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GS Paper: GS2

  • Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India 

    Why in the News?

    The Comptroller and Auditor General of India’s (CAG) audit has flagged ₹573 Crore irregularities in Indian Railways.

    About Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India:

    • Foundation: Established under Article 148 of the Constitution of India.
    • Independence: A constitutional authority, not subject to executive control.
    • Appointment: Appointed by the President of India.
    • Tenure: Holds office for 6 years or until the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier.
    • Removal: Can be removed by the President in the same manner and on the same grounds as a judge of the Supreme Court of India.
    • Post-Retirement Bar: Ineligible for further office under the Government of India or any State after demitting office.
    • Funding: Administrative expenses are charged upon the Consolidated Fund of India, ensuring financial autonomy.
    • Parliamentary Independence: No minister can represent the CAG in Parliament.
    • Role: Known as the guardian of the public purse and a key pillar of Indian democracy.

    Powers and Functions:

    • Audits:
      • Fund Audits: Audits expenditures from the Consolidated Fund of India, State Consolidated Funds, and Union Territory funds.
      • Other Fund Audits: Audits Contingency Fund and Public Account at both Central and State levels.
      • Departmental Audits: Reviews profit and loss accounts, balance sheets, and subsidiary accounts of government departments.
      • Authority Audits: Audits bodies and authorities substantially financed by the government.
      • Company Audits: Examines accounts of government-owned companies and corporations.
      • Special Audits: Audits other authorities when requested by the President or Governor.
    • Parliamentary Role: Acts as a guide, friend, and philosopher to the Public Accounts Committee of Parliament.
    • Public Accountability: Exposed major scams such as the 2G spectrum and coal block allocation cases.
    • Sectoral Reviews: Highlighted inefficiencies in defence, railways, and other public enterprises.

    Limitations of the office of CAG:

    • Lack of Real-Time Control: Cannot stop or approve withdrawals from the Consolidated Fund; cheques can be issued without CAG’s prior clearance.
    • Opaque Appointment: No prescribed qualifications or transparent procedure for selection; appointment is entirely executive-controlled.
    • Limited Audit Scope:
      • Excludes certain public entities like Life Insurance Corporation and public sector banks.
      • Cannot audit public-private partnerships and funds like Prime Minister’s Citizen Assistance and Relief in Emergency Situations Fund and Prime Minister’s National Relief Fund.
      • Off-budget borrowings (e.g., through National Investment and Infrastructure Fund) remain outside audit scope.
    • Post-Facto Nature: Audits occur after expenditure, limiting preventive or real-time oversight.

     

    [UPSC 2012] In India, other than ensuring that public funds are used efficiently and for intended purpose, what is the importance of the office of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG)?

    1. CAG exercises exchequer control on behalf of the Parliament when the President of India declares national emergency/financial emergency.

    2. CAG reports on the execution of projects or programmes by the ministries are discussed by the Public Accounts Committee.

    3. Information from CAG reports can be used by investigating agencies to press charges against those who have violated the law while managing public finances.

    4. While dealing with the audit and accounting of government companies, CAG has certain judicial powers for prosecuting those who violate the law.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    Options: (a) 1, 3 and 4 only (b) 2 only (c) 2 and 3 only* (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

     

  • [21st July 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Temples of social justice 

    PYQ Relevance:

    [UPSC 2024] Despite comprehensive policies for equity and social justice, underprivileged sections are not yet getting the full benefits of affirmative action envisaged by the Constitution. Comment.

    Linkage:  The article explicitly states that “any argument against government control of temple affairs would be striking at the root of social justice”. This question directly addresses “social justice” and the upliftment of “underprivileged sections,” which is the core argument of the article “social justice model” enabled by the regulation of temple funds.

     

    Mentor’s Comment:  A political controversy in Tamil Nadu emerged over using temple funds to build colleges. The debate highlights a unique social justice model rooted in colonial-era laws, notably the Tamil Nadu Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Act, 1959, which legally permits such use of surplus funds. The issue reflects ongoing tensions between secular governance, social reform, and religious traditions.

    Today’s editorial analyses the Issues related to temple funds like to build colleges. This topic is important for GS Paper I (Indian Society) and  GS Paper II (Social Justice) in the UPSC mains exam.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    A political controversy recently erupted in Tamil Nadu over the use of temple funds for building colleges.

    What is the origin and evolution of state control over temples in Tamil Nadu?

