NASA is set to launch the Polarimetry to Unify the Corona and Heliosphere (PUNCH) mission on February 28, 2025, aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket.
About the PUNCH Mission
PUNCH Mission is a groundbreaking solar mission designed to study the Sun’s corona and solar wind using advanced imaging techniques.
It will consist of 4 small satellites operating in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) for an expected two-year mission.
Unlike previous missions, PUNCH will use polarimetry (measurement of polarized light) to observe solar phenomena in 3D.
It allows scientists to study the origin and evolution of solar winds and Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs), both of which impact space weather and Earth’s technological systems.
Focus Areas of the PUNCH Mission:
Study how the Sun’s outer corona transforms into the solar wind.
Observe how CMEs are formed, gain speed, and travel through space.
Improve space weather forecasting to protect satellites, astronauts, and power grids.
Provide real-time data to help scientists predict solar storms and geomagnetic disturbances.
Contribute to NASA’s Artemis program by ensuring safe deep-space exploration.
Key Features of the PUNCH Mission:
4 microsatellite weighs 64 kg each and works together to capture a wide-field view of the Sun’s corona.
Advanced Imaging Instruments:
Narrow Field Imager (NFI): Captures high-resolution images of the inner corona.
Wide Field Imagers (WFIs): Observe solar wind and CMEs across interplanetary space.
STEAM (X-ray spectrometer): Monitors coronal heating and solar flares.
Provides real-time data every four minutes.
Offers a 90° field of view, covering the Sun’s outer atmosphere and heliosphere.
Helps mitigate the effects of solar storms on Earth’s communication systems.
Aids in protecting astronauts and satellites from harmful solar radiation.
PYQ:
[2022] If a major solar storm (solar flare) reaches the Earth, which of the following are the possible effects on the Earth?
GPS and navigation systems could fail.
Tsunamis could occur at equatorial regions.
Power grids could be damaged.
Intense auroras could occur over much of the Earth.
Forest fires could take place over much of the planet.
Orbits of the satellites could be disturbed.
Shortwave radio communication of the aircraft flying over polar regions could be interrupted.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2, 4 and 5 only
(b) 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 only
(c) 1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7
The National Statistics Office (NSO), under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI), has released the Time Use Survey (TUS) 2024, marking the second nationwide survey of its kind after 2019.
What is the Time Use Survey (TUS) 2024?
The TUS, 2024 is a nationwide survey conducted by the National Statistics Office (NSO) under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI).
It is the second edition of the survey, following the first TUS conducted in 2019.
Purpose: TUS measures how individuals allocate their time across paid work, unpaid domestic work, caregiving, learning, leisure, and other daily activities.
India is among a few countries, including Australia, Japan, Korea, the US, and China, that conduct National Time Use Surveys.
Unlike traditional surveys that focus solely on employment, TUS captures both economic and non-economic activities, highlighting gender roles, social structures, and lifestyle changes.
Key Highlights of TUS 2024:
75% of males and 25% of females (aged 15-59 years) participated in employment-related activities in 2024.
In 2019, the participation rate was 70.9% for males and 21.8% for females, reflecting a 3.2% increase in female workforce participation.
Decline in unpaid domestic work for women from 315 minutes/day (2019) to 305 minutes/day (2024), indicating a shift towards paid employment.
41% of women and 21.4% of men in the 15-59 age group engaged in caregiving.
Women spent 140 minutes/day, while men spent 74 minutes/day on caregiving.
Male involvement in child-rearing and elder care is rising, signaling changing gender roles.
89.3% of children (6-14 years) participated in learning activities, dedicating an average of 413 minutes/day.
Leisure time has increased – People aged 6 years and above spent 11% of their daily time on cultural, leisure, mass media, and sports activities, compared to 9.9% in 2019.
16.8% of people engaged in producing goods for personal use, spending 121 minutes/day.
In rural areas, 24.6% of individuals (15-59 years) participated in household production.
Unpaid domestic services participation: 81.5% of women, 27.1% of men.
PYQ:
[2013] Disguised unemployment generally means:
(a) large number of people remain unemployed
(b) alternative employment is not available
(c) marginal productivity of labour is zero
(d) productivity of workers is low
[2023] Most of the unemployment in India is structural in nature. Examine the methodology adopted to compute unemployment in the country and suggest improvements.
The Ministry of Ports, Shipping, and Waterways (MoPSW) has launched the “One Nation, One Port Process” (ONOP) initiative to standardize and streamline operations across India’s major ports.
What is the One Nation, One Port Initiative?
The One Nation, One Port Process initiative, launched by the Ministry of Ports, Shipping, and Waterways (MoPSW), aims to standardize and streamline port operations across India.
It seeks to eliminate inefficiencies, reduce documentation, and enhance trade competitiveness, aligning with India’s vision of becoming a global maritime hub.
Key Features:
Standardized Port Operations: Uniform documentation, customs, and clearance processes across all ports to improve efficiency.
Reduction in Documentation: Container operation documents reduced by 33% (from 143 to 96); bulk cargo documents cut by 29% (from 150 to 106).
Sagar Ankalan Logistics Port Performance Index (LPPI): Tracks port efficiency and competitiveness to align with global logistics standards.
MAITRI Digital Platform: Integrates AI and Blockchain for automated trade approvals, supporting Virtual Trade Corridors (VTC) with UAE, BIMSTEC, and ASEAN.
Green and Smart Port Infrastructure: Encourages low-carbon logistics, sustainable shipping, and modernized port facilities.
Maritime Development Fund & Shipbuilding Support: Provides financial incentives for domestic shipyards and strengthens India’s maritime industry.
PYQ:
[2009] In India, the ports are categorized as major and nonmajor ports. Which one of the following is a nonmajor port?
(a) Kochi (Cochin)
(b) Dahej
(c) Paradip
(d) New Mangalore
Q) “In spite of adverse environmental impact, coal mining is still inevitable for Development”. Discuss. (UPSC CSE 2017)
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on the diverse environmental impact of coal (2017), and environmental impacts of coal-fired thermal plants(2014).
India relies on coal for 65% of its electricity due to its low cost and large reserves. Coal-fired power plants release harmful gases like CO₂, SOx, NOx, and particulate matter, causing pollution and climate issues. Using Low NOx Burners with Over Fire Air technology can reduce NOx emissions by 45-80% without affecting power generation.
Today’s editorial discusses pollution caused by coal-fired power plants in India. This information is relevant for GS Paper 3 in the UPSC Mains exam.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
New research from Stanford University in the US shows that coal-fired power plants are reducing India’s rice and wheat production, causing up to a 10% loss in several states.
Why did the researchers focus on nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) emissions?
Phytotoxic Effects on Crops: NO₂ is phytotoxic, meaning it directly harms plant health by interfering with cellular functions and enzymatic activities. Example: In agricultural areas near coal plants, NO₂ exposure leads to lower chlorophyll levels, reducing plant vitality and yield.
Formation of Secondary Pollutants: NO₂ contributes to the formation of ground-level ozone, which further damages crops by limiting photosynthesis and causing oxidative stress. Example: Increased ozone formation near coal hubs like Chhattisgarh exacerbates crop loss during peak growing seasons.
Limited Existing Research in India: While global studies link NO₂ to agricultural damage, there was no systematic study at the power-plant level in India. Example: This research fills the gap by connecting NO₂ emissions from coal plants directly to wheat and rice yield losses.
Satellite Data Availability: Advanced satellites like TROPOMI allow precise tracking of NO₂ concentrations, making it easier to study the pollutant’s widespread effects. Example: Researchers used satellite-derived vegetation indices (NIRv) to measure crop health across polluted regions.
