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GS Paper: GS3

  • What are Performer’s Rights?

    Central idea

    • This article discusses a recent case involving Bollywood actor and producer, in which the Bombay High Court ruled that sales tax cannot be levied on the transfer of copyright.
    • The ruling has implications for the entertainment industry, particularly in terms of taxation and copyright protection as well as performer’s rights.

    What are Performer’s Rights?

    • It refer to the legal rights granted to performing artists or performers in relation to their performances.
    • These rights generally include the right to control and protect their performances from unauthorized use, reproduction, distribution, and public performance.
    • Performer’s rights may include the right to control the following:
    1. Recording: Performers have the right to prevent others from recording their live performances without their consent.
    2. Broadcasting and Communication to the Public: Performers have the right to control the broadcasting, communication, and distribution of their performances to the public, including radio, television, and online streaming platforms.
    3. Reproduction: Performers have the right to control the reproduction of their performances in any media format.
    4. Adaptation: Performers have the right to control the adaptation of their performances into other forms, such as musicals or films.
    5. Attribution: Performers have the right to be identified as the performers of their works, and to prevent others from falsely claiming authorship of their performances.

    Legal protection of performer’s right

    Legal protection of performers’ rights has evolved over time through international treaties and national laws.

    • The Rome Convention in 1961 was the first significant development in the protection of performers’ rights.
    • Performers’ rights are protected under various international treaties such as the Rome Convention and the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty.
    • In 1996, WIPO Performance and Phonogram Treaty (WPPT) recognized the moral rights of performers for the first time in any international treaty.
    • In India, performer rights were recognized under the Copyright Act of 1957 in 1994.
    • The Copyright Act is in conformity with the WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT) and the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT), both concluded in 1996.
    • The protection of performers’ rights in India lasts for 50 years from the end of the year in which the performance was fixed or took place.

  • Places in news: Nathu La

    nathu la

    Several people have been killed and many others are feared trapped under snow after a massive avalanche near Sikkim’s Nathu La Mountain pass.

    Nathu La Pass

    Location Sikkim, on the border between India and China
    Altitude 4,310 meters (14,140 ft)
    Importance Historical Silk Route
    Trade Reopened in 2006 for border trade between India and China
    Restrictions Only for Indian and Chinese nationals with a valid visa
    Connectivity Connects the Indian state of Sikkim with the Tibet Autonomous Region of China
    Military importance Strategic importance in the Sino-Indian War of 1962
    Tourism Restricted due to the sensitive nature of the region
    Weather Harsh and unpredictable, with heavy snowfall in winter months
    Border dispute The pass was closed by China after the 1962 war and was reopened only after the Chinese president visited India in 2003.

     

    How has it been at the centre stage of India-China disputes?

    • Sino-Indian War: In 1962, Nathu La pass was a battleground between the Indian and Chinese armies during the Sino-Indian War. The conflict resulted in casualties on both sides, with China ultimately capturing the pass.
    • Skirmishes in 1967: In 1967, there were several minor skirmishes between the Indian and Chinese armies near Nathu La pass. The conflict was resolved through diplomatic negotiations.
    • Standoff in 2017: In 2017, there was a 73-day-long standoff between the Indian and Chinese armies near the Doklam plateau, which is close to Nathu La pass. The dispute was over the construction of a road by China in the disputed area. The standoff ended with both sides agreeing to disengage.

  • ISRO’s Reusable Launch Vehicle Mission RLV LEX

    reus

    The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) conducted a successful autonomous landing mission experiment for a Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV) at the Aeronautical Test Range in Chitradurga, Karnataka.

    What is a Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV)?

    • RLV is a type of spacecraft that is designed to be reused multiple times for launching payloads into space, instead of being discarded after a single launch like traditional rockets.
    • They are seen as a more cost-effective and sustainable option for space launches, as they reduce the need for manufacturing new rockets for each mission.
    • They typically consist of a reusable orbiter, similar to a space shuttle, and a reusable booster that provides the initial thrust needed to lift the orbiter and payload into space.
    • After the payload is released into orbit, the orbiter and booster return to Earth and land back on a runway, where they can be refurbished and reused for future launches.

