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GS Paper: GS3

  • Planetary Formation observed around HOPS‑315 Star

    Why in the News?

    A study in Nature has provided the first observational evidence of solid rock forming from vapour in a distant star system HOPS-315, marking early planet formation.

    About HOPS-315:

    • Type: A young star system located in the Orion constellation.
    • Protoplanetary Disc: Surrounded by a flat, rotating disc of gas and dust, where new planets can form.
    • Orientation: The disc’s tilt offers a clear line of sight from Earth, allowing deep observation.
    • Observational Tools:

    Clue on New Planet Formation:

    • Rock Vapour Crystallisation: Scientists captured rock vapour cooling and forming crystals, marking the first direct observation of solid matter forming around a star.
    • Detected Elements:
      • Silicon monoxide gas at 470 Kelvin, close to the star.
      • Crystalline silicates such as forsterite, enstatite, and silica found within 2.2 astronomical units of the star.

    Scientific Significance:

    • Similarity to Earth: The crystallisation mimics processes found in primitive meteorites on Earth.
    • Chemical Confirmation: Suggests universal chemical processes in early planet formation across star systems.
    • Location of Minerals: Crystals were detected in the disc’s atmosphere, not in stellar outflows.
    • Temperature Conditions: Simulations confirmed dust vaporises and re-forms into solids at around 1300 Kelvin.
    • Formation Stage: Marks the earliest stage of rocky planet formation ever observed.
    [UPSC 2015] The term ‘Goldilocks Zone’ is often seen in the news in the context of-

    Options: (a) the limits of habitable zone above the surface of the Earth (b) regions inside the Earth where shale gas is available (c) search for the Earth-like planets in outer space* (d) search for meteorites containing precious metals

     

  • Redeeming India’s nuclear power promise

    Why in the News?

    The Union Budget 2025–26 marked a major policy shift by announcing India’s ambitious target of 100 GW nuclear power capacity by 2047, up from the current 8.18 GW. It also allocated ₹20,000 crore for developing five indigenously designed Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) by 2033.

    Why is nuclear energy vital for India’s low-carbon future?

    • Provides Reliable Base-load Power: Unlike solar and wind, which are intermittent, nuclear power offers continuous, stable electricity essential for industrial growth and urbanisation. Eg: In 2024, despite renewables making up nearly 50% of installed capacity, they produced only 240 TWh, while coal contributed 75% of generation due to its reliability. Nuclear can help replace coal-based base-load.
    • Supports India’s Net-Zero and Energy Goals: India has committed to net-zero emissions by 2070, 500 GW non-fossil capacity by 2030, and reducing carbon intensity by 45% over 2005 levels. Eg: Small Modular Reactors (SMRs), with ₹20,000 crore allocated in the 2025-26 Union Budget, are being developed as clean alternatives to replace captive thermal power plants (~100 GW) over two decades.
    • Globally Recognized as Key Low-Carbon Technology: The world is increasingly viewing nuclear energy as essential to climate goals, making it easier to attract investmentand international cooperation. Eg: At COP28 (Dubai, 2023), over 20 countries, including India, endorsed the Declaration to Triple Nuclear Energy, recognizing it as vital to reducing fossil fuel dependency.

    How has past nuclear policy shaped India’s current capacity?

    • Early Vision, Delayed Progress: India had an early start with the establishment of Apsara reactor in 1956 and Dr. Homi Bhabha’s vision of 8 GW by 1980. However, geopolitical events like the 1974 Peaceful Nuclear Explosion (PNE) and India’s refusal to join the NPT (1968) led to international isolation, slowing progress and pushing targets further.
    • Indigenisation of Reactor Technology: Due to technology denial regimes, India focused on developing its own Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs). Starting with 220 MW units, India scaled them up to 540 MW (2005-06) and later to 700 MW (Kakrapar, 2024), building a strong indigenous design and manufacturing base.
    • Limited International Collaboration Post-CLNDA: The 2008 NSG waiver post-India–U.S. nuclear deal enabled resumption of fuel and technology imports. However, the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act (2010) imposed supplier liability, deterring foreign companies. As a result, only Russia has partnered with India at Kudankulam, limiting the scale of international cooperation.

    What hurdles limit private participation in nuclear energy?