High Contribution from Coal Plants: Coal-fired power plants are a major source of NO₂ emissions, especially in industrial and agricultural belts. Example: In Chhattisgarh, around 19% of monsoon-season NO₂ comes from coal plants, causing significant crop damage.
How does this pollutant impact plant health and crop yield?
Disruption of Photosynthesis: NO₂ reduces the amount of sunlight available for photosynthesis by forming secondary pollutants like particulate matter. This limits energy production in plants. Example: In areas near coal plants, reduced sunlight exposure leads to a 5-10% decline in rice and wheat yields in states like West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh.
Cellular and Enzymatic Damage: NO₂ interferes with crucial cellular processes and enzymatic functions, weakening plant growth and reducing their ability to absorb nutrients. Example: Crops exposed to high NO₂ levels in Chhattisgarh show slower growth and lower productivity, especially during peak seasons.
Ozone Formation and Oxidative Stress: NO₂ contributes to ground-level ozone, which causes oxidative stress in plants, leading to leaf damage and reduced crop yields. Example: In Uttar Pradesh, where overall NO₂ levels are high, wheat crops suffer significant losses due to ozone-induced stress during the winter season.
Which states show the highest agricultural losses?
Chhattisgarh: The most affected region with the highest share of NO₂ pollution from coal plants (19% during the monsoon and 12.5% in winter). It is a major hub for coal-fired power generation, leading to severe air pollution and crop yield losses.
West Bengal: There are significant NO₂ exposure from coal plants that affects 5.7% of cropland, with yield losses between 5-10% and even greater than 10% in some areas. The proximity of coal plants to fertile agricultural zones increases the impact on rice and wheat production.
Madhya Pradesh: About 5.9% of cropland near coal plants experiences 5-10% yield losses, while 11.9% of agricultural land could face losses exceeding 10%.
Uttar Pradesh: High overall NO₂ pollution, but only a small portion originates from coal-fired power plants. The other industrial sources dominate NO₂ emissions, yet coal plants still add to the burden on winter wheat yields.
Tamil Nadu: Low overall NO₂ levels but a large share comes from coal plants, disproportionately affecting local agriculture. The concentration of coal-fired power plants contributes a substantial portion of the region’s air pollution.
What steps have been taken by the Indian government?
Increased Budget Allocation for Coal Sector: The 2025-2026 Union Budget has increased the allocation for the Ministry of Coal by 255% over the revised estimates of FY 2024-2025, reflecting a focus on managing coal resources and addressing environmental concerns.
Pollution Control Mandates: The government has introduced emission norms for coal-fired power plants, requiring the installation of pollution control equipment like Flue Gas Desulphurization (FGD) to reduce nitrogen oxides (NO₂) and other pollutants.
Renewable Energy Promotion: Policies such as the National Solar Mission and incentives for renewable energy aim to reduce coal dependency and minimize air pollution while promoting cleaner energy alternatives.
Way forward:
Strengthen Emission Regulations: Implement stricter NO₂ emission limits for coal-fired power plants, enforce regular monitoring, and expedite the adoption of advanced pollution control technologies like selective catalytic reduction (SCR).
Promote Sustainable Agriculture and Clean Energy: Support farmers in NO₂-affected regions with resilient crop varieties and promote a transition to renewable energy through increased investment in solar and wind infrastructure.
All pregnant women in India are entitled to maternity benefits, yet the majority have not received any financial support in recent years.
What are the legal maternity benefit provisions under the National Food Security Act (NFSA) 2013?
Universal Entitlement (Except Formal Sector): All pregnant and lactating women (excluding those already receiving maternity benefits in the formal sector) are legally entitled to receive ₹6,000 per child to support nutrition and health.
Objective of Nutrition and Health Support: The provision aims to improve maternal and child health by ensuring better access to nutrition, rest, and medical care during pregnancy and after childbirth.
Legal Obligation for Central Government: It is the legal duty of the central government to ensure maternity benefits are provided without arbitrary reductions or restrictions.
How do they compare to the benefits provided under the Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY)?
Coverage Scope
NFSA 2013: Provides ₹6,000 per child to all pregnant and lactating women (excluding those in the formal sector).
PMMVY: Provides ₹5,000 only for the first child (recently extended to the second child if it is a girl), violating the universal entitlement under NFSA.
Implementation Efficiency
NFSA 2013: Mandates universal coverage without restrictive conditions to ensure access for all eligible women.
PMMVY: Imposes strict conditions (e.g., Aadhaar verification) and complex processes, leading to low disbursement rates and exclusion of many entitled women.
What are the issues related to Scant information?
Minimal Data Disclosure: The Ministry of Women and Child Development provides limited information on PMMVY, violating Section 4 of the RTI Act, which mandates proactive disclosure of public data. For example, basic details like the number of beneficiaries and payment status are not available.
RTI-Driven Insights: Information on PMMVY coverage is only accessible through RTI queries. For instance, RTI data revealed that effective coverage dropped from 36% in 2019-20 to just 9% in 2023-24, highlighting the program’s declining reach.
Budgetary Secrecy: There is little transparency about financial allocations and expenditures. For example, official records do not openly explain why central government spending fell to ₹870 crore in 2023-24—just one-third of the amount five years earlier.
Why has the effective coverage of the PMMVY declined sharply since 2019-20?
Software-Related Issues and Technical Glitches: In 2023-24, major changes in the PMMVY’s software and implementation processes caused frequent system failures, delaying or blocking payments. Officials admitted to facing software issues “every day,” leading to a reduced disbursement rate despite consistent applications.
Restrictive Eligibility and Complex Documentation: PMMVY limits benefits to only the first child (and a second child if a girl), violating the universal entitlement under the NFSA. Strict Aadhaar-based verification and other conditions exclude migrant workers and women in remote areas who struggle to complete the paperwork.
Budget Cuts and Reduced Government Spending: Central government spending on PMMVY fell to ₹870 crore in 2023-24, just one-third of the amount five years earlier. This underfunding directly reduced the number of eligible women receiving maternity benefits.
How do the maternity benefit schemes in Tamil Nadu and Odisha differ from the PMMVY?
Higher Financial Assistance: Tamil Nadu provides ₹18,000 per child (with a promise to increase it to ₹24,000), and Odisha offers ₹10,000 per child. In comparison, PMMVY provides only ₹5,000 for the first child (and a second child if a girl), which is below the ₹6,000 mandated by the NFSA.
Inclusive Eligibility Criteria: Tamil Nadu and Odisha offer benefits for every childbirth without restrictive conditions. PMMVY, however, limits benefits to the first child (with a recent extension to the second child if a girl), excluding many eligible women.
Better Implementation and Coverage: Tamil Nadu achieved 84% coverage in 2023-24, and Odisha covered 64% of births in 2021-22. In contrast, PMMVY’s effective coverage fell to just 9% in 2023-24 due to software glitches, reduced spending, and complex documentation.
What role did software-related problems play in further reducing disbursements in 2023-24?
Frequent System Failures: Major changes in PMMVY’s software and implementation processes in 2023-24 caused regular technical glitches, disrupting the payment system and delaying disbursements. Officials reported encountering software issues daily.
Reduced Disbursement Rate: Despite consistent applications, technical problems led to a sharp decline in the actual release of benefits. The disbursement rate dropped significantly, contributing to a fall in effective coverage to just 9% in 2023-24.
Way forward:
Simplify Implementation and Strengthen Technology Infrastructure: Ensure robust, user-friendly software systems with regular maintenance to prevent glitches. Simplify application processes and reduce bureaucratic hurdles for timely disbursement.
