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GS Paper: GS2

  • Revised Guidelines for Deemed University Status

    university

    Central Idea

    • The University Grants Commission (UGC) has released revised guidelines allowing higher education institutions to apply for deemed university status.
    • The new guidelines aim to establish more quality-focused deemed universities by simplifying the eligibility criteria.

    University Grants Commission (UGC)

    • UGC is a statutory body under the University Grants Commission Act, of 1956.
    • It is charged with the task of coordinating and maintaining standards of higher education in India.
    • It provides recognition to universities and also allocates funds to universities and colleges.
    • It is headquartered are in New Delhi, and it also has 6 regional centres.
    • All grants to universities and higher learning institutions are handled by the UGC.
    • In 2015-16, the Union government initiated a National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) under UGC to rank all educational institutes.

     

    Why in the news?

    • Light but tight regulatory framework: The guidelines are based on the principle of a “light but tight” regulatory framework envisioned in the National Education Policy 2020.

    What is Deemed University?

    A Deemed University is a status granted to higher educational institutions in India by the Department of Higher Education (DHE) under the Ministry of Education based on the recommendation of the University Grants Commission (UGC).

    State University Deemed University
    Establishment Created by state government through legislative assembly act Granted autonomy by the UGC based on academic and research merits
    Funding Fully funded by the state government Self-funded
    Fee Structure Regulated and streamlined according to government guidelines Freedom to set their own fee structure
    Curriculum Regulated and aligned with UGC guidelines Autonomy to design their own courses and curriculum
    Research Research programs and activities aligned with government norms Emphasis on research with credible research output
    Infrastructure Facilities and infrastructure as per government provisions State-of-the-art infrastructure
    Affiliated Institutes Can have affiliated colleges and institutes Generally have a single institution
    Admission Process Follows state government guidelines for admissions Can set their own admission policies and criteria
    Degree Granting Authorized to award degrees and diplomas Authorized to award degrees and diplomas
    Flexibility Governed by UGC regulations and guidelines Autonomy in decision-making and flexibility in operations

     

    New changes introduced-

    Eligibility Criteria and Changes

    • Previous eligibility criteria: Under the 2019 guidelines, institutions with an existence of at least 20 years were eligible to apply for deemed university status.
    • Revised eligibility criteria: The revised guidelines replace the previous criteria with requirements such as multi-disciplinarity, NAAC grading, NIRF ranking, and NBA grading.
    • Criteria for application: Institutions with valid accreditation by NAAC, NBA accreditation for eligible programs, or ranking in the top 50 of specific categories in NIRF for the last three years can apply for deemed university status.

    Cluster of Institutions and Distinct Institution Category

    • Cluster of institutions: A cluster of institutions managed by multiple sponsoring bodies or a society can also apply for deemed university status.
    • Distinct Institution category: The guidelines introduce the “Distinct Institution” category, exempting institutions focusing on unique disciplines, addressing strategic needs, preserving Indian cultural heritage or the environment, dedicated to skill development, sports, languages, or other disciplines determined by the Expert Committee.

    Changes in Faculty Strength and Corpus Fund

    • Increased faculty strength: The revised guidelines increase the required faculty strength from 100 to 150.
    • Increased corpus fund for private institutions: The corpus fund requirement for private institutions has been increased from Rs 10 crore to Rs 25 crore.

    Executive Councils and Academic Bank of Credits

    • Creation of executive councils: Private universities seeking deemed university status will be required to create executive councils, similar to central universities.
    • Mandatory registration on Academic Bank of Credits: Deemed universities must register on the Academic Bank of Credits (ABC) and can offer twinning programs, joint degree programs, and dual degree programs.

    Off-Campus Centers and Future Plans

    • Off-campus centers eligibility: Deemed universities with a minimum ‘A’ grade or ranked from 1 to 100 in the “universities” category of NIRF rankings are eligible to establish off-campus centers.
    • Future removal of “deemed to be university” term: The UGC chairperson stated that the term “deemed to be university” will be removed once the Higher Education Commission of India is established through an act of Parliament.
    • Current number of deemed institutions: Currently, there are around 170 deemed institutions in the country.

    Back2Basics:

    NAAC NIRF NBA
    Full Form National Assessment and Accreditation Council National Institutional Ranking Framework National Board of Accreditation
    Governing Body University Grants Commission (UGC) Ministry of Education, Government of India All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE)
    Purpose Assessing and accrediting higher education Ranking higher education institutions Accrediting technical education programs in engineering
    Assessment Criteria Quality parameters and predefined criteria Teaching, learning, research, graduation outcomes, etc. Criteria and standards for quality technical education
    Accreditation Grades A, A+, B, B+, C – –
    Focus Evaluating institution’s quality and performance Ranking institutions based on various parameters Accrediting engineering programs for quality technical education
    Scope All higher education institutions in India All higher education institutions in India Technical education programs in the field of engineering

  • Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM): Balancing Trade and Environment

    Carbon

    Central Idea

    • The European Union’s (EU) Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) has raised concerns in India due to its potential impact on the country’s carbon-intensive exports to the EU. While India has criticized CBAM as protectionist and discriminatory, the debate highlights the delicate relationship between trade and environmental considerations.