    • Restrictive Legal Framework: The Atomic Energy Act, 1962 allows only government entities to operate nuclear power plants. Private companies cannot own or control nuclear facilities, limiting their role to ancillary services unless the Act is amended.
    • Supplier Liability under CLNDA, 2010: The Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act places liability not just on the operator (NPCIL) but also on equipment suppliers, making private and foreign companies reluctant to invest due to the high risk exposure.
    • Lack of Financial and Regulatory Clarity: There is no independent nuclear regulator — the AERB is not a statutory body and reports to the Department of Atomic Energy, raising concerns about impartial oversight. Additionally, the absence of a transparent tariff mechanism and nuclear power being excluded from “renewable” status limits access to green financing and incentives.

    Why is an independent nuclear regulator necessary?

    • Ensures Credible and Impartial Safety Oversight: With the proposed entry of private players into nuclear energy, there is a need for transparent and independent safety regulation to ensure public trust and prevent conflicts of interest. The current Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB), though “autonomous”, is not a statutory body and functions under the Department of Atomic Energy, creating institutional dependency.
    • Meets Global Standards and Commitments: According to International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) norms, a legally independent regulator is essential to uphold nuclear safety, licensing, and environmental safeguards. This will also improve India’s credibility in international collaborations and foreign investment.
    • Supports Sectoral Expansion with Accountability: As India aims for 100 GW nuclear capacity by 2047, regulatory functions will become more complex, especially with new technologies like Small Modular Reactors (SMRs). An independent authority can better handle licensing, monitoring, safety audits, and dispute resolution without bureaucratic delays.
    • Revives Dormant Reforms: A draft bill to create a Nuclear Safety Regulatory Authority was introduced in 2011 but lapsed. Reviving this reform is crucial to align with the growing scale and diversity of the nuclear energy programme.

    What reforms are needed to meet India’s 100 GW nuclear goal by 2047? (Way forward)

    • Legislative and Regulatory Overhaul: Amend the Atomic Energy Act, 1962 and the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, 2010 to allow private sector participation, define clear liability norms, and permit foreign direct investment (up to 49%) while maintaining Indian ownership and control. Establish an independent statutory nuclear regulator to ensure safety and build investor confidence.
    • Financial and Institutional Reforms: Classify nuclear energy as a green energy source to make it eligible for green finance, tax incentives, and viability gap funding. Streamline land acquisition, simplify licensing for PHWR and SMR deployment, and facilitate public-private joint ventures (e.g., NPCIL-NTPC) to scale up infrastructure and domestic supply chains.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2023] With growing scarcity of fossil fuels, the atomic energy is gaining more and more significance in India. Discuss the availability of raw material required for the generation of atomic energy in India and in the world.

    Linkage: This question directly addresses the increasing importance of atomic energy in India due to fossil fuel scarcity, which aligns with the nuclear power as a “major pillar in India’s energy mix” for achieving economic growth and “net zero emissions by 2070”.

  • [pib] 10 years of Winter Fog Experiment (WiFEX)

    Why in the News?

    The Winter Fog Experiment (WiFEX) at Delhi’s IGI Airport, has marked 10 years of pioneering research on dense winter fog in North India.

    [pib] 10 years of Winter Fog Experiment (WiFEX)

    About Winter Fog Experiment (WiFEX):

    • Purpose: It is a long-term, open-field research project dedicated to studying winter fog—a major hazard in North India.
    • Launch: Initiated in 2015 at Indira Gandhi International Airport, New Delhi.
    • Lead Institution: Managed by the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM) under the Ministry of Earth Sciences.
    • Supporting Agencies: Supported by the India Meteorological Department (IMD) and the National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting.
    • Objective: To understand fog variability, dynamics, and microphysics, and to improve fog forecasting across the Indo-Gangetic Plain.

    Key Features:

    • Network: Began at Indira Gandhi International Airport; expanded to Jewar Airport (Noida) and Hisar (Haryana).
    • Instruments Used: Includes micrometeorology towers, ceilometers, and high-frequency sensors.
    • Data Collected: Covers temperature profiles, humidity, wind, turbulence, soil heat flux, and aerosol concentrations.
    • Scientific Goal: To model the full fog life cycle and develop operational forecasting systems.
    • Next Phase – WiFEX-II:
      • Will provide localized, runway-specific fog forecasts.
      • Will expand to more airports for real-time winter decision-making.

