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GS Paper: GS3

  • TN to allow regulated culling of Wild Boars  

    Why in the News?

    • The Tamil Nadu government has approved the controlled hunting of wild boars causing distress to farmers near forest areas.
      • Presently, Wild boars are NOT listed as Vermin under the Schedule V of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.

    About the Farmers’ Conflict Resolution Committee

    • The Committee includes representatives from the Departments of Forest, Revenue, Agriculture, and Horticulture, along with scientific experts and wildlife enthusiasts.
    • Objective: The committee was formed to study the impact of raids by elephants and wild pigs on agricultural crops.
    • Implementation Protocol:
      • Approval Process: The culling will require approval from a local three-member checking body.
      • Composition of the Checking Body: The body will include a forester or forest guard, the Village Administrative Officer, and the ward member.
      • Supervision: Culling operations must be conducted in the presence of these three members.

    Zoning for Culling Operations

    • Areas adjacent to reserve forests will be divided into three zones:
    1. Zone A: Within one kilometre from forest limits.
    2. Zone B: One to five kilometres from forest limits.
    3. Zone C: Beyond five kilometres from forest limits.
    • Restrictions: Shooting of wild pigs is prohibited within five kilometres of the reserve forest (Zones A and B).
    • Scientific Approach to Culling:
      • Scientific Methodology: The shooting of wild boars must adhere to a scientific approach, considering the intensity and frequency of conflict incidents.
      • Expert Concerns: Experts highlight the ecological role of wild boars and caution against indiscriminate killing.

    About Indian Wild Boar

    Details
    Scientific Name Sus scrofa cristatus
    Habitat and Distribution High grass, bushes, forests, high crops, dense forests, grasslands, scrublands, agricultural areas; Indian subcontinent, various altitudes from sea level to mountains
    Behaviour and Social Structure
    • Matriarchal ‘sounders’ led by an elder female;
    • Solitary adult males or loose bachelor groups;
    • Active during evening and night;
    • Territorial fights with predators.
    Diet
    • Omnivorous: excreta, tubers, roots, leaves, fruit, vegetables, standing crops, carrion, small animals, baby deer;
    • Prefers marshy areas and roots in swampy places
    Reproduction
    • Breeding year-round, peak seasons vary by region;
    • Gestation: around four months; Litter size: multiple piglets
    Ecological Role
    • Seed dispersal aiding plant propagation;
    • Important prey species maintaining predator-prey balance in the ecosystem
    Conservation Status
    • IUCN Red List: Least Concern
    • Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Schedule III

    Proposed reclassification to Schedule V (vermin) due to agricultural damage.
    Present Culling Section 11-B (1) of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 allows the Chief Wildlife Warden to issue special orders to kill dangerous wild animals.

     

    Back2Basics: Schedule III of WPA, 1972

    • Protection Level: Lesser degree of protection compared to Schedule I and II.
    • Prohibition: Hunting of these species is prohibited except under special circumstances defined by the Act.
    • Penalties: Violations related to these species attract penalties, though they are less stringent than those for higher schedules.

    Species Listed in Schedule III: As per the latest available data, the following are examples of species listed under Schedule III of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972:

    1. Chinkara (Gazella bennettii): Also known as the Indian Gazelle, found in various parts of India.
    2. Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra): A species of antelope native to India.
    3. Blue Bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus): Also known as the Nilgai, the largest Asian antelope.
    4. Indian Wild Boar (Sus scrofa cristatus): A subspecies of the wild boar native to the Indian subcontinent.
    5. Sambar (Rusa unicolor): A large deer native to the Indian subcontinent.

    Legal Provisions:

    • Hunting Prohibition: Hunting any animal listed under Schedule III is prohibited except for purposes like scientific research, education, and when permitted by the authorities under specific conditions.
    • Penalties: The penalties for offenses involving Schedule III animals include imprisonment up to three years, or a fine up to Rs. 25,000, or both.

     

    PYQ:

    [2017] In India, if a species of tortoise is declared protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, what does it imply?

    (a) It enjoys the same level of protection as the tiger.

    (b) It no longer exists in the wild, a few individuals are under captive protection; and now it is impossible to prevent its extinction.

    (c) It is endemic to a particular region of India.

    (d) Both B and C stated above are correct in this context.