    Carbon

    Understanding The Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)

    • CBAM is a key climate law introduced by the European Union (EU). It is designed to address the issue of carbon leakage and create a level playing field for EU industries by imposing carbon-related costs on certain imported products.
    • In 2005, the EU implemented the Emissions Trading System (ETS), a market-based mechanism aimed at reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
    • Under the ETS, industries within the EU are allocated allowances for their GHG emissions, which can be traded among themselves.
    • However, the EU is concerned that imported products may not account for embedded emissions due to less stringent environmental policies in exporting countries.
    • This disparity could put EU industries at a competitive disadvantage and potentially lead to carbon leakage, where European firms relocate to countries with less strict emission norms.
    • To address these concerns, the CBAM imposes carbon-related costs on imports of specific carbon-intensive products. The products currently included are cement, iron and steel, electricity, fertilizers, aluminium, and hydrogen.
    • The CBAM requires importers to pay a price linked to the average emissions cost under the EU’s ETS. If the imported products have already paid an explicit carbon price in their country of origin, a reduction can be claimed.

    Advantages of CBAM in addressing climate-related challenges

    • Addressing Carbon Leakage: CBAM helps address the issue of carbon leakage, which occurs when domestic industries relocate to countries with less stringent climate policies, leading to increased global emissions. By imposing carbon-related costs on imported products, CBAM aims to discourage carbon-intensive industries from shifting production to countries with lower environmental standards, thereby reducing carbon leakage.
    • Encouraging Global Climate Action: CBAM incentivizes countries with carbon-intensive industries to adopt more stringent climate policies. The mechanism sends a signal that products exported to the EU market should meet similar environmental standards as EU-produced goods. This encourages exporting countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions and transition to cleaner production processes, contributing to global climate action.
    • Levelling the Playing Field: CBAM aims to create a level playing field for EU industries by ensuring that imported goods face similar carbon costs as domestic products. This helps prevent unfair competition, as it aligns the cost of carbon across different markets. It incentivizes domestic industries to invest in cleaner technologies and processes, knowing that imported goods will also be subject to equivalent carbon-related costs.
    • Revenue Generation for Climate Initiatives: CBAM has the potential to generate revenue for the EU, which can be used to fund climate initiatives and support the transition to a low-carbon economy. The funds collected through CBAM can be reinvested in research and development, renewable energy projects, or supporting industries in their decarbonization efforts.
    • Aligning Trade and Climate Objectives: CBAM highlights the interlinkage between trade and environmental concerns. It creates an opportunity to align trade policies with climate objectives, fostering greater coherence between economic growth and sustainability. CBAM encourages countries to consider the carbon intensity of their exports and provides an impetus for the adoption of climate-friendly practices in international trade.

    Key issues associated with CBAM

    • Trade Protectionism: CBAM has been accused of being protectionist in nature. Critics argue that it could create barriers to trade and hinder the export capabilities of countries, particularly those with carbon-intensive industries. By imposing carbon-related costs on imports, CBAM may give an advantage to domestic industries and discriminate against foreign competitors.
    • Discrimination and Non-Discrimination Principles: CBAM may face challenges in adhering to the principles of non-discrimination within the WTO. While it is designed to be origin-neutral, in practice, it could potentially discriminate between goods from different countries based on varying carbon pricing policies or reporting requirements. This could lead to disputes and challenges under WTO rules.
    • Complexity and Implementation Challenges: CBAM implementation involves complex calculations and mechanisms to determine the carbon-related costs of imported products. Setting up effective monitoring, reporting, and verification systems to ensure compliance could be challenging, both for the EU and exporting countries. The administrative burden and costs associated with implementing CBAM may also pose practical difficulties.
    • Potential for Double Regulation: Some argue that CBAM may lead to overlapping regulations and duplicate efforts. Exporting countries may already have their own carbon pricing mechanisms or environmental regulations in place. CBAM’s imposition of additional costs on top of these existing measures could be seen as redundant and burdensome.
    • Impact on Developing Countries: Developing countries, which often have carbon-intensive industries, may face disproportionate negative effects from CBAM. These countries might struggle to comply with the stringent requirements and costs associated with CBAM, hindering their economic development and ability to compete in global markets.
    • Incomplete Accounting of Emissions: CBAM focuses on explicit carbon prices, which may not fully account for the implicit costs associated with products from different countries. This incomplete accounting could result in arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination and may not effectively incentivize countries to adopt more stringent environmental policies.

    WTO Consistency and CBAM potential discrimination

    • WTO’s non-discrimination principle: The World Trade Organization (WTO) operates on the principle of non-discrimination, treating ‘like’ products from different countries equally.
    • Origin-neutral CBAM: While CBAM appears origin-neutral in design, its application could potentially discriminate between goods based on inadequate carbon pricing policies or burdensome reporting requirements for importers. Whether the products affected by CBAM are truly ‘like’ is a key consideration.
    • For instance: While steel products may seem similar, different production methods lead to varying carbon intensity. This raises the question of whether processes and production methods should be relevant for comparing products. Critics argue that CBAM violates WTO law by discriminating based on embedded emissions

    General Exceptions under WTO and potential application for CBAM

    • Exceptions allow countries to deviate from trade rules: The General Exceptions, outlined in Article XX of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), provide a set of policy grounds under which WTO members can justify trade measures that would otherwise violate their WTO obligations. These exceptions allow countries to deviate from certain trade rules for specified policy reasons.
    • Justification for exception: Article XX of the GATT lists various policy justifications, including public health, conservation of natural resources, and protection of the environment. The use of these exceptions is subject to meeting specific requirements, known as the chapeau. The chapeau sets out conditions that must be satisfied to justify a trade measure.
    • In the context of the CBAM: A WTO member implementing CBAM measures might seek to invoke the General Exceptions in Article XX of the GATT to justify any potential inconsistency with non-discrimination obligations.
    • For example: A country might argue that CBAM measures are necessary for the conservation of exhaustible natural resources or the protection of the environment, thereby justifying any deviation from non-discrimination principles.

