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GS Paper: GS2

  • ExplainSpeaking: Why govt claims on reducing inequality in India are being contested

    Why in the News?

    The Indian government recently claimed that India is among the world’s most equal societies, citing a Gini Index of 25.5 from the World Bank’s Poverty and Equity Brief, which would place India as the fourth most equal country globally. However, this claim has sparked debate and criticism from economists and inequality researchers.

    What is the Gini Index?

    The Gini Index (or Gini coefficient) is a statistical measure of inequality within a population. It is commonly used to measure income or wealth inequality, but can also be applied to consumption inequality.

    What are the flaws in using consumption-based Gini to measure inequality?

    • Underestimates Real Inequality: Consumption is usually smoother than income because high earners tend to save more rather than spend proportionately. This leads to an underestimation of inequality. Eg: A billionaire may consume modestly while saving most income, appearing similar to a middle-class consumer in surveys, but with vastly different wealth.
    • Poor Cross-Country Comparability: India uses consumption-based data while most other countries use income-based Gini, making international comparisons misleading. Eg: India’s Gini of 25.5 (consumption-based) appears more equal than OECD countries, but income-based Gini (62) shows much higher inequality.
    • Low survey participation: Surveys often miss the richest due to non-response or sampling issues, failing to reflect the real inequality they contribute to. Eg: The richest 1% earn disproportionately more, but their low survey participation leads to underreported inequality.

    Why is the World Inequality Database seen as more reliable?

    • Uses Income and Wealth Tax Data: Unlike consumption surveys, WID incorporates income tax and wealth tax data, which captures the top 1% of earners often missed in surveys. Eg: WID shows India’s income Gini Index rose from 52 in 2004 to 62 in 2023, revealing growing inequality missed by consumption-based metrics.
    • Captures Extreme Disparities: WID focuses on distributional national accounts, helping identify disparities between the top 10% and bottom 50%, which Gini often misses. Eg: In 2023-24, the top 10% in India earned 13 times more than the bottom 10%, a gap accurately captured by WID.
    • Global Comparability and Peer Review: WID data is transparent, methodologically standardised, and peer-reviewed by global economists, making it a trusted source for cross-country comparison. Eg: Countries like France and the US use WID for policy framing on progressive taxation and redistribution.

    What are the alternatives to the Gini Index that better reflect extreme disparities?

    • Palma Ratio: The Palma Ratio compares the income share of the top 10% to that of the bottom 40%, focusing directly on income inequality between the rich and poor. Eg: In countries like South Africa, the Palma Ratio highlights stark disparities that are often missed by the Gini Index.
    • Theil Index (Generalized Entropy Measures): The Theil Index allows for decomposition of inequality within and between population groups like rural vs urban. Eg: In Brazil, it has been used to analyze racial and regional disparities more precisely than the Gini Index.

    What are the policy risks of underestimating inequality?

    • Misguided Policy Design: When inequality is underestimated, governments may prioritize growth-focused policies without ensuring inclusive development. This can lead to insufficient investment in social protection, health, and education for marginalized groups.
    • Widening Socioeconomic Gaps: Underestimating inequality allows elite capture of resources and opportunities, worsening wealth concentration. This can deepen inter-generational poverty, especially for rural, low-caste, and female-led households.
    • Social and Political Instability: Failure to address real inequality can fuel public discontent, protests, and even extremism. It undermines trust in institutions and weakens democratic legitimacy over time.

    What are the policy risks of underestimating inequality?

    • Misguided Policy Priorities: Underestimating inequality leads to policies focused only on aggregate growth, neglecting equity. Eg: India’s high GDP growth often overshadowed poor social investment in rural health and education, worsening human development gaps.
    • Weak Targeting of Welfare Schemes: If inequality is not accurately measured, social protection may miss the truly needy. Eg: Exclusion errors in schemes like PDS or PM-KISAN arise because top income groups are not properly excluded due to lack of granular data.
    • Rising Social Unrest and Distrust: Ignoring inequality can result in resentment, protests, and political instability. Eg: Farmer protests in India reflected deeper rural-urban income divides and perceived neglect of smallholder concerns.

    Way forward: 

    • Improve Data Collection Methods: Strengthen surveys by combining consumption data with income tax records, and ensure better representation of top income groups to capture true inequality.
    • Adopt Comprehensive Inequality Metrics: Use alternative indicators like the Palma Ratio or income shares of top 10% vs bottom 50%, alongside the Gini Index, for a more accurate assessment.
    • Design Inclusive Policy Frameworks: Align fiscal policies, welfare schemes, and tax reforms with accurate inequality data to target marginalized groups effectively and reduce social and regional disparities.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2024] Despite comprehensive policies for equity and social justice, underprivileged sections are not yet getting the full benefits of affirmative action envisaged by the Constitution. Comment.

