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  • [17th March 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: The challenges of public health education in India

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) “In a crucial domain like the public healthcare system, the Indian State should play a vital role to contain the adverse impact of marketisation of the system. Suggest some measures through which the State can enhance the reach of public healthcare at the grassroots level.” (2024)

    Reason: This question requires an understanding of the challenges within the public healthcare system, including the availability and competence of public health professionals, which is linked to the quality and accessibility of public health education.

     

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC Mains have focused on the ‘Public health system’ (in 2015) and  ‘role of Indian state in public healthcare system’ (2024).

    The U.S. decision to leave the World Health Organization (WHO) and cut funding for the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) has caused major disruptions in healthcare services in many developing countries. However, India has remained mostly unaffected because it relies very little on international aid, which makes up only 1% of its total health spending.

    Today’s editorial discusses the impact of the U.S. decision to withdraw from the World Health Organization (WHO) and reduce funding for the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). This analysis is relevant for GS Paper 2, covering International Relations (IR) and Governance in the health sector.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Recently, the U.S. decided to leave the World Health Organization (WHO) and cut funding for the United States Agency for International Development (USAID).

    Why has the withdrawal of U.S. funding from WHO and USAID had a limited impact on India’s public health system?

    • Low Dependence on Foreign Aid – International aid accounts for only 1% of India’s total health expenditure, making the system largely self-reliant. For example, India’s Ayushman Bharat scheme is fully funded by the government, reducing dependence on external grants.
    • Strong Domestic Health Programs – India has large-scale, government-funded health programs like the National Health Mission (NHM) and the Universal Immunization Programme (UIP). For instance, India’s polio eradication drive was successful primarily due to government initiatives rather than foreign aid.
    • Growing Private Healthcare Sector – The private sector plays a dominant role in healthcare delivery, reducing reliance on foreign-funded public health initiatives. For example, large hospital networks like Apollo Hospitals and Narayana Health operate independently of international funding.
    • Diversified Funding Sources – India receives aid from multiple global organizations, including the Gavi Vaccine Alliance and the Global Fund, ensuring that a reduction in U.S. contributions does not severely impact the overall funding pool. For example, India’s HIV/AIDS control programs receive support from UNAIDS and the Global Fund, not just USAID.
    • Increased Government Health Spending – The Union Budget allocations for health have consistently increased, helping sustain key health initiatives. For instance, India’s health budget in 2023-24 was ₹89,155 crore, allowing for the continued expansion of primary health infrastructure and insurance schemes without heavy reliance on foreign aid.

    What are the key challenges faced by Master of Public Health (MPH) graduates in securing employment in India?

    • Limited Government Job Opportunities – Despite the increasing number of MPH graduates, government recruitment has stagnated. For example, the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) initially opened roles for non-medical public health specialists, but hiring has since slowed.
    • Preference for Medical and Management Professionals – The private healthcare sector prioritizes hospital administrators and business managers over public health specialists. For instance, private hospitals often recruit MBA (Healthcare) graduates for leadership roles rather than MPH holders.
    • Declining International Funding for Public Health – Many research institutions and NGOs rely on foreign grants, which are shrinking due to the U.S. withdrawal from WHO and USAID cuts. For example, NGOs working on tuberculosis control have faced funding reductions, limiting hiring capacity.
    • Lack of Practical Training and Standardization – Many MPH programs lack field experience, making graduates less competitive. For example, graduates from institutions with strong internships (like PHFI) are often preferred over those from colleges with purely theoretical training.
    • Absence of a Public Health Cadre – Unlike developed nations where public health professionals have dedicated government roles, India lacks a structured Public Health Management Cadre. For example, states like Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra have proposed such a cadre, but implementation remains slow.

    How has the expansion of public health education in India led to concerns about the quality of MPH training?

    • Lack of Standardized Curriculum – Different universities follow varied curricula, leading to inconsistencies in training quality. For example, Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS) emphasizes social determinants of health and policy, while Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE) focuses more on epidemiology and biostatistics. This lack of uniformity affects the competencies of graduates.
    • Insufficient Practical Training – Many MPH programs lack field-based learning, making graduates less prepared for real-world public health challenges. For instance, Public Health Foundation of India (PHFI) offers strong internship opportunities in collaboration with state governments, whereas some newer private universities, like Amity University, provide limited hands-on experience.
    • Shortage of Qualified Faculty – Several institutions face a shortage of experienced public health faculty, affecting the depth of education. For example, Banaras Hindu University (BHU) has an established public health faculty, whereas some recently launched programs in private universities struggle to recruit trained professionals, leading to a reliance on general medical or social science faculty.

    What are the steps taken by the Indian government? 

