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[20 March 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Ties that epitomize India’s neighborhood first policy
PYQ Relevance:Mains:
Q) What is meant by Gujral doctrine? Does it have any relevance today? Discuss. (2013)
Q) Analyze internal security threats and transborder crimes along Myanmar, Bangladesh, and Pakistan borders including the Line of Control (LoC). Also, discuss the role played by various security forces in this regard. (2020)
Prelims:
Q) What is the importance of developing Chabahar Port by India? (2017)
(a) India’s trade with African countries will enormously increase.
(b) India’s relations with oil-producing Arab countries will be strengthened.
(c) India will not depend on Pakistan for access to Afghanistan and Central Asia.
(d) Pakistan will facilitate and protect the installation of a gas pipeline between Iraq and India.Note4Students:
Prelims: Constitutional Provisions for Women;
Mains: Women Issues; Government Schemes and Initiatives for Minorities;
Mentor comments: Since the recent infrastructure project – ‘Gelephu’, Bhutan has long known that there is no real threat to its sovereignty or identity from its southern flank. Hence, it has looked to India to help it grow, develop and prosper. India has lived up to this expectation. Over the past decade, India has demonstrated its unwavering support for its neighbouring nations during times of crisis. Whether responding to natural disasters, health emergencies, economic challenges, or providing support on the international stage, India has consistently been the first to offer assistance and will continue to do so. Furthermore, we have established sustained diplomatic outreach within India’s Neighborhood First Policy.
Let’s learn.
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Why in the News?
According to recent observations, ‘Neighborhood Policy’ has continued to develop through dialogs and sentiments considering South Asian demography.
Context:
- Gelephu Project is near remote parts of West Bengal and Assam, and the success of this city will have positive socio-economic spillovers for these geographies as well.
- It will provide yet another example of the win-win cooperation between India and Bhutan on the lines of Neighborhood First Policy.
About India’s ‘Neighborhood First’ policy:
- The South Asian region, which is home to eight countries, and the Indian Ocean region come under the broad geographic expanse of India’s neighborhood – the nations include Afghanistan, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Maldives, Pakistan, Nepal, Myanmar, Tibetan (autonomous region of China) and Sri Lanka.
- The ‘Neighborhood First’ policy is a foreign policy initiative introduced by India in 2014 which aims to strengthen India’s relations with its immediate neighbours emphasizing on creating a peaceful, prosperous, and stable neighborhood.
- Principles of ‘Neighborhood First’ policy
- Sovereignty and territorial integrity
- Mutual respect and sensitivity
- Non-interference in internal affairs.
- Shared prosperity
- Connectivity for regional integration
- People-to-people exchanges
Govt. of India initiatives to harmonize the relations in the neighborhood: Country-specific initiatives:
Bhutan: India signed the Indo-Bhutan Treaty of Peace and Friendship in 1949 and the Agreement on cooperation in Hydropower in 2006. India also provides financial support to Bhutan’s five-year plans. India is also part of the sub-regional grouping of the Bangladesh–Bhutan–India–Nepal (BBIN) network.
Myanmar: India has also been assisting in various fields such as education, healthcare, disaster management, capacity-building culture etc.Promoting connectivity initiatives such as the Kaladan multimodal transit transport project in Myanmar.
Sri Lanka: India is assisting in implementing the ‘Unitary digital identity framework’. India has also been providing financial support in the face of the recent balance of payment crisis in Sri Lanka.
Afghanistan: PM Narendra Modi went to visit Afghanistan in 2015 and inaugurated the Afghan Parliament, which was made with the help of India. He visited Afghanistan again in 2016 to inaugurate the Salma Dam in Herat.
Nepal: India signed the Treaty of Peace and Friendship in 1950. There are various agreements related to hydropower projects like the Arun hydropower project etc. PM Modi was the first Indian PM to visit Nepal after 17 years in 2014.
Bangladesh: India has signed agreements relating to the sharing of river waters with Bangladesh.