Expand Coverage and Increase Funding: Align PMMVY benefits with NFSA provisions by providing ₹6,000 for every child. Increase budgetary allocations to ensure universal access and include marginalized groups like migrant workers.
Mains PYQ:
Q What are the salient features of the National Food Security Act, 2013? How has the Food Security Bill helped in eliminating hunger and malnutrition in India? (UPSC IAS/2021)
The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) plans to complete public consultations on the draft Rules for the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, by March 5. Meanwhile, disability rights activists are urging changes to a key provision of the Act.
Why are persons with disabilities concerned about a certain provision in the draft Rules of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023?
Infringement on Autonomy and Decision-Making Capacity: Section 9(1) clubs adult PwDs with children, requiring consent from a legal guardian for processing personal data. This undermines their ability to make independent decisions.
Example: An adult with a physical disability wanting to access online banking may be restricted if the platform requires guardian consent.
Lack of Clarity and Ambiguity in Implementation: The Act does not clearly outline how consent should be obtained across various disabilities and degrees of severity, leading to confusion.
Example: A person with limited cognitive impairment under “limited guardianship” may still be treated as entirely incapable.
Conflict with UNCRPD Principles: The provision conflicts with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD), which emphasizes supported decision-making over substituted decision-making.
Example: Under the RPWD Act, a PwD may receive assistance only when necessary, but the DPDP Act assumes total incapacity if a legal guardian exists, contradicting the UNCRPD framework.
Concerns About Privacy and Data Security: Platforms may need to collect sensitive information (like whether a user has a disability) to verify guardianship status, raising privacy concerns.
Exclusion from Digital Services: The additional procedural burden on PwDs and data fiduciaries could lead to exclusion from essential digital platforms.
How do guardianships for Persons with Disabilities (PwDs) function?
Governed by Two Laws:
Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPWD) Act, 2016: Allows for limited guardianship, where PwDs are supported in making specific legal decisions. This aligns with the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) by preserving decision-making autonomy.
National Trust (NT) Act, 1999: Provides for full guardianship for individuals with autism, cerebral palsy, intellectual disabilities, or multiple disabilities. This model is more paternalistic and conflicts with the UNCRPD’s emphasis on autonomy.
Practical Challenges: Although the RPWD Act emphasizes limited guardianship, PwDs often report that their guardians control all aspects of their lives. The NT Act’s rigid framework assumes a lack of decision-making capacity without defining clear standards for assessing it.
How are legal guardians defined under the draft rules?
legal guardians: Under the draft Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025, legal guardians are defined as individuals appointed through specific legal frameworks to act on behalf of persons with disabilities (PwDs).
Data Fiduciaries are required to verify the guardian’s appointment by a court of law, designated authority, or local-level committee under applicable guardianship laws.
Who are data fiduciaries and data principals?
Data Fiduciaries: Entities (organizations, companies, or individuals) that collect, store, and process personal data while determining the purpose and means of such processing under the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023.
Data principals: Individuals whose personal data is being collected, processed, or stored. This term generally refers to users, consumers, or citizens under the DPDP Act.
Where does the conflict lie?
Presumption of Incapacity vs. Legal Recognition of Capacity: The DPDP Act assumes adult PwDs lack the capacity to give consent if a guardian is involved, whereas the RPWD Act recognizes their legal capacity and promotes their right to make decisions.
Example: A person with mild intellectual disability working in a corporate setting may need guardian approval for routine data-related tasks, despite their ability to understand and consent.
Data Privacy vs. Intrusive Verification: The DPDP Act may require platforms to collect and verify sensitive disability information, potentially breaching privacy rights, while the UNCRPD emphasizes the right to privacy without discrimination.
Example: An online service requiring disability verification for consent could store unnecessary sensitive data, increasing risks of unauthorized access or misuse.
Way forward:
Adopt a Supported Decision-Making Model: Align the DPDP Act with the RPWD Act and UNCRPD by recognizing limited guardianship and allowing PwDs to provide independent consent with appropriate support when needed.
Ensure Privacy and Minimize Data Collection: Limit the collection of sensitive disability information to essential cases, ensuring purpose limitation and data minimization while protecting PwDs’ privacy rights.
Mains PYQ:
Q Impact of digital technology as a reliable source of input for rational decision-making is a debatable issue. Critically evaluate with a suitable example. (UPSC IAS/2021)
Recently, China’s Ambassador to India highlighted the historical significance of ‘Tea Horse Road’ in fostering Sino-Indian ties.
About the Tea Horse Road
The Tea Horse Road originated during the Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE).
Buddhist monk Yijing (635-713 CE) recorded early trade between China, Tibet, and India, mentioning exchanges of sugar, textiles, and herbs.
By the Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE), the trade focused on tea exports to Tibet and importing horses for China’s military.
The network spanned over 2,000 km, crossing treacherous mountain passes at altitudes above 10,000 feet.
The Tea Horse Road was not a single road but a network of multiple routes. Two primary routes were:
Yunnan Route: Starting from Pu’er and Dali, passing through Lijiang, reaching Lhasa (Tibet), and extending into India (via Sikkim, Nepal, and Bhutan).
Sichuan Route: Connecting Chengdu (Sichuan) to Tibet and North India.
Tea from southwestern China was transported to Tibet, then moved through the Himalayan passes to Kolkata and beyond, reaching Europe and Asia.
The rise of modern roads and railways in the mid-20th century led to its gradual decline.
Historical Significance:
Trade & Economy: Connected Tibet and China to India’s markets, facilitating the export of Chinese tea and Tibetan wool to Kolkata while Indian textiles and spices moved northward.
Horses for Indian Cavalry: Tibetan horses, transported through the route, were crucial for Indian military campaigns, especially in the Mughal and British periods.
Spread of Buddhism: The route enabled Buddhist scholars and monks to travel between Nalanda, Tibet, and China, promoting cultural and religious exchanges.
Political & Diplomatic Relations: British India sought control over Sikkim and Tibet’s trade routes, leading to diplomatic interventions like the 1904 British expedition to Tibet.
Impact on Himalayan Regions: Strengthened trade and cultural ties between Ladakh, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, and Tibet, influencing their shared heritage and economy.
PYQ:
[2018] The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is viewed as a cardinal subset of China’s larger ‘One Belt One Road’ initiative. Give a brief description of CPEC and enumerate the reasons why India has distanced itself from the same.
[2016] ‘Belt and Road Initiative’ is sometimes mentioned in the news in the context of the affairs of
Researchers have discovered a reason why certain segments of the human and mouse genomes (Tra2b gene) have remained unchanged for 80 million years. These segments, known as ultra-conserved elements (UCEs), play a vital role in regulating protein production
What are Ultra-Conserved Elements (UCEs) in DNA?
Ultra-Conserved Elements (UCEs) are long, highly conserved DNA sequences (200+ base pairs) that have remained unchanged for millions of years across multiple species, including humans, mice, rats, chickens, and even fish.
Key Characteristics:
Found in both coding (gene) and non-coding (regulatory) regions of the genome.
Do not tolerate mutations, meaning they remain identical across species for tens of millions of years.
Many UCEs donot code for proteins but play crucial roles in gene regulation and cellular function.
Their importance:
Evolutionary Significance: Their extreme conservation suggests they are essential for survival, as any mutation would likely be harmful.
Gene Regulation: UCEs may function as enhancers or silencers, controlling when and where genes are activated.
Developmental Roles: They are often linked to brain development, fertility, and immune response.
