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  • Industrial Sector Updates – Industrial Policy, Ease of Doing Business, etc.

    India needs to be a global champion in sunrise sectors

    15 January 2025 | Explained | Economics
    Mains GS3: Indigenization Of Technology

    Why in the News?

    India must lead in emerging industries to become a developed nation and a USD 32 trillion economy by 2047. Niti Ayoge CEO stressed the need to produce solar panels and electric vehicles.

    What are the Sunrise sectors?

    • Sunrise sectors refer to rapidly growing industries that are in their early stages but have high potential for expansion. These sectors attract significant venture capital and are appealing for long-term growth prospects.
    • Niti Aayog CEO believes that excelling in these sectors is crucial for India to meet its ambitious economic targets by 2047.

    Key Sunrise Sectors: 

    • Electric Vehicles (EVs): With initiatives like FAME II, India aims to boost EV manufacturing and infrastructure. The sector is expected to grow significantly, contributing to sustainability and reducing dependence on fossil fuels.
    • Electronics and Semiconductors: The semiconductor market in India is projected to triple by 2026, driven by government incentives and initiatives like the PLI Scheme. This sector is vital for establishing India as a global manufacturing hub.
    • Renewable Energy: India is focusing on renewable energy sources, particularly solar power, where it currently lags behind globally by 5-7 years in manufacturing capabilities.
    • Artificial Intelligence (AI) and advanced tech: It will drive innovation, economic growth, and global competitiveness.

    What are the potential impacts?

    • Economic Growth: By investing in sunrise sectors, India can drive economic growth through innovation, job creation, and industrial development. This can help bridge the gap to becoming a global economic power.
    • Sustainability: These sectors align with global sustainability goals, helping India reduce dependency on fossil fuels and transition to cleaner, more renewable energy sources, ultimately aiding in climate change mitigation.
    • Global Competitiveness: Being a leader in sunrise sectors, such as electric vehicles or solar panel manufacturing, can position India as a global hub for cutting-edge technology and innovation.

    What are the challenges faced by the Sunrise Sectors in India?

    • Technological Gap: Indian industries are lagging in areas like solar panel manufacturing and electric vehicles, often 5-7 years behind global leaders. This technological gap hinders competitiveness and innovation. Example: India has not fully capitalized on the growing electric vehicle market, which is dominated by countries like China.
    • Infrastructure and Investment Deficits: India’s current infrastructure does not fully support the rapid scaling of sunrise sectors. Additionally, private credit to GDP in India is lower compared to global giants like the US and China, affecting the ability of industries to scale up. Example: Limited investments in research, development, and infrastructure for clean technology and manufacturing.
    • Policy and Regulatory Bottlenecks: India’s policy frameworks for clean technology and green industries often lack the depth and support required for aggressive global competition. There is a need for more incentives, clear regulatory guidelines, and quicker approvals for new technologies.

    Way forward: 

    • Increased Investment in Research and Development: India must invest heavily in R&D for sunrise sectors, particularly in clean technologies and electric vehicle manufacturing. Government-backed initiatives and partnerships with global players can help bridge technological gaps.
    • Policy Support and Incentives: India should provide stronger policy frameworks, such as tax incentives, subsidies for clean tech investments, and faster clearances for new ventures in sunrise sectors. More investment in infrastructure, particularly for electric vehicle charging stations and renewable energy grids, is crucial.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q How is efficient and affordable urban mass transport key to the rapid economic development in India? (UPSC IAS/2019)

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  • Foreign Policy Watch: India-Bangladesh

    India summons envoy: Why Bangladesh has objected to fencing along the border

    15 January 2025 | Explained | International Relations
    Mains GS2: India & Its Neighborhood – Relations

    Why in the News?

    Recently, New Delhi called Bangladesh’s Acting High Commissioner to India to discuss border security and issues related to fencing.

    What are the India-Bangladesh border guidelines?

    • 1975 Joint Guidelines: According to the 1975 Joint India-Bangladesh Guidelines for Border Authorities, no defense structures can be constructed within 150 yards of the international boundary by either side. This includes any form of fencing deemed a defensive structure.
    • Defence Structures: India does not classify wire fencing as a defence structure, whereas Bangladesh and Pakistan do, leading to differing perspectives on the legality and implications of such constructions along the border.