    Outcomes:

    • Forecasting Model: A high-resolution fog prediction model with 3-km resolution and 85% accuracy for very dense fog (visibility <200 metres).
    • Operational Benefits: Reduced flight delays and diversions; enhanced runway safety.
    • Research Insights: Clarified the role of air pollution, urban heat islands, and land-use changes in fog formation.
    • Significance:
      • Aviation Planning: Helps airlines, pilots, and passengers manage winter fog disruptions.
      • Science-Policy Link: Demonstrates successful collaboration between scientific institutions and public policy to address climate and aviation challenges.
    [UPSC 2014] Photochemical smog is a resultant of the reaction among-

    Options: (a) NO2, O3 and peroxyacetyl nitrate in the presence of sunlight ** (b) CO2, O2, and peroxyacetyl nitrate in the presence of sunlight (c) CO, CO2, and NO2 at low temperature (d) high concentration of NO2, O3 and CO in the evening

     

  • MiG-21s to retire by September

    MiG-21s to retire by September

    Why in the News?

    The Indian Air Force’s longest-serving combat aircraft, the Russian-origin MiG (Mikoyan and Gurevich)-21, is set to be phased out by September 2025.

    About MiG-21:

    • Type: Single-engine, single-seater, multi-role fighter and ground attack aircraft.
    • Origin: Originally inducted as an interceptor; later upgraded for multi-role capabilities.
    • Key Indian Variants: Type-77, Type-96, MiG-21 BIS and MiG-21 Bison (most advanced variant with upgraded radar, avionics, and missile systems).
    • Safety Concerns:
      • High accident rate, especially in recent decades.
      • Earned the nickname “flying coffin” due to frequent crashes and pilot fatalities.
    • Combat Features:
      • Performance: Known for high speed, agility, and rapid climb capability.
      • Armament: Capable of deploying both air-to-air and air-to-ground missiles.
      • War Record: Played key roles in- 1965 War with Pakistan; 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War; 1999 Kargil Conflict.
    • Notable Operation: In 2019, a MiG-21 Bison piloted by Group Captain Abhinandan Varthaman shot down a Pakistani F-16 during aerial combat.

    Induction and Retirement:

    • Induction:
      • Timeline: Inducted into the Indian Air Force in 1963 during tensions with China and Pakistan.
      • Assembly: First units assembled in India at Chandigarh with Soviet assistance.
      • Scale: Over 700 MiG-21s were procured, forming the backbone of the Indian Air Force for decades.
    • Retirement:
      • Current Status: As of now, three MiG-21 Bison squadrons remain, each with 16–18 aircraft.
      • Replacement: To be replaced by the indigenously developed Tejas Mark-1A aircraft.

    Back2Basics: LCA Tejas

    • Type: Indian single-engine, fourth-generation, multirole light fighter aircraft.
    • R&D: Designed by the Aeronautical Development Agency in collaboration with the Aircraft Research and Design Centre of Hindustan Aeronautics Limited.
    • Origins: Developed under the Light Combat Aircraft programme launched in the 1980s to replace India’s ageing MiG-21 fleet.
    • Indigenous Content:
      • By Value: 59.7% of the aircraft’s components are sourced indigenously.
      • By Units: 75.5% of the line replaceable units are domestically produced.

     

    [UPSC 2024] Consider the following aircraft:

    1. Rafael 2. MiG-29 3. Tejas MK-1

    How many of the above are considered fifth generation fighter aircraft?

    Options: (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None*

     

  • India’s FDI challenge: In a world of shrinking investment, rising competition, capital will chase confidence, clarity

    Why in the News?

    India is in the spotlight as recent UNCTAD data reveals a significant decline in net FDI inflows, falling to a 15-year low in FY24, even though gross inflows remain strong.

    What are the key reasons behind the global decline in FDI flows, particularly to EMDEs?

    • Geopolitical Instability: Rising geopolitical tensions such as the Russia-Ukraine war, Middle East conflicts, and US-China rivalries have weakened investor confidence, especially in Emerging Markets and Developing Economies (EMDEs) due to increased risk perception. Eg: After the Ukraine war, many European investors pulled out from Eastern European nations due to security concerns.
    • Protectionist Policies: Countries have adopted more protectionist measures, including tighter FDI regulations, screening laws, and withdrawal from bilateral investment treaties (BITs), limiting foreign investor access. Eg: India terminated several Bilateral Investment Treaties post-2016, including with the Netherlands and Germany, leading to investor uncertainty.
    • Supply Chain Realignment: Due to disruptions from the COVID-19 pandemic and rising geopolitical tensions, companies are shifting towards nearshoring and friend-shoring, bypassing many EMDEs. Eg: Several U.S. firms moved manufacturing from China to Mexico or Vietnam rather than to India or African countries.

