💥Join UPSC 2027,2028 Mentorship (August Batch) + XFactor Notes & Microthemes PDF
Talk to Mentor

Civilsdaily

Login

GS Paper: GS1

  • Magnificent Nataraja Statue: A Tribute to Chola Artistry

    nataraja

    Central Idea

    • In New Delhi’s Pragati Maidan, a grand 27-foot Nataraja statue, the world’s tallest depiction of Lord Shiva in his dancing form, awaits the arrival of G20 leaders.
    • Craftsmen behind the statue trace their lineage 34 generations back to the Cholas.

    The Nataraja Masterpiece

    • Crafted from an eight-metal alloy (ashtadhatu) by skilled artisans from Swamimalai, Tamil Nadu.
    • Weighing approximately 18 tonnes, it was transported across the country on a 36-wheel trailer.
    • The statue’s design draws inspiration from three revered Nataraja idols:
      1. Thillai Nataraja Temple in Chidambaram.
      2. Uma Maheswarar Temple in Konerirajapuram.
      3. Brihadeeswara (Big) Temple in Thanjavur (a UNESCO World Heritage Site).

    The Cholas and Nataraja

    • All three temples that inspired the Bharat Mandapam Nataraja statue were originally constructed by the Cholas.
    • During the 9th-11th centuries AD, the Cholas ruled much of peninsular India and were known for their patronage of art and culture.
    • Chola art and architecture flourished during their territorial expansion.

    Significance: Shiva as the Lord of Dance

    • Lord Shiva’s portrayal as Nataraja evolved from the Vedic deity Rudra.
    • Shiva is a complex deity, embodying both destructive and protective aspects.
    • Nataraja, the Lord of Dance, symbolizes Shiva’s role as both the destroyer and protector.
    • He is known to have invented numerous dances, ranging from calm to fierce and orgiastic.

    Iconography of Nataraja

    • Nataraja is often depicted within a flaming aureole or halo, representing the circle of the world.
    • He has long dreadlocks, signifying the energy of his dance, and four arms.
    • In his upper right hand, he holds a damru (hand drum), in the upper left, agni (fire).
    • A dwarf-like figure beneath his foot symbolizes illusion.
    • Nataraja’s front right hand makes the ‘abhayamudra’ (gesture to allay fear), and he points to his raised feet with his front left hand.
    • Despite its complex symbolism, Nataraja typically wears a serene smile, signifying the duality of life and death.

    The Lost Wax Method

    • The 27-foot Bharat Mandapam Nataraja statue was created using the traditional ‘lost-wax’ casting method, indigenous to the Chola era.
    • This method dates back at least 6,000 years.
    • It involves creating a wax model, covering it with a special soil paste, heating it to remove the wax, leaving behind a hollow mould, which is then filled with molten metal.
    • This technique was mastered by the Cholas and is considered a pinnacle of metallurgical artistry.

  • What is heat index and why is it important to measure?

    What’s the news?

    • In August, the coastal regions of Iran bore witness to an astonishing and potentially life-threatening event: a scorching heat index of 70 degrees Celsius (°C). Public holidays were declared on August 2 and 3 due to what was described as unprecedented heat.

    Central idea

    • The alarming incidents of rising heat temperatures are not isolated; Iran had already grappled with extreme heat earlier in the year when the Persian Gulf Airport recorded a heat index of 66.7°C. The dire consequences of such soaring temperatures demand our attention and action.

    What is the heat index?

    • The heat index, also known as the apparent temperature or feels-like temperature, is a measure of how hot it feels to the human body when relative humidity is factored in along with the actual air temperature.
    • In essence, it quantifies the discomfort or perceived warmth caused by the combination of high temperatures and high humidity.

    How is the heat index calculated?

    • Dr. Robert Steadman’s Formula: Dr. Robert Steadman, a professor at Colorado State University, developed a complex formula in 1979 to calculate the heat index. This formula considers various parameters, including air temperature and relative humidity.
    • Parameters in the Formula: The formula takes into account the following parameters:
      • Air temperature (in degrees Fahrenheit).
      • Relative humidity (expressed as a decimal, e.g., 50% RH becomes 0.50).
      • Coefficients specific to the formula (c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, and c9).
    • Nonlinear Relationship: The formula is complex because it accounts for the nonlinear relationship between temperature, humidity, and how humans perceive heat.
    • Global Variations: Different countries may have their own variations of heat index calculations, but Dr. Steadman’s formula is widely recognized and used as a standard reference.

