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GS Paper: GS3

  • Eurasian Little Gull spotted in Delhi for first time

    Why in the News?

    For the first time, the Eurasian Little Gull was spotted in the National Capital Region (NCR) near Sultanpur National Park at Chandu.

    About the Eurasian Little Gull:

    Details
    Overview and Physical Characteristics
    • Scientific Name: Larus minutus
    • Common Name: Eurasian Little Gull
    • Size: 30-33 cm in length, wingspan 75-85 cm; Weight: 70–150 grams
    Habitat and Features
    • Breeding Habitat: Marshy wetlands, shallow freshwater lakes, and estuaries in Northern Eurasia (Russia, Eastern Europe).
    • Winter Migration: Offshore waters, coastal areas, and estuaries around the Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, and Caspian Sea.
    • Migratory Pattern: Migrations from northern breeding grounds to warmer regions in winter.
    Conservation Status
    • Conservation Status: Classified as Least Concern by the IUCN Red List.
    • Rare sightings of the species in India, particularly inland regions like NCR.

     

    PYQ:

    [2020] With reference to India’s biodiversity Ceylon frogmouth, Coppersmith barbet, Gray-chinned minivet and White-throated redstart are-

    (a) Birds

    (b) Primates

    (c) Reptiles

    (d) Amphibians

  • Polavaram Project Controversy

    Why in the News?

    The Biju Janata Dal (BJD) has restarted its protest against the Polavaram multipurpose project in Andhra Pradesh, claiming it will flood large areas in Malkangiri, Odisha, displacing many tribal communities.

    What were the recommendations by the Godavari Water Disputes Tribunal (GWDT) 1969?

    The Godavari Water Disputes Tribunal (GWDT), was established to resolve water-sharing disputes concerning Godavari River water among the states of Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Madhya Pradesh (now Chhattisgarh). It made several key recommendations regarding the utilization of Godavari River water. Notable points include:

    • Water Allocation: The Tribunal allowed Andhra Pradesh to divert 80 TMC (thousand million cubic feet) of Godavari water at 75% dependability for irrigation and other uses, which could also substitute releases from the Nagarjunasagar project for the Krishna delta.
    • Inter-State Agreements: The Tribunal recognized various inter-state agreements that specified how water from the Godavari and its tributaries could be utilised, ensuring equitable distribution among the states involved.
    • Project Approvals: The GWDT endorsed the construction of projects like Polavaram, provided they adhered to specified Full Reservoir Levels (FRL) and operational guidelines.

    What are the social and environmental impacts of the Polavaram Project?

    • Social Impact: The project is expected to displace over 150,000 people across approximately 276 villages, with many of these being tribal communities. For every five acres irrigated, one tribal family is projected to lose their land.
      • Infrastructure Strain: The project has faced funding challenges for rehabilitation efforts, leading to halted work on necessary infrastructure like canals, which could exacerbate social tensions among displaced populations.
    • Environmental Impact: The dam’s backwaters will submerge an estimated 3,731 hectares of forest land. The environmental impact assessments have raised concerns about ecosystem disruption, including increased vulnerability to erosion and regional landslides.

    How is the project being managed politically and administratively?

    • National Project Status: Declared a national project under the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act of 2014, the Central Government is responsible for executing the project while ensuring compliance with environmental and rehabilitation norms.
    • Polavaram Project Authority: A governing body has been established to oversee project execution, comprising representatives from both state and central governments. This authority is tasked with ensuring timely execution and adherence to regulatory requirements.
    • Political Dynamics: The project has become a focal point for regional politics, particularly as parties like the BJD leverage opposition against it to bolster their regional identity amidst changing political landscapes in states like Odisha.

    What are the legal and regulatory challenges faced by the Polavaram Project?

    • Ongoing Litigation: Multiple states have challenged the project in court on grounds of inadequate environmental assessments and potential adverse impacts on their territories. Legal disputes have persisted since at least 2011, complicating project timelines.
    • Regulatory Compliance Issues: Environmental clearances for the project have been contentious, particularly following changes in flood situation estimates that were not incorporated into updated designs. This has raised questions about compliance with earlier environmental impact assessments conducted in 2005.
    • Funding Challenges: Financial constraints have hindered progress on rehabilitation efforts for displaced populations, leading to further legal scrutiny regarding compliance with social justice norms and commitments made during project approval processes.