    • Colonial Intervention and Legal Frameworks: The British colonial government began regulating temples through laws such as the Madras Regulation VII of 1817 and the Religious Endowments Act, 1863. These aimed at curbing mismanagement and ensuring proper use of temple revenues, though actual control was minimal.
    • Madras Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments (HRCE) Act, 1927 & 1951: Post-independence, the Madras HRCE Act, 1951 granted the state direct control over temple administration. It replaced hereditary trustees with government-appointed officers, shifting from oversight to active state involvement in managing temple affairs.
    • Dravidian Politics and Reformist Push: The Self-Respect Movement and the rise of Dravidian parties (e.g., DMK) advocated for rationalism and secular administration of temples. This reinforced the idea of temples as public institutions, furthering state oversight in their functioning.

    Why is using temple funds for education legally and socially justified?

    • Legal Provision under State Law: The Tamil Nadu Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments (HR&CE) Act, 1959 allows the use of temple surplus funds for public purposes like education, healthcare, and social welfare, provided the core religious functions are not affected. Eg: The government used temple funds to construct colleges in Tiruvannamalai and Krishnagiri, serving backward districts.
    • Social Justice and Inclusive Development: Tamil Nadu follows a Dravidian model that sees temples as public institutions capable of promoting equality, education, and empowerment, especially for marginalized communities. Eg: Building a college with temple funds in a remote area helps first-generation learners, aligning with constitutional goals of equity and social upliftment.
    • Historical and Cultural Precedent: In the pre-colonial and colonial era, temples often served as centres of learning and charity. Using their resources for education today revives that tradition in a modern, secular context. Eg: In the 19th century, temple lands supported gurukuls and feeding centres, a legacy extended now through modern institutions.

    How did the Self-Respect Movement shape temple governance?

    • Challenged Brahminical Control: The movement, led by Periyar E.V. Ramasamy, questioned hereditary priesthood and the dominance of Brahmins in temple administration, pushing for non-Brahmin inclusion in both ritual and managerial roles.
    • State Intervention in Temple Administration: It laid the ideological foundation for government regulation of temples through legislations like the HR&CE Act, bringing temples under state control to ensure transparency, social equity, and public accountability.
    • Promotion of Secular and Social Justice Values: The movement emphasized that temple wealth should serve the public good, such as education, healthcare, and social welfare, especially for the oppressed castes, transforming temples into instruments of social reform.

    What are the constitutional and legal bases for state intervention in religious institutions in India?

    • Article 25(2)(a) – Social Welfare and Reform: The Constitution permits the state to regulate or restrict any economic, financial, political, or secular activity associated with religion to promote social welfare and reform.
    • Article 26 – Regulates While Protecting Rights: While religious denominations have rights to manage their own affairs, the state can impose reasonable restrictions in the interest of public order, morality, and health.
    • Judicial Precedents and Statutory Laws: Courts have upheld state control over temples (e.g., in Shirur Mutt case) distinguishing between religious practices and secular administration. Laws like the Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments (HR&CE) Act legally enable such oversight.

    Should religious institutions be allowed to function autonomously without state control? 

    • Argument in favour: 
      • Protection of Religious Freedom: Article 26 of the Indian Constitution grants religious denominations the right to manage their own affairs. Autonomy respects the pluralistic ethos of India and avoids state overreach in spiritual matters.
      • Cultural and Traditional Integrity: Many religious institutions have centuries-old customs and management systems. Autonom y helps preserve these indigenous practices without interference from changing political or administrative interests.
    • Argument against: 
      • Accountability and Transparency: Without state oversight, there is a higher risk of financial mismanagement, corruption, or exploitation of devotees. State regulation ensures proper audit and governance of temple funds and assets.
      • Public Interest and Welfare: Religious institutions often hold significant wealth and influence. State control can direct surplus resources towards social welfare, education, and infrastructure, promoting inclusive development beyond the religious community.

    Way forward: 

    • Balanced Autonomy with Regulation: Implement a co-governance model where religious institutions retain spiritual autonomy, while the state ensures financial transparency, protection of heritage, and equitable use of public funds.
    • Strengthen Legal Frameworks: Update existing laws to clearly define the limits of state intervention, ensure community representation in temple boards, and establish robust grievance redressal mechanisms.

  • A long list: on the U.S., designation of The Resistance Front group

    Why in the News?

    The U.S. has designated The Resistance Front (TRF), which claimed responsibility for the Pahalgam terror attack (April 2025), as a Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO) and Specially Designated Global Terrorist.

    What is the impact of the U.S. designating TRF as an FTO on global counterterrorism?

    • Legitimizes India’s concerns: The U.S. acknowledgment of TRF’s role in the Pahalgam terror attackstrengthens the global consensus on cross-border terror threats.
    • Links to Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT): The U.S. designation of TRF as a front/proxy of LeT exposes the continued existence of banned groups under new names.
    • Strengthens international action: The move could help India push for sanctions against TRF at the UN’s 1267 Sanctions Committee, boosting transnational legal cooperation.

    Why is Pakistan’s claim about LeT being defunct questionable?