Disease Prevention: UCEs may protect against genetic disorders and cancers by stabilizing gene expression.
Why do Human and Mouse Genomes overlap?
Humans and mice share a common mammalian ancestor that lived around 80 million years ago.
Genomic Similarity:
Around 85% of mouse genes have direct counterparts in humans.
Nearly 500 UCEs are identical between humans and mice, despite millions of years of evolution.
Many fundamental processes like cell division, metabolism, and brain function are similar between species, necessitating high conservation of crucial DNA regions.
Medical Research:
Because of these similarities, mice serve as a model organism for studying human genetics, diseases, and drug responses.
UCEs help scientists understand gene function across species, leading to insights into evolution and biomedical advancements.
PYQ:
[2013] Recombinant DNA technology (Genetic Engineering) allows genes to be transferred
1. across different species of plants
2. from animals to plants
3. from microorganisms to higher organisms
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) survey on agricultural transactions reveals that cash remains the primary mode of payment among farmers, although digital payments are gradually increasing. Despite the rise of Unified Payments Interface (UPI) and mobile banking, over 70% of Indian farmers still rely on cash for selling their produce.
Key Findings of the RBI Survey
In 2019, 88% of farmers used cash for transactions. By 2022, this figure dropped to 79% and further declined to 72% in 2024.
However, this transition is slow compared to other sectors of the economy.
The share of farmers using electronic payments has increased from 8% in 2019 to 18% in 2024.
Among traders, the adoption of digital payments has been faster, rising from 8% in 2019 to 31% in 2024.
Among retailers, the usage of electronic payments increased from 3% in 2019 to 22% in 2024.
Reasons behind low Digital Adoption
55% of farmers rely on traders to determine market prices, up from 47% in 2019. 47% depend on fellow farmers, while fewer than 10% use apps or websites to check market rates.
Despite the growth of agri-tech platforms, most farmers still depend on word-of-mouth rather than digital sources for price information.
Multiple intermediaries in the supply chain reduce farmers’ share in the final consumer price.
64% of farmers reported crop damage during the 2023-24 rabi season. Unseasonal rainfall was cited as the top reason (37%), followed by heatwaves (30%).
As a result, 90% of farmers consider weather forecasts as the most important factor in crop-sowing/ harvesting decisions.
PYQ:
[2010] With reference to India, consider the following:
Nationalisation of Banks
Formation of Regional Rural Banks
Adoption of village by Bank Branches
Which of the above can be considered as steps taken to achieve the “financial inclusion” in India?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
[2016] Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) is necessary for bringing unbanked to the institutional finance fold. Do you agree with this for financial inclusion of the poorer section of the Indian society? Give arguments to justify your opinion.
NASA is set to launch its latest space telescope, SPHEREx (Spectro-Photometer for the History of the Universe, Epoch of Reionization and Ices Explorer) aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from California.
What is the SPHEREx Telescope?
SPHEREx is a new space telescope developed by NASA.
It is designed to map the entire sky in infrared light and provide insights into the origins of the universe, galaxy formation, and the distribution of life-forming molecules.
Its mission is expected to last 2 years, during which it will survey the sky4 times.
Key Features of SPHEREx:
Infrared Spectroscopy: Unlike traditional optical telescopes, SPHEREx will capture the universe in 102 infrared colors, which are invisible to the human eye.
Wide-Sky Coverage: Unlike the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), which focuses on narrow regions, SPHEREx will map the entire sky every 6 months.
High Data Output: It will collect data on one billion galaxies, 100 million stars, and 10,000 asteroids, creating an unprecedented cosmic map.
Study of Cosmic Inflation: SPHEREx will analyze the earliest moments after the Big Bang, helping scientists understand how the universe expanded rapidly in its infancy.
Search for Life-Forming Molecules: The telescope will identify biogenic molecules like water, carbon dioxide, and methanol in the Milky Way galaxy, revealing where the building blocks of life exist.
How will SPHEREx Create the “Most Colourful” Map of the Cosmos?
Spectroscopic Imaging: SPHEREx will divide light from celestial objects into 96 infrared bands, significantly more than previous sky-mapping telescopes.
Mapping Galactic Evolution: By observing 450 million galaxies, SPHEREx will reveal how they evolved over cosmic history.
Identifying Cosmic Ice: The telescope will detect frozen water and organic molecules in interstellar dust clouds, essential for understanding planetary formation.
Unprecedented Infrared Insights: Unlike Hubble, which focuses on optical light, and JWST, which targets deep-space infrared observations, SPHEREx will capture broad infrared spectra across the entire sky, revealing hidden cosmic structures.
PYQ:
[2015] In the context of modern scientific research, consider the following statements about ‘IceCube’, a particle detector located at South Pole, which was recently in the news:
It is the world’s largest neutrino detector, encompassing a cubic kilometre of ice.
It is a powerful telescope to search for dark matter.
It is buried deep in the ice.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Prime Minister paid tribute to Veer Savarkar on his death anniversary (26th February), acknowledging his contributions to India’s freedom movement.
About Veer Savarkar: Life, Contributions, and Legacy
Details
Who was Veer Savarkar?
• Born on May 28, 1883, in Bhagur, Maharashtra.
• Founded Abhinav Bharat Society (1904) for armed resistance.
• Led India House in London (1906) and the Free India Society.
• Arrested in 1910, sentenced to life imprisonment in Cellular Jail (Kala Pani, Andaman & Nicobar Islands).
• Became President of the Hindu Mahasabha (1937-1943).
• Died on February 26, 1966, after fasting till death.
His Contributions
• Advocated armed revolution against British rule.
• Coined Hindutva (1923), defining Indian identity beyond religion.
• Opposed Partition, emphasizing Hindu political unity.
• Championed military nationalism over passive resistance.
• Writings and ideology influenced Indian nationalist movements.
Literary Works
• The First War of Indian Independence (1909): Reinterpreted the 1857 Revolt as a nationalist struggle.
• Hindutva: Who is a Hindu? (1923): Laid the ideological foundation of Hindutva.
• My Transportation for Life (1950): Memoirs of his imprisonment in Cellular Jail.
• Six Glorious Epochs of Indian History: Advocated Hindu resistance against foreign invaders.
Controversies
• Gandhi Assassination Case (1948): Arrested but acquitted due to lack of evidence.
• Mercy Petitions (1911-1924): Wrote clemency petitions for early release from prison, debated as tactical or compromising.
• Opposition to Quit India Movement (1942): Rejected Gandhi’s call, favored military strength over civil disobedience.
• Hindutva Ideology: Critics claim it fostered religious divisions, while supporters see it as reviving Hindu identity.
Q) What is the significance of Indo-US defence deals over Indo-Russian defence deals? Discuss with reference to stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (UPSC CSE 2020)
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on “ Indo-US defence deals over Indo-Russian defence deals” (2020), and the “Russia and Ukraine war” (2022).
In February 2025, the U.S. blamed Ukraine, Germany, and other European countries for not doing enough to end the conflict and for continuing a war with Russia that it sees as unwinnable. However, the U.S. itself has already spent over $110 billion on the Ukraine war, including $65 billion on ammunition—more than what major Western countries combined have provided.
Today’s editorial highlights the double stance of the USA in international relations. This content would help in GS paper 2 (IR).
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
The Munich Security Conference in Germany and the recent United Nations General Assembly vote on Ukraine were filled with contradictions and hypocrisy.
What were the key contradictions during the Munich Security Conference and the UN General Assembly vote on Ukraine?