    • Expansion of Public Health Institutes – The government has established institutions to strengthen public health education. Example: The All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health (AIIHPH) and National Institute of Public Health Training & Research (NIPHTR) provide specialized training in public health.
    • Inclusion of Public Health in Government Initiatives – Various health programs now incorporate public health professionals. Example: The National Health Mission (NHM) and Ayushman Bharat programs employ MPH graduates in areas like health policy, epidemiology, and disease surveillance.
    • Strengthening Public Health Cadre – Several states are working on creating a structured public health cadre for MPH graduates. Example: Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra have proposed dedicated Public Health Management Cadres (PHMCs) to integrate MPH professionals into government health services.
    • Skill Development and Capacity Building – Initiatives to enhance practical training and research skills. Example: The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) offer training in epidemiology, biostatistics, and field research.
    • Accreditation and Regulation Efforts – Steps are being taken to ensure uniform standards in MPH education. Example: The University Grants Commission (UGC) has proposed guidelines for public health courses, and discussions are ongoing for a central regulatory body to oversee MPH programs.

    Way forward: 

    • Establishment of a Public Health Cadre – The government should create a dedicated Public Health Management Cadre (PHMC) at the state and central levels to ensure structured employment for MPH graduates. For example, states like Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra have proposed such cadres, but national-level implementation is required.
    • Standardization of MPH Curriculum – A central body like the National Medical Commission (NMC) or the University Grants Commission (UGC) should regulate MPH programs, ensuring a uniform curriculum with a balance of theoretical knowledge and practical skills. For instance, defining core competencies such as epidemiology, health policy, and program management would enhance graduate employability.

  • India, New Zealand resume trade deal talks after decade

    Why in the News?

    After nearly 10 years, India and New Zealand have resumed talks on a free trade agreement (FTA) to strengthen economic relations.

    What is the main objective of resuming India-New Zealand FTA negotiations?

    • Enhancing Market Access & Trade Growth: The FTA aims to expand trade opportunities by reducing tariffs and trade barriers. Example: Bilateral trade surpassed USD 1 billion (April-January 2025), highlighting the potential for further growth.
    • Strengthening Supply Chain Integration: The agreement seeks to improve logistics and supply chain efficiency between the two countries. Example: New Zealand’s dairy and agricultural products could find structured entry into India, while India’s IT and pharmaceutical sectors could benefit from easier access to the New Zealand market.
    • Boosting Investment & Business Opportunities: The FTA will help attract investments and foster job creation in sectors like IT, services, and agriculture. Example: India seeks better mobility for skilled professionals, benefiting industries like software services and engineering.

    Why did the India-New Zealand trade talks stall in 2015?

    • Disagreements Over Dairy Market Access: New Zealand demanded greater access to India’s dairy market, but India resisted to protect its millions of dairy farmers. Example: India’s dairy imports from New Zealand were minimal (~$0.57 million), and India remained firm against allowing raw dairy imports.
    • Tariff Reduction Challenges: New Zealand had a low average tariff of 2.3%, while India had a higher average tariff of 17.8%, making tariff reductions challenging. Example: India was reluctant to lower tariffs on New Zealand’s dairy, meat, and wine exports, fearing a negative impact on domestic industries.
    • Limited Gains for India in Goods Trade: Since New Zealand already had low tariffs and duty-free access for many goods, India saw fewer advantages in an FTA. Example: Indian exports such as textiles, apparel, and pharmaceuticals already had significant access to the New Zealand market.
    • Concerns Over Skilled Labor Mobility: India wanted easier movement of skilled professionals in IT and services, but New Zealand was hesitant. Example: India sought better visa provisions for IT and engineering professionals, which faced resistance.
    • External Trade Pressures: India faced pressure from other countries like the U.S. to open its dairy and agricultural sectors, complicating negotiations. Example: Allowing New Zealand’s dairy products could have set a precedent for other trade partners demanding similar concessions.

    How does the tariff disparity between India and New Zealand pose a challenge to the negotiations?

    • Significant Difference in Average Tariff Rates: New Zealand’s average import tariff is only 2.3%, with over half of its tariff lines duty-free, while India’s average tariff stands at 17.8%. Example: Indian goods already have substantial access to the New Zealand market, making a traditional FTA less beneficial for India.
    • Limited Market Access Gains for India: Since New Zealand already imposes low or no tariffs on many products, India’s exporters may not gain significant new access. Example: Sectors like textiles, pharmaceuticals, and auto components already enter New Zealand with minimal restrictions, reducing the FTA’s potential benefits for India.
    • Pressure on India to Lower Tariffs on Sensitive Sectors: New Zealand is pushing for tariff reductions on dairy, meat, and wine exports, but India is reluctant to protect domestic farmers and industries. Example: India’s dairy sector supports millions of small farmers, making it difficult to allow imports that could undercut local production.
    • Imbalance in Reciprocal Concessions: If India significantly lowers its tariffs, New Zealand would gain more than India, creating an imbalance in trade benefits. Example: India would have to make greater tariff cuts, while New Zealand’s market access would remain largely unchanged.
    • Potential Precedent for Other Trade Partners: If India agrees to major tariff cuts for New Zealand, other countries in future FTAs may demand similar concessions, complicating trade policy. Example: Countries like Australia, the EU, and the U.S. could push India to open up its agriculture and dairy sectors, which India has traditionally protected.