    What are the issues between India and Bangladesh? 

    • Fencing Disputes: The primary contention revolves around India’s construction of barbed wire fencing along the border, which Bangladesh claims violates the 1975 agreement. Recently, incidents in Malda and Cooch Behar have highlighted tensions, with Bangladesh’s Border Guards attempting to obstruct these efforts.
    • Cross-Border Crime: India justifies fencing as a necessary measure to combat cross-border crimes, including smuggling and trafficking. However, Bangladesh argues that such measures inconvenience local residents and violate their sovereignty.
    • Diplomatic Tensions: The situation has led to reciprocal diplomatic actions, with both countries summoning each other’s diplomats to express concerns over border management practices.

    Why need to fence the India-Bangladesh border? 

    • To Prevent Cross-Border Crimes: Fencing helps reduce the smuggling of goods, drugs, and arms, as well as human trafficking, which are major concerns in border areas. For example, regions like Malda in West Bengal have seen high rates of cattle smuggling, which fencing aims to curb.
    • To Manage Unauthorized Crossings: Fencing is crucial to control illegal immigration and unauthorized movements across the border, which can strain local resources and create security challenges. For instance, in Assam, illegal migration has led to demographic shifts, contributing to political and social tensions.
    • To Address Geographical Complexities: The border’s unique geography, with rivers and villages close to the boundary, makes monitoring difficult, necessitating physical barriers. For example, in areas like Cooch Behar and the Dahagram–Angarpota enclave, fencing helps clearly demarcate the border and prevent disputes.

    What are the steps taken by the Indian Government?

    • Current Status: As of early 2025, approximately 3,180.65 kilometres of the border have been fenced, with around 915.35 kilometres remaining to be completed.
      • The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has set a new deadline for completion by March 2024, although this is likely to be missed due to various challenges.
    • Mixed Barriers Approach: The government plans to utilize both physical and non-physical barriers for the remaining unfenced stretches. This includes advanced technologies such as sensors and surveillance systems in areas where traditional fencing is not feasible due to geographical constraints.
    • Increased Security Measures: Alongside fencing, there are plans to enhance floodlighting, establish more border outposts, and improve integrated checkposts to bolster security along the border.

    Way forward: 

    • Enhanced Bilateral Cooperation: Strengthen dialogue mechanisms, such as flag meetings and joint consultations, to resolve disputes amicably and ensure mutual agreement on border management practices, including fencing.
    • Integrated Border Management: Implement smart border solutions, combining advanced surveillance technologies and community involvement, to address security concerns while minimizing disruptions to local populations.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q  Analyze internal security threats and transborder crimes along Myanmar, Bangladesh and Pakistan borders including Line of Control (LoC). Also discuss the role played by various security forces in this regard. (UPSC IAS/2020)

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  • Animal Husbandry, Dairy & Fisheries Sector – Pashudhan Sanjivani, E- Pashudhan Haat, etc

    [pib] Release of National Livestock Mission Operational Guidelines 2.0

    15 January 2025 | Prelims Only | Agriculture
    Mains GS3: GS3-09.Economics of Animal Rearing

    Why in the News?

    The Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying has released operational guidelines 2.0 for National Livestock Mission (NLM).

    What are the new operational guidelines 2.0 for NLM?

    • It focuses on promoting entrepreneurship, cluster-based development, and sustainable practices in the livestock sector.
    • They emphasize financial assistance through schemes like the Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development Fund (AHIDF), capacity building, and modern technologies.
    • The launch of the NLM-EDP Dashboard ensures real-time monitoring and transparency.
    • Priority is given to poultry, dairy, and marginalized groups to drive equitable growth.