  • Enemy Agents Ordinance: Strict Measures for Militant Assistance in J&K

    Why in the News?

    • J&K Director General of Police stated that individuals assisting militants in J&K should be tried under the Enemy Agents Ordinance, 2005.

    Enemy Agents Ordinance: An Overview

    • It was first issued in 1917 by the Dogra Maharaja of J&K, the ordinance remains in effect.
    • The ordinance mandates death or rigorous imprisonment for life, or imprisonment up to 10 years with a fine for aiding the enemy or engaging in actions detrimental to Indian military operations.
    • Its Evolution:
      • Post-Partition Incorporation: The ordinance was retained as a law in J&K post-1947 and amended over time.
      • Changes Post-2019: Following the repeal of Article 370, the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act retained the Enemy Agents Ordinance and other security laws while replacing many state laws with Indian laws, such as the Indian Penal Code.

    Trial Procedures under the Ordinance

    • Special Judge Appointment: Trials are conducted by a special judge appointed by the government in consultation with the High Court.
    • Legal Representation: Accused individuals can only engage a lawyer if permitted by the court.
    • No Appeal Provision: Verdicts can only be reviewed by a High Court judge chosen by the government, with the decision being final.
    • Publication Bar: Unauthorized disclosure or publication of trial information is punishable by imprisonment up to two years, fine, or both.

    Notable Application of the Ordinance

    • Notable Cases: Many Kashmiris have been tried under the ordinance, including Maqbool Bhat, the founder of Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front, who was hanged in Tihar Jail in 1984.
    • Current Context: The Enemy Agents Ordinance continues to be a critical tool in addressing militant assistance in J&K, reflecting the stringent legal measures in place to maintain security.

    PYQ:

    [2019] The banning of ‘Jamaat-e-Islami’ in Jammu and Kashmir brought into focus the role of over-ground workers (OGWs) in assisting terrorist organizations. Examine the role played by OGWs in assisting terrorist organizations in insurgency affected areas. Discuss measures to neutralize the influence of OGWs.

    [2019] Indian government has recently strengthen the anti-terrorism laws by amending the unlawful activities (Prevention) Act, (UAPA), 1967 and the NIA Act. Analyze the changes in the context of prevailing security environment while discussing scope and reasons for opposing the UAPA by human rights organisations.
  • [25th June 2024] The Hindu Op-ed:  The Court spells the way in Himalaya’s development

    [25th June 2024] The Hindu Op-ed:  The Court spells the way in Himalaya’s development

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q Climate change is a global problem. How India will be affected by climate change? How Himalayan and coastal states of India will be affected by climate change? (UPSC IAS/2017)

    Q Should the pursuit of carbon credits and clean development mechanisms set up under UNFCCC be maintained even though there has been a massive slide in the value of a carbon credit? Discuss with respect to India’s energy needs for economic growth.(UPSC IAS/2014)

    Mentor comment: The Indian Himalayan Region is crucial for its rich biodiversity, serving as a habitat for diverse flora and fauna, including endangered species. It plays a vital role in regulating regional and global climate patterns, hosting the source of major rivers essential for water supply and agriculture. Culturally and spiritually significant, it supports the livelihoods of indigenous communities, offering opportunities for tourism, research, and sustainable development.

    Let’s learn! 

    Why in the News?

    The dissonance between the special development needs and the development model being pursued in the Indian Himalayan Region.

    Supreme Court’s Stance on Sustainable Development

    • Rights-Based Regime: Recent Supreme Court judgments indicate a move towards recognising sustainable development as a fundamental right.
    • Case Highlight: In the State of Telangana and Others vs. Mohd. Abdul Qasim (2024), the Court emphasised the need for an ecocentric view of the environment.
    • Trusteeship of Earth: The Court stated that humanity must act as trustees of the Earth, respecting the rights of natural entities like rivers, lakes, and mountains.

    A model of destruction

    • Hydroelectric Power Stations: Rampant construction of hydroelectric power stations without consideration for the rights of rivers and streams.
    • Road Widening: Reckless widening of hill roads to four lanes, leading to frequent damage during river floods.
    • Construction Violations: Rampant construction violates norms and regulations, including building on river beds, flood plains, steep slopes, seismic zones, and landslide-prone areas.
    • Environmental Disasters: Instances like the Teesta dam breach in Sikkim and monsoon floods and landslides in Himachal Pradesh in 2023 highlight the destructive impact of the development model on the environment, ecology, and local communities.