    Way forward: 

    • Balanced Trade Concessions & Sectoral Safeguards: India and New Zealand should explore sector-specific agreements rather than blanket tariff reductions. Example: India can allow limited access to value-added dairy products while ensuring safeguards for domestic farmers. Similarly, New Zealand can offer better terms for India’s IT and services sector.
    • Enhanced Collaboration in Non-Tariff Areas: Both nations should focus on investment facilitation, technology exchange, and regulatory cooperation to maximize mutual benefits beyond tariff cuts. Example: Joint ventures in agritech, renewable energy, and pharmaceuticals can create new trade opportunities without tariff-related conflicts.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Critically analyse India’s evolving diplomatic, economic and strategic relations with the Central Asian Republics (CARs) highlighting their increasing significance in regional and global geopolitics. (2024)

    Reason:  It highlights the importance of analyzing India’s evolving economic relations with other regions, which is similar to the context of resuming talks with New Zealand.

  • Air Pollution will Lower India’s Solar Generation Capacity: Study

    Why in the News?

    A new study by IIT Delhi, published in Environmental Research Letters (November 2024), reveals that air pollution and climate change are undermining solar panel efficiency in India.

    Key Findings of the IIT Delhi Study

    • Efficiency Loss Forecast:
      • Scenario 1 (Moderate climate efforts): Solar panel efficiency is projected to decline by more than 2.3% by 2041-2050.
      • Scenario 2 (Weak climate action, strong air pollution control): Efficiency drops by 2.3%, amounting to at least 840 GWh loss annually.
    • Primary Causes:
      • Solar radiation decline is the biggest factor.
      • Temperature increase follows closely, with a 2°C rise in cell temperature predicted by mid-century.
      • Wind speed variations have minimal but present impact.
    • Kerala and Northeast regions could see higher solar potential due to reduced cloud cover, offering opportunities for future solar investments.

    India’s Solar Capacity

    • India, is the 5th-largest solar power producer globally.
    • India has achieved a significant milestone with a total installed solar capacity of 100.33 GW as of January 31, 2025.
    • India’s solar capacity has increased 35 times in the past decade, growing from 2.82 GW in 2014 to 100 GW in 2025.
    • PM SuryaGhar Muft Bijli Yojana has been a key driver in promoting rooftop solar, with nearly 9 lakh rooftop installations already completed.
    • A record 24.5 GW of solar capacity was added in 2024, more than doubling the installations compared to 2023.
    • In 2024, 18.5 GW of utility-scale solar capacity was installed, a nearly 2.8 x increase compared to the previous year.
    • Rajasthan, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, and Madhya Pradesh are the top-performing states, contributing significantly to India’s solar installations.
    • India’s solar module production capacity has surged from 2 GW in 2014 to 60 GW in 2024, establishing the country as a global leader in solar manufacturing.

    PYQ:

    [2020] India has immense potential for solar energy though there are regional variations in its developments. Elaborate.

    [2018] With reference to solar power production in India, consider the following statements:

    1. India is the third largest in the world in the manufacture of silicon wafers used in photovoltaic units.

    2. The solar power tariffs are determined by the Solar Energy Corporation of India.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) Both 1 and 2

    (d) Neither 1 nor 2

     

  • Definition of ‘Tribe’ in India

    Why in the News?  

    At the recent Indian Anthropology Congress officials from the Anthropological Survey of India (AnSI) and National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) called for a shift in defining tribes.

    Instead of a rigid binary classification—tribe or not—they advocate for a “spectrum of tribalness”.

    About Scheduled Tribes (STs)

    • STs are defined under Article 366(25) of the Indian Constitution as “such tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within such tribes or tribal communities as are deemed under Article 342 to be Scheduled Tribes for the purposes of this Constitution.“
    • Under Article 342, the President notifies STs for each State/UT after consultation with the Governor, and modifications can only be made by Parliament through legislation.
    • Currently, 705 STs are notified across 30 States/UTs, comprising 8.6% of India’s population (2011 Census).
    • They are mainly concentrated in Central India (Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, etc.) and the North-East.