    Why developing RLV is a big feat?

    Developing RLVs requires advanced technologies, including-

    1. Heat-resistant materials for protecting the spacecraft during re-entry into Earth’s atmosphere
    2. Advanced guidance and control systems for landing and
    3. Reliable propulsion systems for launching and landing

    ISRO’s RLV-TD project

    • ISRO is developing essential technologies for a fully reusable launch vehicle to enable low-cost access to space.
    • The RLV-TD is being used to develop technologies like hypersonic flight (HEX), autonomous landing (LEX), return flight experiment (REX), powered cruise flight, and Scramjet Propulsion Experiment (SPEX).
    • It looks like an aircraft and consists of a fuselage, a nose cap, double delta wings, and twin vertical tails.

    Development of RLV

    (1) First RLV experiment:

    • In 2016, the RLV-TD was launched into space on a rocket powered by a conventional solid booster (HS9) engine.
    • The spacecraft travelled at a speed of Mach 5 when re-entering the earth’s orbit and travelled a distance of 450 km before splashdown in the Bay of Bengal.
    • Critical technologies such as autonomous navigation, guidance and control, reusable thermal protection system, and re-entry mission management were successfully validated.

    (2) Second RLV experiment:

    • The RLV LEX test on April 2, 2023, involved a Chinook Helicopter lifting the RLV LEX to a height of 4.5 km and releasing the RLV.
    • After midair release, the RLV carried out an autonomous landing on the Aeronautical Test Range airstrip, under the exact conditions of a Space Re-entry vehicle’s landing.
    • It achieved landing parameters as might be experienced by an orbital re-entry space vehicle in its return path.

    Advantages of RLVs

    • Reusable launch vehicles are considered a low-cost, reliable, and on-demand mode of accessing space.
    • The cost of a launch can be reduced by nearly 80 percent of the present cost by using RLVs.

    Global RLV technologies

    • NASA space shuttles have been carrying out dozens of human space flight missions.
    • The private space launch services provider SpaceX demonstrated partially reusable launch systems with its Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy rockets since 2017.
    • SpaceX is also working on a fully reusable launch vehicle system called Starship.
    • Several private launch service providers and government space agencies are working on developing reusable launch systems.

    Significance

    • RLVs have the potential to significantly reduce the cost of space launches, as a significant portion of the cost of traditional rockets comes from the need to manufacture new rockets for each mission.
    • By reusing spacecraft, the cost per launch can be significantly reduced.
    • Additionally, RLVs can provide greater flexibility and reliability for space launches, as they can be launched on-demand instead of needing to be manufactured and assembled for each mission.

     

  • SNAP-10A: World’s first Operational Nuclear Reactor in Space

    snap

    Central idea: The newscard is about the US government-sponsored System for Nuclear Auxiliary Power (SNAP) program, also known as SNAPSHOT for Space Nuclear Auxiliary Power Shot, and its SNAP-10A space nuclear reactor.

    What is SNAP-10A?
    SNAP-10A A nuclear reactor sent to space by the US in 1965
    SNAP program A government-sponsored program for developing compact, lightweight, and reliable atomic devices for use in space, sea, and land
    Objective To produce at least 500 watts of electricity for a year or longer in Earth orbit
    Components Enriched uranium fuel with zirconium hydride as a moderator, and liquid sodium-potassium alloy as the coolant
    Conversion A thermoelectric converter was used to directly convert heat from the reactor into electricity
    Payload Weighed less than 431 kg, including the instruments and shielding, and was designed to be remotely started and operated in space
    Launch April 3, 1965, on an Atlas-Agena D rocket from Vandenberg Air Force Base and placed in a polar orbit
    Operations Achieved on-orbit criticality within six hours of startup and set to autonomous operation at full power after 200 hours of reactor operations
    Contact loss Contact was lost with SNAP-10A for about 40 hours on May 16, 1965, and the reactor’s reflectors ejected from the core, causing the core to shut down and bringing an end to the reactor’s operations
    Test objectives All test flight objectives were met, except the length of operation, which was just 43 days as opposed to the expected year or more
    Significance Only known nuclear reactor sent to space by the US, while Russia has sent several, including one that crashed and scattered radioactive debris over Canada in 1978
    Current status Continues to be in Earth orbit, and NASA expects it to do so for 2,000 years or more