    Why has India experienced a sharp fall in net FDI despite rising gross inflows?

    • High Repatriation of Earnings: While gross FDI inflows have increased, foreign investors are repatriating more profits, dividends, and disinvestments, leading to a decline in net FDI. Eg: In FY24, gross inflows were around $71 billion, but outflows (disinvestment/repatriation) rose sharply, reducing net FDI to $10.6 billion.
    • Increased Disinvestment by Foreign Investors: Foreign companies have sold off stakes or exited Indian ventures due to regulatory uncertainties or global consolidation strategies. Eg: Vodafone’s reduction in stake in Vodafone Idea and exits by foreign private equity firms.
    • Shift in Investment Strategy: There is a growing trend toward private equity and venture capital, which often involves short-term investments and quicker exits compared to traditional FDI. Eg: Start-up funding peaked in 2021–22 but many investors exited via IPOs or mergers within 2–3 years.

    How can trade agreements and FTAs boost India’s FDI inflows and global integration?

    • Market Access and Investor Confidence: Trade agreements and FTAs offer preferential market access, reduce tariff and non-tariff barriers, and provide a stable regulatory environment, encouraging foreign investors. Eg: The India-UAE CEPA (2022) led to a 34% rise in bilateral trade and boosted UAE investments in sectors like logistics and infrastructure.
    • Integration into Global Value Chains (GVCs): FTAs help India plug into regional and global supply chains, making it a more attractive hub for FDI in manufacturing and exports. Eg: The India-ASEAN FTA improved electronics and automobile component exports, drawing FDI from Japan and South Korea into India.
    • Legal and Dispute Resolution Frameworks: Comprehensive FTAs often include investment protection clauses and dispute resolution mechanisms, which reduce investor risk and boost inflows. Eg: India’s negotiation of Investment Protection Agreements (IPAs) with the EU has raised interest among European investors in clean energy and pharma.

    Why is state-level reform crucial in India’s strategy to enhance FDI inflows?

    • Ease of Doing Business at Ground Level: State-level reforms simplify land acquisition, labour regulations, and approval processes, making local environments more investor-friendly. Eg: Andhra Pradesh ranked top in the Business Reforms Action Plan (BRAP) 2020 for streamlining industrial approvals and digitizing services.
    • Sector-Specific Policy Innovation: States can tailor sectoral incentives, infrastructure, and skill policies to attract targeted FDI in areas like textiles, electronics, or renewable energy. Eg: Tamil Nadu’s Electric Vehicle Policy attracted investments from Ola Electric and Hyundai in the EV sector.
    • Healthy Inter-State Competition: Reform-oriented states create competitive pressure, encouraging others to improve investment climates, creating a national uplift in FDI appeal. Eg: Gujarat’s proactive approach in renewable energy prompted states like Rajasthan to fast-track their solar park approvals.

    Way forward: 

    • Institutionalize Competitive Federalism: Strengthen the ranking framework for states based on FDI-related reforms (like BRAP), and link a portion of central incentives or grants to reform performance.
    • Build State-Capacity for Investor Facilitation: Enhance training for state-level bureaucrats, establish single-window clearance systems, and promote public-private dialogue platforms to address investor concerns proactively.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2014] Though 100 percent FDI is already allowed in non news media like a trade publication and general entertainment channel, the Government is mulling over the proposal for in creased FDI in news media for quite some time. What difference would an increase in FDI make? Critically evaluate the pros and cons.

    Linkage:  Evaluating the “pros and cons” necessitates an understanding of the challenges and opportunities associated with foreign investment inflows, reflecting a part of India’s FDI challenge in attracting and managing capital effectively. This question directly related to the implications of increasing FDI in a specific sector.

  • Gujarat’s Tribal Genome Sequencing Project

    Why in the News?

    Gujarat has launched India’s first Tribal Genome Sequencing Project to map tribal genetic data, contributing to the national Genome India Project (GIP).