    Existing Criteria for ST Classification (Lokur Committee, 1965)

    • The Lokur Committee (1965) laid down 5 key criteria for classifying STs:
    1. Primitive Traits
    2. Distinctive Culture
    3. Geographical Isolation
    4. Shyness of Contact with the Community at Large
    5. Backwardness
    • Criticisms of Existing Criteria:
      • Termed obsolete, condescending, and colonial by scholars.
      • Many communities today do not fully meet all criteria.
      • Fails to reflect regional diversity, historical coexistence, and social changes.
      • Overly dependent on a binary view of ‘tribe’ vs. ‘non-tribe’, leading to inclusion-exclusion conflicts (e.g., Meitei ST demand in Manipur).

    Proposal for a ‘Spectrum of Tribalness’

    Recent academic and policy discussions (e.g., at the Indian Anthropology Congress) advocate for a paradigm shift:

    • Replace binary classification with a “spectrum of tribalness” or matrix of indicators.
    • Use a broader set of 100-150 indicators, including:
      • Marriage, kinship systems, language, rituals, governance structures, cultural materiality (e.g., headgear, weaponry) etc.
    • Assign weightage to each indicator to determine the degree of tribalness.

    PYQ:

    [2024] Consider the following statements:

    1. It is the Governor of the State who recognizes and declares any community of that State as a Scheduled Tribe.

    2. A community declared as a Scheduled Tribe in a State need not be so in another State.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

     

  • What Laws govern Import of Gold into India?

    Why in the News?

    India is facing a rise in gold smuggling due to higher global gold prices, with a recent high-profile case where an actor was arrested for smuggling over 14 kg of gold from Dubai to Bengaluru.

    Laws Against Gold Smuggling in India:

    • Gold smuggling is regulated by the Customs Act, 1962.
      • Sections 111 & 112 allow confiscation and fines for illegal imports.
      • Section 135 provides up to 7 years imprisonment if the smuggled goods’ value exceeds ₹1 lakh.
    • Under the Baggage Rules, 2016, men abroad for 1+ year can bring 20g duty-free (₹50,000 cap); women can bring 40g (₹1 lakh cap).
    • Customs duty rates:
      • 3% duty: Men (20-50g), Women (40-100g).
      • 6% duty: Men (50-100g), Women (100-200g).
      • 10% duty: Beyond these limits.
    • The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, punishes organized smuggling with 5 years to life imprisonment under Section 111.
    • Under UAPA Section 15, smuggling that affects India’s monetary stability is treated as a terrorist act, attracting life imprisonment.
    • The Supreme Court (2003) ruled that non-compliant imports are prohibited goods, liable for confiscation and punishment.

    India’s Gold Imports:

    • India is the second-largest gold consumer after China, with gold making up 5% of total imports, mostly for the jewellery industry.
    • Major import sources: Switzerland (40%), UAE (16%), South Africa (10%).
    • Budget 2024 reduced import duty from 15% to 6% to control smuggling and balance trade.
    • In April-July 2024-25, gold imports dipped by 4.23%, easing pressure on the Current Account Deficit (CAD).
    • April-June 2024:
      • Gems & jewellery exports: US$ 6.87 bn.
      • Diamonds: 53.47%, gold jewellery: 32.39% (US$ 608 mn), silver jewellery: 3.36%.
      • Gold jewellery imports: US$ 88.61 mn (June 2024).
    • Major production hubs: Surat, Mumbai, Jaipur, Thrissur, Nellore, Delhi, Hyderabad, Kolkata.
    • India targets US$ 100 billion gems & jewellery exports by 2027, making it a focus sector for export promotion.

    PYQ:

    [2016] What is/are the purpose/purposes of Government’s ‘Sovereign Gold Bond Scheme’ and ‘Gold Monetization Scheme’?

    1. To bring the idle gold lying with Indian households into the economy.

    2. To promote FDI in the gold and jewellery sector.

    3. To reduce India’s dependence on gold imports.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

     

  • A voluntary mandate: On the APAAR student ID

    Why in the News?

    The Ministry of Education introduced the Automated Permanent Academic Account Registry (APAAR) ID to digitally store each student’s academic records, providing a single, reliable source of their educational history throughout their life in India.

    Should the APAAR ID be imposed without a legal framework in place?