     

  • Fernarium at Eravikulam National Park

    fern

    Eravikulam National Park, located in Munnar, India, is known for its natural habitat of Nilgiri Tahr, and has recently introduced a new attraction – a Fernarium.

    What are Ferns?

    • Ferns are a type of vascular plant that reproduces via spores, rather than seeds.
    • They have distinctive leaves, called fronds, which are often intricately divided into smaller leaflets.
    • Ferns can grow in a wide variety of environments, from rainforests to deserts, and they play an important role in many ecosystems as a habitat for animals, as well as by providing food and shelter for a variety of other plants.

    Importance of Ferns

    • Ferns are ecological indicators of healthy forests, and the climatic conditions inside the park are suitable for growing ferns.
    • Ferns are part of the Epiphytic family and grow naturally in soilless conditions.
    • They obtain water and nutrients through leaching from trees, and a large number of ferns are found on trees inside the park.

    Fernarium @ Eravikulam

    • The Fernarium is a collection of ferns and it is the first of its kind in Munnar.
    • Currently, 52 varieties of ferns have been planted, and the plan is to cover all 104 varieties that are found in the park.
    • This initiative aims to provide visitors with awareness about the biodiversity of the park.

    Back2Basics: Eravikulam National Park

    Location Perched 7000 ft. above sea level, the Park was a former hunting preserve of British planters
    Designation Declared a Sanctuary in 1975, and a National Park in 1978
    Significance Protects the highly endangered mountain goat, Nilgiri Tahr, and is the land of the Neelakurinji flower that blooms once in twelve years
    Extent Covers an area of 97 sq. km of rolling grasslands and high-level sholas
    Climate Receives heavy showers during the southwest (June/July) and retreating (October/November) Monsoons; one of the wettest areas in the world
    Topography Undulating terrain with grass, hillocks, and sholas; highest peak south of the Himalayas, the Anamudi, is located here
    Vegetation Majorly covered with rolling grasslands, with several patches of shola forests; important flora includes Actinodaphne bourdilloni, Microtropis ramiflora, Strobilanthus Kunthianus (Neela Kurinji), etc.
    Wildlife Population 29 species of mammals, including the endemic Nilgiri Tahr, Gaur, Sloth Bear, Nilgiri Langur, Tiger, Leopard, Giant Squirrel, and wild dog; 140 species of birds, including 10 unique to the Western Ghats; more than 100 varieties of butterflies and 20 species of amphibians are also recorded here.

     

  • India and Malaysia to settle trade in INR

    india

    India and Malaysia have agreed to settle their trade in Indian rupees instead of the US dollar.

    What is the move?

    • The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) had allowed the settlement of international trade in the Indian rupee in July 2022.
    • Malaysia was one of the eighteen countries that were permitted to open Special Rupee Vostro Accounts (SRVAs) to settle payments in Indian rupees.

    Volume of bilateral trade

    • India-Malaysia bilateral trade reached $19.4 billion during 2021-22.
    • Malaysia is the third-largest trading partner of India in the ASEAN region, after Singapore and Indonesia, with $30.1 billion and $26.1 billion in bilateral trade with India.

    Facts for prelims: Nostro and Vostro Accounts

    Nostro and vostro accounts are two types of accounts used in international trade and banking to facilitate foreign currency transactions.