    About the Gujarat Tribal Genome Project:

    • Launch & Duration: Announced in Gujarat’s 2025–26 budget; spans 5 years under Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC).
    • Target Population: Focuses on genome sequencing of tribal communities forming ~15% of Gujarat’s population (~1 crore).
    • Objective: Addresses under-representation in Genome India Project (GIP), which had only ~100 tribal samples from Gujarat.
    • Sample Size: Involves 4,158 individuals, including 378 trio families, to create a 2,000-sample reference genome panel.
    • Data Collection: Includes blood, stool, genealogical, physiological, and lifestyle information.

    Key Features:

    • Precision Medicine Applications
      • Early Detection: Enables screening for sickle cell anaemia, G6PD deficiency, BRCA-linked cancers.
      • Gene-Trait Mapping: Explores genetic links to traits like agility and archery.
    • Genomic Sampling Protocol
      • Filtering: Uses SNP genotyping to remove closely related samples.
      • Sequencing: Conducts Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) on 2,000 diverse samples via Illumina NovaSeq 6000.
      • Data Security: Employs double encryption for privacy and anonymity.

    About the Genome India Project (GIP):

    • Launch: Initiated in January 2020 by the Department of Biotechnology (DBT).
    • Structure: Multi-institutional consortium involving top Indian research bodies.
    • Objectives
      • Diversity Mapping: Decode genetic variation across Indian population.
      • Reference Panel: Build Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) -based haplotype database for Indian genomes.
      • Biobank Creation: Establish DNA reserves for research and therapy development.
    • Key Achievements
      • Sequencing Scale: 10,074 genomes sequenced from 99 ethnic groups.
      • Data Storage: Securely stored at Indian Biological Data Centre (IBDC), Faridabad.
      • Insights: Revealed rare traits aiding affordable diagnostics and predictive tools.
    • Significance
      • Global Impact: Offers India-specific insights to global genomics research.
      • Healthcare Value: Enables evidence-based, genetically informed policy and diagnosis.
    [UPSC 2017] With reference to agriculture in India, how can the technique of ‘genome sequencing’, often seen in the news, be used in the immediate future?

    1. Genome sequencing can be used to identify genetic markers for disease resistance and drought tolerance in various crop plants

    2. This technique helps in reducing the time required to develop new varieties of crop plants

    3. It can be used to decipher the host-pathogen relationships in crops

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

     

  • BioEmu AI tool for Protein Flexibility Modelling

    Why in the News?

    In a breakthrough, scientists have developed BioEmu—an AI tool that predicts the full range of protein shapes, offering faster and scalable insights into protein dynamics.

    BioEmu AI tool for Protein Flexibility Modelling

    What is BioEmu?

    • Overview: It is a deep learning tool that predicts the equilibrium ensemble of a protein — meaning all the different shapes a protein can naturally take.
    • It works like diffusion models, starting with random/noisy inputs and learning to rebuild protein shapes.
    • Training: It was trained on-
      • AlphaFold structures (millions of predicted proteins)
      • Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation data (200 ms)
      • 500,000 mutant sequences from lab experiments
    • Speed: Once trained, BioEmu can quickly create thousands of 3D protein structures on a single GPU in just minutes to hours.

    Key Features of BioEmu:

    • Flexibility Capture: Shows how proteins change shape, fold/unfold, or form hidden binding pockets.
    • Accuracy:
      • Detects 83% of large and 70–81% of small shape changes.
      • Predicts open/closed forms of enzymes like adenylate kinase.
    • Mutation Analysis: Helps see how mutations affect protein structure and stability.
    • Fast & Scalable: Much faster than traditional MD simulations; works on thousands of proteins using less computing power.
    • Snapshots Only: Gives static 3D shapes, not full motion timelines.
    • Limitations: Can’t handle membrane proteins, drug molecules, or multi-chain complexes.

    Why is BioEmu Important?

    • Improves Protein Modelling: Adds to what AlphaFold does by showing how proteins move, not just what they look like.
    • Helps Drug Discovery: Finds hidden drug binding sites — speeding up the search for new medicines.
    • More Accessible: Works on basic hardware, making advanced protein modelling available to more researchers.
    • Combines with Other Tools: Can be used with molecular dynamics for deeper study.
    • Future of Research: Encourages students and scientists to learn a mix of AI, biology, and physics.
    [UPSC 2020] Which of the following statements are correct regarding the general difference between plant and animal cells?