    Carbon

    What are the concerns raised in India?

    • Impact on Export of Carbon-Intensive Products: India fears that CBAM implementation could severely affect its export of carbon-intensive products, particularly in sectors like aluminium, iron, and steel. These sectors may face significant challenges in accessing the EU market if they are subjected to additional economic costs due to CBAM.
    • Protectionism and Discrimination: India has criticized CBAM as being protectionist and discriminatory. It argues that the mechanism may create trade barriers and hinder the export competitiveness of Indian industries. India fears that CBAM could give an unfair advantage to EU domestic industries at the expense of Indian exporters.
    • Potential Economic Disruption: The implementation of CBAM may disrupt India’s trade flows and economic stability. The imposition of additional costs on carbon-intensive products exported to the EU market could lead to reduced demand, loss of market share, and potential negative impacts on employment and economic growth in India.
    • World Trade Organization (WTO) Challenge: India has contemplated the possibility of challenging CBAM at the WTO’s dispute settlement body. It raises concerns about the compatibility of CBAM with WTO rules, particularly regarding non-discrimination and trade-related principles
    • Interplay between Trade and the Environment: The concerns raised by India highlight the broader issue of the interplay between trade and environmental considerations. While acknowledging the need for environmental protection, India emphasizes the importance of ensuring that environmental measures do not become a smokescreen for trade protectionism.

    Facts for prelims

    What is Regional Trade Agreement (RTA)?

    • RTA is a treaty between two or more countries in a particular region that aims to reduce or eliminate trade barriers, such as tariffs and quotas, to facilitate increased trade between the member countries.
    • RTAs can take various forms, such as Free Trade Agreements, Customs Unions, Common Markets, and Economic Unions.

    What is Free Trade Agreement (FTA)?

    • FTA is a specific type of RTA that eliminates tariffs and other trade barriers on goods traded between the member countries.
    • FTAs may also include provisions on trade in services and investment, but they are primarily focused on reducing tariffs on goods

    Conclusion

    • The implementation of the EU’s CBAM has sparked concerns in India, primarily due to its potential impact on carbon-intensive exports. Analyzing its WTO consistency and potential justifications under the General Exceptions clause is crucial. In the ongoing India-EU free trade agreement negotiations, India should actively engage with the EU to safeguard its interests regarding CBAM while remaining open to the possibility of a WTO challenge.

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    Also read:

    India-EU Free Trade Agreement

     

  • In news: Helmand Water Conflict

    helmand

    Central Idea

    • Iran and Afghanistan have been engaged in a prolonged disagreement over the sharing of water from the Helmand River.
    • Violent confrontations have occurred in the border region between the two countries in the recent past.

    About Helmand River

    • The Helmand River is the longest river in Afghanistan, spanning approximately 1,150 kilometers (715 miles) in length.
    • It originates near Kabul in the western Hindu Kush mountain range.
    • The river flows in a south-westerly direction through desert areas before emptying into Lake Hamun, which straddles the Afghanistan-Iran border.
    • Lake Hamun, fed by the Helmand River, is the largest freshwater lake in Iran.
    • The Helmand River is a vital water source for both Afghanistan and Iran, supporting agriculture, livelihoods, and ecosystems in the region.

    Row over Helmand River and Lake Hamun

    • Afghanistan’s longest river: The Helmand River holds great importance for Afghanistan as it is the country’s longest river, originating near Kabul and flowing through desert areas.
    • Iran’s largest freshwater lake: Lake Hamun, located on the Afghanistan-Iran border, is Iran’s largest freshwater lake and has been historically sustained by the Helmand River.
    • Drying up due to drought: The Lake has experienced a drastic decline in water levels and has largely dried up, attributed to factors such as drought and the construction of dams and water control infrastructure.
    • Economic Importance: Lake Hamun plays a vital role in the regional ecosystem and supports agricultural activities, livelihoods, and economic sectors in the surrounding areas.

    Disagreements between Iran and Afghanistan (Taliban)

    • Fouling of the 1973 Helmand River Treaty: The agreement signed in 1973 between Iran and Afghanistan to regulate the allocation of river water has not been fully ratified or effectively put into practice.
    • Iran accuses Afghanistan of violating water rights: Iran has consistently accused Afghanistan of infringing upon its water rights, claiming that it receives significantly less water than agreed upon in the 1973 treaty.
    • Afghanistan blames climatic factors for reduced water flow: Afghanistan has refuted Iran’s allegations, citing climatic factors such as reduced rainfall and diminished river water volumes as the primary causes of the current situation.
    • Concerns over Afghanistan’s dam and irrigation projects: Tehran expresses concerns over Afghanistan’s construction of dams, reservoirs, and irrigation systems along the Helmand River, fearing that these initiatives negatively impact water flow into Iran.

    Tehran-Taliban Relations: A recent recap

    • Previous ties between Iran and the Taliban: Prior to the Taliban’s capture of Kabul, Iran maintained diplomatic relations with the group, driven by shared opposition to the presence of US forces in the region.
    • Lack of formal recognition of the Taliban government: Despite refraining from formally recognizing the Taliban government, Iran has pragmatically engaged with the ruling group in Afghanistan to protect its interests, including the preservation of Lake Hamun.
    • Border clashes since the Taliban’s takeover: Following the Taliban’s rise to power, there have been repeated incidents and clashes along the Iran-Afghanistan border.

    Why is Taliban furious this time?