    A Nostro account is a foreign currency account held by a domestic bank in a foreign bank. It is used to facilitate international transactions, such as foreign currency payments, and to hold foreign currency deposits. The word “nostro” means “ours” in Italian, and the term reflects the fact that the foreign bank holds the domestic bank’s funds on its behalf.

    A Vostro account, on the other hand, is a domestic currency account held by a foreign bank in a domestic bank. It is used by the foreign bank to hold domestic currency deposits, and to facilitate domestic currency transactions such as payments to local vendors. The word “vostro” means “yours” in Italian, and the term reflects the fact that the domestic bank holds the foreign bank’s funds on its behalf.

     

    What are Special Rupee Vostro Accounts (SRVAs)?

    • SRVAs are a mechanism introduced by the RBI to allow banks from certain countries to open accounts in Indian rupees with Indian banks.
    • These accounts can be used to settle trade transactions between the two countries in Indian rupees, instead of using other currencies.
    • The aim of this initiative is to facilitate the growth of global trade and to support the interests of the global trading community in Indian rupees.
    • The Union Bank of India has become the first bank in India to operationalize this option by opening a SRVA through its corresponding bank in Malaysia – India International Bank of Malaysia.
    • Banks from 18 countries so far are allowed by the RBI to open Special Rupee Vostro Accounts (SRVAs) to settle payments in Indian rupees.

    Significance of the move

    • The move aims to provide better pricing for goods and services traded between the two countries and overcome currency-related obstacles that have affected bilateral trade.
    • This shift away from the US dollar signals India’s de-dollarization efforts.
    • The decision also comes against the backdrop of ongoing official efforts to safeguard Indian trade from the impact of the Ukraine crisis.

    Broader implications

    • The sanction on the Russian economy and the ongoing war in Ukraine have made it increasingly difficult to make payments to Russia in US dollars.
    • Many countries are exploring alternatives to the US dollar as the dominant reserve currency for international trade.

     

    Try this MCQ

    Q. Which of the following is a key difference between Nostro and Vostro accounts?

    A) A Nostro account is held by a bank in a foreign country, while a Vostro account is held by a bank in the home country.

    B) A Vostro account is used for incoming transactions, while a Nostro account is used for outgoing transactions.

    C) A Nostro account is denominated in the local currency of the home country, while a Vostro account is denominated in a foreign currency.

    D) A Vostro account is used for trade financing, while a Nostro account is used for personal banking transactions.

     

    [wpdiscuz-feedback id=”pxonls7qde” question=”Please leave a feedback on this” opened=”1″]Post your answers here.[/wpdiscuz-feedback]

     

     

  • Bharat 6G project: India plans to roll out high-speed internet by 2030

    6g

    Central idea: Despite over 45,000 Indian villages lacking 4G connectivity and ongoing efforts to build out 5G networks, the Indian government has set its sights on 6G.

    Why in news?

    • On March 22, PM Modi unveiled the Bharat 6G Vision Document, aimed at gearing up policymakers and the industry for the next generation of telecommunications.

    What is 6G?

    • 6G is the next generation of wireless telecommunications technology, which is expected to offer significantly faster data speeds, higher bandwidth, and lower latency than 5G.
    • It is still in the development stage, and its commercial rollout is not expected for several years.
    • However, many countries, including India, are already working on developing 6G technology and setting standards for its implementation.

    Differences between 6G and 5G

    • While 6G will offer faster loading times, improved video quality, and faster downloads, like every new generation of technology, it is unclear how much better it will be.
    • With latency already at the speed of light on existing networks, the benefits of 6G will depend on how different groups plan to use the spectrum.
    • Satellite constellations will join telecom towers and base stations, integrating networks and extending them to rural areas.