    • Violation of Right to Privacy: Without a legal framework, imposing APAAR violates the right to privacy upheld by the Supreme Court in the Puttaswamy judgment (2017). Example: The Court ruled that Aadhaar cannot be mandatory for basic services like school admissions. APAAR, linked to Aadhaar, may similarly infringe on privacy rights.
    • Lack of Informed Consent: Mandatory implementation without clear legal guidelines undermines voluntary participation and informed consent. Example: Parents in Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka face pressure to enroll their children despite official claims that APAAR is voluntary.
    • Data Security Risks: Collecting sensitive student data without legal safeguards increases vulnerability to data breaches and misuse. Example: The Aadhaar leak incidents exposed millions of personal records, highlighting risks in handling large-scale digital databases without strict protection laws.
    • Discrimination and Exclusion: Errors in digital records (e.g., name mismatches) can exclude students from educational benefits if no legal recourse is available. Example: In DigiLocker, discrepancies in Aadhaar details have led to failed registrations and denial of services. Similar risks exist with APAAR.
    • Need for Legislative Oversight: A legal framework ensures transparency, accountability, and public trust in the system’s operation. Example: Countries like Germany regulate educational data under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) to protect citizens’ privacy. India lacks similar comprehensive safeguards for APAAR.

    What is the purpose of the APAAR ID introduced by the Ministry of Education?

    • Digitisation of Academic Records: APAAR (Automated Permanent Academic Account Registry) aims to create a digital repository for every student’s academic transcripts, ensuring a lifetime record of their educational journey.
      • It seeks to provide a unified and verified database for academic credentials, reducing discrepancies and ensuring authenticity across institutions.
    • Improved Accessibility and Portability: Enables students to access, share, and transfer their academic records seamlessly across educational institutions and employment platforms.
    • Integration with Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI): APAAR is part of the broader Digital Public Infrastructure strategy, aligning with initiatives like UDISE+ and the Student Database Management System to enhance educational governance.
    • Facilitating Future Opportunities: It aims to streamline processes like scholarship applications, higher education admissions, and employment verification, making these services more efficient and transparent.

    How are schools and state education authorities in Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka enforcing APAAR enrolment?

    • Imposing 100% Enrolment Targets: Schools have been directed to achieve “saturation”, meaning complete APAAR enrolment for all students, putting pressure on administrators and parents. Example: In Uttar Pradesh, education authorities have set strict deadlines for schools to register every student under the APAAR system.
    • Threatening Consequences for Non-Enrolment: Schools are warning parents of potential penalties or loss of educational services if they refuse to enroll their children. Example: In Karnataka, some schools have informed parents that students may face issues in accessing government benefits and future educational opportunities without APAAR registration.
    • Targeting Minority Institutions and Administrators: Religious minority schools and district education officials face increased scrutiny for discrepancies between APAAR and existing student records. Example: In Uttar Pradesh, authorities have questioned minority institutions over mismatched enrollment data, raising concerns about discrimination and administrative overreach.

    Way forward: 

    • Enact a Clear Legal Framework: Introduce legislation to regulate APAAR, ensuring data protection, informed consent, and compliance with the right to privacy as upheld by the Supreme Court.
    • Ensure Voluntary Participation and Transparency: Maintain APAAR enrolment as optional, provide clear communication to parents and institutions, and establish grievance redressal mechanisms to address errors and concerns.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Examine the scope of Fundamental Rights in the light of the latest judgement of the Supreme Court on the Right to Privacy. (UPSC IAS/2017)

    Reason- UPSC’s focus on privacy concerns related to government actions.

  • A school closure that must be called out

    Why in the News?

    The shutdown of the only Gondi-medium school in Maharashtra’s Gadchiroli district, which was started in 2019 by the Mohgaon gram panchayat, raises concerns about tribal students learning in their own language.

    What constitutional provisions support the preservation of Adivasi languages and cultures in India?

    • Article 29: Protects the rights of minorities to conserve their distinct languages, scripts, and cultures.
    • Article 350A: Directs the state to provide adequate facilities for instruction in the mother tongue at the primary education level for minority children.
    • Fifth Schedule: Provides special protections and governance provisions for Scheduled Areas, where many Adivasi communities reside.
    • Sixth Schedule: Grants autonomy to certain tribal areas in the northeastern states, allowing self-governance and cultural preservation.
    • Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996 (PESA): Recognizes the role of gram sabhas in self-governance, including decisions related to education in tribal areas.

    How do the forces of absorption in secular and religious realms impact Adivasi communities?

    • Marginalization of Adivasi Languages in Education: Adivasi students are forced to learn in dominant languages, leading to the decline of their mother tongues and weakening of cultural identity. Example: The closure of the Gondi-medium school in Maharashtra due to non-recognition under the Right to Education Act.
    • Loss of Land and Displacement Due to Development Projects: Adivasi communities are displaced from their ancestral lands due to industrial and infrastructural projects, leading to economic instability and cultural loss. Example: Large-scale mining and dam projects in Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh have forced many Adivasis to migrate to urban slums.
    • Religious Assimilation and Erosion of Indigenous Beliefs: Traditional tribal religious practices are undermined or replaced by dominant religions, leading to cultural homogenization. Example: The decline of Sarna worship among Adivasis due to conversions to Hinduism and Christianity.
    • Market-Driven Cultural Appropriation: Tribal art, music, and traditions are exploited for commercial purposes without benefiting the Adivasi creators. Example: Warli and Gond paintings being sold globally, while many Adivasi artists remain in poverty.
    • Denial of Political and Constitutional Recognition: The lack of official recognition for Adivasi languages and cultures weakens their identity and limits access to resources and opportunities. Example: Gondi, spoken by over 2.9 million people, is not included in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution, whereas Sanskrit, spoken by fewer than 25,000, is recognized.