    • Taliban’s interest in promoting agriculture: The Taliban seeks to prioritize agricultural development, which influences their approach to water management and distribution.
    • Tehran’s sudden attention to Sistan-Baluchistan after protests: Following nationwide protests, including Sistan-Baluchistan, Iran’s government has shown increased attention to the region due to its disadvantaged status and reliance on water resources from Lake Hamun.

    Major hurdles in the resolution

    • Lack of interest: Both Iran and the Taliban show little interest in addressing the mismanagement of water resources and environmental challenges in the region.
    • Short-term focus on internal problems: Both Iran and the Taliban prioritize short-term solutions and focus on internal issues rather than actively resolving the water dispute.

    Current situation in Sistan-Baluchistan

    • Mounting public anger: The region of Sistan-Baluchistan in eastern Iran experiences growing public anger and frustration, largely driven by water shortages and other economic and social challenges.
    • Water shortages and other problems: Sistan-Baluchistan faces severe water shortages, contributing to economic and social difficulties in one of Iran’s poorest areas.
    • Setting up an inquiry commission: In an effort to address the recent border clash, Iran and Afghanistan have agreed to establish a commission of inquiry to investigate the incident.

     

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  • NCERT drops Periodic Table from Class X book

    ncert curriculum periodic table

    Central Idea

    • Changes notified by NCERT: The NCERT notified changes in its June 2022 circular, omitted the Periodic Table from 10th class books. This has been widely debated in academic circles.
    • New textbooks hit the market: The textbooks with the deletions and changes have now been released in the market.

    What is Periodic Table?

    Description
    History Developed by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869. He arranged elements based on their atomic masses and predicted the existence of undiscovered elements.
    Organization Elements are arranged based on their atomic numbers, electron configurations, and properties.
    Periods There are seven periods (rows) in the table, representing different principal energy levels.
    Groups The table has 18 groups (columns), with elements in the same group sharing similar properties.
    Main Groups Elements in groups 1, 2, and 13 to 18 are referred to as main group elements.
    Transition Metals Groups 3 to 12 consist of transition metals, known for their variable oxidation states.
    Lanthanides The first row of the f-block contains the 15 lanthanide elements.
    Actinides The second row of the f-block contains the 15 actinide elements.
    Periodic Trends Various trends exist across the table, such as atomic radius, ionization energy, and electronegativity.
    Periodic Law The chemical and physical properties of elements repeat in a periodic manner based on their atomic numbers.
    Modern Versions Modern versions incorporate atomic numbers and reflect our understanding of atomic structure.
    International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) IUPAC is the international organization responsible for the standardization of chemical nomenclature, symbols, and the Periodic Table.
    Database Management Several organizations and databases manage and maintain comprehensive information about the elements, their properties, and the Periodic Table. Examples include the IUPAC, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC).

     

    Why this matters?

    • NCERT textbooks as a cornerstone: NCERT textbooks are considered a cornerstone for guiding the publication of State board textbooks, affecting nearly 60 State boards.
    • Concerns for non-science stream students: With a significant number of students opting for Arts and Commerce streams, they may lose the opportunity to learn crucial basic Chemistry concepts now only accessible in Class XI.

    Controversial Deletions and Omissions by NCERT

    • Fundamental knowledge of chemistry: Experts argue that leaving out the periodic table and logical organization of elements from the textbooks hinders students’ understanding of fundamental chemistry concepts.
    • Rationalization of contents due to the pandemic: The NCERT claims that the exercise of reducing the content load on students is carried out across all classes in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
    • Previous controversial deletions: Earlier, NCERT dropped Darwin’s theory of evolution from Class X textbooks and deleted chapters from Political Science textbooks, including Democracy and Diversity, Popular Struggles and Movements, Political Parties, and Challenges to Democracy.

    Additional controversial omissions

    • Exclusion of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad: Any mention of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, a freedom fighter and India’s first Education Minister, has been deleted from the textbooks.
    • Omission of J&K’s accession to India: The fact that Jammu and Kashmir acceded to India on the basis of autonomy has been removed from the revised Class XI textbook.
    • Further omissions in the CBSE syllabus: The history of Mughal courts, references to the 2002 communal riots in Gujarat, the Naxalite movement, and mention of Dalit writers were also omitted from the CBSE syllabus.

    Reasons cited for curriculum revamp

    • Multiple sets of authors: Textbooks have undergone changes over the years, written by different sets of historians. There have been no controversies regarding these changes.
    • Celebration of diversity and assimilation: Exclusively holding on to one set of textbooks is contrary to the spirit of a civilization that celebrates diversity and assimilation.
    • NCF’s efforts for inclusive representations: The National Curriculum Framework (NCF) aims to bring a plurality of voices and more inclusive representations of marginalized and previously excluded history.

    Allegations of Distortions in history textbooks

    • Deliberate distortions: Some sections of the media allege that the corrections and improvements made in the NCERT history textbooks are deliberate distortions or rewriting of history.
    • Sense of entitlement: The charge of rewriting history under a specific ideology betrays a sense of entitlement, suggesting that only one set of historians had the knowledge to determine what should be taught.
    • Autonomy breach: While autonomy in academic and intellectual activities is crucial, the notion that institutional autonomy has been undermined and academic freedom is under stress is a one-sided and pointless exercise.

    Way forward

    • Logical revision: There is an urgent need for a comprehensive revision of NCERT textbooks, not only in history but in all subjects, to incorporate new knowledge and discoveries.
    • Prudent use of existing textbooks: Until a detailed plan and advice for a comprehensive revision of books and syllabi is formulated, NCERT has chosen to use the existing textbooks.
    • Presenting facts lucidly: Textbooks should present facts lucidly, allowing students to acquire the knowledge they seek.
    • Avoid politicizing: Academics and politicians should refrain from politicizing school textbooks and instead focus on telling students the stories of the past without weaving in half-truths or erasing vast chunks of history.
    • Addressing gaps and inclusivity: Continuous revision of the curriculum is necessary to address gaps, make textbooks relevant, and ensure inclusivity.