    Motivations for pursuing 6G

    • Encourage local industry: The Indian government hopes to encourage local manufacturing of telecom gear and support Indian companies and engineers in international discussions around standardization.
    • Avoid delay unlike 5G: India aims to avoid the delay in previous generations of telecommunications technology, which started rolling out in India years after countries like South Korea and the United States.
    • Increased connectivity: Additionally, the lower frequency in 4G networks may not be able to keep up with the demand for traffic with increasing data usage, making 6G a necessity.

    Government Plans for 6G

    • The Indian government plans to financially support “research pathways” to advance connectivity goals and establish an “apex body”.
    • India’s 6G goals include-
    1. Guaranteeing every citizen a minimum bandwidth of 100Mbps
    2. Ensuring every gram panchayat has half TB (terabyte) per second of connectivity, and
    3. Providing over 50 million internet hotspots with thirteen per square kilometre.

    Roadmap for 6G in India

    • The government plans to implement 6G in two phases.
    1. Phase 1 will support explorative ideas, risky pathways, and proof-of-concept tests.
    2. Phase 2 will support ideas and concepts that show promise for global acceptance, leading to commercialisation.
    • It would appoint an apex council to oversee the project and deal with standardisation, identification of spectrum, finances for research and development, and more
    • The council will finance research and development of 6G technologies by Indian start-ups, companies, research bodies, and universities.
    • Key focus of the council will be on new technologies such as Terahertz communication, radio interfaces, tactile internet, and artificial intelligence.
    • Bharat 6G Mission aligns with the national vision of Atmanirbhar Bharat and aims to make India a leading supplier of advanced telecom technologies that are affordable and contribute to the global good.

    Approaches to 6G in Other Countries

    • South Korea plans significant investments in 6G technology development, with a focus on laying the ground for key original technologies and domestic production of core equipment and components.
    • Countries are also starting to work together, with Japan and Germany planning a workshop to work on everything from “fundamental technologies to demonstrations.”
    • Europe’s equivalent of the Indian 6G Vision Document emphasizes leadership in strategic areas and establishing secure and trusted access to key technologies.

  • IIT Mandi’s novel catalyst to make Hydrogen more viable fuel

    hydrogen

    Scientists at IIT Mandi have created an innovative carbon-based catalyst that can enhance the efficiency of water electrolysis to generate green hydrogen.

    Water electrolysis and its Challenges

    • Water electrolysis is the process of splitting water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen using electricity inside an electrolyser.
    • However, this process consumes a lot of electrical energy.
    • A well-known solution is to use a catalyst to induce the water molecules to split at a much lower energy.
    • The better catalysts are often based on the metals iridium and ruthenium, which are expensive, in great demand in other sectors, and not consistently stable as the reaction progresses.

    IIT’s breakthrough: Development of Laser Carbon

    • Researchers have developed a porous carbon material containing nitrogen that functions both as a catalyst and as the anode in electrolyser units.
    • This material, called “laser carbon,” was produced by exposing a sheet of a polymer called polyimide to a laser beam, which carbonised the exposed bits, leaving the remainder rich in nitrogen.

    How does laser carbon work?

    • The nitrogen atoms in laser carbon draw electron clouds towards themselves, rendering the nearby carbon atoms to bond with atoms or molecules containing electron pairs.
    • This makes the location of these atoms active sites for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER).
    • OER is a bottleneck in this ideal reaction process because it proceeds slowly, with many intermediate steps, lowering the total reaction efficiency.
    • Laser carbon offers to fix this problem by reducing the OER overpotential, which means the reaction kicks off sooner and proceeds with more vigor.

    Advantages of laser carbon

    Laser carbon has several advantages over other carbon-based catalysts.

    • It is “highly power efficient,” cheaper to produce, has a simpler synthesis technique, and “can be batch-manufactured with a laser.”
    • The manufacturing process is also environment-friendly, as no waste is generated, and there are no wet chemicals that would require disposal.
    • Additionally, it does not require a substrate as it is self-supported in the form of a film, acting as both electrode and electrocatalyst.