    About National Livestock Mission (NLM): Summary Table

    Details
    About
    • Launched in 2014-15, realigned in 2021-22 under the White Revolution – Rashtriya Pashudhan Vikas Yojana.
    • Aims to enhance livestock production quantity and quality while fostering entrepreneurship.
    • Overseen by the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, and Dairying.
    Structural Mandate and Implementation
    • Comprises 3 sub-missions: (1) Breed Improvement of Livestock and Poultry, (2) Feed and Fodder Development, and (3) Innovation and Extension.
    • Focus on entrepreneurship through financial incentives for individuals, FPOs, SHGs, cooperatives, and startups.
    • Includes 10 activities, such as fodder cultivation and livestock insurance, emphasizing sustainable practices and stakeholder support.
    Features
    • Entrepreneurship Support: 50% subsidy (up to ₹50 lakh) for horse, donkey, mule, and camel conservation.
    • Fodder Seed Processing: Infrastructure eligible for 50% subsidy for private entities and cooperatives.
    • Fodder Cultivation: Assistance to state governments for growing fodder in degraded and non-arable lands.
    • Livestock Insurance: Reduced farmer premiums (15%), expanded animal coverage, and enhanced Centre-State funding (60:40 or 90:10).

    What is the Status of Livestock Sector in India?

    • The livestock sector grew at a CAGR of 7.9% from 2014-15 to 2020-21
    • Contribution to Agricultural GDP increased from 24.3% in 2014-15 to 30.1% in 2020-21
    • Contributes 4.35% to the national GDP in fiscal year 2022-23
    • Total livestock population: Approximately 536.76 million animals
    • Population growth: 4.8% increase since 2012
    • Global Livestock Ownership Highlights:
      • 12.50% of world’s cattle population
      • 56.70% of world’s buffalo population
      • World’s second-largest poultry market
    • Major Schemes and Programmes:
      • Rashtriya Gokul Mission (RGM): Launched in December 2014 for breed development
      • National Animal Disease Control Programme (NADCP): Focuses on controlling Foot & Mouth Disease and Brucellosis
      • Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development Fund (AHIDF): Approved 116 projects worth INR 3,731.4 crore

    PYQ:

    [2012] Which of the following is the chief characteristic of ‘mixed farming’?

    (a) Cultivation of both cash crops and food crops

    (b) Cultivation of two or more crops in the same field

    (c) Rearing of animals and cultivation of crops together

    (d) None of the above

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  • Russian Invasion of Ukraine: Global Implications

    Places in news: Kerch Strait

    15 January 2025 | World Mapping | International Relations
    Mains GS2: GS2-19.Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests, Indian diaspora.

    Why in the News?

    Two Russian ships spilled 3,350 tonnes of low-grade fuel into the Kerch Strait in Crimea, posing an environmental threat to the biodiversity hotspot.

    About the Kerch Strait

    • The Kerch Strait is a narrow, strategically crucial waterway connecting the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov.
    • It serves as a natural maritime corridor between the Crimean Peninsula and the Russian mainland.
    • It stretches approximately 41 kilometers in length and varying between 4-15 kilometers in width.
    • The strait features the Kerch-Yenikalsky canal, a critical maritime passage enabling larger vessels to traverse between the Black and Azov Seas.
    •  Port facilities at Kavkaz and Kerch serve as essential transportation hubs, facilitating significant cargo and passenger movements.
    • Geopolitical Significance
      • Since Russia’s annexation of Crimea in 2014, the Kerch Strait has become a focal point of international tension.
      • The construction of the Crimean Bridge in 2018 provides a direct land connection between Russian territory and the Crimean Peninsula.

    PYQ:

    [2008] Which one of the following straits is nearest to the International Date Line?

    (a) Malacca Strait

    (b) Bering Strait

    (c) Strait of Florida

    (d) Strait of Gibraltar

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  • Nuclear Energy

    Centre reconstitutes Atomic Energy Commission (AEC)

    15 January 2025 | Prelims Only | Economics
    Mains GS3: GS3-13.Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc:

    Why in the news?

    The Government of India has reconstituted the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) to include new members, reflecting recent appointments in key administrative positions.