    What are the steps taken by the government?

    • National Education Policy (NEP) 2020: Emphasizes mother-tongue-based education at the primary level, promoting indigenous languages. Example: Bilingual textbooks in tribal languages have been introduced in states like Odisha and Jharkhand.
    • Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS): Aims to provide quality education to tribal students while incorporating their cultural heritage. Example: Over 700 EMRS schools are planned across India, with some offering instruction in tribal languages.
    • Documentation and Digital Preservation Initiatives: Projects to document and preserve endangered tribal languages and cultures. Example: The Scheme for Protection and Preservation of Endangered Languages (SPPEL) under the CIIL (Central Institute of Indian Languages) focuses on documenting languages like Gondi.

    What are the factors that highlight the contrast between the recognition of Sanskrit and Gondi in the Eighth Schedule?

    • Oral vs. Textual Tradition: Sanskrit has a vast corpus of classical texts and scriptures, whereas Gondi follows an oral tradition, making it vulnerable to erosion without formal preservation efforts. Example: Ancient Sanskrit texts like the Vedas are archived and studied, but Gondi folklore and oral histories are at risk of being lost due to a lack of institutional documentation.
    • Number of Speakers: Gondi is spoken by over 2.9 million people across six states, while Sanskrit has fewer than 25,000 speakers. Example: Despite its widespread use among Adivasi communities, Gondi remains unrecognized, whereas Sanskrit, with a much smaller speaker base, is included in the Eighth Schedule.
    • State Support and Promotion: Sanskrit receives government funding, university courses, and institutional backing, whereas Gondi lacks state-supported educational and literary initiatives. Example: Sanskrit is taught in schools and has dedicated institutions like the Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan, while Gondi-medium schools struggle for recognition, such as the case in Maharashtra.
    • Socio-Political Influence: Sanskrit is associated with elite Brahminical traditions and enjoys support from powerful socio-political groups, whereas Gondi is linked to marginalized Adivasi communities with limited political representation. Example: Political leaders and policymakers advocate for Sanskrit’s preservation, but there is little lobbying for Gondi’s inclusion in the Eighth Schedule.
    • Economic and Employment Relevance: Sanskrit is promoted as a classical and sacred language, but it has minimal practical usage in employment, whereas Gondi is actively spoken by tribal communities in daily life. Example: Sanskrit is used in religious and academic contexts, while Gondi is the primary language for communication among Adivasis, yet lacks state recognition.

    Way forward: 

    • Institutional Recognition and Policy Support: Need to include Gondi and other major Adivasi languages in the Eighth Schedule to ensure constitutional recognition, funding for education, and cultural preservation.
    • Community-Led Preservation and Promotion: The Government should strengthen grassroots efforts by empowering Adivasi organizations, establishing indigenous language schools, and promoting digital documentation of oral traditions.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Given the diversities among tribal communities in India, in which specific contexts should they be considered as a single category? (UPSC IAS/2022) 

    Reason- This question is relevant because the closure of the Gondi-medium school highlights the specific educational needs of a particular tribal community (Gondi speakers).

  • What is Hantavirus and how does it spread?

    Why in the News?

    Betsy Arakawa, wife of Oscar-winning actor Gene Hackman, died from a respiratory illness linked to hantavirus, a rare disease transmitted by infected rodents, officials have confirmed.

    What is Hantavirus?

    • Hantavirus is a family of viruses carried by rodents that cause severe illnesses in humans. The two primary diseases it causes are:
    1. Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) – A fatal respiratory illness common in the Americas.
    2. Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS) – Affects the kidneys and causes internal bleeding, mostly found in Asia and Europe.
    • Hantavirus spreads through contact with infected rodent waste, primarily via:
      • Inhalation (Aerosolization) – Breathing in airborne particles from rodent urine, droppings, or saliva.
      • Direct Contact – Touching contaminated surfaces and then touching the eyes, nose, or mouth.
      • Open Wounds – Virus entering through cuts or scratches.
      • Rodent Bites (Rare).
      • Human-to-Human Transmission – Extremely rare, except for Andes virus in South America.