    • TRF’s Linkage with LeT: The U.S. designation of The Resistance Front (TRF) as a “front and proxy” for Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) proves that LeT continues to operate under new aliases, despite Pakistan’s claims of dismantling the group. Eg: TRF claimed responsibility for the 2025 Pahalgam attack, showing LeT’s continued operational role.
    • Continued Terror Activities: Despite LeT’s inclusion in the U.S. Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO) list since 2001, it has repeatedly executed attacks in India, reflecting its persistent capabilities. Eg: The 2008 Mumbai attacks and later cross-border infiltrations have been linked to LeT-trained cadres.
    • International Endorsement Missing: Pakistan’s claim lacks credible global validation. Instead, it has been seen shielding TRF at the UN Security Council (UNSC), undermining its own narrative. Eg: TRF’s name was excluded from the UNSC resolution on the Pahalgam attack, reportedly due to Pakistani lobbying.

    How does the U.S. response post-Pahalgam reveal contradictions in its policy?

    • Mixed messaging: While designating TRF is a positive step, claims by the Trump administration about mediating a ceasefire and nuclear de-escalation dilute India’s counter-terror narrative.
    • Diplomatic inconsistency: Praise for Pakistan’s military chief shortly after India clarified its stance reflects a lack of consistent pressure on Pakistan to curb terrorism.
    • Missed opportunity at UNSC: The U.S. initially allowed TRF to be left out of the UNSC resolution, showing conflicting priorities between diplomacy and counterterrorism.

    What blocks India’s effort to sanction the TRF at the UNSC?

    • Veto Power Politics: The UN Security Council’s 1267 Committee requires unanimous consent among P-5 members for sanctions. Some permanent members, especially China and the U.S., have previously withheld support or yielded to Pakistan’s pressure, blocking India’s proposals. Eg: TRF’s name was omitted from the UNSC resolution on the 2025 Pahalgam attack.
    • Pakistan’s Diplomatic Shielding: Pakistan continues to lobby against designations of terror outfits like TRF, masking them as defunct or rebranded groups, and frames them as indigenous resistance, making it harder for India to gain international consensus.

    How should India strengthen its anti-terror diplomacy? (Way forward)

    • Build Strategic Alliances and International Pressure: India should deepen counter-terrorism cooperation with key countries like the U.S., France, and the UK, while mobilizing regional blocs (e.g., QUAD, BRICS) to collectively push for sanctioning terror groups at global forums like the UNSC 1267 Committee.
    • Pursue Legal and Diplomatic Action Proactively: India must file strong dossiers with evidence linking terror fronts like TRF to banned outfits like LeT and pursue timely extraditions of wanted terrorists through bilateral treaties and Interpol. Eg: The extradition request for Tahawwur Hussain Rana reflects India’s resolve to hold perpetrators accountable.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2024] Terrorism has become a significant threat to global peace and security’. Evaluate the effectiveness of the United Nations Security Council’s Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC) and its associated bodies in addressing and mitigating this threat at the international level.

    Linkage: The article explicitly mentions India’s hope that the U.S. designation of TRF will facilitate its designation at the UNSC under the 1267 Committee for sanctions, directly aligning with the question’s focus on international counter-terrorism mechanisms. This question directly pertains to the global challenge of terrorism and the role of international bodies like the UN Security Council.

  • [pib] India praised at Codex Executive Committee (CCEXEC88) for Millet Standards

    Why in the News?

    India recently participated in the 88th Codex Executive Committee (CCEXEC88) in Rome (14–18 July 2025), earning praise for leading global millet standards.

    About the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC):

    • Established: In 1963 by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO).
    • Headquarters: Located in Rome, Italy.
    • Membership:
      • 189 members: 188 countries + the European Union.
      • Open to all FAO and WHO members state and associate members.
    • Objectives:
      • Protect consumer health by ensuring food safety.
      • Promote fair practices in international food trade.
      • Harmonize food standards to reduce trade disputes.
    • Key Functions:
      • Develops global standards on:
        • Food safety and hygiene
        • Food additives, contaminants
        • Residues of veterinary drugs and pesticides
        • Labelling and import/export rules
      • Sets Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) and general/horizontal standards.
      • Supports developing countries in enhancing food safety systems.
    • Structure:
      • Executive Committee: Streamlines the Commission’s work.
      • Subsidiary Bodies:
        • General Subject Committees: Address additives, contaminants, hygiene, etc.
        • Commodity Committees: Develop product-specific standards.
        • Regional Coordinating Committees: Harmonize regional standards.
        • Task Forces: Address short-term, emerging issues.
    • Codex Alimentarius (Food Code):
      • A collection of international food standards, guidelines, and codes of practice.
      • Though voluntary, they are widely adopted, especially in international trade.
    • Relevance to WTO:
      • Codex standards are reference points under the WTO SPS Agreement for resolving trade-related food safety disputes.