Maldives: Greater Male connectivity project by an Indian company to provide connectivity in Maldives, restoration of Addu atolls, etc.
Other initiatives:
Development cooperation: Providing development assistance through various initiatives such as the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) Program, the Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR), etc.
Vaccine Maitri: India, through its vaccine diplomacy, extended help on priority to its neighbors during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Leveraging Science and Technology: India successfully launched the first-ever South Asia Satellite (SAS) to boost communication and improve disaster links among its South Asian neighbors.What are the challenges in India’s relations with its Neighbours?
India’s relations with its neighbors have been marked by a range of challenges and issues over the years.
- Terrorism and Illegal Immigration: India has been a victim of terrorism perpetrated by groups based in neighboring states, especially Pakistan and Bangladesh.
- Example: Recent Assam and Tripura Issue (2024)
- Border disputes: India has long-standing border disputes, particularly with China (Line of Actual Control) and Pakistan (Line of Control), which have led to military conflicts and tensions.
- China Factor: India’s growing geopolitical and economic influence in the region has led to competition with China. This has led to tensions over issues such as borders, trade and investment.
- Example: Recent Galwan Valley and border conflicts with Arunachal Pradesh (2023).
- China Factor: India’s growing geopolitical and economic influence in the region has led to competition with China. This has led to tensions over issues such as borders, trade and investment.
- Water sharing: India shares rivers with several of its neighbors like Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal, and water sharing has been a source of tension, which has led to disputes.
- Example: Disputes over the Indus Water Treaty with Pakistan (the recent being on the Ravi water dispute).
- Political instability: Several of India’s neighbors have experienced political instability and internal ethnic conflicts, which have had an impact on regional stability and security.
- Example: Recent Manipur issue (2023).
Way forward for strengthening India’s relations with its neighbors:
- Economic cooperation: South Asia’s intra-regional trade is the lowest globally, constituting only 5% of the region’s total trade. By increasing trade, investment, and cross-border connectivity we can stand on weighted sides.
- People-to-people exchanges: India can promote people-to-people exchanges by facilitating cultural, educational, and tourism exchanges.
- Security cooperation: India can strengthen security cooperation with its neighbors to address common security challenges such as terrorism, cyber threats, and transnational crime. SAARC and BIMSTEC frameworks can play an important role in this.
- Regional integration: India can support regional integration by participating actively in regional forums such as SAARC, BIMSTEC, and IORA.
- Diplomatic outreach: India should engage in sustained diplomatic outreach to its neighbors to promote dialogue, resolve outstanding issues, and build mutual trust.
Some of the India’s Neighborhood Policies:
Look East policy: Launched in 1991, it aimed to strengthen economic and political ties with countries in Southeast Asia.
The Gujral Doctrine of 1996: It was a set of five principles to guide the conduct of foreign relations with India’s immediate neighbors.Non-reciprocity with neighbours.Territory should not be used against the interest of another country.Non-interference in internal affairs.Respect each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty.Settle all disputes through peaceful bilateral negotiations.
Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC), 1997: BIMSTEC was established as a regional organization comprising seven member states (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Thailand) lying in the littoral and adjacent areas of the Bay of Bengal constituting a contiguous regional unity.
Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) of 1997: It is an intergovernmental organization that brings together countries bordering the Indian Ocean to promote regional cooperation and economic integration.https://prsindia.org/policy/report-summaries/india-s-neighbourhood-first-policy
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Onward to Thorium
Why in the News?
Recently, at the start of March 2024, our 500-MWe Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) began fuel-loading, marking the successful completion of commissioning trials and rectification of a range of first-of-its-kind equipment in the fast breeder reactor technology.
Context:
- Homi Bhabha’s spirit of self-reliance has enabled the autonomous pursuit of ‘Thorium Goals’.
- His proposed three-stage strategy aims to develop critical nuclear technologies, starting with modest uranium resources, and achieve a large-scale thorium-based energy program.
- The largest contributor to the climate change-related existential threat we face has created an immediate demand for large-scale deployment of nuclear power plants.