    Significance of measuring the heat index

    • Accurate Perception of Heat: The heat index provides a more accurate representation of how hot it feels to the human body compared to the actual air temperature. It factors in relative humidity, which significantly affects human comfort in hot conditions.
    • Health Impact Assessment: Measuring the heat index is crucial for assessing the potential health risks associated with hot weather. It helps identify conditions that may lead to heat-related illnesses, including heat exhaustion and heatstroke.
    • Preventing Heat Stress: High humidity levels, considered in the heat index, can lead to heat stress. Monitoring the heat index assists in recognizing situations where heat stress is more likely to occur, prompting individuals to take the necessary precautions.
    • Issuing Public Warnings: Weather agencies and authorities use the heat index to issue heat advisories and warnings to the public. These warnings inform people about the heightened risks associated with high heat index values, encouraging them to take protective measures.
    • Workplace Safety: Measuring the heat index is vital for ensuring workplace safety, particularly in industries involving outdoor work or non-air-conditioned environments. It enables employers and workers to implement safety measures to prevent heat-related illnesses and injuries.
    • Emergency Preparedness: Emergency response and preparedness agencies rely on heat index information to anticipate and respond to heat-related emergencies. This includes managing heat-related illnesses and addressing the increased demand for cooling during heatwaves.
    • Adapting to Climate Change: With the increasing frequency and intensity of heatwaves associated with climate change, monitoring the heat index becomes essential. It assists in adapting to changing climate conditions and developing strategies to mitigate heat-related risks.

    How does high humidity impact the human body?

    • Heat Stress: High humidity can lead to heat stress, where the body struggles to dissipate excess heat. The typical human core temperature range is 36.1 to 37.2°C. When the body can’t effectively shed surplus heat, the core temperature rises, potentially causing symptoms such as heat exhaustion, rashes, and an elevated heart rate.
    • Reduced Cooling: In high humidity, the body’s natural cooling mechanism, which relies on sweating and evaporation, becomes less effective. The saturated air makes it challenging for sweat to evaporate, hindering the body’s ability to lose excess heat. This results in discomfort and a heightened risk of heat-related illnesses.
    • Perceived Temperature: High humidity can make the air feel significantly hotter than the actual air temperature. This increase in perceived temperature, often reflected in the heat index, contributes to a sense of extreme heat and discomfort.
    • Dehydration Risk: To compensate for reduced evaporative cooling in high humidity, individuals may sweat profusely. This increased sweating can raise the risk of dehydration if fluid losses are not replenished adequately.
    • Respiratory Discomfort: Humid air can pose challenges for individuals with respiratory conditions like asthma. The added moisture in the air may make breathing more difficult, worsening respiratory symptoms.
    • Sleep Disturbances: High humidity can disrupt sleep patterns, as sleeping in a warm and muggy environment can be uncomfortable. Restlessness and difficulties falling or staying asleep may occur in such conditions.
    • Impact on Physical Activities: High humidity can hinder physical performance and work productivity. People may find it more challenging to engage in physical activities or perform tasks in hot and humid conditions.

    Facts for Prelims: Heat-related Terminologies in News

    • Heat stroke: Heat stroke is a serious medical condition that occurs when the body’s temperature regulation system fails, and the body temperature rises to dangerous levels, usually above 104°F (40°C). It can lead to organ damage and even death if not treated promptly.
    • Heat cramps: Heat cramps are painful muscle contractions that can occur during physical activity in hot weather.
    • Heat wave: A heat wave is a prolonged period of excessively hot weather, which can be accompanied by high humidity levels. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) defines a heat wave as when the daily maximum temperature of more than five consecutive days exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5°C, and the normal minimum temperature is also exceeded.
    • Heat index: It is the measure of how hot it feels when relative humidity is added to actual air temperature. The higher the heat index, the hotter it feels.
    • Thermal stress: It is the stress on the human body caused by high temperatures, humidity, and solar radiation.
    • Urban Heat Island: It refers to the phenomenon where urban areas experience higher temperatures than surrounding rural areas due to human activities like transportation, industrialization, and construction.
    • Wet bulb globe temperature: It is a measure of heat stress in direct sunlight, which takes into account temperature, humidity, wind speed, sun angle and cloud cover.
    • Diurnal temperature range: It is the difference between the maximum and minimum temperatures in a 24-hour period. A low diurnal temperature range indicates high humidity and poor air quality.