Munich Security Conference
U.S. Criticism of European Democratic Practices vs. Its Own Actions: U.S. Vice-President J.D. Vance accused Europe of suppressing right-wing parties and curbing free speech. However, the U.S. previously sought to delegitimize its own right-wing movements including the 2021 Capitol riot and Trump’s 2020 election denial further exposed this contradiction.
U.S. Demand for European Security Responsibility vs. Past Opposition: The U.S. urged Europe to increase defense spending and reduce reliance on NATO. Yet, since the Cold War’s end the U.S. has consistently opposed European efforts to establish independent security frameworks fearing a weakened NATO.
UN General Assembly vote on Ukraine:
U.S. Opposition to European-Ukrainian Resolution vs. Its Previous Support: Despite previously leading international efforts to support Ukraine against Russia and now the U.S. voted with Russia against a European-Ukrainian draft resolution. This contradicts its long-standing position of backing Ukraine and opposing Russian aggression.
Europe’s Victory Without U.S. Support: The European-Ukrainian resolution was adopted despite U.S. opposition, highlighting a growing divide between American and European approaches to the Ukraine conflict. However, without sustained U.S. support, Europe’s ability to continue aiding Ukraine effectively is uncertain, making the victory largely symbolic.
How has the U.S.’s stance on the Ukraine war shifted over time?
Initial Strong Support for Ukraine (2022-2023): The U.S. led global efforts to support Ukraine, providing over $110 billion, including $65 billion for ammunition, and coordinated sanctions against Russia. Example: The U.S. played a key role in mobilizing NATO allies to send advanced weaponry, including Germany’s Leopard tanks.
Undermining Peace Negotiations (2022): The U.S. discouraged early peace talks between Russia and Ukraine in Türkiye, preferring to prolong the conflict to weaken Russia strategically. Example: In March 2022, a European leader, reportedly at U.S. behest, sabotaged a nearly finalized peace agreement.
Tensions with European Allies (2023-2024): The U.S. increasingly criticized Europe for not contributing enough financially and militarily while maintaining disproportionate U.S. involvement. Example: Despite urging Europe to take responsibility, the U.S. continued to dominate NATO’s budget (16%) and military commitments.
Shifting Blame to Europe (2025): By February 2025, the U.S. accused Germany, Ukraine, and other European nations of pursuing an unwinnable war and not doing enough to seek a resolution.
Voting Against European-Ukrainian Resolution (2025): In a dramatic reversal, the U.S. voted with Russia against a European-Ukrainian draft at the UN General Assembly, signaling a shift toward disengagement. This marked a break from the U.S.’s previous unconditional support and exposed widening trans-Atlantic rifts over Ukraine policy.
Why is the trans-Atlantic partnership between the U.S. and Europe still considered relevant?
Shared Security Commitments Through NATO: The U.S. and Europe continue to rely on NATO for collective defence, especially in response to Russian aggression and emerging global threats. Example: After Russia’s invasion of Ukraine (2022), the U.S. increased its troop presence in Eastern Europe, while Finland and Sweden joined NATO, reinforcing trans-Atlantic security ties.
Economic and Technological Interdependence: The U.S. and Europe maintain deep economic ties through trade, technology collaboration, and joint efforts on climate change and supply chain resilience. Example: The U.S.-EU Trade and Technology Council (TTC) fosters cooperation on critical areas like semiconductors and clean energy, reducing dependence on China.
What lessons should India learn from the USA’s constantly changing policies?
Need for Policy Consistency and Strategic Autonomy: Frequent shifts in U.S. foreign policy highlight the importance of maintaining stable and long-term strategies to protect national interests.
Example: The U.S.’s fluctuating stance on Ukraine and Afghanistan shows how unpredictable alliances can be. India should continue pursuing strategic autonomy through initiatives like “Act East” and partnerships with Russia and the Global South to avoid over-reliance on any one nation.
Diversification of Economic and Defense Partnerships: Rapid policy changes in the U.S. underscore the need to diversify partnerships to reduce vulnerability to external shocks.
Example: U.S. sanctions on Iran disrupted India’s oil imports. In response, India diversified its energy sources by strengthening ties with Russia and exploring renewable energy investments.
Investing in Domestic Capabilities: India must strengthen its domestic manufacturing, technology, and defense industries to reduce dependence on unpredictable foreign partners.
Example: The U.S.’s evolving position on export controls for advanced technologies emphasizes the need for India to accelerate initiatives like “Make in India” and semiconductor manufacturing to ensure technological sovereignty.
Way forward:
Strengthen Strategic Autonomy: Prioritize independent foreign policy decisions while balancing ties with major powers. Enhance regional leadership through initiatives like “Neighborhood First” and “Act East” to reduce reliance on any single partner.
Enhance Self-Reliance and Diversification: Invest in domestic capabilities through programs like “Make in India” and “Digital India”, while diversifying economic and defence partnerships to mitigate risks from external policy shifts.
According to the report, there were 296 Internet shutdowns worldwide in 2024, and India accounted for 84 of them, making up 28% of the total.
What percentage of global Internet shutdowns due to communal violence occurred in India?
High Proportion of Global Communal Violence Shutdowns: 56% of global Internet shutdowns due to communal violence occurred in India in 2024. Example: Out of 41 communal violence-related shutdowns worldwide, 23 were imposed in India, highlighting the frequent use of Internet curbs to control communal tensions.
Regional Concentration of Shutdowns: Most shutdowns occurred in conflict-prone regions like Manipur (21 shutdowns), Haryana (12 shutdowns), and Jammu & Kashmir (12 shutdowns). Example: During ethnic clashes in Manipur, authorities repeatedly shut down the Internet to curb the spread of misinformation and unrest.
Pattern of State-led Shutdowns: State governments are the primary enforcers of communal violence-related shutdowns. Example:Haryana imposed shutdowns following communal violence in Nuh district to prevent further escalation and maintain public order.
How have the primary reasons for Internet shutdowns in India evolved between 2016 and 2024?
From National Security to Protest Control (2016–2024): Initially, Internet shutdowns were mainly enforced for national security and counter-terrorism, particularly in sensitive areas like Jammu & Kashmir. Example: A 213-day shutdown was imposed in 2019 after the abrogation of Article 370 to curb potential unrest.
Increase in Shutdowns During Protests (2020–2024): Shutdowns have become a frequent measure to suppress protests and prevent misinformation from spreading. Example: Internet services were suspended at Delhi’s borders during the 2020–2021 Farmers’ Protests to limit protest coordination.
Growing Use of Shutdowns for Communal Violence (2022–2024): There has been a rising trend of using shutdowns to contain communal violence and prevent further escalation. Example: In 2023, Haryana’s Nuh district faced an Internet shutdown following communal riots to restore public order.
Emergence of Exam-Related Shutdowns (2022–2024): Internet shutdowns are increasingly being used to prevent cheating during competitive examinations, raising concerns over their necessity. Example:Jharkhand imposed a shutdown during the 2024 General Graduate Level Combined Competitive Examination to prevent malpractices.
Targeted Shutdowns in Conflict Zones (Ongoing): Shutdowns continue to be heavily concentrated in conflict-prone regions like Jammu & Kashmir, Manipur, and parts of the Northeast due to ethnic and insurgency-related violence. Example: In 2024, 21 shutdowns were enforced in Manipur during episodes of ethnic violence to curb the spread of inflammatory content.
What are the different types of Internet shutdowns imposed by authorities?
Complete Internet Blackout: Total suspension of all Internet services, including mobile data, broadband, and Wi-Fi. Example: The 213-day shutdown in Jammu & Kashmir (2019) after the abrogation of Article 370.