- BHAVINI, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), and the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) are responsible for building and operating the PFBR.
What is the significance of thorium in making India energy self-sufficiency?
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- Meeting Energy Demand:
- Boosting Domestic Market:
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- Given the size of India’s population and its economy, its energy demands would lead to serious challenges to energy security.
- For ‘Vikasit Bharat’, India needs around three-and-a-half times more energy, which can come only from nuclear energy, specifically thorium.
- Reducing Imports:
- India has been dependent on energy imports all along. Thorium presents us with a unique opportunity to become energy self-sufficient.
- Renewable energy, including large hydropower projects, can, at best, meet current energy needs.
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- Building Global Perspective:
- India’s long-term Energy security:
- Looking towards India’s level of nuclear energy deployment will, the PFBR is expected to become operational, paving India into the second stage of its three-stage nuclear power programme.
- It works as the gateway for meeting the country’s energy needs for a long time into the future, leveraging India’s vast thorium resources, which are the largest in the world.
- Further, there is no other clean energy source available on the Indian landmass that can cope with India’s energy needs.
- India’s long-term Energy security:
Future Scope:
- Transitioning to Better Fuel:
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- A high-assay, low-enriched uranium (LEU) and thorium fuel capable of delivering a seven-times larger fuel burn-up in the PHWR design is needed.
- ANEEL fuel has been designed and will be available shortly. The ANEEL fuel concept could also bring the Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR300-LEU), a fully developed design immune to any severe accident-related anxiety, to reality.
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- Concurrent fuel Recycling Processes:
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- A Fast Reactor Fuel Cycle Facility (FRFCF) that would work alongside the PFBR is coming up.
- Once a sizeable inventory of uranium-233 accumulates, we must bring in reactors specifically designed for thorium and the related fuel-cycle facilities, constituting the third stage of our nuclear power program.
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- Advancement in Fast Reactor Technology:
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- The rapid deployment of PHWRs based on imported uranium allows for the advancement of thorium utilization in PHWRs, facilitating the deployment of third-stage thorium reactor systems, reducing spent fuel inventory, and proliferation resistance, and enhancing safety and economy.
- The fast reactor systems with faster growth based on inherently better breeding performance are needed.
- More reactors on the PFBR model must be constructed to consolidate sodium-cooled fast reactor technology, a key feature of the second stage of the nuclear program.
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- High-temperature reactor:
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- Thorium utilization can be improved in high-temperature reactors to produce low-cost hydrogen with minimal carbon footprint.
- Direct hydrogen production without electricity would make hydrogen production cheaper and less dependent on hydrogen electrolyzers.
Conclusion: The beginning of fuel-loading in PFBR is a significant step that must be celebrated to motivate our scientists and prepare them for the bigger tasks ahead. Sustained encouragement backed up by a demanding but conducive framework around them is the need of the hour. One must move on the thorium path, though it has no parallel anywhere else in the world.
Mains PYQ:
- With growing energy needs should India keep on expanding its nuclear energy programme? Discuss the facts and fears associated with nuclear energy. (UPSC 2018)
- Give an account of the growth and development of nuclear science and technology in India. What is the advantage of a fast breeder reactor program in India? (UPSC 2017)
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Forest Fires in the Nilgiris
Why in the news?
Forest fires have been ongoing in the Coonoor forest range of the Nilgiris in Tamil Nadu for the past week.
Context:
- The Indian Air Force has recently joined the firefighting operations led by the state forest department.
- A Mi-17 V5 helicopter has been deployed to conduct numerous Bambi Bucket operations, delivering approximately 16,000 liters of water to extinguish the fires.
What are Forest Fires/Wildfires?
Forest fires, also known as wildfires, are uncontrolled fires that occur in forests, grasslands, or other wild areas. These fires can spread rapidly, fueled by dry vegetation, high temperatures, low humidity, and strong winds.