     

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  • BRICS FM meeting in South Africa

    brics

    Central Idea

    • External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar is in Cape Town, South Africa, to participate in a meeting of foreign ministers from the BRICS countries.
    • The foreign ministers’ meeting aims to finalize the agenda for the upcoming BRICS summit, scheduled to be held in South Africa in August.

    What is BRICS?

    Explanation
    About BRICS is a grouping of the world’s leading emerging economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa.
    History The term BRIC was coined in 2001 by British Economist Jim O’Neill to describe the four emerging economies of Brazil, Russia, India, and China. The grouping was formalized in 2006, and South Africa joined in 2010.
    Composition BRICS comprises the four emerging economies of Brazil, Russia, India, and China, with South Africa joining later.
    Footprints BRICS represents 41% of the global population, 24% of global GDP, and 16% of global trade.
    Chairmanship Rotates annually among the members, with India holding the chair in 2021.
    Initiatives
    1. New Development Bank: NDB funds infrastructure and sustainable development projects.
    2. Contingent Reserve Arrangement: CRA provides mutual support and strengthens financial stability among BRICS nations.
    3. BRICS Payment System: Aims to create an alternative payment system to SWIFT.
    4. Customs agreements: BRICS signed agreements to coordinate and ease trade transport.
    5. Satellite: A constellation of remote sensing satellites has been launched in collaboration with BRICS nations.

     

    Key agenda of this meet

    • Geopolitical consolidation and potential expansion: Two key items on the agenda attracting attention are the plan to expand the membership of BRICS and the discussion of a common currency.
    • Friends of BRICS meet: South Africa, as the chair this year, is hosting a Friends of BRICS meeting with foreign ministers from Africa and the Global South.

    Potential Expansion of BRICS

    • Countries in queue for BRICS membership: Around 19 countries are reportedly seeking to join BRICS, including Argentina, Nicaragua, Mexico, Uruguay, Venezuela, Nigeria, Algeria, Egypt, Senegal, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Turkey, Syria, Iran, Kazakhstan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Indonesia, and Thailand.
    • Inclusion of big oil producers: The list of potential new members includes major oil-producing countries like Saudi Arabia, Iran, the UAE, Nigeria, and Venezuela.

    China’s Role in BRICS

    • China driving expansion: China is leading the effort to expand its membership of BRICS and is promoting the idea of creating a bigger space for the Global South.
    • Focus on multilateralism: China emphasizes multilateralism as it criticizes US hegemony, using the theme of “multilateralism” rather than “multipolarity” in discussions about BRICS.
    • Challenging the Western geopolitical view: The conflict in Ukraine has strengthened the China-Russia partnership and transformed BRICS into an aspiring bloc that challenges the western geopolitical narrative.

    India’s Position in BRICS

    • India’s participation in BRICS and the G7: India’s involvement in both BRICS and the G7 demonstrates its engagement with multiple groupings and does not indicate alignment with an anti-Western coalition.
    • Non-Western group: India views BRICS as a non-western group and believes it should remain so, focusing on its role as a platform for Global South countries to express solidarity.
    • New challenges for India: Some analysts argue that as BRICS expands and more members join, it could sidelines India’s influence within the group.

    What about BRICS Common Currency?

    • Proposal for a common currency: Russia proposed the idea of a common currency at the BRICS summit in Beijing last year. Leaders established a committee to study its feasibility.
    • Cautious reception and challenges: The proposal for a common currency received cautious feedback, with concerns about its viability and complexities such as different economic and political systems among member countries.
    • Insulation from the dollar: The idea of a common currency presents an opportunity to reduce reliance on the US dollar, but not all members are convinced it is the right time.
    • Difficulties in currency trade: Negotiations between India and Russia for trading in their respective currencies have encountered difficulties, with Moscow preferring dollar payments due to limited imports from India.

    China’s stance on the US dollar

    • Retreating US dollar hegemony: China has expressed discontent with the “hegemony of the US dollar” and aims to promote the use of the Yuan as a trading currency in Central Asia.
    • No open voices abandoning the dollar: Despite its criticisms, there is no evidence to suggest that China is ready to completely abandon the US dollar at present.

     

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  • Row over Mekedatu Project

    mekedatu

    Central Idea

    • Announcement of dam and reservoir: The Deputy CM of Karnataka announced plans for the construction of a dam and reservoir called Mekedatu near the state’s border with Tamil Nadu.
    • Objections raised by Tamil Nadu: Tamil Nadu expressed strong objections to the project, arguing that it goes against the rulings of both the Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal and the Supreme Court.
    • Warning of protests: Political parties in Tamil Nadu have warned of potential protests and opposition if the construction of the Mekedatu dam proceeds.

    What is Mekedatu Project?

    • Location and purpose: The Mekedatu dam project is planned to be constructed in Ramanagaram district, approximately 100 km south of Bengaluru. Its primary purpose is to address the drinking water needs of Bengaluru and replenish the regional groundwater table.
    • Proposed capacity and estimated cost of the dam: The dam is proposed to have a capacity of 48 TMC (thousand million cubic) feet and is estimated to cost Rs 6,000 crore.
    • Background and previous developments of the project: The idea of the Mekedatu dam has been under consideration for several years. In 2014, the Karnataka government invited expressions of interest for the project and allocated funds for a detailed project report in the following year.