Mobile Internet Shutdown: Suspension of mobile data services while keeping broadband and Wi-Fi operational. Example: Manipur experienced 21 mobile Internet shutdowns in 2024 due to ethnic violence.
Targeted or Localized Shutdown: Internet suspension in specific geographic areas or for specific services like social media. Example: Haryana’s Nuh district faced a localized shutdown in 2023 following communal riots.
How do Internet shutdowns impact fundamental rights in India?
Violation of Freedom of Speech and Expression (Article 19(1)(a)): Internet shutdowns restrict individuals from expressing opinions, accessing information, and engaging in public discussions. Example: During the 2020–21 Farmers’ Protests, Internet services were suspended in Delhi’s border areas, limiting protestors’ ability to communicate and share updates.
Obstruction of the Right to Practice Any Profession or Business (Article 19(1)(g)): Internet disruptions adversely affect businesses, digital transactions, and online services, hindering the right to earn a livelihood. Example: The 213-day Internet shutdown in Jammu & Kashmir (2019) caused significant economic losses, especially in the tourism and e-commerce sectors.
Disruption of the Right to Education (Article 21A): Shutdowns impede access to online education, causing academic disruptions and limiting students’ learning opportunities. Example: In Manipur (2023), prolonged Internet suspensions during ethnic violence interrupted online classes and examinations.
Denial of the Right to Access Information (Implicit under Article 19(1)(a)): Internet curbs block access to crucial information, particularly during emergencies, affecting public safety and awareness. Example: In Haryana (2023), Internet services were suspended during communal riots, preventing access to emergency services and safety information.
Violation of the Right to Life and Personal Liberty (Article 21): Shutdowns disrupt essential services like healthcare and emergency communication, posing a threat to life and personal liberty. Example: During the COVID-19 pandemic, Internet restrictions in Jammu & Kashmir limited access to telemedicine and critical health updates.
What is the judiciary’s stance on Internet shutdowns in India?
Recognition of Internet Access as a Fundamental Right: The Supreme Court of India, in the Anuradha Bhasin v. Union of India (2020) case, ruled that access to the Internet is protected under Article 19(1)(a) (freedom of speech and expression) and Article 19(1)(g) (freedom to practice any profession or trade).
The Court held that indefinite Internet shutdowns are unconstitutional and must be proportionate and temporary.
Mandate for Procedural Safeguards and Review: The Court emphasized that any Internet suspension under Section 144 of the CrPC or the Temporary Suspension of Telecom Services (Public Emergency or Public Safety) Rules, 2017 must follow due process.
The mandate for procedural safeguards and review was established in the Anuradha Bhasin v. Union of India (2020) judgment.
Balancing Security and Fundamental Rights: While recognizing the state’s power to impose Internet shutdowns for public safety and national security, the judiciary has stressed that such measures must balance individual freedoms with legitimate state interests.
In Faheema Shirin v. State of Kerala (2019), the Kerala High Court affirmed access to the Internet as part of the right to education under Article 21A.
Way forward:
Strengthen Legal Oversight and Transparency: Implement clear guidelines for Internet shutdowns with mandatory judicial review and public disclosure of orders to prevent arbitrary restrictions and uphold fundamental rights.
Promote Proportional and Targeted Measures: Encourage the use of less restrictive alternatives, such as content moderation or geofencing, to address public safety concerns while minimizing disruption to essential services and civil liberties.
Mains PYQ:
Q ‘Communalism arises either due to power struggle or relative deprivation.’ Argue by giving suitable illustrations. (UPSC IAS/2018)
The Central government and the Tamil Nadu government are disagreeing over the three-language rule in schools under the New Education Policy (NEP), 2020.
Why is the Union government withholding funds under the Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan from Tamil Nadu?
Non-compliance with the three-language formula: The Union government has linked the release of funds under the Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan to the implementation of the three-language formula outlined in the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. Tamil Nadu’s refusal to adopt this formula has led to a standoff.
Policy disagreement: The Tamil Nadu government views the three-language policy as a tool for Hindi imposition and insists on continuing with its two-language policy (Tamil and English).
Financial leverage: The Centre is using financial incentives to push for uniform adoption of the NEP guidelines across States, causing friction with Tamil Nadu.
When was the three-language policy first introduced, and what were its key mandates?
The three-language policy was first introduced in the National Policy on Education (NPE), 1968 to promote multilingualism and foster national unity.
Key Mandates of the Three-Language Policy:
First Language – Mother Tongue/Regional Language: Students must learn their mother tongue or the regional language of the state. Example: Kannada is the first language in Karnataka, while Tamil is the first language in Tamil Nadu.
Second Language – Hindi or English: In Hindi-speaking states, students must learn English or another modern Indian language. In non-Hindi-speaking states, Hindi is taught as the second language. Example: Hindi is the second language in Kerala, while English is the second language in Uttar Pradesh.
Third Language – Another Indian Language or English: In Hindi-speaking states, students must learn a non-Hindi Indian language or Sanskrit. In non-Hindi-speaking states, English is usually taught as the third language. Example: Sanskrit as a third language in Madhya Pradesh, while English is the third language in Tamil Nadu.
What difficulties do government schools face in implementing additional language courses?
Shortage of Qualified Language Teachers: Many government schools lack trained teachers for third-language instruction. Example: In rural Odisha, schools often struggle to find Hindi teachers, affecting the implementation of the three-language formula.
Limited Resources and Infrastructure: Schools lack textbooks, teaching aids, and language labs, making it difficult to provide quality language education. Example: Government schools in Bihar face a shortage of English textbooks, leading to poor learning outcomes.
Burden on Students and Poor Learning Outcomes: Many students struggle to grasp multiple languages simultaneously, especially those from economically weaker backgrounds. Example: In Tamil Nadu, students from rural areas find it difficult to learn Hindi as a third language due to limited exposure and practice opportunities.
What are the basic issues in Schools?
Poor Learning Outcomes: ASER 2022 found 60% of Class V students unable to read a Class II-level text. Similarly, ASER 2023 revealed 25% of youth (14-18 years) cannot fluently read basic texts in their regional language, highlighting foundational literacy gaps.
Inadequate Public Investment in Education: Despite the NEP 2020 target of 6% of GDP, actual spending on education remains at 4-4.5% of GDP. This underfunding restricts access to quality resources, affecting learning outcomes, especially in rural areas.
Disparity in Funding Allocation: 85% of elementary education costs are borne by States, while the Centre contributes only 15%. This fiscal imbalance creates unequal resource distribution, impacting teacher availability and infrastructure quality in less-developed regions.
What are the constitutional provisions regarding the official languages of the Union and the States in India?
Official Language of the Union (Article 343): Hindi in Devanagari script is the official language of the Union.
English was to be used for official purposes for 15 years after the Constitution came into effect (until 1965), but the Official Languages Act, 1963 extended its use indefinitely alongside Hindi.
Language of the States (Article 345): State legislatures can adopt one or more languages in use in the State or Hindi as the official language for State administration. Example: Tamil Nadu uses Tamil, Punjab uses Punjabi, and Maharashtra uses Marathi as their official languages.
Promotion of Hindi (Article 351): It is the Union’s duty to promote the spread of Hindi to serve as a medium for all elements of India’s composite culture while drawing from Sanskrit and other Indian languages.
Safeguard for Linguistic Minorities (Article 350A & 350B)
350A: The State must provide primary education in the mother tongue of linguistic minority groups.
350B: Establishment of a Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities to investigate and report on their safeguards.