    India and Codex Alimentarius Commission:

    • Member Since: 1964.
    • Active Participation:
      • India is an elected member of the Executive Committee (CCEXEC).
      • Participates in standard-setting across various food sectors.
    • Recent Contributions:
      • Chaired the development of whole millet grain standards, co-chaired with Mali, Nigeria, and Senegal.
      • Led new work on fresh dates (approved for CAC48).
      • Will co-chair future standards for fresh turmeric and broccoli.
    • Strategic Role at CCEXEC88 (Rome, July 2025):
      • Proposed SMART Key Performance Indicators for the Codex Strategic Plan 2026–2031.
      • Shared its capacity-building programs for neighbouring countries (Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Timor Leste), praised by FAO.
    • Capacity Building & Mentorship:
      • Promoted use of the Codex Trust Fund (CTF) by less active member countries.
      • Shared success stories of mentorship programmes with Bhutan and Nepal.
    • Special Role:
      • Chairs the Codex Committee on Spices and Culinary Herbs (CCSCH) since 2014.
      • Aligns domestic FSSAI standards with Codex to support export competitiveness.

    Millets and India’s Leadership in Millets Promotion:

    • Millets = Shree Anna: Renamed in the Union Budget 2023-24, emphasizing their nutritional, economic, and environmental value.
    • Types of Millets:
      • Major: Jowar (Sorghum), Bajra (Pearl Millet), Ragi (Finger Millet)
      • Minor: Foxtail, Little, Kodo, Barnyard, Proso millets
    • Key Traits:
      • Drought-resistant, short duration crops
      • Nutrient-rich: High in fiber, iron, calcium, gluten-free
      • Climate-smart and low-input, suitable for dryland farming
    • India’s Global Push:
    • Government Initiatives:
      • National Millet Mission (2007) to boost production and processing.
      • Shree Anna Abhiyan: Focus on millet-based product innovation and marketing.
      • Integration into Public Distribution System (PDS), midday meals, and armed forces’ diets.
    [UPSC 2010] As regards the use of international food safety standards as reference point for the dispute settlements, which one of the following does WTO collaborate with?

    Options: (a) Codex Alimentarius Commission * (b) International Federation of Standards Users (c) International Organization for Standardization (d) World Standards Cooperation

    https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2146080

  • The mental health of pilots is the elephant in the room 

    Why in the News?

    The issue of pilot mental health has come into focus following the Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau’s preliminary report on the Air India Boeing 787 incident in Ahmedabad on June 12, 2025.

    What are the main mental health issues affecting pilots and flight safety?

    • Chronic Stress and Fatigue: Long working hours, night shifts, and frequent time zone changes disrupt sleep and increase fatigue, impairing concentration and reaction time. Eg: A 2020 study by the European Cockpit Association found that over 60% of pilots reported fatigue-related performance degradation during flights.
    • Sleep Deprivation (“Sleep to Order”): Pilots often have to sleep on demand in unfamiliar settings, leading to poor-quality rest and mental exhaustion. Eg: The crash of Colgan Air Flight 3407 (2009) was partly attributed to fatigue from irregular sleep patterns.
    • Depression and Suicidal Ideation: Isolation, stress, and lack of support can lead to depression, which often remains hidden due to stigma. Eg: The Germanwings Flight 9525 (2015) crash, where the co-pilot deliberately downed the plane, highlighted undiagnosed depression.
    • Financial and Career Pressure: Burdens like debt from pilot training and job insecurity can lead to anxiety and emotional distress. Eg: During the COVID-19 pandemic, mass layoffs and pay cuts caused increased psychological issues among airline staff globally.

    Why is mental health still taboo in aviation?

    • Fear of Disclosure and Stigma: Pilots avoid seeking help fearing license suspension or job loss, which worsens untreated conditions. Eg: A Harvard study (2016) found that 56% of pilots with depression symptoms had not sought treatment due to career fears.

    Who regulates airlines in India?

    • DGCA (Directorate General of Civil Aviation): Primary regulator of civil aviation in India. Oversees air safety, airworthiness, licensing, operations, and regulation of airlines.
    • Ministry of Civil Aviation: Responsible for overall policy formulation, promotion of civil aviation, and coordination with other ministries and international bodies.
    • Airports Authority of India (AAI): Manages airport infrastructure, air navigation services, and ensures airspace safety.
    • BCAS (Bureau of Civil Aviation Security): Regulates and ensures aviation security standards at airports and airlines.

    What are the steps taken by the Indian government? 

    DGCA Mental Health Guidelines (2021): The Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) issued formal guidelines requiring airlines to implement Peer Support Programmes (PSPs) and conduct confidential mental health assessments. Eg: Pilots can confidentially report stress or anxiety and receive support without fear of job loss.