    Challenges

    • The catalytic activity of laser carbon may not be as high as that of some metals but is comparable.
    • Further improvements in the fabrication process and use of other polymers may address this challenge.

  • Novel compound to treat Kala-Azar Infection

    kala-azar

    Central idea: The Kolkata-based Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS) have established the potential of quinoline derivatives to treat drug-resistant leishmaniasis, which is also called kala-azar or black fever.

    What is Kala Azar?

    • Kala-Azar is a vector-borne (sandfly) neglected tropical disease caused by the protozoan parasites of the genus leishmania.
    • It afflicts the world’s poorest populations in over 90 countries throughout Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Central and South America.
    • Current annual estimates of kala-azar are about 1,00,000.
    • More than 95% of cases reported to the WHO are from India and other tropical countries, most importantly co-infection with HIV, which leads to an immunocompromised state.

    How does Quinoline work over this?

    • The quinoline derivative is a potent inhibitor of an enzyme called topoisomerase 1 (LdTop1).
    • This enzyme is essential for the maintenance of DNA architecture in parasites and is distinct from the one found in humans.
    • Poisoning LdTop1 imparts significant cytotoxicity to both Leishmania parasites found in the gut of sandfly vectors (promastigotes) and those found in infected humans (amastigotes) of both the wild type and the antimony-resistant isolates.
    • This is done without inducing lethality to human and mice host cells.

    Significance of quinoline treatment

    • Overcoming drug resistance in clinical leishmaniasis is a severe challenge in rural India.
    • The current treatment regimens against kala-azar use formulations that are toxic and induce high levels of drug-resistance.

    What is the breakthrough?

    • The novel inhibitor targeting the leishmania parasites was identified by screening them against recombinant Leishmania topoisomerase 1 enzyme.
    • In all, 21 derivatives were prepared and evaluated for their antileishmanial activity, and one of them was found to be effective.

     

  • Bandipur completes 50 years as Project Tiger Reserve

    tiger

    Central idea: Bandipur completed 50 years as a Project Tiger Reserve on April 1, 2023.

    Bandipur Tiger Reserve

    • The reserve is located in the Indian state of Karnataka and is spread over an area of 912.04 sq. km.
    • It is recognized as one of the prime tiger habitats in the world and is an important component of the country’s first biosphere reserve – Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve.

    Tiger Population in Bandipur

    • When Project Tiger was launched in 1973, there were 12 tigers in Bandipur, according to Ramesh Kumar, director, of Bandipur Tiger Reserve.
    • Today, the number of tigers utilizing the park is 173 while the number of tigers within the reserve has been pegged at 126 as per the Status of Tigers Co-predators and Prey in India, 2018.

    History of conservation efforts in Bandipur

    • Much before the Wildlife Conservation Act, 1972, was passed, the erstwhile rulers of Mysuru had realized the importance of conserving flora and fauna.
    • The Mysore Game and Fish Preservation Act was passed in 1901, and several forest areas were preserved as Game Reserves, and Tiger Blocks were identified with shooting restrictions imposed.
    • Initially, an area spread over 35 sq miles was declared as a Game Sanctuary in Chamarajanagar State Forest of Mysore district in 1931 and was protected for 10 years.

    Bandipur’s inclusion in Project Tiger

    • When Project Tiger was launched in 1973, Bandipur was among the first nine reserves to be brought under the flagship program, and it included most areas that were already protected under the Venugopal Wildlife Park.
    • The park was upgraded to a national park and renamed Bandipur, and the adjacent reserve forests were included under it to extend its area to 874.20 sq km.

    Significance of the area

    • The landscape spanning Bandipur, Nagarahole, Mudumalai, and Wayanad complex is home not only to the highest number of tigers in the country – about 724 – but also to the largest Asian Elephant population.
    • The Bandipur Tiger Reserve is an important component of the country’s first biosphere reserve – Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve.

    Tap to read more about:

    [Sansad TV] Perspective – Project Tiger: Reclaiming Territories