There are three types of Forest Fires:
- Surface Fires: These fires burn along the forest floor, consuming vegetation and leaf litter. Surface fires are typically less intense and move relatively slowly compared to other types of wildfires. They are often caused by natural factors like lightning strikes or human activities such as campfires.
- Ground Fires: Ground fires occur beneath the surface of the forest floor, burning through layers of organic matter like peat and roots. These fires can smolder for extended periods, producing significant heat and damage to the soil. Ground fires are often difficult to detect and extinguish, posing a long-term threat to forest ecosystems.
- Crown Fires: Crown fires are the most severe type of wildfire, burning through the upper canopy of trees. These fires spread rapidly, driven by strong winds and dry conditions, and can cause extensive damage to forested areas. Crown fires are challenging to control and extinguish, posing significant risks to both property and lives.
What is the frequency of Forest Fires in India?
- Period of Fires in India–
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- April-May are usually the worst fire months across the country.
- June to November is considered to be forest fire season in India, with hundreds of thousands of small and large fires burning every year.
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- Affected areas in India-
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- According to the 2019 India State of Forest Report (ISFR) published by the Forest Survey of India (FSI) under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, over 36% of India’s forest cover was susceptible to frequent fires.
- Approximately 4% of the forest cover was categorized as extremely prone to fire, while an additional 6% was classified as very highly fire-prone.
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- Most Forest Fire Regions-
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- As per the FSI, dry deciduous forests are more susceptible to severe fires, whereas evergreen, semi-evergreen, and montane temperate forests exhibit lower susceptibility to fires.
- Northeast India, Odisha, Maharashtra, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, and Uttarakhand are identified as the regions most susceptible to forest fires
- During March 2023, extensive bushfires erupted in Goa, prompting an inquiry into their possible human origins.
- In 2021, a series of forest fires occurred in Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, the Nagaland-Manipur border, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, and Gujarat, encompassing several wildlife sanctuaries.
Incidents of Forest Fires in 2024
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- During the past week, Mizoram reported the highest number of forest fires, totaling 3,738, followed by Manipur with 1,702, Assam with 1,652, Meghalaya with 1,252, and Maharashtra with 1,215.
- Forest fires have been increasing since early March along the:
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- Konkan belt in Maharashtra,
- South-coastal Gujarat along Gir Somnath and Porbandar,
- Southern Rajasthan and adjoining south-western districts of Madhya Pradesh,
- Coastal and interior Odisha, and adjoining Jharkhand.
- Forest Fires in South India– Certain forest areas in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana are susceptible to fires.
- However, as per the FSI, forests in southern India, characterized by mainly evergreen or semi-evergreen vegetation, are relatively less prone to fires. Nonetheless, Tamil Nadu has witnessed wildfires in its forests in recent years.
What are the reasons behind Forest Fires in 2024?
- Highest Temperature: February 2024 was exceptionally hot over Southern India, the hottest since 1901, with January ranking as the fifth warmest in over a century.
- Early build-up of heat load: Recorded maximum, minimum, and mean temperatures have remained above normal over the southern states for the past two months, leading to an early build-up of heat load in the region well before the onset of the summer season.
- Excess Heat Factor (EHF): The IMD has warned of the significantly higher-than-normal prevalence of EHF over western Andhra Pradesh and neighboring Karnataka. EHF predicts the likelihood of a heatwave over a region, with maximum temperatures reaching 40 degrees Celsius, unusual for mid-March.
- Mild Aridity: In the absence of rain and prevailing high temperatures, the IMD has classified almost all districts of southern India under mild aridity.
- Climatic Conditions: High aridity, above-normal day temperatures, clear sky conditions, and calm winds during the early phase of the summer season contribute to the spike in forest fire incidents in southern India this year.
Suggestive measures to address Forest Fires:
- Prevention: Implementing fire prevention measures such as creating firebreaks, clearing vegetation around vulnerable areas, and enforcing restrictions on activities that can cause fires.
- Early Detection: Installing and maintaining fire detection systems including lookout towers, satellite monitoring, and automated sensors to detect fires early. And Training and equipping forest rangers and firefighters with the skills and tools needed to identify and report fires promptly.