    What global practices can India adopt for pilot mental health? (Way forward)

    • Peer Support Programs (PSPs): Establish confidential peer-led counselling services to encourage early intervention. Eg: Germany’s Lufthansa runs a Peer Support Program that offers confidential mental health assistance to pilots.
    • Non-punitive Medical Disclosure Policies: Allow pilots to self-report mental health issues without fear of losing their license, ensuring safe reintegrationafter treatment. Eg: The U.S. FAA’s HIMS program supports pilots with substance or mental health conditions to return to flying duties safely.
    • Mandatory Mental Health Training & Awareness: Introduce regular mental health education, anti-stigma campaigns, and stress management workshops for flight crew. Eg: Australia’s CASA mandates mental health modules in pilot training and encourages a wellness culture in aviation.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2022] The increase in life expectancy in the country has led to newer health challenges in the community. What are those challenges and what steps need to be taken to meet them.

    Linkage: This question directly addresses “health challenges in the community” and “steps needed to meet them,” which aligns perfectly with the detailed discussion in the article “Pilot Mental Health: Addressing a Taboo Topic” regarding the often-overlooked and taboo subject of pilot mental health.

  • [18th July 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: How is China leading the green energy sector?

    PYQ Relevance:

    [UPSC 2015] To what factors can be the recent dramatic fall in equipment cost and tariff of solar energy be attributed? What implications does the trend have for thermal power producers and related industry?

    Linkage: The articles talks about the how China has effectively led and transformed the global green energy market, particularly through cost reduction and market control. This question directly addresses the factors behind the fall in solar energy costs, which is directly related to article.

     

    Mentor’s Comment: In 2024, China installed more wind turbines and solar panels than the rest of the world combined, demonstrating its dominance in renewable energy manufacturing and supply chains. With a $940 billion investment in renewables in a single year, China has strategically leveraged state-owned enterprises (SOEs), policy backing, and supply chain control to become a clean-energy superpower.

    Today’s editorial analyses China’s dominance in Green Energy. This topic is important for GS Paper II (International Relations) and  GS Paper III (Energy Sector) in the UPSC mains exam.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Recently, China has gained attention for investing a huge amount of money and taking the lead in the global green energy sector.

    Why is China a global leader in renewable energy?

    • Installed Capacity: China has the largest installed base of solar and wind energy in the world. Eg: By 2024, China added 300 GW of solar power, more than the rest of the world combined.
    • Supply Chain Control: China dominates the entire renewable energy supply chain, from raw materials to finished products. Eg: It produces over 80% of global solar panels and a major share of battery components like lithium and cobalt.
    • Massive Green Investments: China leads in clean energy investments, supported by government incentives and green bonds. Eg: In 2024, China invested $940 billion in clean energy, nearly triple that of the U.S.
    • State-Led Policies: The government uses State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) and policy mandates to drive green growth. Eg: SOEs like Huaneng and State Grid built large-scale wind and solar farms across the country.
    • Export of Green Technology: Through the Belt and Road Initiative, China exports renewable energy infrastructure globally. Eg: Chinese firms are setting up solar projects in Africa and wind parks in Latin America.

    How did domestic issues drive China’s green strategy?

    • Severe Air Pollution: China faced toxic air quality, especially in industrial cities like Beijing, causing public health crises and unrest. Eg: The 2013 “Airpocalypse” led to mass protests, pushing the government to launch the Air Pollution Action Plan.
    • Energy Insecurity: Heavy dependence on coal and imported oil created vulnerability in energy supply and pricing. Eg: China increased solar and wind deployment to reduce reliance on fossil fuel imports and enhance energy self-sufficiency.
    • Economic Rebalancing Needs: China needed to shift from heavy industry to innovation-driven growth and green jobs. Eg: The government promoted green industries under the 13th and 14th Five-Year Plans to support sustainable development and tech leadership.

    What role do SOEs play in China’s energy transition?

    • Leading Renewable Deployment: State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) are the primary drivers of solar, wind, and hydro projects, benefiting from state financing and land access. Eg: China Three Gorges Corporation built massive hydropower plants, including the Three Gorges Dam, aiding low-carbon electricity supply.
    • R&D and Technology Innovation: SOEs invest in clean energy R&D, fostering breakthroughs in battery storage, grid tech, and EVs. Eg: State Grid Corporation of China has led innovations in ultra-high-voltage transmission to integrate renewables across vast regions.
    • Policy Implementation and Scaling: SOEs act as instruments of the central government’s green policy, enabling fast scaling of infrastructure and meeting national climate goals. Eg: China Energy Investment Corporation rapidly expanded wind farms under the 14th Five-Year Plan.

    What can India learn from China?