    Way forward: 

    • Comprehensive Impact Assessment and Mitigation: Conduct updated environmental and social impact assessments, including backwater studies, and implement robust mitigation measures for displaced populations, ensuring compliance with legal and regulatory frameworks.
    • Strengthen Inter-State Collaboration: Establish a transparent and inclusive mechanism involving all affected states to address concerns, promote equitable resource sharing, and expedite the resolution of legal and administrative challenges.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Constitutional mechanisms to resolve the inter-state water disputes have failed to address and solve the problems. Is the failure due to structural or process inadequacy or both? Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2013)

  • Building on the revival of the manufacturing sector

    Why in the News?

    Manufacturing output grew by 21.5% in 2022-23, but the GVA (Gross value addition) only grew by 7.3%. This is because input costs increased sharply by 24.4%, making production more expensive. As a result, even though industries produced more, their profits and value-added were reduced.

    Note: GVA represents the value added by industries, while manufacturing output refers to total production. GVA reflects the economic contribution, factoring in costs like inputs.

    What is the present scenario of India’s manufacturing sector?

    • Growth Momentum: India’s manufacturing sector is experiencing significant growth, with a reported output increase of 21.5% in 2022-23, as indicated by the Annual Survey of Industries (ASI).
      • This growth is attributed largely to the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme, which has played a crucial role in boosting production across various sectors, including electronics, pharmaceuticals, and automobiles.
    • Sectoral Contributions: Key sectors benefiting from the PLI scheme, such as basic metals and motor vehicles, collectively contributed 58% to total manufacturing output, showcasing robust performance driven by these incentives.
    • Positive Economic Indicators: The gross value added (GVA) from manufacturing grew by 7.3%, highlighting an overall recovery in the sector post-COVID-19 disruptions.

    What are the current challenges facing the manufacturing sector?

    • Input Cost Surge: A significant challenge is the rising input prices, which increased by 24.4% in 2022-23. This surge has created a gap between manufacturing output growth and GVA growth, indicating that while production volumes are increasing, profitability is being squeezed due to higher costs.
    • Regional Imbalance: Manufacturing activity is heavily concentrated in a few states—Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Uttar Pradesh—accounting for over 54% of total manufacturing GVA. This concentration limits equitable development across the country.
    • Skill Development Needs: There is a pressing need for skill enhancement to meet the demands of evolving manufacturing technologies and processes.

    How can digital transformation contribute to the future of manufacturing?

    • Adoption of Advanced Technologies: Digital transformation can enhance manufacturing efficiency through automation, data analytics, and IoT (Internet of Things) integration. This can lead to improved productivity and reduced operational costs.
    • Supply Chain Optimization: Digital tools can streamline supply chain management, making it more resilient to disruptions and better able to respond to global demand fluctuations.
    • Enhanced R&D Capabilities: Investing in digital technologies can foster innovation in product development and advanced manufacturing techniques, positioning India as a leader in high-tech manufacturing sectors.

    What strategies can be implemented to stimulate growth in manufacturing? (Way forward)

    • Expand PLI Scheme Scope: To further stimulate growth, the PLI scheme should be extended to include labour-intensive sectors such as apparel and furniture, as well as emerging industries like aerospace and space technology. This could unlock new growth opportunities and reduce import dependency.
    • Streamline Import Regime: Implementing a simplified three-tier tariff system for imports—0–2.5% for raw materials, 2.5%–5% for intermediates, and 5%–7.5% for finished goods—could help lower input costs and enhance competitiveness.
    • Focus on MSMEs: Tailoring PLI incentives for micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) by lowering capital investment thresholds could empower these businesses to scale up and innovate.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q  Can the strategy of regional-resource-based manufacturing help in promoting employment in India? (UPSC IAS/2019)

  • [pib] Pradhan Mantri Kisan Maan Dhan Yojana (PMKMY)

    Why in the News?

    • The Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare has provided state-wise details of farmers registered under the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Maan Dhan Yojana (PMKMY).
      • Top Three States: Haryana (5,74,467), Bihar (3,45,038), Chhattisgarh (2,02,734).
      • Bottom Three States/UT: Lakshadweep (72), Ladakh (114), Goa (150).
    • Recently, the PMKMY (launched on 12th September 2019) has completed 5 successful years.