    Is there a Cure or Treatment?

    • No specific antiviral treatment or vaccine exists.
    • Medical care focuses on symptom management:
      • Oxygen therapy for breathing difficulties.
      • ICU support & mechanical ventilation in severe cases.
    • Early detection is crucial – Seek medical help immediately after potential rodent exposure.

  • Neurobiological basis of Substance Abuse Addiction

    Why in the News?

    A groundbreaking study at the University of British Columbia, published in Nature Mental Health, reveals that addiction involves a complex neural circuit regulating cravings, emotions, and decision-making, shifting approaches to treatment and recovery.

    Key Findings of the Research:

    • Addiction Alters a Network of Brain Regions:  A multi-center study analyzing 144 neuroimaging studies with 9,000 participants confirmed that addiction does not affect isolated brain areas but rather disrupts a circuit responsible for craving, emotional regulation, and decision-making.
    • Brain’s Reward System is Hijacked: The nucleus accumbens releases dopamine, reinforcing pleasurable behaviors. Addictive substances exploit this mechanism, making substance use compulsive over time.
    • Withdrawal Causes Emotional Distress: The extended amygdala triggers stress, anxiety, and irritability when substance use stops, driving continued consumption to avoid discomfort.
    • Decision-Making is Impaired: The prefrontal cortex weakens, reducing impulse control and rational thinking, making quitting extremely difficult despite awareness of harm.
    • Adolescents are More Vulnerable: Since the prefrontal cortex matures last, early substance exposure increases long-term addiction risk.
    • Neuroadaptations Persist Even After Abstinence: Brain changes caused by addiction do not immediately reverse, leading to relapse vulnerability even after long periods of sobriety.

    The Three-Stage Cycle of Addiction

    • Binge/Intoxication Stage (Basal Ganglia – Reward Processing)
      • Substance use triggers dopamine release, reinforcing pleasurable behaviors.
      • Over time, the brain associates substance use with intense rewards, increasing dependence.
      • Users experience cravings, leading to compulsive drug-seeking behavior.
    • Withdrawal/Negative Affect Stage (Extended Amygdala – Emotional Distress)
      • When substance use stops, individuals experience withdrawal symptoms like stress, anxiety, and depression.
      • The brain craves relief, pushing individuals toward continued substance use to avoid discomfort.
      • This stage makes quitting extremely difficult, reinforcing addiction.
    • Preoccupation/Anticipation Stage (Prefrontal Cortex – Impulse Control & Cravings)
      • The prefrontal cortex weakens, impairing decision-making and self-control.
      • Cravings dominate thoughts, leading to obsessive focus on substance use.
      • Despite knowing the negative consequences, individuals struggle to quit due to impaired cognitive function.

    This cycle continuously repeats, making addiction a self-reinforcing loop.

    PYQ:

    [2007] Which one of the following parts of the human brain is the regulating center for swallowing and vomiting?

    Options:

    (a) Cerebellum (b) Cerebrum (c) Medulla oblongata (d) Pons

     

  • [13th March 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: The dangerous illusion cast by development rankings

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q)  It is argued that the strategy of inclusive growth is intended to meet the objectives of inclusiveness and sustainability together. Comment on this statement. (UPSC CSE 2019)

     

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on the strategy of objectives of inclusiveness and sustainability together (2019) and the perspective of inclusive growth and sustainable development. (2020).

    California recently faced devastating wildfires, causing around $250 billion in damage—close to Greece’s GDP in 2023. This reveals the hidden costs of development in wealthy nations. If all countries consumed resources like the U.S. or EU, we would need multiple Earths. Yet, the HDI still promotes these unsustainable models as ideals, ignoring ecological realities.

    Today’s editorial talks about how the Human Development Index (HDI) and the Planetary Pressures-adjusted HDI (PHDI) give a misleading view of progress. This topic is useful for GS Paper 2 and GS Paper 3 in the UPSC Mains exam.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Indicators like the United Nations’ HDI and PHDI overlook the fact that Earth has limited resources, promoting development models that may harm the environment and exceed planetary boundaries.

    How does the Human Development Index (HDI) create a misguided perception of progress?