    Linkage: This question critically examines the effectiveness of current policies intended to reduce inequality and promote social justice. It suggests that, despite official claims or stated objectives, the intended benefits are not effectively reaching the marginalised groups, thereby raising doubts about the actual progress in reducing inequality. It reflects the broader issue of implementation challenges in governance.

  • ‘Consider Aadhaar, EPIC, ration card as proof ’

    Why in the News?

    Recently, the Supreme Court of India has intervened in the ongoing Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of electoral rolls in Bihar, urging the Election Commission (EC) to consider documents like Aadhaar, EPIC, and ration cards as valid identity proof.

    Why did the SC question Aadhaar’s exclusion from voter ID documents?

    • Widespread Use for Identity Verification: The Court noted that Aadhaar is one of the most widely used and accepted documents for establishing identity in India. It questioned why Aadhaar, considered essential for obtaining various official documents, was excluded while documents like caste certificates were included.
    • Relevance to Identity, Not Citizenship: The Court emphasized that the Special Intensive Revision (SIR) process is about verifying identity, not citizenship. Since Aadhaar serves that purpose effectively, its exclusion lacked justification.
    • Non-Exclusivity of Document List: The Court highlighted that the Election Commission’s list of 11 acceptable documents was not exhaustive, and in the interest of justice, Aadhaar, EPIC, and ration cards should also be considered valid for voter registration.

    What issues surround the timing and conduct of the SIR in Bihar?

    • Short and Rigid Timelines: The Supreme Court noted that the 30-day deadlines for citizens to verify and submit documents were too short, raising concerns about procedural fairness.
    • Unclear Classification of SIR: The Court observed that the Bihar SIR was neither “summary” nor “special” as defined under Section 21 of the Representation of the People Act, 1950, making the exercise appear legally ambiguous.

    Why is Aadhaar controversial in proving voter citizenship?

    • Not a Proof of Citizenship: The Aadhaar Act clearly states that Aadhaar is meant for identity verification, not citizenship confirmation. It can be issued to non-citizens who are residents, which makes it unreliable as evidence for voting eligibility.
    • Risk of Inclusion Errors: Using Aadhaar may result in non-citizens being wrongly enrolled as voters due to data inaccuracies or misuse, thereby compromising the integrity of the electoral rolls.
    • High Dependence Among Marginalised Groups: In regions like Bihar, 87% of people have Aadhaar, but few possess documents like passports or matriculation certificates. If Aadhaar is excluded, vulnerable citizens risk disenfranchisement, raising concerns about equity and access.

    What are the issues related to the Adhaar Card and NPR in India? 

    • Overlap of Purpose and Confusion on Citizenship: While Aadhaar is officially a tool for identity verification and welfare delivery, and NPR is for creating a register of residents, their perceived linkage with citizenship screening (especially post-CAA debate) has led to widespread fear and confusion. Eg: During the 2020 NPR update, several states (e.g., West Bengal, Kerala) halted implementation, citing concerns over its potential use for citizenship determination.
    • Privacy and Data Security Concerns: Both Aadhaar and NPR involve massive collection of personal data, but the legal and technological safeguards for privacy and misuse remain inadequate. Aadhaar has faced leaks, while NPR has been criticised for seeking sensitive demographic data without clear purpose. Eg: In 2018, UIDAI acknowledged multiple cases where Aadhaar data was accessible through public domains or appswithout authorisation.
    • Exclusion due to Documentation Gaps: Aadhaar and NPR can inadvertently exclude individuals lacking proper documentation—especially the poor, migrants, or marginalised groups—from public services or the voter list. Eg: Reports from Jharkhand revealed cases where lack of Aadhaar linkage led to denial of PDS rations, contributing to hunger-related deaths.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Legal Safeguards and Clarity: Enact clear legislative guidelines to distinguish the roles of Aadhaar, NPR, and citizenship documentation, ensuring they are not misused for exclusionary practices. A robust data protection law must accompany these measures.
    • Promote Inclusion and Transparency: Ensure all government identity and registration drives are conducted with public awareness, grievance redressal mechanisms, and opt-out provisions for vulnerable groups, to prevent exclusion and build trust in institutions.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2014] Two parallel run schemes of the Government viz. the Adhaar Card and NPR, one as voluntary and the other as compulsory, have led to debates at national levels and also litigations. On merits, discuss whether or not both schemes need run concurrently. Analyse the potential of the schemes to achieve developmental benefits and equitable growth.

    Linkage: This PYQ directly relates to the essence of the statement “Consider Aadhaar, EPIC, ration card as proof” by focusing on the Aadhaar Card and the debates and implications surrounding its use as a governmental tool.

  • [pib] TALASH Initiative 

    Why in the News?

    The National Education Society for Tribal Students (NESTS) and UNICEF India launched TALASH (Tribal Aptitude, Life Skills and Self-Esteem Hub), a first-of-its-kind national initiative for holistic development of tribal students in Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRSs).