    About Pradhan Mantri Kisan Maan Dhan Yojana (PMKMY)

    Details Type: Central Sector Scheme
    Objective: To provide a voluntary, contributory pension scheme for farmers aged 18–40 years, ensuring ₹3,000/month pension after they turn 60 years of age.
    Implementation & Structural Mandate Implemented by: Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare
    Pension Fund Manager: Life Insurance Corporation (LIC) of India
    State-wise Registration: Registered farmers are managed by the respective state governments in collaboration with LIC. The scheme encourages a structured approach involving the collection of contributions and government matching funds.
    Contribution: Farmers contribute between ₹55 and ₹200 per month, depending on their entry age.
    Beneficiaries & Benefits Beneficiaries: Farmers aged 18–40 years.
    Benefits: Assured pension of ₹3,000 per month post-60 years, matching contribution by the Government of India, administered by LIC.
    Exclusions: Income taxpayers, members of government pension schemes, and those already enrolled in other pension schemes.

     

    PYQ:

    [2020] In India, which of the following can be considered as public investment in agriculture? (2020)

    1. Fixing Minimum Support Price for agricultural produce of all crops
    2. Computerization of Primary Agricultural Credit Societies
    3. Social Capital development
    4. Free electricity supply to farmers
    5. Waiver of agricultural loans by the banking system
    6. Setting up of cold storage facilities by the governments

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    (a) 1, 2 and 5 only

    (b) 1, 3, 4 and 5 only

    (c) 2, 3 and 6 only

    (d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6

  • [pib] CAR T-Cell Therapy

    Why in the News?

    The Department of Biotechnology (DBT) has been a key supporter of research projects focusing on CAR T-cell therapies for cancers.

    About CAR T-Cell Therapy:

    What is it?
    • Acronym  for Chimeric Antigen Receptor T–Cell Therapy;
    • Innovative  immunotherapy in which T-cells (a type of white blood cell) are genetically modified to express a receptor (CAR) that targets specific proteins on cancer cells.
    • T-cells are part of the immune system and help identify and eliminate infected or cancerous cells.
    Objective of the Therapy
    • To treat blood cancers, especially B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (B-ALL) and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (B-NHL).
    • Aimed at patients whose disease relapsed or was resistant to conventional treatments (chemotherapy, radiation).
    • Specifically targets CD19, a protein found on the surface of B-cells, which includes cancerous B-cells.
    Implementation and Structural Mandate
    • Developed jointly by Indian Institute of Technology (IIT-Bombay) and Tata Memorial Center (TMC), Mumbai since 2015.
    • Approved by DCGI (Drug Controller General of India) in March 2021 for Phase 1 trials in children and adults with relapsed B-ALL and B-NHL.
    • Supported by academic grants from Department of Biotechnology and government agencies.
    • Trials were conducted at Tata Memorial Center (TMC), and other hospitals.
    Future Scope for Phase II
    • Phase 1 Trials: Conducted from 2021 to 2023 on children and adolescents with B-ALL and adults with B-NHL, with promising results matching international standards in terms of efficacy and safety.
    • Phase 2 Trials: Have been approved and are currently ongoing. These trials will expand on the efficacy and long-term safety of the therapy, including larger cohorts of patients.

    Future Scope: Holds the potential for expanding to other cancers, such as Multiple Myeloma, Glioblastoma, and Hepatocellular Carcinomas, based on continued research and results from Phase II trials.

     

    PYQ:

    [2022] Which one of the following statements best describes the role of B cells and T cells in the human body?

    (a) They protect the environmental allergens body.
    (b) They alleviate the body’s pain and inflammation.
    (c) They act as immuno-suppressants in the body.
    (d) They protect the body from diseases caused by pathogens.

  • [pib] National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP)

    Why in the News?

    The Union Ministry of Health has re-strategized the National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP) under the 100-Day TB Elimination Campaign to reduce TB cases and mortality through targeted interventions and a multi-pronged approach.