What steps can be taken to resolve the conflict between the Centre and the Tamil Nadu government? (Way forward)
Promote Cooperative Federalism through Dialogue: Establish a joint consultative body to discuss language policies and ensure that both regional concerns and national goals are addressed. Example: Regular Centre-State meetings under the Inter-State Council could facilitate consensus on the language policy without coercion.
Grant Flexibility in Implementing Language Policies: Allow States to adapt the three-language policy based on their linguistic diversity and educational capacity while ensuring basic proficiency in major languages. Example: Tamil Nadu could continue its two-language policy while introducing optional third-language courses without affecting funding under Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan.
Mains PYQ:
Q National Education Policy 2020 isin conformity with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient education system in India. Critically examine the statement. (UPSC IAS/2020)
A new international biodiversity fund, the ‘Cali Fund’, was launched at the 16th Conference of Parties (COP16) to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in Rome.
What is the Cali Fund?
The Cali Fund is an international biodiversity financing mechanism launched on February 25, 2025, at COP16 of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in Rome.
It collects funds from private companies that utilize Digital Sequence Information (DSI) from nature in their businesses.
The fund supports biodiversity conservation, scientific research, and indigenous communities.
Key Features of the Cali Fund:
Funding Source: Businesses using genetic data (DSI) from plants, animals, and microorganisms will contribute financially.
Utilization of Funds:
50% allocated to indigenous and local biodiversity projects.
Supports scientific research and developing nations’ biodiversity action plans.
Global Management: Managed by UNDP and UNEP, with MPTFO handling finances.
Alignment with Global Goals: Supports Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF) to reverse biodiversity loss by 2030.
First-of-Its-Kind: Direct private sector contributions to a global UN biodiversity fund.
What is Digital Sequence Information (DSI)?
DSI refers to genetic data extracted from plants, animals, and microorganisms.
About the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD):
The CBD, with 196 contracting parties, stands as the most comprehensive international agreement focused on nature conservation and the sustainable use of natural resources.
It was opened for signing at the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro.
The CBD has 3 main objectives:
Conservation of biological diversity (including genetic, species, and habitat diversity).
Sustainable use of biological diversity.
Fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of genetic resources.
It addresses biodiversity at all levels: ecosystems, species, and genetic resources.
The Conference of the Parties (COP) is the CBD’s governing body, and it meets biennially to assess progress, set priorities, and develop action plans.
The Secretariat of the CBD is located in Montreal, Canada.
To further its goals, the CBD includes two binding protocols:
The Cartagena Protocol (2000), which regulates the transboundary movement of living modified organisms (LMOs) and came into force in 2003.
The Nagoya Protocol (2010), which provides a legal framework for the access to genetic resources and the fair sharing of benefits from their use.
PYQ:
[2014] With reference to ‘Global Environment Facility’, which of the following statements is/are correct?
(a) It serves as financial mechanism for ‘Convention on Biological Diversity’ and ‘United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change’
(b) It undertakes scientific research on environmental issues at global level
(c) It is an agency under OECD to facilitate the transfer of technology and funds to underdeveloped countries with specific aim to protect their environment.
Madhya Pradesh CM released 10 gharials into the Chambal River at the National Chambal Gharial Sanctuary in Morena.
About Gharial
The gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) is a unique species of crocodilian, characterized by its long, slender snout, which is perfectly adapted for catching fish.
The species derives its name from the “ghara”, a bulbous growth found on the snouts of adult males, which aids in vocalization and mating displays.
It is a fish-eating crocodile native to the Indian subcontinent.
They are a crucial indicator of clean river water.
Conservation Status:
Recognizing the rapid decline in gharial populations, India launched captive breeding and release programs in the late 1970s.
Between 1975 and 1982, the country established 16 captive breeding centers and 5 protected sanctuaries to ensure the survival of the species.
Gharials are ‘Critically Endangered’ in the IUCN Red List of Species.
The species is also listed under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
Today, gharials primarily survive in 5 major refuges:
National Chambal Sanctuary (NCS) – The largest stronghold of gharials.
A new proposal published on October 29, 2024, suggests an experiment that could provide direct evidence for quantum gravity, unifying general relativity and quantum mechanics. A new experiment proposes testing weak gravitational fields at the quantum level, a historic breakthrough in physics if successful.
What is Quantum Gravity?
Quantum Gravity is a theoretical framework that aims to unifygeneral relativity (which explains gravity at large scales) and quantum mechanics (which governs subatomic particles).
Since gravity behaves differently from the other fundamental forces in quantum mechanics, physicists have been searching for a theory that integrates gravity into the quantum world.
General relativity treats gravity as the curvature of spacetime, while quantum mechanics describes forces through particle interactions.
Gravity has never been directly observed in quantum form, unlike the other fundamental forces.
Theories like String Theory and Loop Quantum Gravity attempt to explain quantum gravity but lack experimental validation.
Significance of the Experiment
First Realistic Test for Quantum Gravity: Most quantum gravity theories rely on extreme conditions (e.g., black holes), making them impossible to test. This experiment provides a lab-based alternative.
Testing Gravity at the Quantum Level: If a small mass in quantum superposition is influenced by gravity, it could prove gravity itself is quantum in nature.
Weak Gravity Instead of Strong Gravity: Unlike previous studies focused on black holes, this experiment explores weak gravitational interactions, making it more feasible.
Towards a Unified Theory of Physics: Proving quantum gravity could merge general relativity and quantum mechanics, solving a major gap in modern physics.
Challenging Existing Theories: If results differ from both classical and quantum predictions, it could suggest a new force or a modified gravity theory.
For UPSC aspirants, Integrated Farming Systems (IFS) and Natural Farming are not just buzzwords but critical tools for sustainable agricultural development. Many candidates focus narrowly on the definition and benefits of IFS or Natural Farming but miss the systemic challenges—like scalability, scientific validation, and policy gaps. This article delves into the ground realities of implementing Natural Farming, such as the Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh models, and highlights systemic bottlenecks like funding and inclusivity. The distinction between Natural and Organic Farming offers a conceptual clarity that can sharpen answer writing.
PYQ Anchoring and Microthemes:
GS 3: How far is the Integrated Farming System (IFS) helpful in sustaining agricultural production? [2019]
GS 3: What is Integrated Farming System ? How is it helpful to small and marginal farmers in India ? [2022]
GS 3: Sikkim is the first ‘Organic State’ in India. What are the ecological and economical benefits of Organic State? [2018]
Microthemes: Organic Farming, Integrated Farming System
The government has introduced the National Mission on Natural Farming (NMNF) to promote eco-friendly, chemical-free agriculture. It’s a nationwide initiative under the Ministry of Agriculture aimed at encouraging farmers to adopt natural methods of cultivation. The mission focuses on reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, lowering farming costs, improving soil health, and boosting sustainable farming practices. This shift is expected to benefit both farmers and the environment by promoting healthier produce and long-term agricultural sustainability.
What is Natural Farming?
Natural Farming is a farming approach where farmers use only natural and locally sourced inputs, avoiding chemical fertilizers and pesticides entirely.
Why Natural Farming is Gaining Attention Now ?
India’s Green Revolution in the 1960s helped boost food production using chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and hybrid seeds. While effective initially, it has led to several long-term issues:
Productivity stagnation due to overuse of chemicals.
High input costs forcing farmers into debt.
Groundwater depletion from excessive water use.
Loss of biodiversity as traditional crops were replaced.
The high costs of seeds and chemicals have left many farmers in financial distress, contributing to increased farmer suicides. For example, over 12,000 farmer suicides were reported in Maharashtra from 2015 to 2018.