    About the TALASH Initiative:

    • Overview: TALASH (Tribal Aptitude, Life Skills and Self-Esteem Hub) is a national programme launched by the National Education Society for Tribal Students (NESTS) in partnership with UNICEF India.
    • Target Group: It is aimed at the holistic development of tribal students studying in Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRSs) across the country.
    • Objectives: The initiative fosters self-awareness, emotional resilience, life skills, and career clarity among tribal youth.
    • Focus: It is the first national initiative in India designed specifically for tribal students.
    • Broader Policy: TALASH aligns with the National Education Policy 2020, promoting inclusive, equitable, and competency-based education.
    • Coverage Goal: Over 1,38,336 students across 28 States and 8 Union Territories are expected to benefit.
    • Implementation: By the end of 2025, TALASH aims to be implemented in all EMRSs nationwide.

    Key Features of TALASH:

    • Psychometric Assessments:
      • Inspired by NCERT’s ‘Tamanna’, TALASH offers aptitude tests to help students discover their interests, abilities, and potential.
      • Based on the results, students receive Career Cards suggesting suitable career options.
    • Career Counselling: The platform offers structured career guidance to help students make informed decisions aligned with their strengths and aspirations.
    • Life Skills & Self-Esteem Modules: TALASH teaches communication, problem-solving, emotional regulation, and self-confidence through interactive modules.
    • E-Learning for Teachers:
      • A dedicated online portal provides training and resources to teachers to help them mentor students effectively.
      • So far, 189 teachers from 75 EMRSs have been trained to lead school-level sessions.
    [UPSC 2017]  With reference to ‘National Skills Qualification Framework (NSQF)’, which of the statements given below is/are correct?

    1. Under NSQF, a learner can acquire the certification for competency only through formal learning.

    2. An outcome expected from the implementation of NSQF is the mobility between vocational and general education.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only* (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

     

  • What are Zonal Councils?

    Why in the News?

    Union Home Minister recently highlighted that 83% of issues discussed in Zonal Council meetings have been resolved, reaffirming their role as effective platforms for intergovernmental cooperation.

    What are Zonal Councils?

    • Establishment: They are statutory bodies established under the States Reorganisation Act, 1956; they are not constitutional bodies.
    • Purpose: Their main goal is to promote cooperation and coordination among states, union territories, and the central government.
    • Basis for Zoning: Zones were drawn based on natural divisions, cultural and linguistic affinity, river systems, and security needs.
    • Zonal Division: India is divided into five zones—Northern, Central, Eastern, Western, and Southern—with a separate Zonal Council for each:
      1. Northern Zonal Council: Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, Delhi, Chandigarh
      2. Central Zonal Council: Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh
      3. Eastern Zonal Council: Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal
      4. Western Zonal Council: Goa, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu
      5. Southern Zonal Council: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Puducherry

    Note: 

    • North-Eastern Council (NEC) (separate body): Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Tripura, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim (added in 2002)
    • The union territories of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep are NOT members of any of the Zonal Councils. However, they are presently special invitees to the Southern Zonal Council.

    Composition and Structure of Zonal Councils:

    • Chairperson: Each Zonal Council is chaired by the Union Home Minister.
    • State Representation: The Chief Ministers of all states in the respective zone are members of the Council.
    • Additional Members: Each state nominates two additional ministers; administrators of union territories also participate.
    • Vice-Chairperson Role: The role of Vice-Chairperson rotates annually among the Chief Ministers.
    • Standing Committees: These are formed with Chief Secretaries of states and meet ahead of full sessions to finalize the agenda.

    Functions and Responsibilities:

    • Cooperation & Consensus: Promote interstate and Centre-state cooperation through dialogue and consensus-building.
    • Key Issues Addressed: Economic and social planning, Border disputes, Inter-state transport, Linguistic minority concerns etc.
    • Advisory Role: While the councils’ recommendations are advisory, they play a vital role in dispute resolution and coordinated policy formulation.

    Recent Developments and Significance:

    • Leadership in NEC: In 2018, the Union Home Minister became the Chairperson of the North Eastern Council, signaling a push for broader integration.
    • Revitalization under Modi Government: Zonal Councils have evolved into dynamic, action-oriented platforms rather than passive advisory bodies.
    • Strengthening Federalism: These councils now actively contribute to cooperative federalism, resolve disputes, and accelerate regional development.
    • Efficacy in Implementation: With 83% of agenda issues resolved, Zonal Councils demonstrate increasing political will and effectiveness in addressing regional challenges.
    [UPSC 2013] Which of the following bodies is/are not mentioned in the Indian Constitution?

    1. National Development Council 2. Planning Commission 3. Zonal Councils

    Select the correct answer using the codes given below.