    1. Plant cells have cellulose cell walls whilst animal cells do not.

    2. Plant cells do not have plasma membrane unlike animal cells which do.

    3. Mature plant cell has one large vacuole vacuoles.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    Options: (a) 1 and 2 only, (b) 2 and 3 only, (c) 1 and 3 only * (d) 1, 2 and 3

     

  • International Moon Day

    Why in the News?

    Observed every year on July 20, the International Moon Day marks the historic first human landing on the Moon by the Apollo 11 mission in 1969.

    moon day

    About International Moon Day:

    • Date & Purpose: Observed annually on July 20 to mark the Apollo 11 Moon landing in 1969.
    • UN Recognition: Declared by the UN General Assembly in 2021 on the recommendation of COPUOS.
    • First Observance: Officially celebrated for the first time on July 20, 2022.
    • Activities: Includes sky-gazing, science outreach, and student competitions to promote space awareness.
    • Date Controversy: While the lunar module landed on July 20, Neil Armstrong stepped onto the Moon at 2:56 UTC on July 21—yet July 20 remains the official date.

    Significance:

    • Historic Milestone: Celebrates Apollo 11 and humanity’s first step on the Moon by Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin.
    • Peaceful Space Use: Promotes the Moon as a shared heritage and fosters international cooperation in outer space.
    • Sustainability Focus: Encourages responsible and eco-friendly exploration of lunar resources.
    • Global Unity: Reflects the UN’s vision of peaceful space collaboration under themes like “One Moon, One Vision, One Future”.
    [UPSC 2009] India has recently landed its Moon Impact Probe on the Moon. Among the following countries, which one landed such probe on the Moon earlier?

    Options: (a) Australia (b) Canada (c) China* (d) Japan

     

  • Piezo- Photocatalytic Water Filter

    Why in the News?

    Indian scientists from INST Mohali, IIT-Dharwad, and IIT-Kharagpur have developed a low-cost, reusable water filter that removes toxic industrial dyes using a process called piezo-photocatalysis.

    About the Light-Induced Water Filter:

    • Material Used: Built using 3D-printed polylactic acid (PLA) sheets (a biodegradable plastic); Sheets coated with bismuth ferrite (BFO) nanoparticles.
    • Working: It works in two ways. Together, this is called piezo-photocatalysis.
      • Photocatalysis: Uses sunlight to break dye molecules.
      • Piezoelectric effect: Uses vibrations (ultrasound) to work even in the dark.
    • Reusable: Can be used 5 times with only 3% loss in performance.
    • Lab tests showed:
      • 99% Congo Red removal
      • 74% Methylene Blue removal (in 90 minutes)

    Significance:

    • Eco-Friendly Solution: Removes harmful dyes without harmful chemicals or electricity.
    • Cost-Effective: Cheaper and safer than ozone or chemical-intensive treatments.
    • Green Energy Use: Operates using sunlight and mechanical vibrations—no external power needed.
    • Policy Alignment: Supports Namami Gange, Jal Nigam, and Aatmanirbhar Bharat missions.
    • Scalability: Ideal for deployment near textile treatment plants as a sustainable technology.
    [UPSC 2023] With reference to the role of biofilters in the Recirculating Aquaculture System, consider the following statements:

    1. Biofilters provide waste treatment by removing uneaten fish feed

    2.Biofilters convert ammonia present in fish waste to nitrate

    3.Biofilters increase phosphorus as nutrient for fish in water

    How many of the statements given above are correct?

    Options: (a) Only one (b) Only two* (c) All three (d) None

     

  • All in one Agriculture needs more public spending, not just one umbrella scheme

    Why in the News?

    The Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDDKY) was recently approved by the Union Cabinet as a major reform initiative in the agriculture sector. It aims to converge 36 existing schemes across 11 departments to address regional disparities in agricultural productivity.

    What are the aims of PMDDKY (Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana)?

    • Address productivity disparities: The scheme aims to reduce inter-State and intra-State disparities in agricultural productivity.
    • Improve productivity & self-reliance: Focus on higher agricultural productivity, value addition, local livelihood creation, and increased domestic production to ensure self-sufficiency.
    • Holistic development: Enhance outcomes in agriculture and allied sectors through targeted intervention and convergence of schemes.
    • Private participation: Encourage local public-private partnerships for enhanced implementation and innovation.

    Why is scheme convergence under PMDDKY needed?