    Need for a Balanced Development Approach

    • Ecocentric and Anthropocentric Views: Both approaches require aligning growth aspirations with environmental science and the rights of people and nature.
    • Supreme Court’s Guidance: The Court’s judgments stress the intersectionality of environmental protection and human rights.

    Carrying Capacity and Developmental Rights: Judicial Precedence 

    • Carrying Capacity Studies: In Ashok Kumar Raghav vs Union of India (2023), the Supreme Court sought a way forward to manage the carrying capacity of Himalayan states.
    • Right to a Clean Environment: In the Great Indian Bustard case, the Court linked the right to life and equality with the right to be free from adverse climate impacts.

    Significance of Infrastructure and Climate Resilience

    • Sustainable Infrastructure: Development must be resilient to climate change impacts to ensure equality and access to opportunities.
    • Impact on Social Inequality: Disasters amplify social inequality, disproportionately affecting the poor.
    • Judicial Mandate: The Supreme Court’s judgments call for integrating disaster management in development planning.

    Fundamental Right to Sustainable Development

    • New Fundamental Right: The right to be free from adverse climate impacts is now recognized as a fundamental right.
    • Implications for IHR: People in the IHR have a fundamental right to a development model that is sustainable and respects the region’s carrying capacity.
    • Need for Legal Framework: The Supreme Court’s judgments should guide the creation of a legal framework to ensure sustainable development in the IHR.

    Way Forward

    • Integrated Approach Needed: Development planning must incorporate disaster prevention and resilience measures.
    • Convergence of Authorities: The planning stage convergence of different authorities is essential to ensure that all disaster and climate resilience concerns are addressed before project implementation.
    • Role of Science and Policy: Science, policy, and action must align in an integrated approach involving policymakers, planners, scientists, and communities.
    • Call for Action: The Supreme Court’s judgments provide a basis for necessary course corrections in development practices, especially in the IHR.
    • Balancing Development and Resilience: Achieving a balance between development and disaster resilience is crucial for sustainable progress.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-supreme-court-of-india-spells-the-way-in-himalayas-development/article68328728.ece

  • What is in Great Nicobar, site of NITI Aayog’s mega Island Project?

    Why in the News?

    • The opposition party has demanded the immediate suspension of all clearances granted to NITI Aayog’s Great Nicobar Island (GNI) Project.
    • It alleged violations of due process, legal and constitutional provisions protecting tribal communities.

    Great Nicobar Island: An Overview

    • Geography and Ecology: Southernmost tip of India, part of the Andaman and Nicobar archipelago comprising 600-odd islands.
    • Environment: Hilly, covered with lush rainforests, annual rainfall of around 3,500 mm.
    • Biodiversity: Hosts numerous endangered and endemic species including the giant leatherback turtle, Nicobar megapode, Great Nicobar crake, Nicobar crab-eating macaque, and Nicobar tree shrew.
    • Area: 910 sq km with mangroves and Pandan forests along the coast.
    • Indigenous Communities:
      • Shompen Tribe: Approximately 250 people live in interior forests, predominantly hunter-gatherers, classified as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group.
      • Nicobarese Community: Two groups – Great Nicobarese and Little Nicobarese, practice farming and fishing.
      • Resettlement: The Great Nicobarese were resettled in Campbell Bay after the 2004 tsunami.
    • Administrative Hub: Campbell Bay serves as the administrative hub, housing local offices of the Andaman and Nicobar administration and the panchayat.

    Back2Basics: “Nicobar Triangle”

    It is named after the Nicobar Islands, which are located at the northern apex of this triangular area.

    The islands within the Nicobar Triangle include:

    1. Nicobar Islands: This group of islands belongs to India and is situated to the south of the Andaman Islands. They are known for their diverse flora and fauna and are inhabited by indigenous tribes.
    2. Andaman Islands: Located to the north of the Nicobar Islands, the Andaman Islands are also part of India. They are well-known for their lush forests, coral reefs, and indigenous tribes.
    3. Indonesian Archipelago: To the south and southeast of the Nicobar Islands lies the Indonesian archipelago, which includes thousands of islands spanning a vast area between the Indian and Pacific Oceans.

    What is GNI Project?

