non-personal data-

    • NPD as a Public Good: NPD (Non-Personal Data) is considered the primary type of citizen data collected by the government. It holds the potential to serve as a ‘public good’, implying its utility and value to society as a whole.
    • Integration of NPD in Public Services: Advocates for integrating NPD into the delivery of public services to create synergies and scalable solutions. Integration aims to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of public service delivery.
    • Application of Advanced Analytics and AI: Utilizing high-value advanced analytics and artificial intelligence (AI) on NPD can lead to predicting socially and economically beneficial outcomes. Such applications can span across various sectors of the economy.
    • Key Sectors for Data-Driven Insights: Meteorological and disaster forecasts: Utilizing NPD to enhance predictions and preparedness for weather-related events and disasters. Infrastructure capacity and citizen use patterns: Understanding how citizens interact with infrastructure to optimize usage and planning.
    • Mobility and housing patterns: Analyzing data to inform transportation and housing policies.
    • Employment trends: Using NPD to predict and address changes in employment patterns and workforce needs.
    • Informing Governance and Public Functions: NPD-driven insights can better inform decision-making in governance and public functions. Data analytics can provide valuable information for policy formulation and resource allocation.

    Challenges related to NDP:

    • Privacy and Security Concerns: The unprotected inter-flow of NPD across government departments, third parties, and citizens can lead to privacy breaches and make sensitive data vulnerable. This vulnerability can disproportionately benefit capacity-carrying actors such as Big Tech.
    • Risk of Faulty Decision-making: Imperfect analysis of crucial public trends resulting from the exchange of NPD can lead to faulty decision-making. The inefficient exchange of data fails to unlock the power of interdisciplinary legislative and policy-making.
    • Gaps in the NPD Framework: The NPD Framework lacks actionable guidance and practical operationalization, focusing on abstract high-level principles and objectives. It overlooks mechanisms for pricing data, appropriate legal structures for data exchange, and standardized governance tools.
    • Lack of Legislation and Operationalization: While legislation is expected, the practical implementation and operationalization of the NPD Framework are overlooked. Questions remain unanswered regarding stakeholder rights and obligations across sectors.

    Steps by Government:

    • Agriculture Data Exchange in Telangana: Telangana State has developed an agriculture data exchange platform. The platform aims to facilitate the exchange of agricultural data among various stakeholders. It is likely designed to enhance decision-making, productivity, and innovation in the agriculture sector.
    • India Urban Data Exchange (IUDX): The Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs, in collaboration with the Indian Institute of Science, has established the India Urban Data Exchange (IUDX).
      • IUDX enables better urban planning, infrastructure development, and governance through data-driven insights.
    • Data Exchanges for Geospatial Policy: The Department of Science & Technology has announced plans to establish data exchanges to implement aspects of the National Geospatial Policy.

    Measures to address these challenges:

    • Need for Critical Evaluation and Enhancement: A critical evaluation of the NPD Framework is necessary to address existing gaps. Enhancements to the framework can supplement MeiTY’s efforts to regulate NPD and facilitate interoperability across sectors.
    •  Learn from International practice: countries like Australia, the UK, and Estonia highlight the adoption of data exchange frameworks and protocols. These frameworks have been applied across various sectors such as housing, employment, aged care, and agriculture to address specific issues like unemployment.
    • Regulatory Design for Data Exchanges: Creating a regulatory design for data exchanges in India can digitize and automate public welfare functions. It can reduce administrative burden, facilitate inter-sectoral integration, and build safeguards for using and sharing NPD, making civic functions more participatory.
    • Stakeholder Consultation: Engage stakeholders from government, industry, academia, and civil society in the evaluation process. Gather feedback on practical challenges faced in implementing the framework and areas needing clarification or enhancement.

    Conclusion: A comprehensive evaluation and enhancement of the NPD Framework are imperative. Learning from international practices, establishing regulatory designs for data exchanges, and fostering stakeholder consultations will pave the way for effective governance of non-personal data.