    Opposition to the Project

    • Widespread protests and state-wide bandh in TN: When the project was initially proposed, Tamil Nadu witnessed widespread protests against it. These protests culminated in a statewide bandh, supported by various stakeholders.
    • Resolutions passed by TN Assembly against the project: The Tamil Nadu Assembly, representing the voice of the people, passed unanimous resolutions expressing strong opposition to the Mekedatu project in December 2018 and January 2022.
    • Political actions and legal involvement in the dispute: Various political leaders and parties in Tamil Nadu have taken actions, including raising the issue with the central government and approaching the Supreme Court to challenge the project’s legality.

    Arguments against the Project

    • Concerns over modification of river flow: Critics of the Mekedatu project argue that constructing reservoirs on the Cauvery River would modify its natural flow, potentially leading to adverse effects downstream.
    • Violation of the final award of the water disputes tribunal: Tamil Nadu contends that the proposed dam violates the final award of the Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal, which determined the water-sharing arrangements between the two states.
    • Impact on water flow in catchment areas: Tamil Nadu raises concerns that the project’s implementation would impound the flow in catchment areas, affecting the availability of water downstream and potentially leading to water scarcity in the state.

    Justifications and proposals

    • Ensuring adequate flow to TN: Karnataka argues that the construction of the Mekedatu dam will not hinder the stipulated quantum of water release to Tamil Nadu nor be utilized for irrigation purposes.
    • Allocation of funds and willingness to negotiate: The Karnataka government has earmarked Rs 1,000 crore for the project, indicating its commitment. It also expresses willingness to engage in discussions and negotiations with Tamil Nadu to address concerns and find a resolution.
    • Clearance of feasibility study: The Central Water Commission cleared a feasibility study for the Mekedatu project in 2018, providing additional support for Karnataka’s justifications and indicating the project’s viability.

    Historical context of the dispute

    • Past opposition and protests against the dam: The Mekedatu dam has been a subject of contention and opposition for several years. Tamil Nadu has witnessed widespread protests, reflecting public sentiment against the project.
    • Political actions and involvement of state delegations: Political leaders from Tamil Nadu and Karnataka have been actively involved in addressing the issue. Delegations from both states have approached the central government seeking support or intervention.
    • Legal challenges and the role of the Supreme Court: Tamil Nadu’s approach to the Supreme Court against the Mekedatu project highlights the legal dimension of the dispute. The involvement of the court plays a crucial role in considering the arguments and reaching a resolution.

    Environmental and Economic considerations

    • Potential benefits of the dam for water supply: Proponents of the Mekedatu project argue that it will address the pressing drinking water needs of Bengaluru, ensuring a stable water supply for the growing city.
    • Concerns about environmental impact and ecosystem disruption: Critics raise concerns about the potential environmental impact of constructing the dam and reservoir. They highlight potential disruptions to local ecosystems and the natural flow of the river.
    • Evaluating the economic viability of the project: Given the significant estimated cost of the Mekedatu project, there is a need to evaluate its cost-effectiveness and long-term economic viability, considering factors such as funding sources, returns on investment, and sustainable utilization of resources.

    Way forward

    • Importance of negotiation and finding common ground: The conflict surrounding the Mekedatu project emphasizes the importance of dialogue, negotiations, and finding mutually acceptable solutions that address the concerns of both Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
    • Role of the Supreme Court and other mediators in resolving conflicts: The involvement of the Supreme Court and other mediators can play a crucial role in facilitating discussions, mediating conflicts, and reaching a resolution that adheres to legal frameworks and considers the interests of both states.
    • Promoting inter-state cooperation for sustainable water management: The dispute underscores the need for robust inter-state cooperation and collaboration on water management issues. It is crucial to ensure sustainable and equitable utilization of shared water resources, respect legal frameworks, and address the concerns of all stakeholders involved.

     

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  • UAE withdraws from Combined Maritime Forces (CMF)

    Central Idea

    The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has announced its withdrawal from the U.S.-led Combined Maritime Forces (CMF), a maritime coalition responsible for securing Gulf waterways crucial to global oil trade.

    What is Combined Maritime Forces (CMF)?

    Establishment 2002
    Location Bahrain
    Objective Promoting security, stability, and prosperity across maritime regions
    Member Nations Over 30 member nations
    Primary Task Forces Combined Task Force 150 (CTF 150), Combined Task Force 151 (CTF 151), Combined Task Force 152 (CTF 152)
    Operations Counter-terrorism, counter-piracy, maritime security, and cooperation
    Collaborations United Nations, European Union, NATO, and regional partners
    Contributions Naval assets including warships, aircraft, and maritime patrol vessels
    Focus Areas Arabian Sea, Gulf of Oman, Gulf of Aden, Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Arabian Gulf, and surrounding areas

     

    Reasons for UAE’s withdrawal

    • UAE has not provided specific reasons for its withdrawal from the Combined Maritime Forces (CMF) in the official statement.
    • One potential factor could be a desire to distance themselves from perceived dependencies or entanglements with the US.
    • This could be part of a broader strategy by the UAE to assert its own regional influence, pursue independent foreign policies, or rebalance its relationships with China and Iran.

    Recent incidents and tensions in Gulf Waters

    • In late April and early May, Iran seized two tankers, one of which was empty and travelling between the UAE ports of Dubai and Fujairah.
    • Iran was also accused of launching a drone attack on an Israeli-owned tanker in November 2022, escalating tensions with the United States.
    • As a response to increasing harassment by Iran, the US announced the deployment of reinforcements to the Gulf, a vital route for a significant portion of the world’s sea-borne oil.