    • Eliminates Fragmentation of Efforts: Earlier, agricultural schemes like PM-KISAN, PMFBY, and Soil Health Card Scheme operated in silos. Eg: A farmer receiving income support under PM-KISAN might not be covered under insurance if PMFBY was poorly implemented in that region. Convergence ensures coordinated benefits.
    • Targets Low Productivity Districts: PMDDKY identifies 100 low-productivity districts using criteria like cropping intensity, credit flow, and yield gaps. Eg: A district with only 70% of national average yield can be provided tailored interventions by combining schemes like RKVY and Micro-Irrigation Fund.
    • Improves Resource Efficiency: Unified schemes allow for better fund utilisation, avoiding duplication of services or spending. Eg: Instead of running separate capacity-building programs under different departments, single training programs can be run using pooled funds from both Extension Services and Digital Agriculture Initiatives.
    • Ensures Uniform Implementation Standards: PMDDKY seeks national uniformity while allowing local customization. Eg: While standards for soil health management may be set centrally, implementation can be adapted to local conditions using district-specific plans.
    • Compensates for Declining Budget Share: Public investment in agriculture is falling (from 3.53% in 2021-22 to 2.51% in 2025-26 of the Central Plan outlay). Eg: Convergence helps make the most of limited resources by integrating multiple schemes under a single implementation umbrella.

    How do ‘District Plans’ aid agricultural reform?

    •  Localized Problem Solving: District Plans allow for the identification of region-specific challenges such as water scarcity, pest outbreaks, or poor seed quality. Eg: In Latur district (Maharashtra), which faces frequent droughts, the district plan prioritized micro-irrigation and watershed development, leading to improved water-use efficiency.
    • Customised Crop Diversification: District-level planning helps align cropping patterns with agro-climatic conditions and market demand, reducing monoculture dependency. Eg: In Koraput district (Odisha), known for tribal farming, the plan introduced millet promotion and value chain linkages, increasing income and nutritional security.
    • Efficient Use of Resources and Schemes: Integration of multiple schemes under district plans ensures better fund allocation, resource convergence, and monitoring. Eg: In Barabanki district (Uttar Pradesh), convergence of Soil Health Card, PM-KUSUM, and FPO promotion led to more sustainable and solar-powered farming practices.

    What challenges may hinder PMDDKY?

    • Administrative Coordination Across Departments: With 36 schemes under 11 departments converging, bureaucratic silos and lack of inter-departmental coordination can delay execution. Eg: In Jharkhand, similar convergence under NRLM and agriculture failed initially due to poor communication between the Rural Development and Agriculture departments.
    • Data Gaps and Poor Baseline Assessment: District-level planning requires granular, updated data on land use, cropping patterns, and farmer needs — often missing or outdated. Eg: In Dantewada (Chhattisgarh), poor digital records led to misallocation of subsidies under earlier agri-reform efforts.
    • Weak Local Institutions: PACS (Primary Agriculture Cooperative Societies) and local self-governments may lack the capacity to implement and monitor complex plans. Eg: In Banda district (U.P.), PACS struggled to handle seed distribution due to lack of trained staff and digital infrastructure.
    • Limited Private Sector Engagement in Remote Areas: Private partners may hesitate to invest in low-productivity districts due to poor infrastructure or lack of assured returns. Eg: In Kiphire (Nagaland), agri-businesses withdrew from a millet-processing initiative due to transport and power issues.
    • Farmer Awareness and Participation: Without sustained IEC (Information, Education, Communication) campaigns, farmers may not understand how to benefit from the converged schemes. Eg: In Barmer (Rajasthan), uptake of soil health and credit-linked schemes remained low due to lack of farmer outreach in vernacular languages.

    Way forward: 

    • Ensure Adequate and Sustained Funding: Increase the budgetary allocation for agriculture to reverse the current decline (only 2.51% of Central Plan outlay in 2023-24). Sufficient and stable funding will support better implementation of integrated District Plans.
    • Leverage Technology and Real-Time Monitoring: Implement digital dashboards for tracking the 117 indicators under PMDDKY and promote data-driven decision-making. This will help improve accountability, efficiency, and timely course corrections.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2016] Considering the vulnerability of Indian agriculture to vagaries of nature, discuss the need for crop insurance and bring out the salient features of the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY).

    Linkage: The article explicitly states that the PMDDKY will subsume existing Central schemes like the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY). Therefore, a question about PMFBY is directly relevant to understanding a key component of this new “one umbrella scheme” approach.