    Way forward: Measures to adapt

    • Recognize the Danger: Acknowledge that a heat index value of 67°C or higher can be extremely dangerous for both humans and animals, especially with direct and prolonged exposure.
    • Invest in Early Warning Systems: Develop and invest in early warning systems that provide timely alerts and advisories about extreme heat events. This helps individuals and communities prepare for and respond to heatwaves effectively.
    • Adjust Work Timings: Consider making changes to work schedules to avoid outdoor activities during the hottest parts of the day. This can reduce heat exposure and the risk of heat-related illnesses.
    • Find Sustainable Cooling Solutions: Identify and implement sustainable cooling solutions, such as the use of energy-efficient and environmentally friendly cooling technologies. Ensuring access to air conditioning and promoting better building designs for heat resilience are also important.
    • Promote Public Awareness and Education: Raise public awareness about the risks associated with extreme heat, and educate individuals and communities about heat safety measures. Knowledge empowers people to take proactive steps to protect themselves during heatwaves.

    Conclusion

    • As we confront rising heat index values across the globe, our ability to adapt and mitigate the effects of extreme heat on human health and well-being becomes paramount. Proactive measures, informed by a comprehensive understanding of the heat index, are essential to safeguarding lives and ensuring a sustainable future in the face of escalating climate challenges.

    Must read:

    Heat domes, anticyclones and climate change: What’s causing heat waves across the world?

  • Reviving the Seethakali Folk Art

    seethakali

    Central Idea

    • Seethakali folk dance of Kerala has been fading from the public domain, and around three decades ago, it was on the verge of extinction.

    Seethakali Folk Art

    • Seethakali is a traditional folk dance that originates from the rich cultural heritage of Kerala.
    • It is performed primarily by Dalit artists from the Veda and Pulaya communities.

    Key Features

    • Seethakali is a unique form of folk art that combines elements of storytelling dance, drama, and song.
    • The central narrative revolves around the epic Ramayana, particularly focusing on the characters of Sita, Ram, and Laxman.
    • Artists adorn themselves with eye-catching makeup, traditional ornaments, and elaborate costumes, enhancing the visual appeal of the performance.

  • From Meluha to India: The Journey of Names

    india bharat meluha

    Central Idea

    • India, with its rich heritage, has borne various names throughout its history, each encapsulating a distinct facet of its identity.
    • The process of naming this diverse land has sparked debates, controversies, and reflections on its collective consciousness.

    Historical Evolution of Names

    1. Meluha (Third Millennium BCE):
    • The ancient Mesopotamian texts referenced ‘Meluha’ to denote the Indus Valley Civilization, highlighting India’s antiquity and interactions with ancient civilizations.
    • ‘Meluha’ is believed to have been used to describe the Indus Valley Civilization in texts from the third millennium BCE.
    1. Bharata (Ancient Times to Modern Era):
    • Rooted in Puranic literature and the Mahabharata, ‘Bharata’ resonates with religious and socio-cultural connotations.
    • Associated with a supraregional and subcontinental territory where Brahmanical society prevailed.
    • Evident during the freedom struggle through slogans like ‘Bharat Mata ki Jai’.
    • ‘Bharata’ was derived from the mythological founders of the race, and its popularity during modern times is also due to its usage during the freedom movement.
    1. Aryavarta, Jambudvipa, Nabhivarsa (Ancient Vedic Period):
    • ‘Aryavarta’ referred to the land between the Himalayas and Vindhya ranges, where the Indo-Aryans resided.
    • ‘Jambudvipa’ and ‘Nabhivarsa’ were also used in Vedic texts and Jain literature to signify the subcontinent, emphasizing different cultural contexts.
    1. Hindustan (7th Century BCE):
    • Originated during Persian occupation, ‘Hindustan’ referred to the lower Indus basin.
    • ‘Hind’ in Persian meant ‘Sindhu’ (Indus river), leading to its application to the region beyond Indus.
    • The Persian suffix ‘stan’ (land) was added to form ‘Hindustan’.
    1. India (Ancient to Colonial Era):
    • The Greeks transliterated ‘Hind’ as ‘Indus’, establishing ‘India’ as a name for the region.
    • Colonial usage solidified ‘India’ as a political and geographical term, signifying the subcontinent under British rule.
    • ‘India’ was adopted due to its Graeco-Roman associations, history of use in Europe, and bureaucratic usage such as the Survey of India.