    Options: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

     

  • India, Africa must work side by side, says PM in Namibia

    Why in the News?

    Recently the Prime Minister highlighted that India supported Namibia’s freedom not just through words, but by taking real action.

    How has India’s support for Namibia’s independence shaped their present bilateral relationship?

    • Early International Advocacy (1946): India was one of the first countries to raise the issue of Namibia’s independence at the United Nations in 1946. This early support positioned India as a committed ally in Namibia’s anti-colonial struggle.
    • Support to SWAPO Liberation Movement: India supported the South West Africa People’s Organisation (SWAPO) by providing material and diplomatic backing. Eg: India hosted SWAPO’s first diplomatic mission, helping it gain global recognition and legitimacy.
    • Solidarity through Non-Aligned Movement (NAM): India used platforms like the Non-Aligned Movement to advocate for Namibia’s decolonisation and anti-apartheid goals.  
    • Diplomatic Engagement Post-Independence (1986 onwards): India established formal diplomatic ties with Namibia soon after its independence. Eg: Recently PM of India recalled Dr. Sam Nujoma (Namibia’s founding father) as a “great friend of India”, indicating deep post-independence relations.
    • Contemporary Strategic and Development Partnership: The historical goodwill has translated into strong current ties, such as MoUs on health, entrepreneurship, and digital payments (UPI). Eg: In 2024, Namibia signed agreements to adopt India’s UPI system and joined India-led initiatives like the Global Biofuel Alliance and CDRI.

    Why is India promoting UPI and digital infrastructure in Africa?

    • Strengthening Digital Public Goods Diplomacy: India aims to share its low-cost, inclusive digital platforms like UPI to empower developing nations. Eg: A technology licensing agreement was signed to enable the launch of UPI in an African country later this year.
    • Enhancing South-South Cooperation and Soft Power: Promoting digital tools fosters mutual growth, strengthens India-Africa ties, and showcases India’s leadership in the Global South. Eg: India emphasized the approach to “build together, not compete” with African nations through technology collaboration.
    • Creating New Economic and Strategic Opportunities: Digital infrastructure export opens markets for Indian fintech companies and strengthens strategic presence in Africa. Eg: Collaboration with a central bank in Africa boosts financial inclusion and deepens bilateral economic ties.

    How is India’s Africa policy distinct from that of other global powers?

     

    Dimension India’s Africa Policy Other Global Powers Eg
    Focus on Partnership, Not Extraction Emphasises co-development and local capacity building Often focus on resource extractionor project-linked conditionalities India–Ethiopia: Helped set up sugar factories and agricultural training centers.  China–DR Congo: Heavy investment in mining (cobalt and copper) with limited local value addition.
    Non-interference and Historic Ties Respects sovereignty; supported liberation movements historically Some powers have intervened for strategic interests India–Namibia: Supported SWAPO during its liberation struggle.

    France–Mali: Military interventions in Sahel region.
    Technology and Human Development Exports digital tools, education, and healthcare tech to promote self-reliance Focus often on physical infrastructure with tied loans or conditions India–Namibia: UPI digital payment rollout and MoUs in health.  China–Kenya: Built railways under debt-based model.

    What is the importance of Namibia joining India-led global initiatives?

    • Strengthening South-South Cooperation: Namibia’s participation enhances solidarity among developing nations and reflects mutual trust in India’s leadership on global platforms. Eg: By joining the Global Biofuel Alliance, Namibia aligns with India’s push for sustainable and clean energy transitions in the Global South.
    • Boosting Regional Resilience and Climate Preparedness: Joining initiatives like the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) helps Namibia build climate-resilient infrastructure and better manage disaster risks.  

    Why does India emphasise cooperation over competition in the Global South?

    • Fostering Equal Partnerships for Sustainable Development: India builds development-focused partnerships without imposing conditions, supporting capacity building in fellow Global South nations. Eg: In 2024, India partnered with Tanzania to set up an IT Centre of Excellence and offer scholarships under the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) programme, focusing on local skill development.
    • Promoting Inclusive Digital Public Infrastructure: India shares its digital platforms to empower nations with affordable, scalable technology solutions. Eg: India signed an MoU with Mauritius to extend Unified Payment Interface (UPI) services, enabling secure and inclusive digital transactions to support financial inclusion.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2015] Increasing interest of India in Africa has its pros and cons. Critically examine.

    Linkage: This question provides a broad framework to discuss India’s engagement with Africa, allowing for an analysis of both the benefits of cooperation (as highlighted in the Namibia article) and any potential challenges or implications of India’s growing interest in the continent.

  • [pib] Aspirational District Mineral Foundation (DMF) Programme

    Why in the News?

    The Union Coal and Mines Minister launched operational guidelines for the Aspirational DMF Programme to align DMF initiatives with the goals of the Aspirational District and Block Programmes.