    The GNI Project refers to the “Holistic Development of Great Nicobar Island,” a proposed mega project being piloted by NITI Aayog.

    • Implementing Agency: The project is to be implemented by the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Integrated Development Corporation (ANIIDCO).
    • Historical Context: Development plans for a port in Great Nicobar date back to the 1970s, aimed at leveraging its strategic location near the Malacca Strait.
    • The project aims to develop the southern end of the Andaman and Nicobar group of Islands in the Bay of Bengal by constructing –
    1. Transshipment port
    2. Dual-use military-civil international airport
    3. Power plant (450 MVA gas and solar-based) and
    4. A township over a span of 30 years on more than 160 sq. km of land, of which 130 sq. km is primary forest

    Features of the Project

    • Transshipment hub of the East: The proposed port will allow Great Nicobar to participate in the regional and global maritime economy by becoming a major player in cargo transshipment.
    • Naval control: The port will be controlled by the Indian Navy, while the airport will have dual military-civilian functions and will cater to tourism as well.
    • Urban amenities: Roads, public transport, water supply and waste management facilities, and several hotels have been planned to cater to tourists.

    Significance of the project

    • Economic significance: The proposed port would allow GNI to become a significant player in cargo transhipment, as it is positioned equidistant from Colombo, Port Klang (Malaysia), and Singapore.
    • Strategic significance: The proposal to develop GNI has been on the table since the 1970s, and it has been highlighted repeatedly as a crucial element for national security and consolidation of the Indian Ocean Region.
      • In recent years, the escalating Chinese presence in the Indian Ocean has added greater urgency to this imperative.

    Issues with the Project

    • The project entails the deforestation of 130 sq km, and felling 10 lakh trees, threatens biodiversity at Galathea Bay, displaces indigenous tribes, lacks thorough impact assessments, and poses seismic risks to vulnerable communities.

    Due-process Violations highlighted by the ‘Opposition’

    (1) Did not recognise the grant ownership: The island administration did not recognise or grant ownership of any forest land to local tribespeople as per FRA, a requisite step under the Forest Conservation Rules, 2017, before Stage-I clearance is granted.

    • This is despite the fact that Rule 6(3)(e) of Forest Conservation Rules-2017 (FCR) requires that any diversion of forest land first requires the District Collector to recognise and vest rights to locals under the FRA.
    • The legislation allows forest communities the right to control and manage the use of the forest land over which they hold titles, and their consent is mandatory for diverting it.

    (2) Inconsistencies with Stage-I Clearance: The Stage-I clearance for the project was granted in October 2022, two years after the application was received. Monthly progress reports show that the district administration did not process any claims over forest land under the FRA in the 26 months since project sanction.

    (3) Withdrawal of Consent: Weeks after the Stage-I clearance was granted, the Tribal Council at Campbell Bay withdrew the consent granted by the Gram Sabha.

  • Philippines hails BrahMos Missiles as a ‘game changer’

    Why in the News?

    • The BrahMos cruise missiles so inducted are termed a “game changer” by the Philippines envoy. The missiles provide credible defence and deterrent capabilities to the Philippines’ armed forces.

    About BrahMos Missiles

    • BrahMos is a joint venture between the DRDO and Russia’s NPO Mashinostroyeniya.
    • The name BrahMos comes from the two rivers, the Brahmaputra of India and the Moskva of Russia.
    • The first successful test in 2001 was conducted from a specially designed land-based launcher.

    Capabilities:

    • BrahMos is a medium-range ramjet supersonic cruise missile.
    • Launched from: submarines, ships, aircraft, or land.
    • It is the fastest supersonic cruise missile in the world.
    • It has two stages:
    1. The first stage comprised a solid-fuel rocket booster and
    2. The second stage comprises a liquid-fueled ramjet. ( because it provides the capability to manoeuvre and increase the range of missiles)

    Warhead:

    • Ship-launched and land-based missiles can carry a 200 kg warhead,
    • Aircraft-launched variant (BrahMos A) can carry a 300 kg warhead.