    Constitutional Deliberations (1947-1949)

    • The Constituent Assembly engaged in heated debates over the nation’s official name.
    • Jawaharlal Nehru noted the significance of ‘Hindustan’, ‘Bharat’, and ‘India’.
    • Nehru’s book “The Discovery of India” captured the coexistence of these names in the collective consciousness.
    • The Constitution retained ‘India’ and ‘Bharat’, reflecting diverse visions of the nation.
    • The first Article of the Constitution reads, “India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of states.”

    Fact for Prelims

    • In the ancient Indian text, Vishnu Purana, the name ‘Bharat’ finds mention as the landmass that lies north of the ocean and south of snow mountains. It states:

    Uttaraṃ yatsamudrasya himādreścaiva dakṣiṇam

    varṣaṃ tadbhārataṃ nāma bhāratī yatra santatiḥ

    • This shloka means: “The country (Varsam) that lies north of the ocean and south of the snowy mountains is called Bharatam; there live the descendants of Bharata.

     

    Contemporary Reflections

    1. Identity and Pride (2023):
    • Recent developments suggest a potential change in India’s official name to ‘Republic of Bharat’.
    • Assam Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma hinted at the change, signaling a reset in India’s central identification.
    • Political leaders and citizens expressed opinions on the potential change, invoking sentiments of national pride.
    1. Symbolism and Debate:
    • The change of name is interpreted as a move to reflect India’s ancient identity and cultural heritage.
    • Congress leader Jairam Ramesh discussed the implications of the change on national identity and opposition alliances.
    • Shashi Tharoor, a former Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations, highlighted the significance of both ‘India’ and ‘Bharat’.
    1. Constitutional and Historical Context:
    • Article 1 of the Indian Constitution declares ‘India, that is Bharat’ as a ‘Union of States’.
    • Some leaders emphasized the importance of preserving the brand value associated with the name ‘India’.
    • The historical roots of ‘Bharat’ as described in ancient texts and its constitutional adoption were highlighted.
    1. ‘Bharat’ and ‘India’ Coexistence:
    • Both ‘Bharat’ and ‘India’ have been used interchangeably, signifying the country’s diverse identity.
    • The official names ‘Bharat Ganarajya’ (in Hindi) and ‘Republic of India’ (in English) are present on Indian passports.
    • The names reflect the continuity of historical legacy and modern nation-building.

    Conclusion

    • The journey of India’s names mirrors its complex identity, blending history, culture, and politics.
    • As India continues to evolve, its names continue to encapsulate its essence, fostering a deep connection with its past and an ever-evolving future.
    • Each name is a testament to India’s rich tapestry of history, culture, and collective consciousness.

  • Emerging countries need women-led climate action

    climate

    What’s the news?

    • In the current era, the fusion of gender equality and environmental sustainability presents a dynamic duo that holds the key to accelerating the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

    Central Idea

    • The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) aptly points out that gender equality and environmental goals are not isolated endeavors; they forge a symbiotic relationship that can amplify progress towards a sustainable future.

    Vulnerability in a Changing Climate

    • Climate change, a pressing global concern, has repercussions that reverberate across demographics, with women bearing a disproportionate brunt of its impact.
    • The International Labour Organization (ILO, 2019) forecasts that by 2030, scorching temperatures will result in a 2.2% loss of global working hours—equivalent to 80 million full-time jobs.
    • The United Nations (2009) highlighted that across genders, women are considered to be more vulnerable and disproportionately affected by climate change than men.
    • Estimates project that by 2050, climate change risks, coupled with natural disasters and food inflation, could push 130 million people into poverty, disproportionately affecting women’s inequality.