    Back2Basics: District Mineral Foundation (DMF)

    • Establishment: DMF is a non-profit trust established under the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2015.
    • Main Objective: Its primary purpose is to work in the interest of persons and areas affected by mining-related operations, as determined by the respective state governments.
    • Funding Source: It is funded through contributions made by holders of mining leases for major and minor minerals, with the exact amount prescribed by central or state government rules.
    • Governance: The operation, governance, and functioning of the DMF fall under the jurisdiction of the state government, which defines its composition and implementation mechanisms.
    • Decentralized Utilization: DMF funds are collected and utilized at the district level, enabling decentralized and locally relevant developmental interventions.

    What is the Aspirational DMF Programme?

    • Launch: It was launched by the Ministry of Coal and Mines to align DMF planning and implementation with national development priorities.
    • Convergence with National Programs: It seeks to converge DMF activities with the Aspirational District Programme (ADP) and Aspirational Block Programme (ABP) for maximum social impact.
    • Operational Framework: It ensures that DMF funds are used to improve socio-economic indicators in the most underserved districts and blocks.
    • Collaboration: The programme encourages collaboration among central, state, and local authorities, improving the effectiveness and accountability of DMF investments.

    Back2Basics: Aspirational District/Block Programme

    Aspirational District Programme (ADP):

    • Launch: It was launched in January 2018 by the Government of India to uplift 117 underdeveloped districts across the country.
    • Key Principles: It is based on the principles of Convergence, Collaboration, and Competition, aiming to transform districts through coordinated efforts.
    • Positive Labeling: The word “Aspirational” was deliberately chosen to avoid labels like “backward” and to promote positive transformation and development-oriented thinking.
    • Selection Criteria: Districts were selected by NITI Aayog using a composite index based on 49 indicators across 5 sectors:
    1. Health and Nutrition (30%)
    2. Education (30%)
    3. Agriculture and Water Resources (20%)
    4. Financial Inclusion and Skill Development (10%)
    5. Basic Infrastructure (10%)
    • Real-Time Tracking: The ADP focuses on real-time data tracking, public disclosure of rankings, and building administrative capacity at the district level.
    • People’s Movement: The programme has become a Jan Andolan (people’s movement), actively involving citizens, NGOs, and local administration.

    Aspirational Block Programme (ABP):

    • Overview: It was introduced in the Union Budget 2022–23 as an extension of the ADP to the block level.
    • Rural Focus: It is aimed at ensuring that development reaches deep into rural areas, particularly those not fully covered under ADP.
    • Coverage: Initially, the programme covers 500 blocks across 31 states and Union Territories, with room for states to expand the list.
    • Geographical Concentration: A significant number of these blocks are concentrated in six states:
      • Uttar Pradesh (68 blocks)
      • Bihar (61 blocks)
      • Madhya Pradesh (42 blocks)
      • Jharkhand (34 blocks)
      • Odisha (29 blocks)
      • West Bengal (29 blocks)
    • Focus Areas: It focuses on improving indicators similar to ADP, with emphasis on health, education, livelihoods, and basic infrastructure.
    • Collaborative Governance: Like ADP, it promotes convergence of schemes, competitive spirit among blocks, and collaborative governance at all levels.

     

    [UPSC 2012] Which of the following can be said to be essentially the parts of ‘Inclusive Governance’?

    1. Permitting the Non-Banking Financial Companies to do banking 2. Establishing effective District Planning Committees in all the districts 3. Increasing the government spending on public health 4. Strengthening the Mid-day Meal Scheme

    Options: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 and 4 only (c) 2, 3 and 4 only* (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

     

  • Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS)

    Why in the News?

    Close to 600 tribal students from Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS) have cleared IIT-JEE Mains, JEE Advanced, and NEET.

    What are Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS)?

    • Overview: EMRS are a central government initiative launched in 1997–98 under the Ministry of Tribal Affairs to provide quality residential education to Scheduled Tribe (ST) students.
    • Core Objective: To ensure access to free, holistic education for ST children from Class VI to XII, particularly in remote and tribal-dominated areas.
    • Bridging the Gap: These schools are intended to bring ST students at par with the general population by offering academic, cultural, and skill-based education.
    • Implementing Agency: The National Education Society for Tribal Students (NESTS), an autonomous body under the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, has been tasked with implementing and managing EMRS across the country.
    • Expansion Target: EMRS are being established in every block with more than 50 percent ST population and at least 20,000 tribal residents, with a target of setting up 728 schools by 2026.
    • Staff Recruitment: Recruitment for teaching and non-teaching positions in EMRS is centralized under NESTS, which aims to fill over 38,000 posts to strengthen institutional capacity.

