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Why in the news? 

  • Prime Minister Narendra Modi laid a wreath at the Adwa Victory Monument in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia during his official visit in December 2025.

Battle of Adwa (1896)  

  • Year: 1896
  • Between:
    • Ethiopian forces
    • Italian colonial army
  • Outcome:
    • Decisive Ethiopian victory
    • Ethiopia retained its sovereignty and independence
  • Historical Significance:
    • Symbol of African resistance to colonialism
    • One of the few instances where an African nation defeated a European colonial power during the Scramble for Africa

Diplomatic & Strategic Significance

  • Reinforces India–Africa relations
  • Strengthens India–Ethiopia strategic partnership
  • Reflects India’s support for:
    • Sovereignty
    • Anti-colonial legacy
    • South–South cooperation

Honour Conferred

  • PM Modi was awarded Ethiopia’s highest civilian honour:
    • Great Honour Nishan of Ethiopia
(2023) Consider the following pairs: Area of conflict mentioned in news : Country where it is located 1. Donbas : Syria 

2. Kachin : Ethiopia 

3. Tigray : North Yemen 

How many of the above pairs are correctly matched? 

(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None

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Revised and updated X-Factor Notes for UPSC Mains 2026: nine subject booklets