    Variants and Range 

    • The missile travels at speeds of Mach 2.8 to 3.0, which is being upgraded to Mach 5.0.
    • A hypersonic version of the missile, BrahMos-II, is also presently under development with a speed of Mach 7-8 to boost aerial fast strike capability.
    • Initially restricted by the Missile Technology Control Regime to a range of 290km, the BrahMos missile’s range was extended to 450km following India’s entry into the regime in June 2016.
    • Ongoing efforts aim further to extend the missile’s range beyond 600km, enhancing its operational reach and effectiveness in various scenarios.

    India-Philippines Relations: A quick recap

    • Context: 2023 marked the 75th anniversary of bilateral relations between India and the Philippines.
    • Equipment Transfers: These agreements facilitated government-to-government procurement of defence material and equipment.

    Details of the BrahMos Deal

    A MoU on defence cooperation was signed in 2006, reinforced by a 2017 MoU on defence industry and logistics cooperation.

    • Contract Details: In January 2022, the Philippines signed a $375 million deal with India for three batteries of shore-based anti-ship BrahMos missiles.
    • First Export Customer: The Philippines became the first export customer for the joint India-Russia venture.
    • Delivery Milestone: The first batch of missiles was delivered in April 2024.
    • Boost to India’s Defence Export: This deal marks India’s first overseas export of the BrahMos, showcasing India’s growing defence industry capabilities.

    Bilateral Trade and Economic Cooperation

    • Trade Milestone: In 2023, bilateral trade crossed the $3 billion mark for the first time, with a trade balance in India’s favour.
    • Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA): Ongoing negotiations for a PTA aim to enhance trade balance and diversification.
    • Trade Partnerships: India is among the top 15 trade partners for the Philippines.

    Modernisation of the Philippines Armed Forces

    • Phase-3 Modernisation: The Philippines armed forces are in phase-3, termed Horizon-3, of their modernisation programme.
    • Focus Areas: They are looking at acquiring ships, aircraft, and radars, and enhancing Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA).
    • Strategic Goals: Aiming to defend entitlements and secure their Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) against China over its claims for the South China Sea.

     

    PYQ:

    [2014] Which reference to the Agni-IV Missile,

    which of the following statements is/are correct?

    1. It is a surface-to-surface missile.
    2. It is fuelled by liquid propellant only.
    3. It can deliver one-tonne nuclear warheads about 7500 km away.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below.

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 1 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

  • Power markets in India: their working, advantages, and the road ahead

    Why in the news?

    Amid rising summer demand, the government has permitted the trading of excess electricity produced from “linkage coal” within the nation’s power markets.

    What is the Power Market?

    • A power market is a platform where electricity is bought and sold, enabling generators and consumers to trade electricity based on market-driven prices and conditions.

    Types of Markets related to Power exchanges in India include:

    • Spot Markets: These include real-time markets (RTM) and day-ahead markets (DAM). RTM allows for immediate buying and selling of electricity, while DAM involves bidding for electricity to be delivered the next day.
    • Term-Ahead Markets: These markets facilitate trades for longer durations, ranging from hours to several days in advance, providing more certainty and planning for market participants.

    Their working and Power exchanges in India

    • Market Operation: Power exchanges in India operate as platforms where electricity generators (sellers) and consumers (buyers) participate in trading electricity. Generators submit offers indicating the quantity of electricity they can supply at various prices, while buyers submit bids indicating the quantity they wish to purchase at various prices.
    • Renewable Energy Certificates (REC): Power exchanges also manage the trading of Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs). RECs represent the environmental attributes of renewable electricity generated and can be sold to utilities to meet their renewable purchase obligations (RPOs).
    • Regulation: Power exchanges are regulated by the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) in India. The regulatory framework ensures fair and transparent trading practices, oversees market operations and sets rules to promote market integrity.
    • Market Dominance: The Indian Energy Exchange (IEX) is the dominant power exchange in India, handling the majority of electricity trading volume. Other exchanges include Power Exchange India Limited (PXIL) and Hindustan Power Exchange Ltd (HPX), though IEX holds more than 90% of the market share.

    Their advantages 

    • Flexibility: Enables generators to respond swiftly to fluctuating electricity demand by selling surplus power at market-driven prices, enhancing grid stability.
    • Efficiency: Optimizes utilization of coal-based power generation assets, minimizing wastage and maximizing revenue through market-based transactions.
    • Transparency: Promotes transparent pricing mechanisms in the electricity sector, fostering competitive market dynamics and benefiting consumers with potentially lower electricity costs.