    Key Features of EMRS:

    • Residential Setup: EMRS schools are fully residential and co-educational, catering to students from Class VI to Class XII with free education, boarding, and lodging.
    • Student Capacity: Each EMRS school can accommodate 480 students, with equal representation of boys and girls.
    • CBSE Affiliation: The schools follow the CBSE curriculum to maintain consistency with national education standards and facilitate competitive academic performance.
    • Infrastructure: Infrastructure includes classrooms, science and computer laboratories, libraries, hostels for boys and girls, staff quarters, and sports facilities.
    • Cultural Preservation: EMRS institutions are designed not only for academic excellence but also to preserve and promote tribal culture, local art, and languages.
    • Skill and Sports Focus: Special emphasis is placed on skill development and sports training, with 20% seats reserved under the sports quota for deserving ST students.
    • Inclusive Policy: Up to 10% of total seats in each school can be allotted to non-ST students, enhancing diversity while maintaining tribal focus.
    • Free Services: Education, food, accommodation, and all related services are provided free of cost to ensure no economic barrier for tribal children.

    Also in news: TALASH (Tribal Aptitude, Life Skills and Self-Esteem Hub) Initiative:

    • NESTS and UNICEF India have launched the TALASH Initiative, focusing on the holistic development of tribal students in EMRSs.
    • It promotes self-awareness, emotional resilience, life skills, and career clarity, aligning with NEP 2020 goals.
    • It includes psychometric tests (inspired by NCERT’s Tamanna), career cards, life skills modules, and e-learning for teachers.
    • Over 1.38 lakh students across 28 States and 8 UTs will benefit, with full EMRS coverage targeted by 2025.
    [UPSC 2012] Which of the following provisions of the Constitution of India have a bearing on Education?

    1. Directive Principles of State Policy

    2. Rural and Urban Local Bodies

    3. Fifth Schedule

    4. Sixth Schedule

    5. Seventh Schedule

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    Options: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3, 4 and 5 only (c) 1, 2 and 5 only (d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5*

     

  • High Security Registration Plates (HSRPs)

    Why in the News?

    Maharashtra’s transport department has now made HSRP number plate mandatory with a final deadline set for 15 August.

    What is a High-Security Registration Plate (HSRP)?  

    • About: It is a standardised, tamper-proof vehicle number plate mandated for all vehicles in India.
    • Launch: It was officially introduced in 2001 under Rule 50 of the Central Motor Vehicle Rules (CMVR), 1989, and later made mandatory by the Supreme Court in 2012.
    • Composition: The plate is made of aluminium and includes several embedded security features to prevent counterfeiting and enhance traceability.
    • Key Features:
      • Each HSRP is fitted with a non-removable snap lock that prevents tampering or re-use.
      • The plate contains a laser-etched 10-digit unique identification number, linking it to the vehicle’s registration details.
      • A chromium-based hologram of the Ashoka Chakra is embedded to authenticate the plate and prevent duplication.
      • A retro-reflective film improves night-time visibility and supports automated detection systems.
      • A colour-coded third registration sticker is affixed to the vehicle’s windshield displaying key information like engine number, chassis number, and registration number.
      • The plate is embedded with RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology, allowing authorities to digitally track the vehicle for enforcement and traffic management purposes.

    Compliance and Enforcement in India:

    • HSRPs are mandatory for all vehicles registered after April 1, 2019, as per Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH) guidelines.
    • Vehicles registered before April 1, 2019 must retrofitted with HSRPs by deadlines set by respective state governments.
    • The Supreme Court and Ministry of Road Transport have directed states to enforce HSRP installation strictly to enhance road safety and curb vehicle-related crimes.
    • In case of non-compliance, vehicle owners are liable for a fine of ₹1,000 under Rule 50 of CMVR and Section 177 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988.
    • Transport departments across states, including Maharashtra, are conducting daily enforcement drives, issuing challans and directing retrofitting at authorised centres.
    • Several states have authorised zone-wise vendors to streamline installation, and vehicle owners must pre-book appointments online for HSRP fitting.

  • [9th July 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: The dark signs of restricted or selective franchise

    PYQ Relevance:

    [UPSC 2024] Examine the need for electoral reforms as suggest ed by various committees with particular reference to “one na tion-one election” principle.

    Linkage: The article talks about the “Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of electoral rolls in Bihar,” initiated on June 24, 2025, after a gap of over 20 years. This SIR is described as a “complete reconstruction of the electoral rolls” based on document submission which is directly related electoral reforms given in question.  

     

    Mentor’s Comment:  The Election Commission of India (ECI) has launched a Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of the electoral rolls in Bihar, just months before the upcoming State Assembly elections in 2025. The process has drawn widespread criticism for being sudden, opaque, and document-heavy, potentially disenfranchising lakhs of eligible voters, particularly migrants, Muslims, and the poor. It is now being challenged in the Supreme Court for violating fundamental rights such as the right to vote, equality, and dignity. The issue has national implications, as similar exercises are reportedly planned in other states.