    About the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC)

    Details
    About
    • Governing body of the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), under the direct charge of the Prime Minister of India.
    • Established on 3 August 1948 under the Department of Scientific Research; reconstituted as “Atomic Energy Commission of India” on 1 March 1954 with enhanced powers and autonomy.
    • First Chairperson: Homi J. Bhabha (1948–1966).
    • Headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra.
    Functions
    • Organize research in atomic science and train atomic scientists within the country.
    • Promote nuclear research through its own laboratories and provide financial assistance to autonomous institutes engaged in nuclear research.
    • Undertake prospecting and extraction of atomic minerals for industrial use.
    • Enabled significant achievements, such as India’s first underground nuclear test at Pokhran, Rajasthan on 18 May 1974.
    Structural Mandate
    • Membership includes a Chairperson, scientists, policymakers, and other experts appointed by the government to guide strategic direction and decision-making.
    • Provides recommendations on nuclear energy policies, oversees India’s nuclear energy program, and ensures compliance with safety and regulatory standards.
    • Collaborates with international organizations for peaceful nuclear energy development and security.

    Operates 6 key research centers:

    1. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai.
    2. Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu.
    3. Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology (RRCAT), Indore, Madhya Pradesh.
    4. Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre (VECC), Kolkata, West Bengal.
    5. Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research (AMD), Hyderabad, Telangana.
    6. Global Centre for Nuclear Energy Partnership (GCNEP), Bahadurgarh, Haryana.

     

    PYQ:

    [2018] With growing energy needs should India keep on expanding its nuclear energy programme? Discuss the facts and fears associated with nuclear energy.

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  • Disasters and Disaster Management – Sendai Framework, Floods, Cyclones, etc.

    What is Pink Fire Retardant?

    15 January 2025 | Prelims Only | Environment
    Mains GS3: GS3-19.Disaster and Disaster Management.

    What is Pink Fire Retardant?

    Why in the News?

    Air tankers have dropped thousands of litres of pink fire retardant (PFR) to slow the spread of wildfires in Los Angeles.

    Pink Fire Retardant (PFR) and its properties

    • The PFR is a chemical mixture designed to slow or suppress wildfires by reducing the flammability of vegetation and other materials.
    • The most recognized brand of PFR is Phos-Chek, manufactured by Perimeter Solutions.
    • It is primarily made of ammonium phosphate-based slurry, including:
      • Monoammonium phosphate (80%-90%).
      • Diammonium phosphate.
      • Performance additives for enhanced effectiveness.
      • Pink dye for visibility.
    • It is sprayed as a foam or slurry to coat vegetation ahead of wildfires.
    • It slows combustion by:
      • Depleting oxygen needed for flames.
      • Altering how cellulose (plant material) decomposes, creating non-flammable carbon.
    • Unlike water, which evaporates quickly, PFR’s chemical components remain effective for days or weeks, providing long-term protection.

    Significance of PFR

    • Provides fire-fighters with critical time to control wildfires.
    • Creates firebreaks by coating vegetation and preventing ignition.
    • Effective in diverse terrains, slopes, and weather conditions.
    • Helps protect natural habitats and human infrastructure by slowing wildfire spread.
    • Reduces the scale and intensity of wildfires, minimizing ecological damage.

    PYQ:

    [2019] Consider the following:

    1. Carbon monoxide
    2. Methane
    3. Ozone
    4. Sulphur dioxide

    Which of the above are released into atmosphere due to the burning of crop/biomass residue?

    (a) 1 and 2 only
    (b) 2, 3 and 4 only
    (c) 1 and 4 only
    (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

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  • Women empowerment issues – Jobs,Reservation and education

    [14th January 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Transforming ‘men’-talities, redefining masculinity

    14 January 2025 | | Indian Society
    Mains GS1: GS1-07.Role of women and women’s organization, population and associated issues, poverty and developmental issues.

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) “Though women in post-independent India have excelled in various fields, the social attitude towards women and the feminist movement has been patriarchal.” Apart from women’s education and women empowerment schemes, what interventions can help change this milieu? (UPSC CSE 2021)

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on topics like ‘social attitude towards women’ (2021) and ‘sexual violence against women’ (2014).

    On November 25, the International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women, we are reminded that nearly one in three women worldwide has faced violence by men. While men are often responsible, they can also help create change. This requires rethinking ideas of masculinity based on dominance and promoting equality, kindness, and non-violence instead.