    Menace of TB in India:

    • According to the World Health Organization (WHO), India accounted for 26% of global TB cases and deaths in 2023.
    • The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) conducted a National TB Prevalence Survey in 20 states, reporting 312 TB cases per lakh population.
      • The TB incidence rate decreased by 17.7%, from 237 per 100,000 in 2015 to 195 per 100,000 in 2023.
      • Similarly, TB-related deaths have declined by 21.4%, from 28 per lakh population in 2015 to 22 per lakh population in 2023.

    About the National TB Elimination Programme (NTEP):

    Details
    About
    • Former Name: Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP)
    • Objective: To eliminate tuberculosis (TB) as a public health issue in India by 2025, as per PM Modi’s 2018 target.
    • Focus Areas: Early detection, complete treatment, prevention, and strengthening TB care and control services.

    Key Components of NTEP:

    • Universal Drug Susceptibility Testing (UDST): Early detection of drug-resistant TB.
    • Free Diagnosis and Treatment: Provided for all TB patients across India.
    • Nikshay: A case-based web-enabled TB information system for monitoring and case management.
    • Private Sector Engagement: Involving private healthcare providers for standardized care.
    Objectives under the National Strategic Plan 100-Day TB Elimination Campaign is an intensified effort launched to fast-track the detection and treatment of tuberculosis (TB) cases across the country.

    • Eliminate TB as a public health problem by 2025.
    • Achieve Universal Access to quality TB care.
    • Prevent the emergence of drug-resistant TB through early diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
    • Reduce the burden of TB through preventive interventions and awareness campaigns.
    • Ensure better case management through Nikshay, a case-based monitoring system.
    • 6. Engage with the private sector to ensure standardized and quality TB care.
    Steps taken by Govt
    • Universal Drug Susceptibility Testing (UDST): Early detection of drug-resistant TB.
    • Free Diagnosis and Treatment: Provided for all TB patients.
    • Nikshay System: Web-enabled case-based monitoring and management system for TB patients.
    • Private Sector Engagement: Ensuring standardized TB care by involving private healthcare providers.
    • National TB Prevalence Survey: Conducted to assess the TB burden in 20 states.
    • Enhanced Diagnostic Facilities: Including genetic and molecular tests for early detection.
    • Targeted Interventions for Vulnerable Populations: Focus on high-risk groups, including children and marginalized populations.

  • Commissioning of INS TUSHIL

    Commissioning of INS TUSHIL

    Why in the News?

    INS Tushil, a multi-role stealth guided missile frigate, is set to be commissioned by the Indian Navy at Kaliningrad, Russia.

    About INS Tushil:

    Details
    • INS Tushil is a multi-role stealth guided missile frigate, part of the Krivak III class (Project 1135.6).
    • It is the seventh in the series of Krivak III frigates, following the Talwar-class ships (three built at Baltiysky Shipyard in St. Petersburg) and the Teg-class ships (three built at Yantar Shipyard in Kaliningrad).

    Development of INS Tushil:

    • Built at Yantar Shipyard in Kaliningrad, Russia.
    • Contract signed in Oct 2016 between Indian Navy, JSC Rosoboronexport, and Government of India.
    • Indian team of specialists from the Warship Overseeing Team monitored the construction.
    • Extensive trials, including Factory Sea Trials, State Committee Trials, and Delivery Acceptance Trials, were conducted in 2024.
    Special Features
    • Speed of over 30 knots
    • Stealth design with advanced radar-absorbing features.
    • Equipped with guided missiles, advanced weapon systems, and radars.
    • Enhanced combat capabilities with a focus on anti-surface and anti-air warfare.
    • Helicopter deck for operations.
    Significance
    • Boosts India’s naval capabilities in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).
    • Part of an ongoing effort to modernize the fleet with advanced technologies.
    • Strengthens India-Russia defence ties.
    • Will be key in maritime security and regional defense, especially in contested waters.

  • How Oilfields Amendment Bill aims to delink petroleum, mineral oil production from mining activities

    Why in the News?

    The Rajya Sabha passed the Oilfields (Regulation and Development) Amendment Bill, 2024, aimed at boosting domestic petroleum and mineral oil production while encouraging private investment to reduce reliance on imports.

    What is the Oilfields Bill?