    Today’s editorial analyses the issues related to Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of the electoral rolls in Bihar. This topic is important for  GS Paper II (Polity and Governance) in the UPSC mains exam.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Recently, the Election Commission of India (ECI) started a Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of the voter list in Bihar, just a few months before the 2025 State Assembly elections.

    What is Special Intensive Revision (SIR)?

    Special Intensive Revision (SIR) is a process carried out by the Election Commission of India (ECI) to update and verify the electoral rolls (voter lists) more thoroughly than usual.

    Key Features of SIR:

    • Not a routine update: Unlike regular annual revisions, SIR involves a more detailed and document-heavy verification process.
    • Document verification: Voters are required to submit proof of citizenship (like birth certificates, land documents, or school records), especially if they are not listed in older rolls (e.g., from 2003).
    • Purpose: Officially, it aims to: Remove duplicate or deceased voters, Identify ineligible entries, and Add newly eligible voters.

    Why is the Bihar Special Intensive Revision (SIR) seen as a threat to electoral democracy?

    • Sudden and Opaque Implementation: The SIR was launched abruptly in June 2025 with minimal public awareness and a tight deadline of July 31, offering little time for a state with high migration and low documentation. Eg: Migrants working outside Bihar during monsoon may be excluded due to inability to submit documents on time.
    • Document-Heavy Verification Process: Common documents like Aadhaar or voter ID are not accepted. Instead, hard-to-obtain papers like birth certificates, land records, or matriculation certificates are required, placing a disproportionate burden on poor, rural populations.  
    • Creation of a Two-Tier Citizenship: The process presumes voters not on the 2003 rolls are “suspect” citizens until proven otherwise, undermining the principle of universal adult franchise and equal voting rights. Eg: Like in Assam’s NRC, the burden of proof shifts to individuals, potentially creating a permanent class of disenfranchised citizens.
    • Violation of Natural Justice: Requiring voters to prove citizenship reverses the principle of “innocent until proven guilty” and treats individuals as suspect citizens unless they can prove otherwise. Eg: In the Bihar SIR process, those not on the 2003 voter list must submit rarely available documents like birth certificates or land records, making many vulnerable to arbitrary exclusion.

    How does the Bihar SIR compare with Assam’s NRC exercise?

    Aspect Bihar SIR (2025) Assam NRC (2013–2019)
    1. Suddenness vs. Supervised Process Launched suddenly with only one-month deadline, causing logistical challenges. Conducted over six years, supervised by Supreme Court, with phased rollout.
    2. Legal Oversight No direct judicial monitoring; raises concerns about transparency and accountability. Directly monitored by the Supreme Court, ensuring legal safeguards.
    3. Scale and Timeframe Targets 50 million voters in just one monsoon month, with floods and migration. Covered 33 million applicants in multiple phases over years.
    4. Document Requirements Demands rare documents (birth/matriculation/land records); common IDs not accepted. Required legacy documents, but provided assistance centres and lists.
    5. Purpose and Outcome Ostensibly for voter list update, but risks becoming a citizenship test, causing mass disenfranchisement. Explicitly aimed at identifying illegal immigrants; excluded 19 lakh people.

    What constitutional principles are at stake in the current voter verification drive?

    • Universal Adult Franchise: Article 326 guarantees every Indian citizen above 18 the right to vote without discrimination. The demand for rare documents like land titles or educational certificates risks excluding poor and illiterate citizens.
    • Equality Before Law (Article 14): The selective burden of proof imposed on new or undocumented voters violates the principle of equal treatment. It creates two classes of citizens — one presumed to be voters and another forced to prove eligibility.
    • Presumption of Innocence (Principle of Natural Justice): The shift of burden from the state to the citizen undermines the principle that individuals are “innocent until proven guilty.”

    Who are the vulnerable groups most affected by the SIR process?

    • Migrant Workers: The Special Intensive Revision (SIR) disproportionately affects migrant workers who are often away from their home constituencies during the verification period, especially in July, a peak seasonal migration month.
    • Poor and Illiterate Citizens: Those from economically weaker sections, particularly in rural areas, often lack the official documents such as birth certificates, matriculation degrees, or land records now required for voter verification. Their reliance on documents like Aadhaar, ration cards, or job cards, which the ECI currently does not accept, puts them at risk of disenfranchisement.
    • Women (especially Elderly or Homemakers): Many women, especially widows, elderly, or those confined to domestic roles, are not listed on ownership documents and may lack the required identity proofs.
    • Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (SCs/STs): Historically marginalised communities such as SCs and STs face greater hurdles due to their geographic isolation, poor access to services, and lower literacy levels, making it harder to furnish the required documentation to prove citizenship or residence.
    • Urban Slum Dwellers and Informal Settlers: Migrants living in slums or unauthorised colonies in cities often lack registered addresses, utility bills, or tenancy documents. This makes it difficult to verify their voter eligibility either in their native village or in the urban location, risking double exclusion from electoral rolls.