     

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  • Mandatory Anti-Tobacco Warnings on OTT Platforms

    tobacco

    Central Idea

    • Over-the-top (OTT) streaming platforms must display anti-tobacco warnings similar to those seen in movies screened in theatres and on TV.
    • The requirement is based on a Union Health Ministry notification that amends the rules under the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA), 2004.

    What is COTPA, 2004?

    Description
    Purpose Regulate production, sale, distribution, and consumption of tobacco products
    Prohibition of Smoking in Public Places Smoking prohibited in public areas like offices, restaurants, parks, public transport, etc.
    Health Warnings on Tobacco Products Mandatory display of health warnings on cigarette packages and other tobacco products
    Ban on Advertisement and Promotion Prohibition on direct and indirect advertising of tobacco products
    Prohibition on Sale to Minors Selling tobacco products to individuals below 18 years of age is strictly prohibited
    Packaging and Labelling Requirements Health warnings and pictorial representations of harmful effects on cigarette packages
    Powers of Enforcement Authorities empowered to enforce the act, conduct inspections, and seize contraband products

    New requirements for Anti-Tobacco Warnings

    • Publishers of online curated content displaying tobacco products or their use must show anti-tobacco health spots at the beginning and middle of the program.
    • When tobacco products or their use are displayed during the program, an anti-tobacco health warning must be prominently displayed as a static message at the bottom of the screen.
    • The warning message should be legible and readable, with black font on a white background.
    • The specified warnings are ‘Tobacco causes cancer’ or ‘Tobacco kills.’
    • Health spots, warnings, and audio-visual disclaimers should be in the same language as used in the show.

    Negative health impacts of tobacco

    • Cancer: Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable cancer. It can cause cancer of the lungs, mouth, throat, larynx, pancreas, bladder, kidney, and cervix.
    • Respiratory diseases: It may cause chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. It can also worsen asthma symptoms.
    • Cardiovascular diseases: Consumption increases the risk of heart attack, stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases. It damages blood vessels and increases the risk of blood clots.
    • Reproductive health: Tobacco use can lead to infertility, premature birth, and low birth weight in babies.

    Socio-economic impact

    (1) On an individual level:

    • Decreased productivity: Smoking-related illnesses can result in absenteeism from work, decreased work performance, and increased medical expenses.
    • Decreased life expectancy: Tobacco consumption can lead to decreased life expectancy, which reduces the overall productive years of an individual.

    (2) On a societal level:

    • Healthcare cost: Tobacco consumption can lead to decreased economic development due to the increased burden of healthcare costs and decreased productivity.
    • Increased social expenditure: According to a study conducted by the World Health Organization (WHO), tobacco-related illnesses cost India about $22.4 billion in healthcare costs and lost productivity annually

    Why tobacco isn’t completely banned?

    • Revenue loss: The industry contributes a significant amount of tax revenue to the government. Banning tobacco would result in the loss of these tax revenues, which are used for various public welfare programs and initiatives.
    • Economic Impact: The tobacco industry provides employment to a large number of people, especially in the agricultural sector, where tobacco farming is prevalent.
    • Not a psychotropic substance: While the harmful effects of tobacco are well-documented, banning a legal product entirely requires careful consideration and legal processes.
    • Regulatory approach: Instead of a complete ban, the Indian government has adopted a regulatory approach to control tobacco use.

    Way forward

    • Strengthen tobacco control laws: Review and enhance existing laws to effectively reduce tobacco consumption.
    • Conduct public awareness campaigns: Educate the public about the health risks of tobacco use and the benefits of quitting.
    • Expand access to tobacco cessation programs: Increase availability of affordable and effective programs to support individuals who want to quit tobacco.
    • Implement sin taxes on tobacco products: Increase taxes to discourage consumption, especially among price-sensitive populations.
    • Enforce smoke-free environments: Strictly implement smoke-free laws in public places, workplaces, and public transport.
    • Support tobacco farmers: Provide alternative livelihood options and assistance for farmers transitioning away from tobacco farming.
    • Conduct research and surveillance: Invest in data collection and analysis to inform evidence-based policies and interventions.
    • Collaborate with international organizations: Partner with global entities like WHO to leverage expertise and resources in tobacco control.

     

     

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  • City Investments to Innovate, Integrate and Sustain (CITIIS) Project

    cities city

    Central Idea

    • The Union government has approved the second phase of the City Investments to Innovate, Integrate, and Sustain (CITIIS) project.

    What is CITIIS 2.0?

    • It is a part of the Smart Cities Mission and aims to promote integrated waste management and climate-oriented reform actions.
    • The project will be implemented in 18 cities selected through a competition process.
    • The project will span over a period of four years, from 2023 to 2027.

    Objectives of the project

    • CITIIS 2.0 supports competitively selected projects focusing on circular economy and integrated waste management at the city level.
    • It also emphasizes climate-oriented reform actions at the State level and aims to strengthen institutions and disseminate knowledge at the national level.

    Implementation Partners

    • The project is implemented in partnership with the French Development Agency (AFD), Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau (KfW), the European Union (EU), and the National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA).

    Components

    The project consists of three major components:

    1. Financial and technical support for developing climate-resilient projects in up to 18 smart cities.
    2. Interventions at the center, state, and city levels to enhance climate governance.
    3. Promotion of climate adaptation and mitigation measures.