    Climate Change and its Impact on Women, Particularly in Low-Income Countries

    • Gendered Vulnerability in Low-Income Countries:
    • Women across the globe face heightened risks to their health, safety, and quality of life. Yet, the vulnerability is notably more pronounced in developing and less developed countries, especially those grappling with low-income realities.
    • This vulnerability is rooted in their reliance on natural resources and labor-intensive work, making them more susceptible to climate change impacts.
    • A crucial aspect of this vulnerability lies in the interconnectedness of poverty and climate change.
    • Climate Crisis Intensifying Basic Needs Struggles:
    • Rural women, in particular, are burdened with the responsibility of ensuring access to essentials like clean water, cooking fuel, and nutritious food for their families.
    • This often involves arduous journeys and exposes them to health and safety risks.
    • Underpaid and Overworked:
    • Despite their pivotal role in food production systems, women engaged in agriculture face persistent challenges.
    • Data from the International Labour Organization (ILO) highlights that over 60% of working women in southern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa are in agriculture. Unfortunately, they often receive inadequate pay and work under challenging conditions.
    • Owning Land: A Gender Disparity:
    • A significant gender disparity exists in land ownership, with women owning only a small fraction of cultivated land.
    • Despite being the backbone of the food production system, women own only about 10% of the land used for farming.
    • This discrepancy further diminishes their resilience against the impacts of climate change.
    • Projected Displacement and Urgent Action:
    • As a grim outlook, studies like McAllister’s 2023 research forecast a potentially staggering 1.2 billion climate refugees by 2050.
    • This underscores the urgency of addressing these intertwined challenges.

    Gender-specific issues

    • Displacement and Vulnerability: A UN study reveals a stark reality – a substantial 80% of those displaced by climate-related disasters are women and girls.
    • Challenges for Vulnerable Women: Women, especially from marginalized communities, grapple with distinct challenges in the aftermath of natural disasters. Their displacement increases their susceptibility to prejudice and exploitation, exacerbating the hardships they already face.
    • Exploitation Post-Disasters: The disruption caused by disasters creates an environment ripe for exploitation, with women as primary targets. Notably, the aftermath of the 2015 Nepal earthquake exposed women to trafficking and exploitation, further highlighting the risks they face.
    • Gender-Based Violence Intensifies: The upheaval following disasters leads to an alarming escalation of gender-based violence against women. Disrupted communities and increased vulnerability create an environment where women are at greater risk.
    • Limited Access to Essential Services: Essential services like employment, education, healthcare, and psychosocial support become scarcer post-disaster. For women, this translates into further limitations and challenges, exacerbating their already marginalized status.
    • Resource and Knowledge Disparities: Women in agriculture face barriers in accessing quality resources, education, and technical knowledge. As climate change compounds these challenges, their vulnerability is magnified.

    Way Forward: Empowering Women for Climate Resilience and Action

    • Women’s Role in Climate Adaptation: Acknowledging the potential women possess to contribute to climate adaptation is crucial. Women bring unique perspectives and knowledge to the table, making their engagement indispensable in finding effective solutions.
    • Empowerment Through Education and Training: Investing in women’s education and training is paramount for building resilience to the impact of climate change. Equipping women with the knowledge and skills needed for sustainable practices, such as agriculture, water management, and energy generation, fosters their capacity to adapt to changing conditions.
    • Supporting Women Farmers: Initiatives like the Self-Employed Women’s Association (SEWA) in India exemplify the importance of imparting knowledge to women farmers on how to navigate shifting climate patterns.
    • Women in Climate Policy Decision-Making: Acknowledging the disparities women face in climate change impacts, the need for their active involvement in decision-making becomes evident.
    • Programs to Amplify Women’s Voices: Initiatives like the Gender and Climate Change Development Programme in South Asia seek to elevate women’s influence in policymaking, granting them a stronger voice in shaping climate strategies that directly impact their lives.
    • Global Imperative for Women-Led Climate Action: The call for women-led climate action is not confined to specific regions; it’s a global imperative. Developing and emerging countries, where women often bear the brunt of climate impacts, necessitate collective efforts to empower women as agents of change.

    Conclusion

    • The convergence of gender equality and environmental sustainability is no longer an abstract concept; it is a tangible pathway towards a more equitable and resilient world. In a future marred by climate uncertainty, investments in women’s education, training, and participation stand as beacons of hope.

  • Festivals in news: Pulikkali

    pulikkali

    Central Idea

    • The culmination of Onam festivities witnessed the Pulikkali celebration, a traditional folk art form from Kerala, where humans dressed as tigers and leopards paraded through the streets.

