Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) – Explained Simply:

• Imagine you want to lock a box and send it to your friend, but you also want them to have the key—without anyone else being able to copy it.
• QKD is a special way to share that key safely, using quantum particles instead of metal keys.
• Two people use entangled particles to create the same secret key, without anyone else knowing it.
• If someone tries to intercept the key while it’s being shared, the particles will show signs of disturbance, and the system will know to discard it and try again.
• Once both people have the same key, they can use it to lock and unlock messages using regular encryption tools.
• QKD doesn’t send the actual message—it just safely shares the key that keeps messages secret.

India’s Quantum Communication Journey So Far:

• In 2022, Prof. Kanseri’s team first demonstrated quantum communication between Vindhyachal and Prayagraj.
• In 2023, they expanded this capability to 380 km using standard telecom fibre, achieving a low QBER of 1.48%.
• By 2024, the team established a QKD link spanning over 100 km of optical fibre, further pushing the reliability and reach of India’s quantum infrastructure.
• These achievements are part of India’s larger effort under the National Quantum Mission (2023–2031), which has a budget of ₹6,000 crore to support R&D and deployment in quantum computing, sensing, and communication.
• India now joins an elite group of nations—alongside China and the US—actively building toward a quantum-secure internet, with potential applications in defence, finance, telecom, and cybersecurity.

I. It is expected that Majorana 1 chip will enable quantum computing. II. Majorana 1 chip has been introduced by Amazon Web Services (AWS). III. Deep learning is a subset of machine learning.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

Options: (a) I and only I (b) II and III only (c) I and III only* (d) I, II and III