    The Road Ahead for Power Exchanges:

    • Market Coupling: It matches bids from different power exchanges to discover a uniform market clearing price, promoting efficiency and reducing price disparities across regions.It enhances price discovery, market stability, and regional grid integration by providing a reliable reference price for policymakers.
    • Capacity Markets: It compensates generators for maintaining available capacity, incentivizing investment in reliable generation infrastructure. They ensure long-term grid reliability, especially during peak demand periods, aligning India’s power market with international standards and attracting investment.
    • International Alignment and Competitiveness: India’s adoption of advanced market structures (like market coupling and capacity markets) aims to align with mature international markets.These developments can foster greater competition, attract investment, and enhance overall sector efficiency and reliability.

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q Write a note on India’s green energy corridor to alleviate the problem of conventional energy. (UPSC IAS/2013)

  • Create the space for governance with a green heart

    Why in the news?

    As a new term begins for the government and the Lok Sabha, it must prioritize environmental concerns. No government has ever truly prioritized the environment, and the last one, focused on development, actively harmed it.

    Present Himalayan states

    • The Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) encompasses the portion of the Himalayas located within India, extending across thirteen Indian States and Union Territories, including Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, West Bengal, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura, Assam, and Arunachal Pradesh.

    Problems Associated with Lack of Political Will on Environmental Governance

    • Neglect of Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation: Inadequate actions to reduce carbon emissions and build climate resilience.And failure to address the remediation aspects of climate change, such as food security and disaster preparedness.
    • Degradation of Forest Cover: Significant decline in both quantitative and qualitative forest cover.Recent legislation weakening forest protections, leading to further environmental damage.
    • Deteriorating Urban Environments: Severe air pollution and water scarcity in major cities, adversely affect public health.Poor sewage treatment infrastructure, resulting in heavily polluted rivers and water bodies.
    • Environmental Degradation in the Himalayas: Rapid glacial melting and altered weather patterns threatening water and food security. Government inaction on local environmental protests and concerns highlights a disconnect between policy and grassroots needs.
    • Ineffective Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA): EIAs are reduced to mere formalities, failing to prevent environmentally harmful projects.Dilution of EIA regulations and lack of meaningful stakeholder engagement, compromising environmental protection efforts.

    How This Can Be Restored?

    • Enhanced Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA): Strengthen EIA mechanisms, elevate them to statutory status, and ensure they are thorough and transparent to prevent projects from causing environmental harm.
    • Restoration Projects: Initiate large-scale conservation and restoration projects for glaciers, forests, and rivers in the Himalayan region.
    • Community Involvement: Actively involve local communities and stakeholders in decision-making processes to ensure their concerns and knowledge are integrated into policy-making.
    • Strict Enforcement of Environmental Laws: Improve enforcement of existing environmental regulations and increase penalties for violations to deter harmful activities.
    • Sustainable Development Policies: Develop and implement policies that balance development with environmental conservation, ensuring long-term ecological health and resilience.
    • Revised Legislation: Reassess and amend legislation like the Forest (Conservation) Amendment Bill, 2023, to provide stronger protections for natural habitats.
    • Resilience Building: Invest in infrastructure and programs aimed at enhancing resilience against climate change impacts, such as improved water management systems and disaster preparedness plans.

    Government steps taken: 

    • The National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem (NMSHE) was launched as part of India’s National Action Plan on Climate Change to holistically address the vulnerabilities of the Himalayan ecosystem.
    • Under NMSHE, the government has developed a common framework and methodology for climate vulnerability and risk assessment across 12 Himalayan states.
    • The government has also established the “G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment & Development” to focus on sustainable development and environmental conservation in the Indian Himalayan Region.

    Conclusion: To achieve Sustainable Development Goal 13 (Climate Action), India must enhance environmental governance, prioritize climate resilience, and enforce robust conservation policies to protect the Indian Himalayan Region and its ecosystems.

     

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Climate change is a global problem. How India will be affected by climate change? How Himalayan and coastal states of India will be affected by climate change? (15) (UPSC IAS/2017)

  • What is the GST Council, and what does it do?   

    Why in the news?

    The 53rd meeting of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council convened in Delhi, chaired by Nirmala Sitharaman, Union Minister for Finance and Corporate Affairs, on Saturday, June 22nd.

    What is the GST Council?