    Back2Basics: Smart Cities Mission

    • The Smart Cities Mission is an initiative of the Union Housing and Urban Affairs Ministry that was launched in 2015.
    • Cities across the country were asked to submit proposals for projects to improve municipal services and to make their jurisdictions more liveable.
    • Between January 2016 and June 2018 (when the last city, Shillong, was chosen), the Ministry selected 100 cities for the Mission over five rounds.
    • The projects were supposed to be completed within five years of the selection of the city, but in 2021 the Ministry changed the deadline for all cities to June 2023, which was earlier the deadline for Shillong alone.
    • With an increase on urban population and rapid expansion of areas, government is looking at smarter ways to manage complexities, increase efficiencies and improve quality of life.
    • The mission will cover 100 cities that have been distributed among the States /Union Territories (UT) on the basis of an equitable criteria.
    • The formula gives equal weightage (50:50) to urban population of the State/UT and the number of statutory towns in the State/UT.

     

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  • Switzerland’s Foreign Policy: Promoting Peace and Collaboration

    Switzerland

    Central Idea

    • Switzerland, known for its long-standing commitment to neutrality and diplomacy, has concluded its month-long presidency of the United Nations Security Council. Switzerland’s historical experiences and its alignment with the principles of ahimsa (non-violence) make it a natural partner for India, a country rooted in similar values.

    Switzerland’s Historical Journey

    • Civil Wars (16th to 19th century): Switzerland experienced a series of civil wars between Catholics and Protestants, lasting for up to 300 years. These conflicts ravaged the country and led to a moment of deep reflection.
    • The Swiss Confederation (1848): The civil war of 1847 prompted the Swiss people to envision a more peaceful future. In 1848, the Swiss Confederation was established, creating inclusive federal institutions that aimed to build domestic peace.
    • League of Nations (1920): Switzerland played a significant role in the establishment of the League of Nations, an international organization founded in Geneva after World War I. The League aimed to maintain peace and prevent future conflicts through collective security and diplomacy.
    • United Nations (1945): Switzerland actively supported the founding of the United Nations, a global organization formed after World War II to promote international cooperation, peace, and security. The UN has since played a vital role in addressing global challenges and conflicts.

    Switzerland

    Priorities set by Switzerland during its UNSC presidency

    • Building Sustainable Peace: Switzerland emphasized the importance of building sustainable peace in conflict-affected regions. Switzerland advocated for dialogue, trust-building, and diplomacy as essential tools to address the root causes of conflicts and promote lasting peace.
    • Protection of Civilians: Recognizing the plight of civilians caught in armed conflicts, Switzerland focused on the protection of civilians as a critical aspect of its foreign policy agenda. This involved raising awareness about the challenges faced by civilians in conflict zones and urging the international community to take concrete measures to safeguard their rights and well-being.
    • Humanitarian Action: Switzerland placed significant importance on humanitarian action during its UNSC presidency. It sought to mobilize support and resources for humanitarian assistance in areas affected by armed conflict, ensuring the provision of critical aid to vulnerable populations, including access to food, shelter, healthcare, and education.
    • Promotion of Multilateralism: As a strong advocate for multilateralism, Switzerland prioritized the promotion of international cooperation and collaboration. Switzerland aimed to foster dialogue and consensus-building among Security Council members to effectively address pressing global issues and work towards shared solutions.

    Switzerland

    Switzerland’s Foreign Policy alignment with India’s Principles

    • Non-Violence (Ahimsa): Switzerland and India both emphasize the principle of non-violence (ahimsa) in their foreign policy outlook. Switzerland’s commitment to peace promotion and the protection of civilians in zones of armed conflict resonates with India’s longstanding belief in non-violence as a means to resolve conflicts and maintain harmonious relations.
    • Shared Historical Legacies: Switzerland’s historical struggles with civil wars and subsequent efforts to establish inclusive federal institutions for domestic peace parallel India’s own historical journey toward independence and the construction of an inclusive democratic system.
    • Value of Diplomacy: Switzerland’s role as a neutral and diplomatic hub and India’s long-standing commitment to diplomatic engagements underline the significance of dialogue, negotiation, and consensus-building in addressing global challenges and conflicts.
    • International Cooperation: Switzerland actively engages in international organizations and initiatives, such as the United Nations, while India’s active participation in multilateral platforms like the United Nations and the G20 underscores its commitment to international cooperation. Both countries value multilateralism and collaborative efforts to address shared challenges.
    • Promotion of Peace: Switzerland’s focus on building sustainable peace and protecting civilians in conflict zones aligns with India’s commitment to peace promotion and conflict resolution. Both countries prioritize peaceful means of resolving disputes and work towards creating a peaceful and secure world.

    Facts for Prelims: The UNITE Aware technology platform

    • The UNITE Aware technology platform is a system developed by India in collaboration with the United Nations to enhance the safety and security of peacekeepers deployed in conflict zones.
    • It is a real-time situational awareness system that uses advanced technologies such as satellites, drones, and geospatial tools to provide up-to-date information on the ground situation to peacekeeping forces.
    • The system also includes a mobile app that allows peacekeepers to report incidents and receive alerts in real-time.
    • The platform is designed to help peacekeepers make informed decisions and respond effectively to emerging threats, thereby reducing the risks to their safety and security.

    Switzerland

    Conclusion

    • Switzerland’s foreign policy, anchored in peace promotion and protection of civilians in armed conflict zones, aligns with India’s principles of non-violence. Switzerland’s active initiatives and participation in the United Nations Security Council’s open debates reflect its commitment to fostering a peaceful future. Together, Switzerland’s position in New York and India’s G20 presidency offer a promising path towards a more harmonious and peaceful world.

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