    Today’s Editorial focuses on issues related to women and key initiatives taken by the government to address the issues. This content will help answer the writing of GS mains papers.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    UNESCO has a program aimed at changing how men understand and support gender equality, and it is making good progress.

    What is UNESCO’s Transforming MENtalities initiative?

    The Transforming MENtalities initiative by UNESCO aims to engage men and boys as active participants in promoting gender equality and combating violence against women. This initiative recognizes that traditional notions of masculinity often perpetuate harmful behaviors and attitudes that contribute to gender-based violence. 

    Key objectives:

    • Challenging Stereotypes: The initiative seeks to redefine masculinity, moving away from traits associated with dominance and aggression towards those promoting empathy, respect, and equality.
    • Education and Awareness: It emphasizes the importance of education in reshaping boys’ perceptions of gender roles from an early age.
    • Community Engagement: Encouraging men to participate in community programs that advocate for gender equality and support survivors of violence.

    What are the gender issues in India?

    • Gender-Based Violence: Nearly one-third of women in India have experienced physical or sexual violence, as reported by the National Family Health Survey-5. This highlights the pervasive issue of gender-based violence that affects women’s safety and well-being across the country.
    • Economic Participation: India has achieved only 36.7% parity in economic participation and opportunity, according to the Global Gender Gap Report 2023. While female labor force participation increased from 23.3% in 2017-18 to 37% in 2022-23, it remains significantly lower than male participation rates.
    • Educational Disparities: Despite efforts to improve access to education, significant gaps persist. Cultural norms and economic constraints continue to hinder girls’ enrollment, retention, and completion rates in schools, affecting their long-term opportunities.
    • Political Representation: Women hold 15.1% of parliamentary seats in India, reflecting a gender parity of 25.3% in political empowerment. However, local governance shows better representation with women comprising 44.4% of local council seats, indicating progress at grassroots levels.
    • Health Indicators: The Maternal Mortality Ratio in India has improved to 97 per lakh live births (2018-20), showing progress towards the Sustainable Development Goal target of 70 by 2030. However, disparities in health outcomes remain, particularly influenced by socio-economic factors and access to healthcare services.
    What are the steps taken by the government? 

    • Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP): Launched in 2015, this campaign aims to combat female feticide and promote the education and empowerment of girls through awareness campaigns, financial incentives for families, and initiatives addressing gender-based violence.
    • One Stop Centre (OSC) Scheme: Established in 2015, OSCs provide comprehensive support services for women affected by violence, including medical, legal, and counseling assistance, along with temporary shelter.
    • Nirbhaya Fund: Created to enhance women’s safety, this fund supports various initiatives aimed at preventing violence against women and ensuring their security across the country.
    • Mahila Shakti Kendra (MSK): This initiative focuses on empowering rural women through skill development and employment opportunities, helping them become self-reliant and economically independent.
    • Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY): This scheme facilitates financial support for women entrepreneurs to start their businesses, promoting economic empowerment and encouraging women’s participation in the workforce.

    Way forward: 

    • Promote Inclusive Education and Awareness: Strengthen gender-sensitive education from an early age to challenge stereotypes, reshape societal attitudes, and instill values of equality, empathy, and mutual respect.
    • Enhance Implementation of Policies: Ensure effective enforcement of existing gender-focused schemes and laws, while fostering community-driven initiatives that engage men and boys as allies in promoting gender equality and combating violence.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/transforming-men-talities-redefining-masculinity/article69096729.ece#:~:text=The%20defining%20role%20of%20public,violence%20and%20empowered%20to%20thrive

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  • Promoting Science and Technology – Missions,Policies & Schemes

    VP calls for authentic, practical research

    14 January 2025 | Explained | Science and Technology
    Mains GS3: GS3-16.Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology

    Why in the News?

    Vice President Jagdeep Dhankhar stressed the need for genuine research and innovation that can bring real change. He called for indigenisation beyond basic levels and highlighted the role of patents and technology in making India a global leader.

    What is Authentic and practical research? 