- Rapid Response: Establishing communication networks to coordinate response efforts among firefighting agencies, emergency services, and other stakeholders. Strategies Pre-positioning firefighting equipment and resources in strategic locations to facilitate rapid deployment.
Conclusion: Forest fires, prevalent in India, pose significant threats to ecosystems and communities. Climatic factors exacerbate the situation. Urgent measures including prevention, early detection, and rapid response are essential to mitigate these risks and safeguard our forests.
- The Indian Air Force has recently joined the firefighting operations led by the state forest department.
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Changing cancer nomenclature can improve treatment outcomes: doctors
Why in the news?
Physicians have expressed the necessity to categorize Cancers based on their genetic characteristics.
Context:
- An updated classification system could aid patients in comprehending the reasoning behind their treatment.
- While two individuals may share the same type of cancer, their therapies could vary due to differences in the biological mechanisms driving their tumors.
What motivates the need for change?
- Not limited to cancers of a single organ: With technological improvements, doctors are also able to find which genetic mutations are responsible for a tumor in many cases and target them with drugs.
- All cancers from the same organ don’t always share the same mutations, and these mutations aren’t limited to cancers of a single organ
- Access life-saving drugs sooner: This development in precision oncology requires cancers to be classified based on their molecular and genetic characteristics rather than the organ in which they originate, a team of researchers from France has written in a paper.
- This way, according to them, cancer patients can also access life-saving drugs sooner. Oncologists spend a lot of time testing new drugs in clinical trials in a sequential manner, leading to “delay in treatment access”.
Has sequential testing caused delays?
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- A 2012 clinical trial conducted in the U.S. explored the efficacy of the drug nivolumab across various cancer types, including melanoma and kidney cancer. Nivolumab targets a specific protein receptor found in certain tumors, and it showed promising results by alleviating symptoms in individuals with tumors expressing this protein
- Challenges Due to Traditional Organ-Based Classification-
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- Hindered by the traditional classification-Despite promising outcomes, the next logical step of testing nivolumab in individuals with tumors expressing the protein, regardless of cancer origin, was hindered by the traditional classification of cancers based on their organ of origin (e.g., breast, kidney, lung).
- Multiple trials needed: As a consequence, researchers were compelled to conduct separate trials for each type of cancer, leading to significant delays in drug accessibility for patients with tumors expressing the targeted protein.
- Time taking trails: Each trial requires substantial time and resources, from recruitment to data analysis, prolonging the process of drug approval and availability for specific cancer subtypes.
Significance of categorizing cancers based on their genetic characteristics-
- Faster drug development and availability: By targeting specific genetic mutations rather than specific cancer types, clinical trials for drugs can encompass all cancer types with those mutations. This approach potentially expedites the trial process, leading to faster drug development and availability.
- Reduces confusion among the patient: The revamped classification system not only accelerates clinical trial timelines but also enhances patient understanding of treatment rationale. Patients often receive different therapies for the same cancer due to diverse underlying biological mechanisms. Aligning cancer names with biological mechanisms reduces confusion and helps patients comprehend the reasoning behind their treatment plans.
- Personalized treatment: Physicians, including Dr. Jobanputra, emphasize the importance of educating patients about the molecular characteristics of their cancers. As the approach to cancer treatment becomes more personalized, understanding these molecular aspects becomes crucial as they directly impact prognosis and treatment costs.
- Reducing the timing in trial-naming cancers based on their biological characteristics rather than their anatomical origin can significantly reduce the time required to conduct clinical trials. This shift eliminates the need for separate trials for each cancer type defined by organ of origin, streamlining the research process
Challenges in Implementing the Proposed Cancer Classification Change:
- Limited Access to Genetic Testing: The accessibility and affordability of genetic testing are major hurdles, particularly in regions like India where many patients cannot afford these tests.
- Without widespread access to such tests, implementing a classification system based on molecular alterations becomes impractical.