    • Ignores Environmental Impact: HDI measures life expectancy, education, and income but does not account for the environmental damage caused by development. Example: Countries like the United States and Norway have high HDI scores despite being among the largest carbon emitters and resource consumers.
    • Promotes Unsustainable Consumption Patterns: It celebrates the lifestyles of affluent countries without considering whether these consumption patterns can be replicated globally. Example: If every country consumed resources like the European Union, we would need multiple Earths to sustain global life.
    • Overlooks Inequality and Social Justice: HDI does not reflect internal inequalities within countries, masking disparities in wealth distribution and social justice.
      Example: Despite India’s improving HDI score, significant inequalities exist between rural and urban populations in access to education and healthcare.
    • Creates a One-Size-Fits-All Model of Development: It assumes that higher incomes and longer life expectancy automatically equate to better development, disregarding cultural and ecological diversity. Example: Countries like Costa Rica achieve high life expectancy and literacy with a low ecological footprint, offering a sustainable development model.
    • Fails to Recognize Planetary Boundaries: HDI does not measure whether a country’s development exceeds ecological limits, encouraging a pursuit of progress at the cost of environmental sustainability. Example, Nordic countries maintain top HDI rankings despite consuming resources equivalent to five Earths per capita.

    What is Planetary Pressures-adjusted HDI (PHDI)?

    • The PHDI is a modified version of the Human Development Index (HDI) introduced by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in 2020.
    • It adjusts a country’s HDI score by accounting for the environmental impact of its development, particularly focusing on carbon emissions and material consumption.

    Why did the United Nations introduce the Planetary Pressures-adjusted HDI (PHDI)?

    • To Address Environmental Sustainability: The PHDI was introduced to account for the environmental pressures caused by high levels of human development, such as carbon emissions and resource consumption. Example: Countries with high HDI scores, like the United States and Australia, receive lower PHDI rankings due to their significant carbon footprints.
    • To Provide a More Holistic Measure of Progress: It aims to offer a more comprehensive understanding of development by balancing human well-being with environmental responsibility. Example: While Norway ranks highly on the HDI, its PHDI score is reduced because of its high per-capita ecological impact.
    • To Encourage Sustainable Development Models: The PHDI highlights the need for nations to pursue progress within planetary boundaries, promoting more sustainable policy frameworks.
      Example: Costa Rica, with its focus on renewable energy and forest conservation, maintains a more balanced PHDI compared to other high-income countries.

    What should be the true meaning of progress for developing nations like India?

    • Sustainable Development within Ecological Limits: Progress should balance economic growth with environmental sustainability, ensuring the responsible use of natural resources without depleting them for future generations. Example: India’s National Solar Mission aims to increase renewable energy capacity while reducing dependence on fossil fuels, promoting cleaner and sustainable progress.
    • Inclusive and Equitable Growth: Development must ensure social justice by reducing inequalities and providing access to basic services like healthcare, education, and employment for all sections of society. Example: Aspirational Districts Programme focuses on improving underdeveloped areas by enhancing healthcare, education, and infrastructure, fostering inclusive growth.
    • Quality of Life and Human Dignity: True progress prioritizes human well-being, ensuring that every citizen lives with dignity and has access to a safe, healthy, and fulfilling life. Example: The Swachh Bharat Mission improved sanitation across rural India, enhancing public health and ensuring better living conditions.

    Why should developing countries like India adopt a different vision of progress?

    • Environmental Sustainability and Resource Limits: Following the Western model of high consumption is unsustainable for resource-rich but ecologically vulnerable countries. Developing nations must prioritize sustainable practices to avoid environmental degradation. Example: India’s Green Hydrogen Mission aims to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and promote clean energy, aligning growth with environmental conservation.
    • Addressing Social Inequalities: A different vision of progress focuses on reducing socio-economic disparities by ensuring equitable access to basic services like healthcare, education, and livelihoods. Example: Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana promotes financial inclusion by providing banking services to marginalized communities, fostering inclusive development.

    What are the steps taken by the Indian government? 

    • National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) (2008): Includes eight missions focusing on renewable energy, water conservation, and sustainable agriculture. Example: The National Solar Mission aims to achieve 280 GW of solar power by 2030.
    • Green Hydrogen Mission (2023): Promotes the use of green hydrogen to reduce fossil fuel dependency and cut carbon emissions.
    • Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) (2014): Provides banking access to the unbanked population, enhancing financial inclusion.
    • Ayushman Bharat (PM-JAY) (2018): Provides health coverage to over 500 million people, ensuring access to quality healthcare for low-income groups.
    • Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) (2005): This guarantees 100 days of wage employment per year to rural households, ensuring livelihood security.
    • Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana (2014): Focuses on skill development and employment for rural and urban poor.

    Way forward: 

    • Adopt a Balanced Development Approach: Integrate environmental sustainability with social and economic policies, ensuring that progress respects planetary boundaries while addressing socio-economic disparities. Example: Strengthen initiatives like the Green Hydrogen Mission and promote circular economy practices to reduce ecological footprints.
    • Enhance Social Equity and Human Well-being: Prioritize inclusive growth by improving access to quality healthcare, education, and employment for all, especially marginalized communities. Example: Expand programs like Ayushman Bharat and Skill India Mission to ensure equitable opportunities and better living standards.