    • Authentic and practical research is genuine, cutting-edge, and impactful, addressing real-world challenges, driving innovation, and creating lasting change by advancing knowledge and delivering meaningful, applicable solutions to societal needs.

    What is India’s status in patents and technology? 

    • Global Position: India has secured the sixth position globally in patent filings, as reported by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) in the World Intellectual Property Indicators (WIPI) 2024 report. This marks a notable achievement as India enters the top ten for the first time across all three major intellectual property rights: patents, trademarks, and industrial designs.
    • Growth Rate: In 2023, India recorded a 15.7% increase in patent applications, totaling 64,480 filings. This growth is part of a broader trend, marking the fifth consecutive year of double-digit growth in patent applications.

    What constitutes “authentic and practical research”?

    • Authenticity: The Vice President stressed that research must be genuine and not merely superficial.
      • Authentic research should correlate with real-world changes and have lasting significance rather than being momentarily relevant before gathering dust on shelves.
    • Cutting-edge Nature: He called for research that is at the forefront of innovation, pushing boundaries rather than just covering existing knowledge.
    • Practical Impact: The Vice President emphasized that research should aim to change ground realities, making it essential for it to be applicable and impactful in society.

    How can India improve its research and development (R&D) landscape?

    • Focus on Patents: The Vice President pointed out that India’s contribution to global patents is lacking. He urged a shift towards more consequential fields of research that can enhance India’s standing in the global community.
    • Nurturing Startups: He called for supporting domestic startups and indigenous component development, suggesting that established companies like BEL should help these startups thrive by providing guidance and resources.
    • Educational Reform: Emphasizing the need to instill a spirit of innovation in students, he noted that educational institutions should foster creativity and practical skills rather than merely focusing on degrees.

    What are the initiatives to improve the Research Ecosystem in India?

    • Encouraging Corporate Involvement: The Vice President highlighted the necessity for corporates to take initiative in R&D, suggesting that they converge on a platform to significantly boost research efforts.
    • Leading in Semiconductors: He urged BEL to lead the semiconductor revolution from design to manufacture, indicating a strategic direction for enhancing technological capabilities in India.

    What are the barriers to effective research in India?

    • Superficial Research Output: The tendency to produce research that lacks depth and practical application is a significant barrier. The Vice President criticized research papers that are presented but quickly forgotten, calling for more substantial contributions.
    • Limited Global Recognition: He noted that much of India’s research does not achieve recognition at an international level, which undermines its potential impact.
    • Awareness of Opportunities: Many young individuals remain unaware of the diverse opportunities available beyond traditional government jobs, limiting their engagement with innovation and entrepreneurship.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthening Industry-Academia Collaboration: Foster partnerships between academic institutions and industries to ensure research is aligned with practical needs, enhancing innovation and commercialisation opportunities.
    • Incentivizing High-Impact Research: Establish grants, rewards, and global recognition programs for researchers focusing on cutting-edge and transformative fields, driving significant contributions to India’s R&D landscape.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Do you agree with the view that increasing dependence on donor agencies for development reduces the importance of community participation in the development process? Justify your answer.(UPSC IAS/2022)

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  • Indians abroad

    14 January 2025 | Explained | International Relations
    Mains GS2: GS2-19.Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests, Indian diaspora.

    Why in the News?

    At the 18th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (PBD), the Prime Minister called the Indian diaspora “ambassadors to the world.” He praised them for blending into local societies, helping communities, and contributing to India’s progress.

    Why do celebrate Pravasi Bharatiya Divas?

    • Pravasi Bharatiya Divas is the flagship event organized by the Ministry of External Affairs to honor the achievements and contributions of Indians living abroad.
    • This celebration is held every two years on January 9, marking the day in 1915 when Mahatma Gandhi, regarded as the greatest Pravasi, returned to India from South Africa to lead the country’s freedom movement.
    • Since 2015, the event has been held biennially, with theme-based conferences organized during the intervening years.
    • The location of the convention changes to showcase the progress and diversity of different regions in India.

    Who are the Girmitiyas?