- Financial Barriers to Genetic Testing: The cost of genetic testing in Indian labs and abroad is prohibitively high for many patients, further exacerbating the issue of limited access.
- Addressing these financial barriers is crucial for ensuring equitable access to precision oncology.
- Lack of Patients in Clinical Trials: Clinical trials based on molecular signatures require a significant number of patients with each type of cancer to produce meaningful results.
- Without adequate representation across cancer types, there is a risk of generalizing results, limiting the effectiveness of precision oncology approaches.
- Time-taking Process: Transitioning to a new diagnostic nomenclature based on molecular alterations will likely occur gradually and require careful implementation.
- While the proposed change has the potential to improve drug accessibility, its full realization will take time and concerted effort to overcome various challenges.
Conclusion: Categorizing cancers based on genetic characteristics can streamline treatment, improve drug accessibility, and enhance patient understanding. However, challenges like limited access to genetic testing and lack of patient representation in trials must be addressed.
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20th March 2024 | Prelims Daily with Previous Year Questions
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[pib] NCW-RPF Collaboration to prevent Women Trafficking
What is the news-
- The National Commission for Women (NCW) and the Railway Protection Force (RPF) signed a MoU to combat human trafficking within the Indian Railway network.
NCW-RPF MoU: Key Objectives
- Prevention and Rescue: The MoU aims to prevent human trafficking and facilitate the rescue of trafficked women through joint efforts.
- Role of RPF Personnel: RPF personnel stationed at railway stations are crucial in preventing trafficking and addressing crimes against women.
- Expanding Collaboration: NCW, which established an Anti-Human Trafficking Cell on April 2, 2022, has already been working with the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) to combat the trafficking of women.
About National Commission for Women (NCW)
- The NCW is the Statutory Body generally concerned with advising the government on all policy matters affecting women.
- It was established on 31 January 1992 under the provisions of the Indian Constitution as defined in the National Commission for Women Act, 1990.
- The first head of the commission was Jayanti Patnaik.
- The Indian Constitution doesn’t contain any provision specifically made to favor women intrinsically.
- Article 15 (3), Article 14 and Article 21 protect and safeguard women. They are more gender-neutral.
Objectives
- The objective of the NCW is to represent the rights of women in India and to provide a voice for their issues and concerns.
- The subjects of their campaigns have included dowry, politics, religion, equal representation for women in jobs, and the exploitation of women for labor.
- They have also discussed police abuses against women.
Composition of the NCW
The Commission shall consist of:
- Chairperson: To be nominated by the Central Government.
- Five Members: To be nominated by the Central Government from amongst persons of ability, integrity and standing who have had experience in law or legislation, trade unionism, management of an industry potential of women, women’s voluntary organizations (including women activists), administration, economic development, health, education or social welfare;
- Special Representations: At least one Member each shall be from amongst persons belonging to the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes respectively;
Powers of NCW
- Provide consultation on all major policy matters that affect women.
- Issuing summons for the examination of documents and the witnesses.
- Requisitioning any public record or copy thereof from any court or office.
- Receiving evidence on affidavits
- Discovery and production of documents
- Summoning and enforcement
Functions of the NCW
- Submission of Annual Reports: Table reports should be submitted to the Central Government every year, when deemed appropriate by the commission. These reports focus on the functioning and working of the safeguards.
- Investigation and Examination: Proper investigation and examination are conducted under the Constitution and other laws, primarily aimed at protecting the rights of women.
- Review and Scrutiny of Laws: Constant review and scrutiny of all laws are undertaken, with necessary amendments and alterations made to meet the needs of the current world.
- Prevention of Violations: Ensuring there is no violation against women and taking due care of such cases to protect their rights.
- Handling Complaints and Suo Motu Matters: Handling complaints and addressing suo motu matters about the deprivation of rights of women, with a focus on implementing laws favoring women’s welfare.
- Assessment of Development and Progress: Assessing the development and progress of the women community at both the Center and State levels.