    • The GST Council is a constitutional body established under Article 279A of the amended Constitution of India.
    • It is a joint forum consisting of the Union Finance Minister (as Chairperson), the Union Minister of State for Finance, and representatives from each state and Union Territory (UT) with legislatures.
    • The Council is responsible for making recommendations on issues related to GST, including tax rates, exemptions, and model GST laws.

    Powers and Functions of the GST Council

    • Recommendations on GST Issues: The Council advises the Union and State Governments on matters related to the goods and services tax.
    • Tax Rates: It decides on the rates of GST applicable to goods and services, including any modifications or exemptions.
    • Dispute Resolution: It addresses disputes that may arise between the Union and States or among States regarding GST.
    • Administrative Changes: The Council can recommend administrative changes to improve the efficiency of GST implementation.
    • Review and Revision: Periodically review GST rates and provisions to align with economic realities and policy objectives.

    Evolution of the GST Council since its inception:

    • Formation and Initial Years: Established in 2016 after the passage of the 122nd Constitutional Amendment Act. The Council began functioning in 2017 when GST was implemented nationwide.
    • Operational Efficiency: Over the years, the Council has evolved to streamline decision-making processes, including real-time discussions and consensus-building among members.
    • Expansion of Scope: Initially focusing on setting basic tax rates and exemptions, the Council’s scope expanded to include amendments to GST laws and procedural changes.
    • Judicial Scrutiny: In 2022, the Supreme Court clarified that the Council’s recommendations are not binding but reflect collaborative efforts between the Union and States.
    • Adaptation to Challenges: Adapted to economic fluctuations, pandemic challenges (like the postponement of GST filing deadlines during COVID-19), and evolving sectoral needs.
    • Interstate Dynamics: The voting structure of the Council, with states collectively having a two-thirds voting share, underscores its federal and cooperative nature.

    Conclusion: The GST Council, pivotal since 2017, advises on GST matters, sets tax rates, resolves disputes, and evolves with economic shifts. Its federal structure ensures collaborative decision-making for efficient tax administration in India.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Enumerate the indirect taxes which have been subsumed in the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India. Also, comment on the revenue implications of the GST introduced in India since July 2017. (UPSC IAS/2019)

  • Nuclear Study provides major update on Plutonium Isotope Fission

    Why in the News?

    Recently a study was conducted on Prompt Fission Neutron Spectrum (PFNS) by the US. This study holds significance for design updates in India’s second stage of its nuclear power programme.

    India’s Progress in Nuclear Energy

    On March 4, India advanced to the second stage of its nuclear power programme by beginning the core-loading process of the Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) at the Madras Atomic Power Station in Kalpakkam. 

    India’s 3-stage Nuclear Power Program:

    Description Timeline
    Stage 1 Relies on pressurized heavy water reactors (PHWRs) using natural uranium as fuel. Initiated in the 1950s;

    Operational since the 1960s
    Stage 2 Focuses on developing fast breeder reactors (FBRs) using plutonium-239 produced in Stage 1. Initiated in the 1970s;

    Development phase
    Stage 3 Involves the development of thorium-based reactors utilizing India’s significant thorium reserves. Initiated in the late 1980s/early 1990s;

    Research & Development phase

    What is Prompt Fission Neutron Spectrum (PFNS)?

    • Definition: PFNS refers to neutrons emitted right after a Pu-240 nucleus captures a neutron but before it reaches a stable state.
    • Previous Studies: To date, only one study has investigated PFNS for Pu-240-induced fission at 0.85 mega-electron-volt (MeV). Recently, researchers in the U.S. conducted a second study with neutrons of higher energy than 0.85 MeV.
    • New Findings: The findings reveal significant differences between predicted and measured PFNS, aiding reactor designers and nuclear medicine practitioners.

    About Plutonium-240 and its Fission

    • Neutron Capture: When a Pu-239 nucleus captures a neutron, it can either undergo fission or become Pu-240.
      • Pu-240 is common in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapon test fallout.
    • Pu-240 Behavior: Pu-240 capturing a neutron typically turns into Pu-241.
      • If Pu-240 undergoes fission, there’s uncertainty about the energy of its fission products.
      • Current models use complex calculations to estimate this output.

    Do you know?