    • The Girmitiyas were indentured laborers from British India who were transported during the 19th and early 20th centuries to work on plantations in various countries.
    • The term “Girmitiyas” originates from the Indian pronunciation of the English word “agreement”, referencing the contracts they signed.
    • The Girmitiyas were sent to places such as Fiji, Mauritius, Seychelles, Reunion, South Africa, Trinidad and Tobago, British Guiana (now Guyana), Suriname, Malaysia, and Kenya.
    • These laborers were bound by contracts, called Girmits (agreements), which required them to work for a single employer at a fixed wage for a period of 3 to 5 years.

    What are the challenges faced by Indians abroad?

    • Increasing Visa Restrictions: Countries like the United States and the United Kingdom have implemented stricter immigration policies, particularly affecting skilled Indian workers.
      • For instance, during Donald Trump’s presidency, uncertainties surrounding H-1B visas created significant anxiety among Indian professionals seeking employment in the U.S. This has led to a perception that Indian workers are being unfairly targeted as competition for local jobs.
    • Global Conflicts:  Many Indians work in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, where job security is often threatened by volatile oil prices and changing labour laws.
      • For example, “Saudisation” policies in Saudi Arabia have forced many Indian workers to return home unexpectedly, leading to economic hardship.
      • Additionally, ongoing conflicts in regions like Iraq and Syria pose risks to the safety of Indians living and working there.
    • Political Vulnerability: The Indian government’s recent actions to revoke Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) cards from individuals critical of its policies have created a climate of fear among the diaspora. This has raised concerns about freedom of expression and political rights for those living abroad, making many feel vulnerable and unce.

    What role does the Indian diaspora play in India’s global influence?

    • Economic Contributions: The Indian diaspora plays a crucial role in India’s economy through substantial remittances, which totalled approximately $108 billion in 2022. These funds significantly contribute to poverty reduction and economic stability in India.Example: Remittances from the UAE
    • Political Influence: Many individuals of Indian origin hold prominent political positions in various countries, enhancing India’s political clout on global platforms such as the United Nations.Example: Kamala Harris
    • Cultural Diplomacy: The diaspora acts as cultural ambassadors, promoting Indian traditions, values, and soft power globally through initiatives like yoga, Bollywood cinema, and festivals.Example: International Day of Yoga
    • Networking Opportunities: The diaspora serves as a bridge between India and other nations, facilitating trade relations and foreign direct investment (FDI), thereby enhancing India’s global economic standing.

    What are the steps taken by the government? 

    • Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs: Established in 2004, this ministry was created to specifically address issues faced by the Indian diaspora. It was later merged with the Ministry of External Affairs in 2016 to streamline efforts and enhance synergy in engaging with the diaspora.
    • Pravasi Bharatiya Diwas: Celebrated annually since 2003, this event recognizes the contributions of the Indian diaspora to India’s progress and fosters a sense of connection between Indians abroad and their homeland.
    • Know India Programme (KIP): This initiative aims to familiarize youth of Indian origin with contemporary India through a three-week orientation program. It provides exposure to various aspects of Indian culture, economy, and society.
    • Pravasi Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PKVY): Launched to enhance the skills of Indian workers going abroad, this scheme provides training on laws, language, and culture relevant to their destination countries.
    • Scholarship Programme for Diaspora Children (SPDC): This program offers scholarships for Persons of Indian Origin (PIO) and Non-Resident Indian (NRI) students pursuing undergraduate courses in India
    • Proxy Voting for NRIs: The Representation of the People (Amendment) Bill 2017 allows NRIs to participate in elections through proxy voting, enhancing their engagement in India’s democratic processes.

    How can India better engage with its diaspora? (Way forward) 

    • Inclusive Policies: The Indian government should adopt inclusive and non-partisan policies that foster a sense of belonging among all members of the diaspora, regardless of their political views.
    • Addressing Concerns: Proactively addressing issues such as visa restrictions and safety concerns in conflict zones can enhance trust and cooperation between the diaspora and the Indian government.
    • Leveraging Expertise: India can better engage its diaspora by tapping into their expertise in various fields, encouraging knowledge transfer, investment in startups, and collaboration on technological innovations.
    • Cultural Exchange Programs: Promoting cultural initiatives that celebrate Indian heritage can strengthen ties between India and its diaspora, fostering a sense of identity and community.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q ‘Indian diaspora has a decisive role to play in the politics and economy of America and European Countries’. Comment with examples. (UPSC IAS/2020)

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  • Judicial Reforms

    Right to Access to Justice Not Absolute: Supreme Court (SC)

    14 January 2025 | Explained | Polity
    Mains GS2: Executive & Judiciary

    Why in the News?