Natural Farming offers a solution by drastically cutting costs through natural methods, promoting sustainable farming. Subash Palekar, a pioneer of NATURAL FARMING, popularized this practice in India.
Natural Farming vs. Organic Farming While organic farming also avoids chemicals, it often requires expensive inputs like organic fertilizers and vermicompost. NATURAL FARMING, on the other hand, relies solely on local resources, making it more affordable for farmers.
FOUR PILLARS OF NATURAL FARMING :
1
Jeevamrutha
It is a fermented microbial culture. It is made from cow dung, urine, jaggery, pulse flour and soil.It promotes microbial activities to generate nutrients and protects against pathogens.
2
Beejamrita(Seed Treatment)
It is microbial coating for seeds. The coating is made from cow dung, urine, lime and soil.It protects young plant roots from fungus and seed-borne or soil-borne diseases.
3
Acchadana(Mulching)
It refers to covering the top soil with dead matters of any living organism (plants, animals, etc). It produces humus, conserves top-soil, increases water retention, encourages soil fauna and prevents the growth of weeds.
4
Waaphasa(Soil aeration)
Waaphasa means the mixture of 50 % air and 50 % water vapour in the cavities between two soil particles.It helps in reducing the amount of water that needs to be provided through irrigation.
THE PROS & CONS
Pros of natural farming are as follows :
ECONOMIC
1
Improve farmer’s income
Natural Farming encourages the use of locally available inputs and eliminates the need for buying pesticides. Thus, it reduces the input costs which leads to an increase in disposable income of the farmer.
2
Energy security
Natural Farming eliminates the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. It reduces the demand for fertilizers. Thus, it helps in reducing the energy demand utilised in fertilizer production.Natural Farming ensures improved water efficiency. Thus, it reduces the energy used in pump-sets used for groundwater extraction. This would also help the government reduce outlay on subsidies for electricity in agriculture.
3
Rural employment
Natural Farming provides the scope of employment opportunities across the agricultural value chain(for example – production of natural fertilizers, maintenance of local water bodies etc.)
4
Food and nutritional security
Small farmers can earn more due to the improvements in yield. It also ensures increasing the amount of food available for their families. Thus, it provides them with food & nutritional security.
5
Reducing reliance on loans
Natural Farming helps in improving the farmers income and reduce input costs. This would help in reducing the reliance of farmers on loans. Thus, it breaks their debt cycle and reduces dependence on informal moneylenders.
ECOLOGICAL
1
Water security
Natural Farming can help prevent over extraction of groundwater, enable aquifer recharge and eventually contribute to increasing water table levels.Natural Farming eliminates the use of inorganic chemical inputs and thus improve the quality of groundwater.The use of natural fertilizers in Natural Farming will help to reduce the contamination of rivers and oceans. It would help reduce ocean acidification and marine pollution from land based activities.
2
Decreased C02 emissions
Natural Farming eliminates use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. It thus reduces CO2 emissions during manufacturing of fertilizers and pesticides.
3
Makes Agriculture Climate Resilient
Natural Farming ensures water use efficiency. It thus helps vulnerable farming communities in drought prone areas.It will enable farmers to tackle the problem of climate change.
4
Environment Friendly
Natural Farming reduces the need for irrigation and eliminates external use of chemical fertilizer. It thus help reduce the release of harmful chemicals to air, water and soil.Natural Farming encourages farmers to make use of agricultural waste instead of discarding or burning it. Crop residues are reused for mulching. It may help in reducing air pollution.
5
Restores ecosystem health of farm
Natural Farming help restore degraded soil and improves fertility of drought prone land. It plays a pivotal role in landscape restoration and prevention of biodiversity loss.
SOCIAL
1
Gender empowerment
The International Food Policy Research Institute cites gender gap in access to inputs as a major constraint for women in agriculture.Natural Farming advocates natural inputs. Thus, it reduces the gender gap that exists in access to agricultural inputs(chemical fertilizers, pesticides etc).
2
Impact farmer suicides
Improved incomes due to higher yields might help farmers cope better with crop loans and the stress due to it. This would help to bring down the number of farmer suicides.
3
Improve human health
Natural Farming would help to reduce the incidence of non-communicable diseases (such as respiratory diseases and even cancer), which are associated with the use and application of inorganic chemicals in agriculture. Pesticides contain endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). EDCs enter humans through food and can have negative health impacts(such as breast cancer, reproductive disorders, etc). Thus, Natural Farming helps in preventing the intake of EDCs.
4
Preserve traditional knowledge
Natural Farming educates farmers regarding conventional farming practices. It depends upon the materials available locally. Thus, it would help in preserving the traditional knowledge of farming practices in a particular region.
The cons of NATURAL FARMING include the following :
1
Scientific Validation
NITI Aayog experts have warned that multi-location studies are needed to scientifically validate its viability. Further, no independent, detailed economic assessment of this farming model are available in the public domain.
2
Non-inclusive in nature
As per a case study conducted in 2016 by the La Via Campesina(LVC) mentioned that most of the farmers involved in Natural Farming are from the middle peasantry. This has raised concerns regarding the exclusion of small and marginal farmers.
3
Scalability
The Natural Farming model is yet to be tried out as a large-scale food production model.
4
Profitability
The sustainability of the model will depend upon the profits it is able to generate for the farmers. However, it is noticed that the yields start to drop after a few years. There have been several instances where the Natural Farming farmers have returned to input-intensive farming practices due to low profits.
5
Systemic challenges unresolved
Natural Farming doesn’t resolve issues associated with agricultural marketing, land ownership, value addition etc.
6
Not really zero input
In reality, Natural Farming is not really zero input as it assumes that the farmer has a cow and availability of water. It is not a low-cost farming system as it is claimed to be. For instance, Andhra Pradesh has provided a fund of Rs. 17,000 crore for its Climate Resilient Zero Budget Natural Farming programme.
7
Lack of a coherent policy
Absence of a comprehensive national policy to boost Natural Farming has prevented its adoption on a large scale.
#BACK2BASICS: Basics of Natural Farming
Definition:
Natural farming is an agricultural practice that relies on working in harmony with nature rather than imposing control over it. It seeks to create a self-sustaining ecosystem for plants without relying on chemical inputs like fertilizers or pesticides.
How Natural Farming Works?
Leave the Soil Undisturbed: No tilling; soil structure is maintained, supporting beneficial organisms like earthworms and fungi.
Use of Mulch and Cover Crops: Mulch with organic material and cover crops helps retain moisture, improve soil health, and control weeds.
Natural Nutrient Cycle: Enrich soil with crop residues and green manure, relying on natural decomposition.
Pest Control Through Biodiversity: Use companion planting and crop diversity to control pests naturally.
Seed Balls: Seeds are coated with clay and compost to protect them until germination.
Key Principles of Natural Farming
No Tillage: Avoid plowing to maintain soil health.
No Fertilizers: Rely on natural mulches and crop residues instead of chemical inputs.
No Weeding: Manage weeds naturally, often using them as mulch.
No Chemical Pesticides: Use natural pest control methods like companion planting.
Polyculture and Crop Rotation: Grow multiple crops together or rotate to maintain soil balance and reduce pests.
Benefits:
Soil Health: Natural farming helps in maintaining and improving soil fertility, making it rich in microorganisms and nutrients.
Environment-Friendly: Reduces pollution by avoiding synthetic chemicals.
Cost-Effective: Lower input costs for fertilizers, pesticides, and heavy machinery.
Challenges:
Yield Uncertainty: Initially, yields might be lower compared to conventional farming methods.
Labor-Intensive: It often requires more manual effort, especially in managing weeds without chemicals.