    • The Oilfields Bill amends the Oilfields (Regulation and Development) Act of 1948, which originally governed both oil and mineral operations. The amendment seeks to delineate the regulation of petroleum from mining activities, aligning it more closely with contemporary needs in the oil and gas sector. By doing so, it aims to boost domestic production and reduce reliance on imports.

    What are the major proposed changes?

    • Definition of Mineral Oils: The Bill expands the definition of “mineral oils” to include naturally occurring hydrocarbons such as crude oil, natural gas, coal bed methane, and shale gas/oil. However, it explicitly excludes coal, lignite, and helium from this definition.
    • Introduction of Petroleum Leases: The Bill replaces references to “mining leases” with “petroleum leases,” defining these leases as agreements for various activities including exploration and production of mineral oils. Existing mining leases will remain valid under this new framework.
    • Decriminalization of Offences: The Bill removes criminal penalties for violations of the Oilfields Act, replacing them with financial penalties. For instance, violations that previously could lead to imprisonment will now incur fines up to ₹25 lakh, with additional daily penalties for ongoing violations.
    • Central Government Powers: The Bill empowers the central government to create rules regarding the granting and regulation of petroleum leases, including aspects like environmental protection and dispute resolution mechanisms.
    • Encouragement of Private Investment: It includes provisions aimed at attracting private investment into the sector by ensuring stable lease terms and clarifying regulatory frameworks.

    What are the criticisms and concerns?

    • Impact on State Rights: Critics, including members from the DMK party, argue that the Bill undermines state rights regarding taxation on mining activities. They fear that redefining leases could shift regulatory power away from states to the central government, potentially affecting state revenue from royalties.
    • Legal Challenges: There are concerns that framing petroleum operations under a different legal category could lead to conflicts with existing judicial rulings that affirm state powers over mining taxes. A recent Supreme Court ruling emphasized that states have exclusive rights to tax mining activities.
    • Environmental Concerns: Opposition members have raised alarms about the potential environmental impacts of allowing greater private sector involvement in petroleum extraction. They advocate for prioritizing public sector companies like ONGC over private entities.

    Way forward: 

    • Balanced Federal Approach: Establish a collaborative mechanism between the Centre and states to address concerns over taxation and royalties, ensuring equitable revenue sharing while maintaining clear regulatory roles.
    • Sustainable Exploration Framework: Mandate robust environmental safeguards and prioritize public sector leadership alongside private investment to balance economic growth with ecological preservation.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q  “In spite of adverse environmental impact, coal mining is still inevitable for Development”. Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2017)

  • India got its 58th Tiger Reserve

    Why in the News?

    • Ratapani Wildlife Sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh has become India’s 57th tiger reserve after receiving approval from the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change.
      • Madhav National Park also received approval to be declared a tiger reserve, which will make it India’s 58th tiger reserve after the official notification.

    About Ratapani Tiger Reserve and Madhav Tiger Reserve:

    Ratapani TR Madhav TR
    Location
    • Raisen district, Madhya Pradesh, Vindhya Range, 50 km from Bhopal;
    • 824 sq km (318 sq mi) total area.
    • Shivpuri district, Madhya Pradesh, near the Madhav National Park;
    • 354.85 sq km (137.3 sq mi) total area.
    History
    • Established as Wildlife Sanctuary in 1976.
    • Designated as Tiger Reserve on 2 Dec 2024
    • It was initially a national park.
    • Designated as Shivpuri National Park in 1956.
    • Renamed as Madhav National Park in 1959 after Madho Raj Scindia, Maharaja of Gwalior.
    Flora and Fauna
    • Biome: Dry and moist deciduous forests, 55% covered with teak.
    • Fauna: Tigers, leopards, spotted deer, sloth bear, wild boar, sambar, jackals, wild dogs.
    • Water Bodies: Barna Reservoir, Ratapani Dam, seasonal streams.
    • Biome: Dry deciduous forests with significant scrub and grasslands.
    • Fauna: Tigers, leopards, spotted deer, sloth bear, wild boar, sambar, jackals, wild dogs.
    • Water Bodies: Sindh River, Pitakhal Lake, and seasonal streams.

     

    Why and when did the first Tiger Reserve come up in India?