    The Supreme Court fined Rs. 1 Lakh on a dishonest person who kept filing unnecessary and baseless cases. The Court said that while everyone has the right to go to court, it should be used responsibly.

    What is meant by ‘Right to Access to Justice’?

    • The Right to Access to Justice refers to the fundamental principle that individuals should have the ability to seek and obtain remedies through formal or informal institutions of justice for grievances.
    • This right is rooted in the rule of law and ensures that all citizens, regardless of their background, can effectively resolve their legal issues and hold decision-makers accountable.
    • Without access to justice, individuals may be unable to exercise their rights, challenge discrimination, or seek redress for wrongs they have suffered.

    What are the other provisions related to the Right to Access to Justice?

    • Article 14 (Equality before the law): This article guarantees that everyone is treated equally under the law, regardless of their background or status.
      • A notable example is the Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India case (1978), where the Supreme Court held that the right to life and personal liberty under Article 21 also includes the right to fair procedure.
    • Article 21 (Right to life and personal liberty): This article protects the fundamental right to life, which has been interpreted by the Supreme Court to include the right to a fair and just legal process.
      • In the State of Maharashtra v. Chandrabhan (1983) case, the Supreme Court ruled that access to justice is a key aspect of the right to life under Article 21, emphasizing the importance of protecting personal liberty.
    • Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987: This Act ensures free legal aid for the poor and disadvantaged, promoting equality in accessing justice.
      • A significant example is the National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India (2014) case, where the Supreme Court directed the implementation of effective legal aid programs for the marginalized, making access to justice easier for underprivileged groups.
    • Article 39A (Free legal aid): This article mandates the state to provide free legal assistance to ensure that no one is denied justice due to financial incapacity.
      • An example is the Laxmi v. Union of India (2014) case, where the Supreme Court directed the government to ensure legal aid is available for victims of acid attacks, recognizing that financial constraints should not prevent victims from seeking justice.
    • Judicial Precedents (Supreme Court Decisions): The Supreme Court has consistently expanded the concept of access to justice. In Delhi Domestic Workers Forum v. Union of India (2016), the Court recognized the need for legal protection for domestic workers, expanding access to justice for marginalized groups.
    • National Legal Services Authority (NALSA): NALSA has played a crucial role in ensuring legal aid for marginalized communities.
      • For instance, in the NALSA v. Union of India (2014) case, the Court ordered the government to set up legal aid camps and ensure access to justice for tribals and marginalized groups, further solidifying NALSA’s role in promoting equality and fairness in the legal system.

    What are the essential elements for the Right to Access to Justice?

    • Availability of Legal Remedies: Individuals must have access to effective legal remedies that can address their grievances.
    • Affordability: Legal services should be financially accessible, with provisions for free legal aid where necessary.
    • Awareness and Information: Citizens should be informed about their rights and the legal processes available to them.
    • Fair Procedures: The judicial process must be transparent and fair, providing all parties an equal opportunity to present their case.
    • Physical and Legal Access: This includes not only the ability to enter courts but also having the necessary support systems in place, such as legal representation and knowledge of the law.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthening Legal Aid and Awareness Programs: Expand the reach of legal aid services and increase awareness campaigns to ensure marginalized groups are informed about their rights and legal remedies.
    • Reforming Judicial Infrastructure: Enhance the accessibility and efficiency of judicial systems by addressing delays, improving court infrastructure, and ensuring the availability of affordable legal representation for all citizens.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Judicial Legislation is antithetical to the doctrine of separation of powers as envisaged in the Indian Constitution. In this context justify the filing of large number of public interest petitions praying for issuing guidelines to executive authorities. (UPSC IAS/2020)

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