    About Pulikkali

    • Pulikkali, also known as Tiger Dance, is a unique folk art of Kerala.
    • Celebrated on the fourth day of Onam, artists adorn themselves as tigers with distinctive yellow, red, and black stripes, accompanied by the rhythmic beats of traditional percussion instruments like thakil, udukku, and chenda.
    • The central theme revolves around tiger hunting, with individuals playing the roles of both the tiger and the hunter.
    • It was introduced by Maharaja Rama Varma Sakthan Thampuran, the former ruler of Cochin, Pulikkali reflects a rich cultural heritage.

    Onam Festival: Key Highlights

    • Onam, the most significant celebration in Kerala, holds great cultural importance.
    • Occurring at the onset of Chingam, the first month of the Malayalam Calendar, it’s a harvest festival celebrating prosperity.
    • The Onam Carnival extends for four to ten days, with Atham (first day) and Thiruonam (tenth day) as the most pivotal.
    • A popular belief holds that Onam welcomes King Mahabali’s spirit, who is believed to visit Kerala during this period.
    • The festival includes Vallamkali, a thrilling snake boat race ‘Vallamkali’ conducted on the Pampa River.
    • Onam showcases Kaikotti kali and Thumbi Thullal, graceful dances performed by women, adding elegance to the celebrations.

  • In news: Mitakshara Law of Succession

    Central Idea

    • The Supreme Court clarified that children born from void or voidable marriages can inherit the parent’s share in a joint Hindu family property governed by Mitakshara law.
    • However, the inheritance rights are limited to the parent’s share and do not extend to other family members’ properties.

    Mitakshara School of Law

    History Originated in ancient India; attributed to Vijnaneshvara, a 12th-century scholar
    Focus Interpretation of Yajnavalkya Smriti in matters of family, property, and inheritance law
    Ancestral Property Emphasis on joint family property and ancestral property rights
    Inheritance Defines rules for succession and inheritance within Hindu families
    Variations Different regional interpretations, including the “Dayabhaga” School
    Regional Influence Widespread influence on Hindu legal practices, especially in property law
    Development Evolved over time and influenced by legal reforms and societal changes
    Modern Context Coexists with contemporary legal frameworks and personal laws
    Significance Played a significant role in shaping Hindu family and property law

    Nature of Marriages and Law

    • A voidable marriage is made invalid by the husband or wife through a decree.
    • A void marriage is invalid from the beginning.
    • Mitakshara Law of Succession applies to Hindu Undivided Families across India, except West Bengal and Assam.

    Ruling Details

    • The Supreme Court, headed by Chief Justice D.Y. Chandrachud, clarified that the child from a void or voidable marriage cannot claim rights to other family members’ properties.
    • The child’s inheritance rights pertain only to the parent’s share in the ancestral property.
    • A “notional partition” is conducted to ascertain the parent’s share immediately before their death.

    Inheritance Calculation

    • The law assumes a partition of the ancestral property between the deceased parent and other family members before the parent’s death.
    • The child’s inheritance is based on the share the parent would have received through this notional partition.

    Legal Basis

    • Section 16 of the Hindu Marriage Act grants legitimacy to children born from void or voidable marriages.
    • The court held that these children have the right to their parents’ property.
    • The intent of granting legitimacy to such children in the Hindu Marriage Act is reflected in the Hindu Succession Act.

    Impact of Amendment

    • The Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005, allows a deceased person’s share in a joint Hindu family property to devolve to heirs by testamentary or intestate succession.
    • Before the amendment, devolution occurred only through survivorship.
    • Equal rights of succession are now granted to women as well as men.

    Background and Precedents

    • The case was centered on Section 16(3) of the Hindu Marriage Act.
    • In 2011, a Division Bench of the Supreme Court championed the rights of children born from illegitimate marriages to inherit their parents’ properties.
    • The Division Bench emphasized that these children deserve the same rights as those born from valid marriages.

    Conclusion

    • The concept of legitimacy evolves with changing social norms.
    • The court observed that what was considered illegitimate in the past may be legitimate today.
    • Children born from void or voidable marriages should not be denied inheritance rights based on evolving social consensus.