    • Scale and Speed of Deployment: India can emulate China’s rapid infrastructure development in renewables by simplifying land acquisition and faster clearances.Eg: China added over 230 GW of renewable capacity in 2023, nearly 3 times India’s total renewable addition.
    • Strong Role of Public Sector: India should empower its public sector undertakings (PSUs) to take a leadership role in clean energy, similar to China’s state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Eg: China’s SOEs like State Power Investment Corporation lead massive solar and wind projects, while India can enhance NTPC and SECI’s role.
    • Domestic Manufacturing Push: China’s dominance is rooted in its robust clean tech manufacturing ecosystem. India should focus on R&D, incentives, and supply chains.

    What are the steps taken by the Indian government? 

    • National Solar Mission: Launched under the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC), this mission promotes solar power generation with a target of 280 GW by 2030. Eg: India has already crossed 81 GW of solar capacity as of 2024.
    • Green Hydrogen Mission: The government launched the National Green Hydrogen Mission to make India a global hub for green hydrogen production and export. Eg: Target of 5 MMT green hydrogen production annually by 2030.
    • PLI Scheme for Renewable Manufacturing: To reduce import dependence, the government introduced Production Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes for solar PV modules, batteries, and wind components. Eg: Over ₹24,000 crore allocated to boost domestic solar manufacturing.

    What are the challenges in India? 

    • Intermittent Energy Supply: Renewable energy like solar and wind is non-continuous, making it hard to meet demand consistently. Eg: In 2022–23, India’s solar power capacity was ~70 GW, but actual generation was only ~110 billion units, implying an average capacity utilization of ~18%.
    • Inadequate Energy Storage: India lacks robust battery storage infrastructure to balance supply-demand fluctuations. Eg: As of 2023, India had only ~4.6 GW of battery storage, while the estimated need by 2030 is over 40 GW(CEA).
    • Low Private Investment in Renewables: High risks and policy uncertainty reduce private sector participation. Eg: In FY 2022–23, investment in India’s renewable sector fell by 25%, from $14.5 billion in 2021 to $10.9 billion (IEEFA).

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): Encourage collaboration between government, industry, and startups to accelerate clean energy innovation and deployment.
    • Invest in Skill Development and R&D: Promote training in green technologies and boost research in storage, hydrogen, and grid integration to build long-term capacity.

  • Russian Oil: India calls out ‘double standards’ 

    Why in the News?

    India has cautioned against “double standards” in response to a U.S. Bill, the Russian Sanctions Act of 2025, which proposes 500% duties on countries, including India, that buy Russian oil.

    Why has India opposed the proposed U.S.-Russia Sanctions Act, 2025?

    • Energy Security: India opposes the Act as it threatens its access to affordable energy from Russia, which is crucial for domestic needs. India imports a significant portion of its crude oil from Russia at discounted rates, helping stabilize fuel prices.
    • Strategic Autonomy: India defends its foreign policy independence and rejects external pressure on sovereign decisions.
    • Selective Sanctions: India criticizes the Act for reflecting geopolitical double standards, where some nations are penalized while others are exempt. Eg: While India faces scrutiny, European countries continue importing Russian gas without facing similar sanctions.

    What are the implications of the U.S. Act on India’s energy security and oil imports?

    • Disruption of Oil Supplies: The Act may lead to restrictions on Indian companies dealing with Russian energy firms, affecting oil flow. Eg: Indian refiners like Indian Oil Corporation may face hurdles in continuing long-term contracts with Rosneft.
    • Rising Energy Costs: Reduced access to discounted Russian oil can increase India’s energy import bills and domestic fuel prices. Eg: Without Russian discounts, India may rely more on Middle Eastern oil, which is often costlier.
    • Supply Chain Uncertainty: The Act creates geopolitical instability, making energy supply chains more volatile for India. Eg: Any secondary sanctions could deter shipping firms or insurers from facilitating India-Russia oil trade.

    How has India diversified its crude oil sources in response to geopolitical pressures?

    • Increased Imports from the U.S. and Latin America: India has strengthened ties with non-traditional suppliers to reduce overdependence on West Asia or Russia. Eg: Crude oil imports from the U.S. rose from 0.9 million tonnes (2017) to over 10 million tonnes (2023).
    • Use of Spot Markets and Diversified Contracts: India leverages spot purchases and signs long-term deals with diverse countries to ensure supply security. Eg: Indian Oil and BPCL have signed deals with Brazil’s Petrobras and Mexico to broaden sourcing.
    • Investments in Overseas Oil Assets: India is acquiring stakes in oil fields abroad to ensure equity oil and reduce market vulnerability. Eg: ONGC Videsh holds stakes in projects in Sudan, Mozambique, and Venezuela, ensuring strategic access.

    Why has India not resumed oil imports from Iran despite Tehran’s requests?