    Way forward: 

    • Ensure Inclusive and Transparent Voter Verification Process: Extend the verification timeline, especially in high-migration and flood-prone regions like Bihar. Accept commonly held identity documents such as Aadhaar, voter ID, and ration cards as valid proof. This would reduce arbitrary exclusions and uphold the principle of universal franchise.
    • Protect Vulnerable Groups through Targeted Support: Launch doorstep assistance, mobile camps, and helplines in rural, tribal, and urban slum areas to help citizens gather documents and complete verification. Special provisions should be made for migrants, women, SC/STs, and informal workers, ensuring no one is disenfranchised due to procedural hurdles.

  • Looking inward: Reservation in Supreme Court

    Why in the News?

    Recently, for the first time ever, the Supreme Court of India has introduced a reservation policy for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) in hiring and promoting its non-judicial staff, such as assistants and attendants.

    What is the importance of the Supreme Court’s internal reservation policy?

    • Bridges the Gap Between Principle and Practice: For decades, the Court had delivered landmark judgments on affirmative action, but hadn’t applied those standards to its own staff. Eg: Judgments like Indra Sawhney and M. Nagaraj shaped national reservation policy, but internal implementation lagged until the 2025 reform.
    • Promotes Social Inclusion Within the Judiciary: By providing 15% reservation for SCs and 7.5% for STs in administrative posts, the Court ensures better representation of marginalised communities within its own ecosystem. Eg: Of the 1,280 reserved posts, the majority are for junior assistants and attendants, opening real job opportunities for disadvantaged groups.

    Why was the Court late in applying affirmative action to its staff?

    • Lack of Leadership Will: The implementation was delayed due to the absence of decisive leadership within the Court to prioritise internal reforms. Eg: It took Chief Justice B.R. Gavai, the second Dalit CJI in the Court’s history, to initiate the reform in 2025, showing how transformational leadership can overcome systemic inertia.
    • Contradiction Between Principle and Practice:  Despite supporting reservations through judgments like Indra Sawhney and M. Nagaraj, the Court did not extend similar benefits to its own non-judicial staff until now.
    • Institutional Inertia and Exceptionalism: For nearly three decades since R.K. Sabharwal v State of Punjab (1995), the Court’s inaction on internal reservations reflected a reluctance to challenge status quo. Eg: While government departments and many High Courts had implemented SC/ST quotas, the Supreme Court remained an exception, showcasing negative exceptionalism despite advocating for equality externally.

    How have previous rulings influenced India’s reservation system?

    • R.K. Sabharwal (1995): Shifted the system from vacancy-based to post-based rosters to prevent exceeding the 50% quota cap.
    • M. Nagaraj (2006): Upheld reservation in promotions but required data on backwardness and administrative efficiency.
    • Jarnail Singh (2018): Removed the need to prove backwardness again for SCs/STs already listed.
    • Davinder Singh (2024): Allowed sub-classification within SCs/STs, affirming substantive equality over formal equality.

    Who led the push for reservation reform in the Supreme Court?

    • Chief Justice B.R. Gavai: Only the second Dalit CJI in history, he recognized the disconnect between the Court’s rulings and its internal practices and acted to correct it. Gavai also reportedly supports extending reservations to OBCs and other marginalized groups in the future.

    What challenges lie ahead in expanding the reservation to other groups?

    • Legal Ambiguity: Extension of reservations to OBCs, PwDs, and others lacks clear policy frameworks and quota specifications. Eg: The July 2025 Gazette mentions new categories but no defined implementation.
    • Institutional Inertia: Bureaucratic delays and reluctance to change slow down the adoption of new reservation measures. Eg: It took decades after R.K. Sabharwal (1995) to implement SC/ST reservations.
    • Balancing Equity and Efficiency: Concerns over merit and administrative efficiency may resist expansion of affirmative action. Eg: M. Nagaraj (2006) required data on backwardness and efficiency, which may be hard to apply internally.

    Way forward: 

    • Institutionalise Inclusive Policies: Finalise and implement a comprehensive reservation framework within the Supreme Court, ensuring clarity, transparency, and consistency with government norms for SCs, STs, OBCs, PwDs, and other eligible groups.
    • Strengthen Monitoring and Accountability: Establish a diversity oversight mechanism within the judiciary to track representation, address grievances, and ensure timely implementation of reservation provisions.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2024] Despite comprehensive policies for equity and social justice, underprivileged sections are not yet getting the full benefits of affirmative action envisaged by the Constitution. Comment.

    Linkage: The concept of “affirmative action,” which is the foundation for reservation policies in India. The Supreme Court has been instrumental in shaping the contours of affirmative action through its landmark judgments over the years.