  • Supreme Court Ruling on ‘Self-Respect’ Marriages

    Central Idea

    • The recent Supreme Court ruling on ‘self-respect’ marriages under Section 7(A) of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 has clarified the legal standing of these marriages.
    • The court’s decision has significant implications for the validity and recognition of such unions, particularly in the state of Tamil Nadu.

    Self-respect Marriages

    • Amendment: The Hindu Marriage (Tamil Nadu Amendment) Act, 1967 introduced Section 7-A into the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, applicable solely in Tamil Nadu.
    • Recognition of ‘Self-Respect’ Marriages: Section 7-A recognizes and legalizes ‘self-respect’ or ‘suyamariyathai’ marriages, allowing them to be solemnized without the need for traditional rituals or priests.
    • Ceremony Description: Such marriages are performed in the presence of relatives, friends, or other individuals, with couples declaring each other as spouses in a language understood by them. Exchange of garlands, rings, or tying a ‘thali’ (mangal sutra) is required. Registration remains obligatory.

    Legal Controversy

    • Madras High Court Ruling (2014): A 2014 Madras High Court ruling declared marriages solemnized by advocates as invalid, asserting that ‘self-respect’ marriages must not be secretive and should be celebrated publicly.
    • Current Supreme Court Ruling: The recent Supreme Court ruling, passed by Justices S Ravindra Bhat and Arvind Kumar, overruled the 2014 Madras High Court decision.

    Supreme Court’s Interpretation and Decision

    • The Supreme Court clarified that there is no blanket ban on advocates solemnizing ‘self-respect’ marriages under Section 7(A) of the Hindu Marriage Act.
    • The court held that ‘self-respect’ marriages can indeed be solemnized and recognized, and the 2014 Madras High Court ruling was set aside.
    • The ruling was delivered in response to a petition filed by Ilavarasan, who sought recognition of his ‘self-respect’ marriage and the release of his wife from her parents’ custody.
    • The Supreme Court’s decision is based on the interpretation of Section 7(A) and its application in the context of ‘self-respect’ marriages.

    Precedents and Past Rulings

    • In the case of Nagalingam vs. Sivagami (2001), the Supreme Court had already recognized the validity of ‘self-respect’ marriages under Section 7(A) of the Hindu Marriage Act.
    • The court emphasized that the presence of a priest is not obligatory for a valid marriage, and parties can enter into a marriage with the participation of relatives, friends, or other individuals.

    Conclusion

    • The recent Supreme Court ruling has resolved the ambiguity surrounding the legality of ‘self-respect’ marriages solemnized by advocates under Section 7(A) of the Hindu Marriage Act.
    • By overturning the previous Madras High Court ruling, the Supreme Court has clarified the validity and recognition of such marriages, ensuring that ‘self-respect’ marriages can be solemnized without the need for traditional rituals or priests in Tamil Nadu.

  • Why El Nino is now India’s no. 1 Economic and Political Risk?

    el nino risk

    Central Idea

    • The emergence of El Nino as a significant climatic phenomenon in India carries dual implications – economic and political – as the country gears up for national elections in April-May 2024.
    • With its known ability to suppress rainfall and disrupt agricultural cycles, El Nino’s effects are already being felt.

    Understanding El Nino and La Nina

    • El Nino and La Nina are two opposite phases of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle.
    • ENSO is a naturally occurring phenomenon that involves the interaction between the ocean and atmosphere in the equatorial Pacific.

    Here is a detailed comparison of El Nino and La Nina

    El Nino La Nina
    Definition Warmer-than-normal sea surface temperatures Cooler-than-normal sea surface temperatures
    Frequency Every two to seven years Every two to seven years
    Duration Several months to a year or more Several months to a year or more
    Impact on winds Weakens trade winds, leading to changes in patterns Strengthens trade winds, leading to changes in patterns
    Impact on rains Reduces rainfall and can cause droughts Increases rainfall and can cause flooding
    Impact on temp. Warmer-than-average temperatures Colder-than-average temperatures
    Global effects Droughts in Asia and Africa, floods in Americas Floods in Asia and Africa, droughts in South America