    • U.S. Sanctions on Iran: India halted Iranian oil imports after the U.S. withdrew from the JCPOA in 2018 and reimposed sanctions. Eg: In 2017-18, Iran was India’s third-largest oil supplier, but imports dropped to zero by mid-2019 due to U.S. pressure.
    • Risk of Secondary Sanctions: Engaging with Iran could expose Indian companies to secondary sanctions, disrupting financial transactions and insurance cover. Eg: Indian refiners like IOC and MRPL stopped imports fearing blocked dollar transactions and shipping challenges.
    • Awaiting Nuclear Deal Revival: India prefers to wait for revival of the Iran nuclear deal to restore oil trade under an international framework. Eg: Talks on JCPOA revival have stalled, making Indian policymakers cautious despite Iran’s open invitation.

    How are deportations of Indian nationals affecting India-U.S. diplomatic relations?

    • Strain on Bilateral Relations: Frequent deportations of Indian nationals without adequate communication cause diplomatic tension. Eg: In 2023, over 2,500 Indians were deported from the U.S., prompting MEA to seek clarification over due procedures.
    • Concerns over Human Rights: Reports of poor detention conditions and lack of consular access raise human rights concerns. Eg: Indian consulates in the U.S. flagged cases where detainees were held in unsanitary facilities, leading to formal protests.
    • Impact on Consular Cooperation: Large-scale deportations increase the burden on India’s consular services, affecting coordination and trust. Eg: The sudden deportation of 60 Indians in early 2024 led to delays in documentation and reintegration, requiring urgent diplomatic intervention.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Consular Coordination: Enhance real-time communication between Indian missions and U.S. authorities to ensure due process and humane treatment of deportees.
    • Negotiate a Bilateral Framework: Establish a formal agreement on deportation procedures, ensuring transparency, timely consular access, and respect for individual rights.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2018] In what ways would the ongoing US-Iran Nuclear Pact Controversy affect the national interest of India? How should India respond to this situation?

    Linkage: The article highlights that the U.S. is considering imposing a 500% ad valorem duty on countries, including India, that purchase Russian oil, uranium, natural gas, or petroleum products through the proposed Russian Sanctions Act, 2025. This question is highly relevant as it directly parallels the geopolitical dynamic and dilemma faced by India regarding its energy imports amidst external pressure and sanctions, which is the core theme of the article.

     

  • Safe havens no more: Sexual violence in workplaces and educational institutions is worrying

    Why in the News?

    Recently, a 20-year-old student in Odisha died after setting herself ablaze over ignored sexual harassment complaints, spotlighting the failure of redressal systems like Internal Complaint Committees (ICCs).

    Why are crimes against women still rising despite strict laws?

    • Inadequate Implementation of Legal Mechanisms: Institutions may not establish ICCs, or form them without independent or trained members, rendering them ineffective. Eg: The University Grants Commission (UGC) in 2022 reported that over 150 colleges across India had not constituted ICCs despite mandatory provisions under the 2013 POSH Act.
    • Institutional Apathy and Lack of Accountability: Internal Complaint Committees (ICCs), mandated under the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act, 2013, are either non-functional or reactive rather than preventive. Eg: Following the Odisha incident, the State government had to direct all colleges to form ICCs within 24 hours, a reactionary step rather than proactive enforcement.
    • Underreporting and Social Stigma: Many women do not report crimes due to fear of social backlash, victim-blaming, or lack of faith in the justice system. Eg: According to NCRB 2022, 4,45,256 crimes against women were registered, a 4% increase over 2021, with experts noting that many cases still go unreported, masking the real extent of violence.
    • Lack of Awareness and Sensitisation: Many students and staff are unaware of their rights or how to report harassment, leading to silence and inaction. Eg: A 2023 survey by the All India Democratic Women’s Association (AIDWA) found that over 60% of women students in rural colleges were unaware of the existence of Internal Complaint Committees (ICCs).

    How effective are Internal Complaint Committees?

    • Effectiveness Varies Across Institutions: While ICCs are mandated under the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act, 2013, their effectiveness depends on proper constitution, independence, and stakeholder awareness. In many cases, ICCs exist only on paper.
    • Lack of Training and Sensitisation Hampers Functioning: ICC members often lack training, legal knowledge, and sensitivity in handling cases, leading to mistrust and poor case resolution.

    What are the steps taken by the Indian Government? 

    • Legal Reforms: Enacted the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013 post-Nirbhaya case, which introduced stricter punishments for rape, stalking, acid attacks, and voyeurism.
    • Institutional Mechanisms: Made it mandatory to form Internal Complaint Committees (ICCs) under the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 in all workplaces and educational institutions.
    • Technology and Support Initiatives: Launched measures like the One Stop Centres, Women Helpline (181), and Nirbhaya Fund for setting up CCTV, panic buttons in public transport, and support for survivors of violence.