- Identification and Mitigation of Systemic Limitations: Understanding the limitations in the system and devising strategic plans and mechanisms to address them effectively.
Issues faced by NCW
- Limited Enforcement Power: The NCW is only recommendatory and lacks the power to enforce its decisions, often taking action only when issues are brought to light.
- Lack of Constitutional Status: The Commission lacks constitutional status, resulting in no legal powers to summon police officers or witnesses.
- Dependency on Grants: NCW’s functions are heavily dependent on grants offered by the central government, with insufficient financial assistance to cater to its needs.
- Limited Autonomy in Member Selection: The Commission does not have the power to choose its own members, impacting its autonomy and effectiveness.
PYQ:
Q.Is the National Commission for Women able to strategize and tackle the problems that women face at both public and private spheres? Give reasons in support of your answer. (2017)
Q.According to the Constitution of India, it is the duty of the President of India to cause to be laid before the Parliament which of the following?
- The Recommendations of the Union Finance Commission
- The Report of the Public Accounts Committee
- The Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General
- The Report of the National Commission for the Scheduled Castes
Select the correct answer the using the codes given below:
- 1 only
- 2 and 4 only
- 1, 3 and 4 only
- 1, 2, 3 and 4
Practice MCQ:
Which of the following does not constitute to the powers of National Commission for Women (NCW)?
- Issuing summons
- To make any record public
- Receiving evidence on affidavits
- Enforcing legal action against individuals
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[pib] International Partnership for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells in the Economy (IPHE)
Why in the news-
- The 41st Steering Committee Meeting of the International Partnership for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells in the Economy (IPHE) is being convened in New Delhi.
- The IPHE Steering Committee Meetings held biannually serve as a crucial platform for fostering international collaboration and coordination among member countries, stakeholders, and decision-makers.
What is a Fuel Cell?
- A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy into electricity of a fuel and an oxidizing agent.
- It generates electrical energy from fuel through an electrochemical reaction, offering high efficiency and zero emissions.
- They are an innovative technology poised to revolutionize electricity generation, often referred to as the “battery of the future“.
- Fuel cells provide high efficiency, low emissions, and can be used in various applications.
- Note: Any electrochemical cell generates DC (Direct Current) output.
Working of a Hydrogen Fuel Cell
- Hydrogen fuel cells operate on the principle of electrochemical reactions.
- Hydrogen gas (H2) is fed into the anode (negative electrode) of the fuel cell, while oxygen (usually from the air) is fed into the cathode (positive electrode).
- At the anode, hydrogen molecules are split into protons (H+) and electrons (e-).
- The protons travel through an electrolyte to the cathode, while the electrons flow through an external circuit, generating electricity.
- At the cathode, oxygen molecules react with the protons and electrons to form water (H2O), which is the only byproduct of the process.
About IPHE
- The IPHE was established in 2003 as an international inter-governmental partnership led by the US.
- It aims to accelerate progress in hydrogen and fuel cell technologies.
- IPHE comprises 21 member countries and the European Commission as a non-voting member.
- Member countries include major economies such as the United States, Japan, Germany, China, South Korea, and Canada, among others including India.
- Additionally, the United Kingdom, Russia, and Singapore have also been mentioned in various contexts within the provided sources but are NOT explicitly listed as members of IPHE.
Objectives of the IPHE
- Faster Transition: IPHE aims to facilitate and accelerate the transition to clean and efficient energy and mobility systems using hydrogen and fuel cell technologies across different applications and sectors.
- Information Sharing Platform: The partnership provides a platform for sharing information on member country initiatives, policies, technology status, safety, regulations, codes, standards, and outreach efforts.
- Advancing Clean Hydrogen Technologies: IPHE promotes a sustainable future by highlighting the versatility of hydrogen in various industries and its role in decarbonizing energy systems.
Key Initiatives: H2-DEIA Platform
- In 2023, IPHE announced the launch of the H2-DEIA platform in partnership with the Hydrogen Council.
- It is dedicated to advancing diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility (DEIA) within the hydrogen and fuel cell economy.