    Impact on India

    El Nino La Nina
    Associated with weak monsoons and drought-like conditions in India Associated with above-normal rainfall and floods in India
    Sea surface temperature in the equatorial Pacific Ocean rises above normal levels Sea surface temperature in the equatorial Pacific Ocean drops below normal levels
    Changes in the atmospheric circulation patterns Changes in the atmospheric circulation patterns
    Shift in the location of the jet stream, affecting the strength and direction of the monsoon winds Increase in the strength of the monsoon winds, bringing more moisture and rainfall to India
    Results in reduced rainfall, dry spells, and heatwaves, leading to crop failures and water scarcity Excessive rainfall can also lead to floods and landslides, causing damage to crops and infrastructure

    Broader Implications:

    [A] Agriculture

    • Rainfall Deficit: August’s nationwide rainfall stands at 30.7% below normal, erasing the initial 4.2% surplus from the southwest monsoon.
    • Strengthening El Nino: July saw the Oceanic Nino Index (ONI) surpass the El Nino threshold, hitting 1 degree Celsius, suggesting an intensification of El Nino.
    • Projected Persistence: Forecasts predict El Nino’s continuation and possible strengthening during the 2023-24 winter season, potentially impacting the northeast monsoon and winter seasons.

    [B] Food Supply Challenges

    • Crucial Monsoon: Beyond crop yield, the southwest monsoon replenishes reservoirs and recharges groundwater, essential for agricultural success.
    • Rabi Season Dependence: The success of rabi season crops like wheat, mustard, and chickpea hinges on water reserves, primarily sourced from aquifers and reservoirs.
    • Supply-Demand Nexus: With rice and wheat stocks at a six-year low and food inflation at 11.5%, El Nino-induced shortfalls may exacerbate food inflation concerns.

    [C] Political Implications

    • Food Inflation: Examining consumer food price inflation leading up to previous Lok Sabha elections reveals its considerable impact on political outcomes.
    • Electoral Influence: The BJP’s 2019 electoral victory and the UPA’s 2014 defeat were partially attributed to the level of food inflation during those periods.
    • Government Actions: The Modi administration has already taken steps to ensure food availability, curb hoarding, and address potential food inflation concerns.

    Conclusion

    • El Nino’s emergence as a formidable environmental and political factor underscores the intricate interplay between climate patterns, agriculture, and political dynamics.
    • India’s ability to manage the far-reaching consequences of El Nino on food production and inflation will determine its capacity to address immediate challenges while considering the longer-term goals.

  • GEF Assembly ratifies Global Biodiversity Framework Fund (GBFF)

    Central Idea

    • The Global Biodiversity Framework Fund (GBFF) has been officially ratified and inaugurated during the Seventh Assembly of the Global Environment Facility (GEF) held in Vancouver, Canada.

    Global Biodiversity Framework Fund (GBFF)

    Key Points
    Establishment Ratified and inaugurated during the Seventh Assembly of the Global Environment Facility (GEF).
    Purpose Channels financial resources to achieve goals of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework established by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), by the year 2030.
    Financial Contributions Canada: 200 million Canadian dollars, United Kingdom: 10 million pounds.
    Alignment with Framework Accelerates progress towards halting biodiversity decline by 2030.
    Inclusivity and Indigenous Initiatives Allocates up to 20% for projects led by Indigenous communities.
    Focus on Vulnerable Nations Over a third of resources dedicated to support Small Island Developing States.
    Fulfilling Targets Contributes to commitment of $200 billion annually by 2030.
    Funding Requirements Approximately $40 million needed for operationalization by end of 2023.
    Future Contributions Dependent on domestic fiscal processes of key donors.
    Council Meetings First meeting in January 2024, aims to approve inaugural work program in June.
    Impact and Action Timely disbursement crucial for launching projects under the fund.

     About Global Environment Facility (GEF)

    • Establishment: The GEF was established on the eve of the 1992 Rio Earth Summit, also known as the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED).
    • Purpose: The GEF serves as an international financial institution that funds projects to address global environmental challenges, including biodiversity loss, climate change, land degradation, and pollution.
    • Funding Mechanism: It operates as a financial mechanism for several international environmental conventions, including:
    1. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD),
    2. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and
    3. United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
    • Structure: It has a governing body known as the GEF Council. The GEF is structured as a partnership between three main institutions:
    1. the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP),
    2. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and
    3. World Bank.
    • Funding Sources: The GEF is funded by contributions from its member countries, known as “donors.” Donors include both developed and developing nations, as well as international organizations.