    What steps can improve institutional accountability? (Way forward)

    • Strict Enforcement of ICC Guidelines: Ensure timely formation, training, and functioning of Internal Complaint Committees (ICCs) with regular audits and penalties for non-compliance.
    • Transparent Grievance Redressal Systems: Establish time-bound complaint resolution mechanisms, publicly accessible reporting channels, and third-party oversight to reduce bias.
    • Protection and Support for Victims: Guarantee anonymity, non-retaliation, and access to counselling/legal aid for complainants to build trust in the system.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2017] Is the National Commission for Women able to strategize and tackle the problems that women face at both public and private spheres? Give reasons in support of your answer.

    Linkage: The articles highlights the worrying trend of sexual violence occurring in spaces often considered safe, such as school and college campuses or workplaces. This PYQ directly addresses the effectiveness of institutional mechanisms by asking about the ability of the National Commission for Women (NCW) to tackle “problems that women face at both public and private spheres.

     

  • ANRF unveils PM Professorships Program

    Why in the News?

    To bridge the research capability gap in India’s state universities, the Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF) has launched the Prime Minister Professorships.

    What is PM Professorships?

    • Objective:  A program to leverage retired experts and professionals to mentor emerging state universities.
    • Relocation: Selected Professors must shift to host universities and offer sustained support.
    • Goal: Democratize quality research across all regions and institutions.
    • Eligibility:

    Key Features:

    • Host Institution Requirement
      • Placement: At Category A “spoke” institutions under ANRF’s PAIR programme
      • Type: Mainly state universities with limited research capacity
    • Scope of Work:
      • Mentor faculty and students; Promote interdisciplinary collaboration.
      • Enable 6-month internships in top institutions.
    • Funding and Support:
      • ₹30 lakh annual fellowship
      • ₹24 lakh annual research grant
      • ₹1 lakh overhead to host university
    • Terms of Engagement:
      • Tenure: Up to 5 years based on performance
      • Full-time presence required
      • No dual fellowship/salary
      • IP rights per host institution norms
    [UPSC 2015] Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding National Innovation Foundation-India (NIF)?

    1. NIF is an autonomous body of the Department of Science and Technology under the Central Government.

    2. NIF is an initiative to strengthen the highly advanced scientific research in India’s premier scientific institutions in collaboration with highly advanced foreign scientific institutions.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    a) 1 Only * b) 2 Only c) Both 1 and 2 d) Neither 1 nor 2

     

  • Silent Salt Consumption Epidemic

    Why in the News?

    The National Institute of Epidemiology (ICMR-NIE) has launched a community-driven initiative to promote awareness and encourage the adoption of low-sodium salt substitutes.

    About the Silent Salt Consumption Epidemic:

    • What is it: The epidemic refers to the widespread, unmonitored intake of excess salt leading to chronic diseases.
    • Silent Nature of the Problem: It remains “silent” as its health impacts like hypertension and heart ailments develop gradually over time.
    • Cultural and Behavioral Factors: Cultural dietary habits and low public awareness contribute to its persistence.
    • Public Health Recognition: ICMR-NIE has termed it a public health crisis, prompting intervention projects in selected states.

    Salt Consumption in India:

    • Urban-Rural Disparity: Urban Indians consume about 9.2 grams of salt per day, while rural populations consume around 5.6 grams—both above safe limits.
    • Gender-Based Consumption Data: A national survey (2023) revealed men consume 8.9 grams and women 7.1 grams daily.
    • Dietary Practices and Salt Intake: The excessive intake is tied to Indian cooking styles, snack consumption, and processed food habits.

    WHO Directives on Salt Consumption:

    • Recommended Salt Intake: WHO recommends a maximum daily salt intake of 5 grams per person.
    • Global Average Consumption: The global average salt consumption stands at 10.8 grams/day, highlighting a universal public health challenge.
    • Suggested Interventions: WHO encourages the use of low-sodium salt substitutes and public education campaigns to reduce consumption.

    Issues with High Salt Consumption:

    • Health Impact: Linked to kidney stones, osteoporosis, high blood pressure, cardiovascular diseases, and strokes.
    • Mortality Burden: Globally, excess salt intake is responsible for around 5 million deaths annually.
    • Limited Access to Low-Sodium Salt: Only 28% of retail outlets in Chennai had low-sodium salt; just 4% availability in small grocery shops.
    [UPSC 2005] Assertion (A): The person with diabetes insipidus feels thirsty. Reason (R): A person with diabetes insipidus suffers from excess secretion of vasopressin.

    Options: (a) A is true but R is false* (b) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A (c) A is false but R is true

    (d) A is false but R is false