- It aims to foster a diverse workforce, share best practices, and support workforce development in the hydrogen sector.
PYQ:
Q.With reference to ‘Fuel Cells’ in which hydrogen-rich fuel and oxygen are used to generate electricity, consider the following statements:
- If pure hydrogen is used as a fuel, the fuel cell emits heat and water as by-products.
- Fuel cells can be used for powering buildings and not for small devices like laptop computers.
- Fuel cells produce electricity in the form of Alternating Current (AC).
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (CSP 2015)
- 1 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
Practice MCQ:
Regarding the International Partnership for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells in the Economy (IPHE), consider the following statements:
- IPHE is an international inter-governmental partnership based on the auspices of the United Nations.
- India is a member of IPHE.
Which of the given statements is/are correct?
- Only 1
- Only 2
- Both 1 and 2
- Neither 1 nor 2
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IPEF: India to join US-led Co-operative Program on Carbon Market
What is the news-
- India has decided to participate in one of the four cooperative work programmes initiated under the ‘Clean energy pillar’ of the US-led Indo Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF).
- India will join the cooperative working group on carbon markets, with the Ministry of Power leading the initiative.
What are Carbon Markets?
- Carbon markets, also known as emissions trading systems or cap-and-trade programs, are market-based mechanisms designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
- Article 6 of the Paris Agreement (2015) provides for the use of international carbon markets by countries to fulfil their Nationally Determined Contributions.
- A regulatory authority, typically a government or regional organization, sets an overall limit or cap on the amount of greenhouse gases that can be emitted by covered entities within a specific jurisdiction or sector.
- Entities get permits for emissions. They can trade these permits with others.
- Entities must have enough permits to cover their emissions. If they don’t, they buy more.
What is the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF)?
- It is a US-led initiative that aims to strengthen economic partnerships among participating countries to enhance resilience, sustainability, inclusiveness, economic growth, fairness, and competitiveness in the Indo-Pacific region.
- The IPEF was launched in 2021 with a dozen initial partners who together represent 40% of the world GDP.
- The IPEF is NOT a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) but allows members to negotiate the parts they want to.
Four main “Pillars” of IPEF
- Trade that will include digital economy and emerging technology, labour commitments, the environment, trade facilitation, transparency and good regulatory practices, and corporate accountability, standards on cross-border data flow and data localisations;
- Supply chain resilience to develop “a first-of-its-kind supply chain agreement” that would anticipate and prevent disruptions;
- Clean energy and decarbonization will include agreements on “high-ambition commitments” such as renewable energy targets, carbon removal purchasing commitments, energy efficiency standards, and new measures to combat methane emissions; and
- Fair Economy Agreement, with commitments to enact and enforce “effective tax, anti-money laundering, anti-bribery schemes in line with [American] values”.
Members Countries include:
- Currently, India and 13 countries other located in the Pacific Ocean are its members: Australia, Brunei, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, United States, and Vietnam.
How is IPEF different from other trade deals?
- No market access or tariff reductions have been outlined in the IPEF, although experts say it can pave the way to trade deals.
- It’s not a take-it-or-leave-it arrangement, like most multilateral trade deals are.
- Since the IPEF is not a regular trade pact, the members so far are not obligated by all the four pillars despite being signatories.
PYQ:
Q.Regarding “carbon credits”, which one of the following statements is not correct? (2011)
- The carbon credit system was ratified in conjunction with the Kyoto Protocol
- Carbon credits are awarded to countries or groups that have reduced greenhouse gases below their emission quota
- The goal of the carbon credit system is to limit the increase of carbon dioxide emission
- Carbon credits are traded at a price fixed from time to time by the United Nations Environment Programme.
Practice MCQ:
Regarding the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF), consider the following statements:
- It is a US-led initiative launched in 2021.
- It is basically a Free Trade Agreement (FTA).
- India is not a member of IPEF.
How many of the given statements is/are correct?
- One
- Two
- Three
- None