    • A tiger reserve is a protected area created under the Project Tiger initiative launched in 1973 by the Indian government to protect tigers and their natural habitats.
    • A TR is administered by the National Tiger Conservation Authority.
    • These reserves are a part of the conservation efforts to ensure the survival of tigers, preserve biodiversity, and maintain ecological balance.
      • The first TR in India was the Corbett Tiger Reserve in Uttarakhand, established in 1973. It was also the first national park to be part of the Project Tiger initiative.
    • Key Features of a Tiger Reserve:
      • Core Area: A core area is designated as a national park or sanctuary, where human activity is restricted to protect the wildlife.
      • Buffer Area: Surrounding the core area, the buffer zone consists of a mix of forest and non-forest land, used for controlled human activity while ensuring wildlife conservation. These buffer zones serve as transitional areas for wildlife, providing essential corridors for movement.

     

    PYQ:

    [2020] Among the following Tiger Reserves, which one has the largest area under “Critical Tiger Habitat”?

    (a) Corbett

    (b) Ranthambore

    (c) Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam

    (d) Sunderbans

  • Why some PLI schemes are in the slow lane?

    Why in the News?

    Six out of the 14 Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes, including textiles, solar modules, IT hardware, automobiles, advanced chemical cells (ACC), and speciality steel, are progressing at a relatively slower pace.

    What are the primary reasons for the slow implementation of PLI schemes?

    • Stringent Eligibility Norms: Many industries have reported that the eligibility criteria for participation in PLI schemes are too stringent, which limits the number of companies that can benefit from the incentives.
    • Initial Setup Challenges: Establishing a domestic manufacturing base from scratch is a monumental task. Industries such as solar modules and advanced chemistry cells (ACC) require substantial time—ranging from one-and-a-half to three years—to set up manufacturing operations, delaying employment generation.
    • Access to Resources: Companies face difficulties in accessing critical resources, including Chinese machinery and skilled technicians, which can hinder their ability to ramp up production quickly.
    • Market Dependency: Some sectors remain heavily reliant on imports and have not yet transitioned to a self-sufficient manufacturing model, impacting their growth under the PLI framework.
    • Slow Disbursement of Funds: The initial years of the scheme saw minimal disbursement of funds, with only a small percentage of the total incentive outlay being paid out in the first two years.

    Which sectors are experiencing the most significant slowdowns, and why?

    • Textiles: This sector is struggling due to high competition and stringent norms that have slowed down participation and growth.
    • Solar Modules: Despite being a strategic sector for renewable energy, delays in establishing manufacturing capabilities have led to slow progress. 
      • As of June 2024, India’s solar module manufacturing capacity reached 77.2 GW, but the solar cell capacity was only 7.6 GW, leading to supply shortages that delayed projects.
    • Automobiles: While some companies are making progress, the automobile sector overall is hindered by initial setup challenges and fluctuating market conditions. 
      • Factors such as rising raw material costs and shifts in consumer preferences towards electric vehicles are creating a complex environment for traditional automakers.
    • Advanced Chemical Cells (ACC): Similar to solar modules, this sector faces long commissioning periods that delay employment outcomes. Because of the lengthy development timelines for manufacturing facilities and the need for substantial investment in technology are contributing to slower growth in this strategic area.
    • IT Hardware: Although recently upgraded with increased funding, it still lags behind in implementation compared to more successful sectors like mobile manufacturing.

    What measures can be taken to enhance the effectiveness of PLI schemes? (Way forward)

    • Revising Eligibility Criteria: Simplifying the eligibility requirements could encourage more companies, especially smaller firms, to participate in the schemes and benefit from incentives.
    • Increasing Support for Supply Chains: Establishing robust supply chains is crucial. The government could provide additional support to smaller suppliers who are essential for scaling up production across sectors.
    • Streamlining Resource Access: Facilitating easier access to necessary machinery and skilled labor can help companies ramp up production more effectively and reduce dependency on imports.
    • Regular Reviews and Adjustments: Continuous monitoring and adjustments based on sector performance can help identify bottlenecks early and allow for timely interventions.
    • Encouraging Ancillary Industries: Promoting the establishment of ancillary industries around larger beneficiaries could create additional jobs and enhance local manufacturing capabilities.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q  Can the strategy of regional-resource-based manufacturing help in promoting employment in India? (UPSC IAS/2019)