    • Plutonium is created from Uranium-238 in nuclear reactors.
    • Plutonium-239 is a weapon-grade fissile material (i.e. used to make nuclear weapons).
      • Pu-239 and Pu-240 are by-products of nuclear reactor operations and nuclear bomb explosions.

    Relevance of PFNS Study to India’s PFBR

    • PFBR Use: The PFBR uses plutonium from CANDU (Canada Deuterium Uranium) reactor spent fuel, which contains Pu-240. Reprocessed PFBR spent fuel will also contain Pu-240.
    • Importance of New Data: New data on Pu-240 behaviour is essential for improving reactor efficiency and safety.

    Production and Characteristics of Pu-240

    • Creation of Pu-239: Pu-239 is created when U-238 is exposed to neutrons in a reactor. As Pu-239 captures neutrons, it turns into Pu-240, which builds up over time.
    • Spontaneous Fission: Pu-240 undergoes spontaneous fission, emitting alpha particles, and is considered a contaminant in weapons-grade plutonium, where its composition is kept below 7%.
    • Reactor-Grade Plutonium: Plutonium with more than 19% Pu-240 is classified as reactor-grade.

    Experimental Findings on PFNS

    • Research at LANSCE: Researchers at Los Alamos Neutron Science Centre (LANSCE) conducted tests by bombarding a pure Pu-240 sample with neutrons of 0.01-800 MeV energy.
    • Detection Setup: The setup included liquid scintillators to detect emitted particles, using a small Pu-240 sample to minimize alpha particle emission.
    • Measurement Focus: They measured the energies of neutrons and other fission products, focusing on neutron-induced fission data.

    PYQ:

    [2023] Consider the following statements:

    • Statement-I: India, despite having uranium deposits, depends on coal for most its electricity production.
    • Statement-II: Uranium, enriched to the extent at of least 60%, is required for the production of electricity.

    Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

    (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I

    (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-1

    (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect

    (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct

  • [pib] Cabinet approves Central Sector Scheme “National Forensic Infrastructure Enhancement Scheme” (NFlES)

    Why in the News?

    The Union Cabinet, chaired by PM Narendra Modi, approved the National Forensic Infrastructure Enhancement Scheme (NFIES).

    Do you know?

    • Central sector schemes: They are 100% funded by the Union government and implemented by the Central Government machinery. It covers subjects from Union List (central subjects).
    • Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS): It has a certain percentage of the funding borne by the States and the implementation is by the State Governments.It covers subjects from Concurrent List (shared subjects).
      • States have some flexibility to modify schemes to suit local needs within central guidelines.

    About National Forensic Infrastructure Enhancement Scheme (NFlES)

    • The Central Sector Scheme NFIES aims to strengthen national forensic infrastructure, expand NFSU’s reach, and establish CFSLs to meet growing forensic demands.
    • It aligns with India’s goals of enhancing forensic capabilities and securing robust criminal justice outcomes.

    Key Components of NFlES:

    • Campuses of NFSU: Establishing campuses of the National Forensic Sciences University (NFSU) across India.
    • Central Forensic Science Laboratories (CFSLs): Setting up new CFSLs nationwide.
      • Delhi Campus Enhancement: Upgrading infrastructure at the Delhi Campus of NFSU.
      • Financial outlay: Rs. 2254.43 crore for 2024-25 to 2028-29, funded by the Ministry of Home Affairs.
    • Objectives:  
      • Enhancing the criminal justice system with timely and scientific forensic examinations.
      • Addressing the increased workload due to new criminal laws requiring forensic investigation for serious offences.
      • Mitigating the shortage of trained forensic professionals in Forensic Science Laboratories (FSLs).

    Impact and Benefits

    • Improved Efficiency: Ensuring high-quality forensic examinations for efficient criminal justice processes.
    • Technology Integration: Leveraging advancements to handle evolving crime methods effectively.
    • Capacity Building: Training more forensic professionals to reduce case backlogs and support a high conviction rate exceeding 90%.

    PYQ:

    [2017] ‘Recognition of Prior Learning Scheme’ is sometimes mentioned in the news with reference to:

    (a) Certifying the skills acquired by construction workers through traditional channels.

    (b) Enrolling the persons in Universities for distance learning programmes.

    (c) Reserving some skilled jobs to rural and urban poor in some public sector undertakings.

    (d) Certifying the skills acquired by trainees under the National Skill Development Programme.